D I C T I O N A RY

O F

ENGLISH ETYM O LO GY .

BY

HE NSLEIGH WE D GWO O D , M . A .

LAT E FE L L O W O F C HR C O L L
. . CA M .

VO LUME I . (A — D) .

W IT H N O TES A ND A D D IT I O N S ,

BY

G E O RG E P . M A RS H .

N E W Y O RK :

SHELD O N A ND C O M PA N Y, P U B L I S H E RS .

BO S T O N : G O UL D A N D L IN C O L N .

1 86 2 .
 E ntered ac co rdin g to A ct of C on g ress , in th e ye ar 18 6 2, b y

S H ELD ON AND C O M PA N Y ,

erk s
in th e C l
’
O ffice of th e D i s tric t C o t ur for th e S o th e n
u r D i s tric t of N ew Y o rk .

7 %
”
M

RI V E RS I D E , C A M BRI D G E:
ST E RE O T Y P E D A ND PR I N T ED BY II. 0 . H O UG H T ON .
 PRE FA C E

TO THE

A M E RI C A N E D IT IO N O F T HE FI RS T V O L UM E .

M ‘

T HE v i ew s an d a ims of th e l ea rn e d thor of th e D i cti on ary of En gl ish Ety

au

m ology a r e fully set forth i n th e In tro d u ct i on , an d i t is h er e n e c es sa ry only

to say th a t th e p ri nc ip al o bj ect of th e work is to ill us tra te an d en forc e th e
th eory th at lan guage is i mi ta t i v e in its ori gi n an d p ri m a ry ch ar a ct er For .

th is p u rp o s e, a lar g e n umb er of En glis h word s ar e co mpar ed w i th in terj ec

tion al a rti c ul a ti on s e v i d e ntly im i ta t i v e of n at u ral s o u nd s, an d a r e tra c e d
d i r e ctly, or by th e a n alo gy of corresp ond in g w ord s i n oth er ton gu es, to th es e
in terj e cti on s as th ei r ori gin al so u rc e T h e g en eral p r ep osition h as b e en m ore
.

ably s u s ta i n e d by M r We d g wood th a n by a ny ea rli e r En gl is h or p e rh ap s for

.

eig n p h i l o l o gi s t, an d few p r e v i o u s wr i t e rs h a v e s u gg es te d so m a n y e tym o l o g i es

which ar e b oth p ro b able an d n ew to th e En gl ish l exi co grap h y of th e firs t

,

fo u r l ette rs of t h e al ph ab et
Bu t th e au thor h as not confin ed h im s elf who lly to p ro b abl e an d p r esump
ti v e d er i v a t ion s, an d h e h as introd u c ed many c a r efully tra c ed h is tori c al ety
m ol og ies, whi ch, tho u g h not th e mo s t con sp i c u o u s, ar e by no m eans th e l eas t
v al u able fea tur e of th e work .

In th e p r es ent ed it i on th e ori g i n al t ext is p ri nt e d ent i r e, w i th no ch an g e

,

b u t th e corr e ct i on of p erh ap s h alf a doz en e rrors of th e p r ess an d th e tran s

fer of th e a rti cles co mp o s in g th e A p p end ix to th ei r p r e p er p la c es i n th e
al h ab et M a dd i t i on s c on s is t of not es u on a con s i d erabl e n u mb er of word s,
p .
y p
a l is t of wh i ch is g i v en a t th e en d of th is r efa c e Th ese notes ar e i ncl o s e d
p .

i n b ra ck ets a n d s i gn ed wi th th e in i tial M M y o b s erv a ti on s, as w ill b e s een,

.

a r e confin e d al m o s t who lly to h is to ri c al d e r i v a t i on an d I h a v e a tt emp t e d l i ttl e

,

in th e way of conj ectu ral d ed u ction fro m i mi ta ti v e s o u nd s, fro m th e supp o s ed

n atu ral s i gn ificanc e of p ri mary con s on a ntal comb in ati on s, or fro m th e an al o gi es
of a n ci e nt and r em ot e lan g ua g es not actu ally k nown to h a v e contrib u t e d
d i re ctly to th e co mp o si ti on of th e En gl i sh voc ab ula ry T h is co u rs e h as b een
.

i mp o s ed u p on m e as w ell by n ec ess i ty a s by cho i c e I w ill not i nd ee d affe ct

.

