OBJECTIVES

We students taking Additional Mathematics are

required to carry out a project work while we are in
Form 5.This year the Curriculum Development Division,
Ministry of Education has prepared four tasks for us.We
are to choose and complete only ONE task based on our
area of interest.This project can be done in groups or
individually,but each of us are expected to submit an
individually written report.Upon completion of the
Additional Mathematics Project Work,we are to gain
valuable experiences and able to:

y Apply and adapt a variety of problem solving

strategies to solve routine and non-routine
problems;
y Experience classroom environments which are
challenging, interesting and meaningful and hence
improve their thinking skills.
y Experience classroom environments where
knowledge and skills are applied in meaningful ways
in solving real-life problems
y Experience classroom environments where
expressing ones mathematical thinking,reasoning
and communication are highly encouraged and
expected
y Experience classroom environments that stimulates
and enhances effective learning.
y Acquire effective mathematical communication

through oral and writing,and to use the language of

mathematics to express mathematical ideas
correctly and precisely

y Enhance acquisition of mathematical knowledge

and skills through problem-solving in ways that
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increase interest and confidence
y Prepare ourselves for the demand of our future
undertakings and in workplace
y Realise that mathematics is an important and

powerful tool in solving real-life problems and

hence develop positive attitude towards
mathematics.

y Train ourselves not only to be independent learners

but also to collaborate, to cooperate, and to share
knowledge in an engaging and healthy environment
y Use technology especially the ICT appropriately and
effectively
y Train ourselves to appreciate the intrinsic values of
mathematics and to become more creative and
innovative
y Realize the importance and the beauty of
mathematics
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FOREWARD
First of all, I would like to say Alhamdulillah, for giving me
the strength and health to do this project work. Not forgotten my parents for
providing everything, such as money, to buy anything that are related to this
project work and their advise, which is the most needed for this project.
Internet, books, computers, and etc. They also supported me and
encouraged me to complete this task so that I will not
procrastinate in doing it. Then I would like to thank my teacher, Mrs. Rosmini
bt Abd. Hamid @ mustapha for guiding me and my friends throughout this
project. We had some difficulties in doing this task, but she taught us
patiently until we knew what to do. She tried and tried to teach us
until we understand what we supposed to do wit h the project
work.Last but not least, my friends who were doing this project
with me and sharing our ideas. They were helpful that when we
combined and discussed together, we had this task done.

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 CONTENT
Introduction ______________________________

Foreward ______________________________

Part 1 ______________________________

Part 2 ______________________________

Part 3 ______________________________

Further Exploratio _____________________ ______ ___

Reflection ______________________________
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 ?

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HISTORY OF INDEX NUMBER

Index numbers are meant to study the change in the effects of such factors
which cannot be measured directly. According to Bowley, ³Index numbers are used
to measure the changes in some quantity which we cannot observe directly´. For
example, changes in business activity in a country are not capable of direct
measurement but it is possible to study relative changes in business activit y by
studying the variations in the values of some such factors which affect business
activity, and which are capable of direct measurement.

Index numbers are commonly used statistical device for measuring the
combined fluctuations in a group r elated variables. If we wish to compare the price
level of consumer items today with that prevalent ten years ago, we are not
interested in comparing the prices of only one item, but in comparing some sort of
average price levels. We may wish to compare th e present agricultural production
or industrial production with that at the time of independence. Here again, we have
to consider all items of production and each item may have undergone a different
fractional increase (or even a decrease). How do we obtai n a composite measure?
This composite measure is provided by index numbers which may be defined as a
device for combining the variations that have come in group of related variables
over a period of time, with a view to obtain a figure that represents the µnet¶ result of
the change in the constitute variables.

Index numbers may be classified in terms of the variables that they are
intended to measure. In business, different groups of variables in the
measurement of which index number techniques are com monly used are (i)
price, (ii) quantity, (iii) value and (iv) business activity. Thus, we have index of
wholesale prices, index of consumer prices, index of industrial output, index of
value of exports and index of business activity, etc. Here we shall be mainly
interested in index numbers of prices showing changes with respect to time,
although methods described can be applied to other cases. In general, the
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present level of prices is compared with the level of prices in the past. The present period is
called the current period and some period in the past is called the base period.

Index Numbers:

Index numbers are statistical measures designed to show changes in

a variable or group of related variables with respect to time, geographic
location or other characteristics such as income, profession, etc. A collection
of index numbers for different years, locations, etc., is sometimes called an

index series.
Simple Index Number:
A simple index number is a number that measures a relative change in
a single variable with respect to a base.
Composite Index Number:
A composite index number is a number that measures an average
relative changes in a group of relative variables with respect to a base.
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 Part 1

The prices of goods sold in shops vary from one shop to

another.Shoppers tend to buy goods which are not only reasonably
priced but also give value for their money.

You are required to carry out a survey on four different items

based on the following categories i.e. food, detergent and
stationery.The survey should be done in three different shops.

a) Collect pictures,newspaper cuttings or photos on items that you have

chosen.Design a collage to illustrate the chosen items

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Auestion c
(b) Record the items and their prices systematically as in
Table 1.Since items maybe differently packed,be sure to use
consistent measurements for each item selected so that
comparison can be done easily and accurately.

Auestion:
(c) Create at least two suitable graphical representations (the use of ICT is encouraged) to
compare and contrast the price of the items chosen.

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Auestion
(e) Identify an item that has a large price difference
among the shops. Calculate the mean and standard deviation
of that particular item. Hence, suggest and discuss possible
reasons for the price difference.

Answer:
Liquid dishwasher:
Mean=

=17.47
Standard deviation
= ¥( ²)/N ± ( )²

=¥ ² ² ²

- (17.47)²
=0.97

The large price difference of clothes detergent among the

shops maybe because of the standard of the shop.A high
standard shop or supermarket, the items sold intend to be
much more expensive than a regular shop or supermarket.Also,
the price difference of the items may also due to the quality of
the item present. A better quality means a higher price.

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 Part 2
Every year SMK Indah organises a carnival to raise funds
for the school. This year the school plans to install air
conditioners in the school library. Last year, during the
carnival, your class made and sold butter cakes. Because
of the popularity of the butter cakes,your class has decided
to carry out the same project for this year¶s carnival.
Auestion

(a) Suggest a shop from Part 1 which you would go to purchase the ingredients
for the butter cakes.State and discuss your reasons for purchasing from the
shop you suggested.

Answer:
Mydin.This is because the total price of the ingredients
from this shop is the lowest from the three shops.
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