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2 POLITÉCNICO GRANCOLOMBIANO
THEMATIC DEVELOPMENT
“A lot of people, including business leaders,
think the future belongs to China. Globalization
is not a zero-sum game, but we need to hone
our skills to stay in play”.
Jon Meacha
To study the history of globalization can become as extensive as to study the history of humanity.
As well as all the issues of human interaction fit into globalization, tracking the exact moment in
human history where it all started is really complex.
Different authors suggest different beginning of the process we call globalization. Some of them
argue that it all begins with the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of communism as an economic
system. Others argue that the origins of globalization coincide with the creation of inter-
governmental organizations such as the Organization of the United Nations, the International
Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
Some people go further back in history and suggest that the beginnings of globalization are
related to world trade and the first multinational corporation, or even further back and present
the discovery of America as the beginning of the process. Others, more daring, present the Silk
Road as the first global interaction, and a few think that since men get out of Africa we can talk
about globalization.
The events of the previous paragraph, are all valid. This is not to discredit the studies that have
been done and from which we have learned a lot and serve as the basis and complement in the
study of globalization. The purpose of this primer is to review the highlights in the history of
globalization and frame the process within a suitable period for the study of the subject without
forgetting elements of the past that will be revisited later to explain particular situations specific
locations.
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Figure 2. The Silk Road
The global development is in a kind of historical pause while gestating national struggles, religious
persecution and the development of economies within the same.in the year 1492 the arrival of
Christopher Columbus to a new continent, this without being aware of what was happening,
trade and global relations revitalizes. European powers begin a process of accumulation of wealth
at the expense of the exploitation of the same in its overseas colonies.
The inter-oceanic trade of spices, food, weapons, ammunition, animals, and even people, allowed
crowns as Spain, England, Portugal and France, to position as the powers in political military and
economic matters for about the next five hundred years. The same way was also the source of
one of the phenomena that we will study later:
In the context of trade between the metropolis and its colonies, it was founded in 1602 the Dutch
East India Company, VOC for its acronym in Dutch, better known as the Dutch East India Trading
Employing more than one million Europeans, it had a fleet of about five thousand ships. While it
was a Dutch company and employed people from across Europe, its headquarters was in Jakarta,
Indonesia, from which the most important logistics operations were organized until then.
Two centuries later came the first of the innovations in technology shaping the currently world,
the invention of the steam engine in the eighteenth century. With the development of the steam
engine of Mr. James Watt, it was not only the industrial revolution, which displaced the labor of
thousands of people for the implementation of the first machines in British industries, but also by
implementing propulsion steam engine on merchant ships, transport times between continents
was considerably reduced.
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Figure 5. Steam locomotive Figure 6. Steam engine
Another consequence of the Industrial Revolution has to do with the accumulation of wealth in
the northern hemisphere. In the seventeenth century, the relationship of the most industrialized
nation with the least was no more than 3 to 1. After the industrial revolution, the most developed
nation in economic terms boasts a wealth thousand times higher than the world's poorest
nations.
The gap between rich and poor is presented for the first time between countries and this
coincides geographically. North of the planet with industrialization became the center of
production while the south of the world with natural resources, was supplier of raw materials.
It comes the nineteenth century and with it the electricity. In 1830, Pavel Schilling, dissociated
from the wires the electrical impulses and invented the telegraph. This was a milestone key in
currently globalization as it is the first time that communications are detached from the means of
transport. Previously, the mail depended on postmen, bicycles, horses and boats. Now, with the
invention of telecommunications, times to send messages and receive responses they are
reduced to moments
During 1914 and 1945 the world has experienced the worst horrors, the two world wars. The
scope of these events was brutal, both wars, especially the second, covered the world with its
shadow. However, the military advances especially in terms of logistics and technological
developments were very important for humanity.
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The most important contribution of wars has been its end and with it the creation of
supranational institutions that seek to regulate international interactions under the principles of
peace and brotherhood.
With the end of World War II, in 1946 the Allies, led by the United States, the United Kingdom,
France, China and the Soviet Union met in San Francisco to create an institution responsible for
managing world peace. The United Nations Organization
In 1967, the Canadian sociologist Marshall McLuhan published the book The Gutenberg Galaxy:
The Making of Typographic Man (1962). In that text, McLuhan first introduced the term, Global
Village, which refers to how the world has been reduced by extension to be almost like a village
thanks to technological advances in telecommunications. Thanks to McLuhan, the term
globalization was put in the international debate.
Arriving the 70s and an American company invented one of the most innovative elements in
telecommunications, the microprocessor. With the microprocessor, Intel's contribution in 1971
allowed people in the world to access computer equipment in their homes. The global
information network came to life.
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Figure 14. microprocessor
Two years later, in 1973, a group of countries protest for the support of Western powers, mainly
the United States to the state of Israel, and cancel oil production. The Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC)
They led the first energy crisis globally by putting two present elements: first, the power is
questioned so far Western hegemonies to unveil its dependence on oil; on secondly the world
perceives the need to start thinking of alternative sources of energy for industry.