”
to s ay, w i th C apg rav e, th at “
I wa nt ny al th at s ch ul d l on g e to a s t u d i er,
iv P R E FA C E .

bu t I o s s es s few work s on lin g u i st i c s or co mp a r a t i v e p h il ol o gy, a n d I h a v e

p
con s equ ently b een ob li g ed to r ely on th e sl end er r es o u rc es of a p r i v a te librar y,
coll ect ed w i th no r efer enc e to etym ol o g i c al i nv e sti gati on b u t only for th e p u r
,

o s es of g en eral c ul t u r e B u t tho u gh t h e w a nt of s p e c i al fa c il i t i es h a s m u ch
p .

i ncr eas ed my l ab or, I b y no m ean s s up p o s e th a t th is w a nt h as p rov ed a d is

a dv a nt a g e to my work . It h as dri v en m e to ori gi n al r esea rch, i n st ea d of a
of oth e r m e n s al r ea d y w ell b e a t e n s h ea v es, a n d t h e il lu s tra t i on s
’
r e th r a sh in g
-

a dd u c e d wh i ch a r e, w i th not m a n y exc ep t i on s, of my own co ll e ct in g, ar e, I

,

th i nk, m or e imp orta nt a s contrib u t i on s to th e c ertai n or p ro b able h istory of

En gli sh word s th an a n yth in g I co ul d h a v e glean ed fro m th e exc erp ts an d
,

r efer enc es whi ch h a v e b een al r eady emp l o y e d by En glish an d C ont i nent al

l exi co g ra p h ers . In s earchin g for au thori ti es, I h a v e g en erally sel ect ed b oo k s
wh i ch h a v e b een l i ttl e or not a t all r es ort e d to by s t u d ents of En gl ish ety
mol ogy, b ec au se I tho u ght th e ch anc es of m eeti n g w i th h i th erto u nnoti c e d
for ms an d co mb i n at i on s of th e word s u nd e r d i s c u s si on wo ul d thu s b e incr ease d,
a n d A m er i c a n s cho l a rs wi ll find, i n th e r a r i ty of m any of th es e b oo k s i n this

co u ntry, a s u ffic i ent ap ol o gy for a ful n ess of qu ota ti on wh i ch mi ght oth erwis e
s eem s u p erflu o u s, not to say o s t ent a t i o us .

A cc ess to a m or e co m pl et e e tym ol o g i c al app ara t u s m i ght h a v e t emp t e d m e

to sp a r e m ys elf t h e to il of m any w eek s of mis c ella n eo us an d s o m etimes
crab b ed r ead in g for th e ch anc e of l i ght in g u p on n ew exemplification s of im
ort ant for ms or u s es of word s b u t i t is my conv i ct i on th a t i n t h e r es e nt
p , p
s tat e of h i l o l o g i c al k now l ed g e i n th i s co u ntry, h i s tor i c al i nv es t i g a ti on of
p
w ord s, ori gin al m at eri als for wh i ch c an b e collect ed in no oth er way, is a
m ethod of i n qu i ry m or e lik ely to b e a cc ep table an d u seful to th e p u bli c for
who m th is ed ition is d es i gn ed th an any conj e ct u ral sp ec ulat i on, how e v er in
e n iou sly cond u ct ed
g .

A noth er con s i d era t i on h as i nflu enc e d my s el ect i on of a u thors to b e r e a d i n

s ea rch of ill u s tra t i on s . It is th e d esi r e to do s om eth in g towa rd s t u rni n g th e
a tt ent i on of A m e ri c a n lin g u i s t i c s t u d ent s to th e or i g i n a n d d e v el o m ent of t h e
p
m od ern E u ro p ean lan g u ag es, as exh ib i t ed, not i n r ec ent b u t i n m ed i aev al, li t er
,

a t u re, for I am p ers ua d e d th a t th e r e is y e t a n a b u nd a nt h a rv es t to b e r ea p e d

i n th at fi eld, a s r esp e cts not only etym ol o gy, b u t als o th e h is tory a n d th e

th eory of th e ori gi n a n d tr u e signific anc e of infiec tion al form s i n all h um an
l an g u a g e .

T h e p ro p ort i on of th e word s d i s c uss ed by M r We d gw ood which I h a v e

.

a nnota t e d is not l a r g e, b e c au s e his concl us i on s a s to t h e m a ori ty of th em

j
a e ar to m e s a t i s fa ctory, a n d i n m an y c as es wh e r e h is v i e w s do not c om
pp
m and my a ssent I am not p r ep a r ed wi th e v i d enc e to s u s t ai n m e i n d i s p u ti n g
th em I c e rt ainly do not b eli e v e th at th e Ic ela nd i c t ar/d, th e thro at, d eri v e d
.
“ ”

“
fro m a n i mi ta t i on o f th e s o u nd
”
of bar ki
ng is
“
, p ro b ab ly th e ori g i n of bar e
g
 P R E FA C E .

an d bark, a b o a t,or th a t Made, th e blood, l eaf; of th e C ontin ental lan gu ages h as

,

it s s o u rc e “
i n th e noti on of fo am or a m ass of b u bbl es (s ee D i ction ary v s
”
, ,
.

Ba rg e an d Bla d e, ) an d m any of M r We d g wood s d er i v a ti on s s eem to m e

’
.

e q u ally i m p ro b ab l e .I h a v e, how e v e r not tho u ght i t w orth wh il e to exp r ess

,

a n ak e d d i ssent i n s u ch c a s es, a n d h a v e g en e rally r efra in e d fro m an ima d v er

s i o n wh en I h ad noth i n g b u t m er e O p i n i on to o ffe r .

G E O RG E P M A RS H . .

Bu r ling ton , Vermont, O ctob e r 1 5 th, 1 8 6 0

.
 W O RD S D I S C US S E D IN E D IT O R S ’
NO TE S .

Ab et . A str a, C a t , . u n d er D i saste r .

Ab i d e Ab ie ,
. At .

Abl e . A tonc .

Abol i s h . Auburn .

Abr i dg e Abb r evi ate ,

. A u mer e, n d er Alms u .

A va m e O r ien t u n d e r Aver ag e
'

Ab u t .
, , .

Abu ye u n d er Ab ie 2 A r a rca or A veria Sp a nd C a t u n d e r Ave ra g e

'

.
, , , .
, .

Acorn . Aver ag e .

Acquain t . A vis A vis er F r u n d e r Ad vice

, , .
, .

Acq uit . A we .

Acton or Haqu eton un d er ,

Awnin g .

Addle ve rb , .

Add le n o u n and a dj
,
. Baggag e .

A dd a L a t u n d er A dd
, , . Ba it, u n d e r Ab et .

Ad m i ral . Bak e .

A doba r Sp ” u n d er D ub, . Bal cony and Bar b ic an .

E gilig r an d E g zshj d lmr Icel n d er A we Ba lise, F r , u n d er Buoy

'

, u
. . .
, .

Bal k .

Ball as t .

Agate Ba n don, (3, Fr , u n d er Ab an don . .

A g ld , C a t , u n d e r Acorn . Ba ni sh .

Ag u e . Ba r a nd a , S p , u n d er Ballu ster . .

Bar n a cl e s .

A ir , E ir . Bar ra ck .

Ai sl e . Barr agan .

Al co ve . Bar row .

Al i ght . Bar te r .

Allo d i al . Ba s ta rd .

All ow . Bu ta nt, 0 Fr , u n d er Ab u t . . .

Al loy . Ba te .

Alw ay s . Ba u n , D an , u n d er Bon fir e .

Amb e r .

Ambe rgri s u n d er Amber , . Be at .

An dir on . Bed r i dd en
-
.

Beer , F r , u n d er Abas h
’

Anne al . . .

A n tqfn AS u n d e r Anthe m Bell

‘

. .
, , .

Anthem . Be s eem .

Apr i cot . Bet .

Ar q u e b u s s . Bet, go I u n d e r Ab et and Boot .

Ar r an t . Beta n, AS , u n d e r Ab et . .

Ar s en al . Betr ash , u n d e r Abash .

Ar ti ll e r y . Bette r, u n d e r Ab et, Boot .

Assoi l .
Bi g ht or Bo ught .

VO L . I .
 W O R DS D I S C USS E D I N E D IT OR S NO T E S ’
. v ii

Bin d . CV
zaloir , F r , n d er Care . u .

Bl es s .
Ch a p u n d er Chubby
, .

Bloo m, u n d er Blow . Ch ar un d e r Chirp

, .

Boot, Bootl e ss . Char co al .

Boot and saddl e, u n d er Ab et

- -
. Chasubl e u n d e r Cloak ,
.

Bo r eas . Chee se .

Borg , O r ient u n d e r Bo ro ugh . . Chives .

Bo rr el . Chur ch .

Bo ss. Clink e r b uilt und er Clin g -

, .

Bosse, F r , u n d e r Bo ss . . C loak .

Bottle . Clover C C u n d er C a rab in e

,
.
, .

Botto m . Coach .

Bou tef eu , F r , u n d e r Ab et
-
. . C ob .

Boute selle, F r , u n d er Ab et
- . .

Bran . Commod or e .

Bra n d ung , G , u n d e r Br ine . . Coo l .

Bran d y . Co u ch .

Bras il , u n d e r Br as e . Co u r ag e or Corag e .

Br i gan d . Co urt .

Br i lli ant . Cow ard .

Br ood . Crab .

Br oth . C ra ck and Cras h Intr od p , . . 8 .

Br uns t, G , u n d er Bri m . . C rane .

Bucca nier . C ra wfish .

Buck . Cr e ak or Cra ck of d ay .

Bu ckram . Cr us t .

Bu lk a nd Bulkhe ad . C ul ve r in u n d e r Cali b re ,
.