From this need, and after the first signs of detriment in the atmosphere and the ozone layer, in
1979 the first World Climate Conference was held. In that space, it becomes aware that the world
has no borders, that the events that happen in every corner of the planet will have repercussions
throughout the globe. In addition, surges, making use of information technology and
telecommunications, an international movement of social and environmental activism, Green
peace.
“January 1, 1983 is considered the official birthday of the Internet. Prior to this, the various
computer networks did not have a standard way to communicate with each other. A new
communications protocol was established called Transfer Control Protocol/Internetwork Protocol
(TCP/IP). This allowed different kinds of computers on different networks to "talk" to each other.
ARPANET and the Defense Data Network officially changed to the TCP/IP standard on January 1,
1983, hence the birth of the Internet. All networks could now be connected by a universal
language”. (Online Library Learning Center, 2016)
In 1989, after ten years have waged a war in Afghanistan, wear inside the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union is noticeable. On November 9th of the same year, the armed guards on the wall that
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divided Berlin abandoned their guard post. The Germans using their own hands tear down the
wall that separated them from each other for more than three decades .The fall of the Berlin
Wall, mark the end of an era of tensions between East and West, between communism and
capitalism.
While it was not until 1990 that the Soviet Union is dismantled, the moment was recorded in the
depths of the universal memory as the end of the Cold War, Berliners were tearing down the huge
wall. At that time, capitalism and liberal democracies are the economic and political systems that
shape the today's world. As the successor of GATT, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,
in Montevideo, in the Uruguay Round the World Trade Organization is created.
At the end of the millennium, in 1999 a group of activists founded the first anti-globalization
movement. In this case, there is a paradox: The anti-globalization movement is one of the most
globalized elements today, in addition of using all elements of both cause and consequences of
globalization, as its platform for interaction.
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Reaches 2000, a new millennium and a new century began with an event that no one imagined,
not even the writers of science fiction thought that could happen the events on the morning of
Tuesday, September 11, 2001 in New York City. The world became more insecure place and a
"global crusade" was deployed against terrorism. Advances in security were undermined by a
scheme similar to the age of terror, but now the enemy could be anywhere on the globe.
In 2009, an unprecedented crisis keeps on tenterhooks citizens of the world, generating more
panic than the same financial crisis since the real estate bubble occurred in the United States. A
global pandemic, Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 threatened to end the lives of thousands of
people around the world. Again, interdependence in trade and high interaction of people with
the increased travel around the world, meaning that globalization threatens a citizen of the world.
TERM DEFINITION
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Positive changes in economy and society, giving a quality of life for
SUSTAINABLE
individuals without compromising the ability of future generations
DEVELOPMENT
to also have a good quality of life.
FIGURES
Ximagination (s.f) Hombre de negocios asiático mirando inteligente con los vidrios que sostienen
un globo en la oficina [Foto de archivo] Recuperado de
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Chelovek (s.f) Bandera de los Dutch East India Company. De Cerca.[Foto de archivo] Recuperado
de
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Jan Gorzynik (s.f) histórico tren a vapor pasa a través de los campos [Foto de archivo] Recuperado
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el fondo blanco. [Foto de archivo]Recuperado de
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Stuart Miles (s.f) Primera Guerra Mundial Significado acción militar y Globalise [Foto de archivo]
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Stuart Miles(s.f) Segunda Guerra Mundial Significado acción militar y Globalize [Foto de archivo]
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Rook76 (1986) URUGUAY - CIRCA 1986: sello impreso por Uruguay, demuestra Acuerdo General
sobre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio de la reunión del Comité, Punta del Este [Foto de
archivo]Recuperado de
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Maksim Kabakou (s.f) Concepto de negocio: libro cerrado con la gente de negocios Negro icono y
globalización de texto en el piso, fondo blanco, 3D [Foto de archivo] Recuperado de
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Olekcii Mach (s.f) concepto de la OPEP, representación 3D aislada en el fondo blanco [Foto de
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Vaclav Volrab (s.f) Planeta verde con árboles en la mano. [Foto de archivo] Recuperado de
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Macrovector (s.f) Internet de las cosas computadora y reloj teledirigido elegante iconos planos
cartel composición abstracta ilustración vectorial aislado [Vectores]Recuperado de
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Neftali77 (1990) Alemania - CIRCA 1990 una postal impresa en Alemania, se dedica a la del primer
aniversario de la caída del Muro de Berlín[Foto de archivo] Recuperado de
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Radiantskies (s.f) Nube palabra abstracta para el movimiento anti-globalización con las etiquetas
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Ostapenko (s.f) Sin el terrorismo. Detener el terror firmar contra el terrorismo insignia de
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COMPLEMENTARY SOURCES
LANG, M. (2011). Globalization and Global History in Toynbee. Journal of World History, 22(4),
747-783.
http://loginbiblio.poligran.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direc
t=true&db=aph&AN=67497334&site=ehost-live