Buller n , G , u n d e r Bul l b eggar .

-
. C urd u n d e r Chee se
, .

Bu ll ion . C urr y .

Bulto, S p , u n d er Bul g e . . C ur ta in .

Bul wark . Cus hion .

Bundt , Bum, D an and S w , u n d e r Bin d . . .

Bu oy, Bu oyant . D ag .

Bu que, S p , u n d e r Bulk . . D an ge r .

Bur in , u n d e r Bor e . D ay, year and, u n d e r D ay .

Burn , a b rook . D az z l e , u n d e r D a z e .

Burr .

Bu ss . D e scry .

Bu tcher . D evil u n d e r , eu ce D .

Butt . D ida , C at , u n d e r D a i ry .

Byla w . D o.

Bgl ta , u n d e r Bu tt . D own .

Br akne, D am, u n d er D r nk i .

C ab l e . D ub .

C al i b r e . D u ck .

Calive r u n d e r Cali br e , . D un .

Calk . D u n geon .

C alli p e r u n d e r Cali br e
m
.
,

Camlet . a mF
n d e r Abas h,
r., u .

Canoe . Eba uc /wr Fr u n der Balk ,

.
, .

O a r afle F r u n d e r C arboy En ame l u n d er Anne al

'

. .
, , ,
.

C arb oy .

C ar o u s e . F or maggio, I t , . u n d er Chee s e .

C ar t
.

C arve .
‘’
I ep a vos, n d e r Crane u .

C a ttl e un d er Chattels
, . Get u n d e r Beg in
,
.

Cei lin g . Go usty S e u n d e r Ag has t,

.
, .
V ii W O R DS D I S C USS E D IN E DI TO R S NO TE S
,
’
.

G usten, D an , u . n der Agh as t . P a ck Pa ckag e u n d e r Baggag e

a nd , .

Parma c ity u n d e r A mb e r , .

d d, H af da , S w , . u n der Behove . P a r a L a t u n d e r App ar el

,
.
, .

Hottento t Intr od p 7 , . . . Pull to t ake a u n d e r Car ous e

, , .

I I ou ille Fr u n d e r Ch ar co al
, .
,
.

E col Co rni s h u n d er Char co al

, ,
.
Qu il t, u n d er Co u nte r p a ne .

Qu ive r u n d er Cha fer

, .

In , u n d e r At .

I teru m, L at , u n d e r Again . S a mo, M in dan aian, u n d er Ass e mbl e .

Seel u n d er Cei l in g
, .

KA en m
’
-
, u n d er Cl ever . She ave u n d e r Chive s
, .

Spermaceti u n d e r Amb er , .

L eben, Arab
n d er Chee s e .
, u . Sti rr up u n d e r An d ir on
, .

L obber ed milk u n d e r Chees e , . Sweep u n d er Br u sh

, .

Loud u n d er Br i ll i ant
, .

Temmelzg , D n d e r Be seem
’

an . , u .

M aim u n de r Cabli sh T itio L a t u n d e r Ab et

, .
, .

, .

M almettr e 0 F r u n d er Cabli sh . .
T owe l u n d er D oi l ey
, .

, , .

M i nn owv ia Icel u n d e r Buss , ,

Ugg a an d Uggr , I c el , I n trod p
. .

10
M ot F r M otto I t Int rod p 12
. . . .

Uggt a , I t , In trod p 1 0
. '
, , , .
, . . .

. . . .

Mu tte r Introd p 1 2 ,
Umbr age , Intr od p 1 0
. . .

11M S w u n d er D o
. . .

, .
, .

V e r an d a, u n d er Ballus ter .

N glclce, D an .
, u n d e r Ca pri ce .

Wait u n d er Ab et
, .

O mbr age, Fr Intr od p 1 0 . . .

Wr eck u n d er Br oke r
, .

0st, Sca n d , u n d e r Chee s e . .

Yeas t u n d er Chee s e
, .
 I N T RO D U C T I O N .

THE i nquiry mus t sometim% oc c u r eve n to th os e n ot ver y si mil ar n atu e T he firs t germ of sc ie nc e begi n s
r .

s pe c i a lly e n g a ed i n t h e s t u d y of l a n gu ag e
g b y wh at ,
to qui c ke n wh e n t h e q es tio n is s gges ted Wh a t is t he u u ,

s te ps doe s s c h a n d su c h a w or d c om e to h ave t h e me a n
u r e aso n of s om e r e e mb l a n c e or c o n t a t or of s om e
s r s ,

ing i n whi c h it is ac t ally fo n d wh a t is t h e e a lies t

u u
so urc e t o wh i c h it c an b e t ac ed an d wh a t a e th e c og r ,
,
r a c tio n O b e ved am on s
g t h e p h e n ome n a of n a tur e
r T he
r i magi n ation p oposes some ki n d of machin er y adeq ate
r u ,

n a te forms eith er i n our own or i n rela ted languages . ac c or di n

g t o t h e n otio n s of t h e ti m e t o ac c o n t for t h e ,
u

T h e a n swe r to i n quiries of s c h a n a t ure c o n stit tes u u ph e nome n a i n q estio n whi c h i n ve y early ti me is a pt

u ,
r s

wh a t w e look for i n t h e et ymology Of a lang age But u . to tak e t h e form of a n arrative of fac ts i mpli c itly b e
if w e ar e as ked to r e c omme n d a b ook of r efe e n c e i n r lie ed as h i s tor i c al t t h
v In p oc ess of ti me t h e t h eo y
ru . r r

Engli h et ymology w e fi n d it h ar d to poi n t o t a wo k

s ,
u r is fo n d eith e r i n u ffi c ie n t to sa ti fy th e i nq iri es of a
u s s u

to whic h esor t may be h a d w it h a e a o n ab le e x pe c ta

r ,
r s r more c ltiva ted age or ab s ol tely i n c on i te n t wit h n u
u ,
u s s

tio n of meeti n g w it h r eli able i nfo ma tio n on th e s bj ec t r u . de ni ab le e x pe ie nc e Re c o rs e is agai n h ad to t h e O ld

r . u

T he i n c e as e of li n g i s ti c k n owled ge a nd t h e q a n tit y
r u ,
u so rc e of t h e im agi n atio n an d n e w th eo ies ar e i n ve n ted
u ,
r

of ma te r i als plac ed wit h i n r e ac h of t h e s t de n t si nc e u ,

to meet t h e i mp oved c on dition of in tellec t al c ltiva
r u u

t h e Etymologi c m s of S ki nn e an d J n i s w o ld i n evi
u r u u ,
u tio n B t whe n o n c e th e p ri nc iple of te ti ng a th eory
. u s

tab ly h ave r eq i ed a r evie w of th ei r labo rs if t h ey

u r u , b y c omp ari o n w it h ac t al e x pe ie n c e h as b ee n admitted
s u r
,

h ad be e n gu ided by fa m o e c o e c t vie ws of t h e devel

r r rr n o ystem c an lon g b e left s ta n di ng whi c h h as not a b et
s

O p men t of lan g u ag e t h a n th os e of wh i c h th e a th ors

,
u te fo n d a tio n t h a n t h e i n ge n u it y wit h wh i c h it ac c o n ts
r u u

h ave give n proof i n t h e wo ks above c ited ac u te an d r , fo t h e p ar ti c lar gro p of p h e n om e n a for w hi c h it was

r u u

le ar n ed men as t h e y b ot h of t h em w e re . origi n ally i nve n te d A t las t t h e t u e p at h is st uc k A

. r r .

In la te r ti mes t h e subj ec t of E nglis h et ymology h as power i ec ogn is ed i n ac t al O pe r atio n p od uc i ng effec ts

s r u ,
r

fo t h e mos t p ar t b ee n t e a ted as a sub ordin ate dep ar t

r r a n alogo on h o weve i nfe r io
us , a sc ale to t h e ph e n o me n a
r r ,

me n t i n t h e dic tio n ar ies of t h e l ang u ag e and t h e c h oi c e , whi c h form t h e s bj ec t of i nquiry Th us a solid fo n d a

u . u

wo ld n ow lie bet wee n t h e elabo ate wo ks p blis h ed

u r r u tio n is attain ed a nd th e n at u e of t h e ac tio n b ei ng
, ,
r

withi n t h e lim its of t h e pr ese n t g e n eratio n b y T odd , c le a ly u n de rs tood t h o s a n ds of scie n ti fi c lab o r e s are
r ,
u u r

Ric h ar ds o n and Web ster

, Th e lab o r of c ompi li ng a
. u fo n d t o t ac e t h e e s l ts th ro ug h e n d less r ami fi c a tio n s
u r r u .

d i c tio n ar y s ingle h a n ded c an l e ave so littl e leis u e for

-
r G eology afford s an ex ample of a sc ie n c e i n whi c h t h e
ori gin al spec lation th at w e ough t n ot pe h aps to look
u ,
r fi nal stage h as b ee n attai n ed i n t h e mos t r ec e n t pe iod r .

to t h e a t h ors of s c h a w o k for mo e t h a n a j di c ious

u u r r u I t is onl y within our own times t h at geologists have es
s el ec tio n am o n g t h e sugg e stio n s affo ded b y t h e c ent r urr t ab lis h ed a ver a c a u a i n t h e po w ers n o w i n ac tio n on s

philology of t h e pe iod L ittle mo e th a n t hi s is aimed

r . r t h e surfac e of t h e e art h to whic h th ey look fo an , r

a t i n t h e et ymologie s of T odd whos e i nfo m atio n was ,

r a c c o n t of t h e p h e n om e n a falli n g wit h i n t h e dom a i n of
u

b es ides of a some wh a t l imited r a ng e T h e g r e a t v al e . u t h ei r sc ie nc e vi th e i n terior c o nditio n of t h e st ati fi ed

,
z . r

of R i h ar ds o n c ons i s ts i n his s to e of qu ot a tio n s wh i c h

c r , crus t of th e e art h and t h e r emai n s of o gan is ed b ei ngs
,
r

a r e t h os e mai nly em ploy ed in t h e p es e n t wo k In his r r . imb edded i n it .

own et ymol ogie s h e is oft e n l ed ve r y wil d b y his b elief Et ymology is sti ll at t h e s tage wh e e an a bit ar y r r r

i n H orn e T ooke wh os e formul a h e applies at every t n

,
ur , t h eo y is ac c epted as t h e b as i s of sc ie n ti fic ex plan atio n
r .

as t h e gre a t mas t en k ey of t h e la n gu ag e Fe w wo ks . r I t is s ppos ed th at all lang uag e is developed f om r oots

u r

i n deed h ave b ee n so effec tive i n imparti ng i nte est t o or sk el eto n s of ar ti c u l ate s o n d e n do wed wit h di s ti n c t
”
r u ,

etymol ogi c al disc uss io n as t h e E II p to wh i c h I 7 r£a T e oevTa , and ofte n ve r y ab s t ac t me a ni n g b u t i n c a p ab l e of b ei n

r
, g ,

amo n g ot h ers am i n deb ted for t h e firs t di e c tion of my

,
r ac t ally u ed i n spee c h u n til p rope ly c lot h ed i n
u s
g am ,
r r

own a tte n tion t o t hi s b r a n c h of i n q i y But T ook e s u r .

’
m at ic al fo ms An d t h i s t h eory of r oots t akes t h e plac e
r .

allur i ng spec l atio ns w ill n ot b e ar t h e ligh t of advanc i ng

u of t h e el eme n t a y po we rs wh i c h form th e b as i s of ot h e
r r

k no wl ed ge an d it is h ar d ly t oo m c h to say t h at t h e e is
,
u r sc ie n c e s Th e etymologi st wh o s c c eed s i n t ac i ng a
.
,
u r

n ot a s o n d et ymolo y i n t h e w o k
u
g r . wor d t o a S ans c rit r oot is as w ell sati sfied with t h e ,

T he aim of t u e sc ie n c e is t h e same i n every b a n c h

r r ac c o n t h e h as r e n der ed of his pr oble m as t h e as tr ono
u ,

of le ar n i n
g and it h as c ommo nly adva n c ed b y s teps of
,
mer wh o t ac es an i r r egu lar ity i n t h e o b it of a comet
r r

VO L . I. 2
x I NT R O D UC TI ON .

to t h e attraction of a plan et within wh os e i nfl uence it ,

time wor n p arti cl e of wh os e ori gi n i n a sen sible image
-
,

h as b ee n b rou gh t i n its las t r evol tio n N ow i n wh a t u . w e c ann ot form a gu ess T o sla m the door is a c oll o .

c o n d itio n is it poss i bl e t h at r oots c o l d h ave e xis t ed u , q uial e xpr essio n i n w hi c h t h e ve b seems as if it mi g h t r

b efor e t h e y w e e ac t u all y us ed i n spee c h If it b e s ug

r h ave b ee n suggested y este d ay b y its appr opri a te n ess to r

g es ted t h a t t h e y w er e im pl a n ted b y N a t re i n t h e mi n d u exp ess t h at ki n d of n oi se b t t h e w o d is sed i n a

r , u r u

of man as some peop le h ave s ppos ed t ha t t h e b o n es of

,
u mu c h wide s e ns e b y t h e L apla n ders wit h a spec i al ap
r ,

mammoths w e e c r e a ted at t h e s ame s troke w it h t h e r ,

pli c ation to this very i n ta n c e of slamm i ng t h e doo ; s r

ot h er materi al s of t h e s tr a ta in which t h ey a e b r ied r u an d wh at c o n tless ag e s mus t h ave e l aps ed si n c e t h eir

u

we c an o n ly s ay t h at it is di r e c tly oppos ed t o a ny th i n g a n c e s to rs an d o rs p ar ted fr om a c omm o n s toc k

u

w e ob ser ve i n i nfa n ts of t h e p ese n t d ay B t if it b e r . u A little e xamin atio n shows t h at t h e pri nc iple of imita
s aid t h a t n o on e su ppos es t h at t h e r oot s as su c h eve r , , tion h as a wider an ge th an w e a e at fi t i n c li n ed to r r rs

h ad i n depe n de n t e xis te n c e ; t h at t h e y ar e m e ely fic tion s r s ppos e

u In some wor ds t h e imita tive c h a ac ter is so
. r

of t h e g ammar i an s to i n dic a te t h e c o e of a gr o p of
r r u s t on ly ma ked
r
g t h at it will be admitted by eve y one
r ,
r

r ela ted wor ds h aving s imi lar s ign ific at ion s i n whi c h s e n e ,
s as s oo n as t h e q es tio n is r ais ed In others t ho gh n ot
u .
,
u

t h e te m will al w ay s b e us ed i n t h e p esen t wo k ; or if
r r r c o n sc io sly e c o n i s ed it h ei h te n s t h e po w e r Of e x p es
u
g r
g , r

t h ey ar e reg ar ded as t h e r emai n s of some fo mer c o n di r s io n an d , give s mu c h of t h at vivid n ess of image y whi c h r

tio n of la ngu ag e t h e n t h ey c eas e to affo d a solid r es t ,

r w e admir e i n th e poetr y of S pe ns e and G awain e D o g r u

ing plac e an d t h e or i gi n of t h e r oots t h em elves b ec om es

-
,
s las . In ot hers agai n t he po wer of d i ec t r ep ese n tatio n
, , r r

as fi t an obj e c t of i n qu i y as of t h e wo ds i n ac t al u se r ,
r u is wh olly gon e a n d t h e i mita tive o i gi n c an o nl y be
, r

a t t h e pr es e n t d ay N or wi ll t h e c riosity of a r atio n al . u sh o wn b y a det ai l ed e x ami n atio n of t h e mode i n whic h

i nqui r er b e sati fied n til h e meets wit h a pri nc ipl e ad e s u th e meaning of t h e wo d h as b een developed r .

q ate to give r i se t o t h e u se of langu age i n a be i n g wit h

u I t will be our aim t o t ac e th e ope ation of th e pri nc i r r ‘

a m e n tal c o n s tit tio n s c h as h e is c o n sc io s of i n h im u ,

u u
p l e t h o gh t h e fo egoi n g c las s es an d to sh o w t h a t it is
r u r ,

s elf or ob ser ves i n th e c ours e of developme n t i n t h e

,
a deq u ate t o t h e e x p ess io n of ide as t h e mos t oppos ed t o r

infa n ts gr owi ng u p a o n d him r u . all app a e n t c o nn exio n w

r i t h so n d of a ny kin d u .

N ow one s c h pri nc iple a t le as t is u nivers all y a dm itted

u I t may be t ho gh t t h a t w e a e so far emoved from u r r

u n de r t h e n am e of O n om atopoei a wh e n a wo d is m ad e ,
r t h e ori gi n of speec h t h at it mu st be as imposs ible to ,

t o imita te o r ep es e n t a o n d c h a a c te r i s ti c of t h e
r r s u r m eet wit h an O pport n ity of ob s er vi ng lang ag e i n t h e u u

obj ec t it i i n te n ded t o desi gn ate as Ba ng C ac k P a rr

s , ,
r , , c o rs e of fo m a tio n as it appe a ed to our a n c es to rs t o
u r , r

W hizz H m In n c ivil is ed la n gu ag es t h e c o n sc io us
,
u . u ob t ain pers on al e xperie nc e of th e po wers by whic h th e
n ess of the imita tive c h a ac ter of c er tai n wo d s is some r r s rfa c e of t h e e ar t h h as be e n r ed c ed t o its p e s e n t
u u r

times demon st ated b y t h ei r c omposition w it h ve bs like r r fo m r B t i n t h e c as e of t h e i nfan t le ar n i ng t o s pe ak

. u

sa
y or d o to s ign ify m aki n g a n oi se lik e t h at r ep es e n ted
, ,
r w e a e able t o stu d y th e pr oc ess by whi c h an u n der
r

b y t h e w or d i n q es tion T h i n G alla f om dj ed a to u . us r , s ta n di ng in t h e fi rs t s tag e of developme n t ac q i es t h e u r

say o , g od a t o m ak e or do ar e fo m ed c ac ak dj ed a ( t o
r , ,
r u s e of n ame s Th e n urs e imit ates t h e lo wi ng of an ox
.
,

say c ac ak) to c r ac k ti o trrr dj ed a t o c hirp

,
d ud a d a ,
rr r -
, , or b l e a ti n g of a s h eep b y t h e syllabl e s moo o baa whic h , r ,

o mak e d a d a d a ) to b e at t o mak e a n oi s e dj a m a e s b s eq e n t ly re c ogn is ed b y t h e infa n t as t h e s ame

g od a
( t , , , r u u

dj a m g od a t o smac k or mak e a so n d wit h t h e lips i n

,
u a ti c l atio n
r u wh e n p onou n c ed i n an ordi n a y to n e of
,
r r

e ati ng as s wi n e t o c hamp T ts c h ek An d t h e same

, ,
.
-
u . voi c e ; an d t h h e r e adil y admits th e c ompo n ds moo
us u

mode of speec h may be ob se ved eve n i n E ngli sh r . c ow o baa la mb as t h e n ame of t h e a nimal wh os e c ry is

r -

I sh ould b e loth to s ee y ou “ i ndic ate d i n t h e forme r syll able The n ame of t h e d og .

,

C om e flu eri g d o n l ik e a tt n
ou g r ook , c r y squa b, w y n i n n urs ery lang ag e bow wow is c omposed of th e sylla u -
,

t t ni t y
A nd ak e y ou u p i h our b rai s b ea e n o ou r b u oc k s tt wt y
”
n .
b l es us ed i n imit atio n of his b a k wit ho t fur t h er a ddi r ,
u
B an d F W n
ome pl eas ed . . .

tion S wi ss bédggen to ble at ; bdciggeli ( i n n urse y lan

.
,
r

Her e squa b r ep es e n ts t h e sou n d made b y t h e you ng ua e a s h eep A nd so of c o rs e it mus t h ave b ee n

r g g ) ,
.
,
u ,

r ook t hr o wn do wn f o m its n e s t u po n t h e gr ou n d wh e n c e
a y o u ng roc k is c alled a s q ab
r ,
i n t h e origi n of speec h wit h all an im als n amed on t hi s
u .
pri n c iple In t h e ab senc e of mean s of c ommu ni c atio n
.

B t t h o gh t h e ori g i n of a c er tai n n umb er of wor ds

u u b y a c ommo n la n guag e a perso n des i ous of ais i ng i n ,
r r

i n t h e di ec t imit atio n of sou n ds is a ec og ni sed fac t yet

r r ,
th e mi n d of anoth er t h e th o gh t of an an im al s c h a a u ,
u s

it h as b ee n c onside ed as q ite an e x c eption al c as e an d r u ,

lio n or an ass c h ar ac ter i s ed by a disti n c tive c ry w oul d
, ,

t h e e is a c on ta n t te n de n c y i n t h e p ogr e s of c l tiva
r s r s u » c er t ai nl y r es or t t o a n imita tio n of t h e oar or t h e b ay r r

tion to r egar d t h e wo ds wh os e imita tive c h a ac ter is r ,

r of t h e a ni m al for t h at pu r pose In many ki n ds of wil d .

mos t c le a ly ma ked as a sor t of i llegitimate pr ete n ders

r r ,
a nimals t h e voi c e is almos t t h e o nly way in whic h t h e y

to t h e dig nit y of la n gu ag e We ar e apt to look po n . u offer t h ems elves to our n oti c e He n c e th e des ig n ation .

wo ds lik e fi z whack bump ba ng c le a ly ep e en ti ng

r z , , ,
r r r s of b i r ds e spe c i ally on thi s prin c ipl e is very c ommo n .

diffe e n t ki n ds of sou n d o t h e ac tio ns whic h t h ey ac

r ,
r T he imit atio n of t h e c r y of t h e c uc k oo or t h e c oc ka too
c omp a ny as mak e shift s of mode n i n ve n tio n n ot e n ti
,
-
r ,
is u niversa ll y r e c og nis ed The origi n of th e desig n atio n .

t l ed to t ak e pl ac e i n s st ai n ed c om positio n wit h eleme n ts u is n ear ly as c le ar i n t h e c ase of t h e peewit wh os e mel ,

wh i c h appe ar to deri ve th ei r signific a n c e from t h e mys anc h oly c r y gives r is e t o n ames i n diffe e n t Eu ope a n r r

t e io s so c e of u nivers al s pe ec h
r u ur Th e disc edit how . r ,
di l ec ts i n whi c h we r ec ogn i se a f n d ame n t al ide n tity
a ,
u ,

eve i n to whi c h wo ds of t hi s desc iptio n h ave fallen is

r, r r ,
wit h c onside able v ar iety i n t h e par ti c ular c on so n an ts
r

a p r e u di c e r e ti n
j g on no sol id fo n d a tio n Th er e is no
s u . b y wh i c h t h e sou n d is ep e e n ted ; E p e wit S c p ee r r s . e ,
.

r e aso n for s u ppos i n

g t h em l ess a n c ie n t t h a n t h e mos t weip , tuqub eit, teewhoap Fr d is hu it, D
. u . kievit, G . kiebilz ,
 I NT R O D UC TI ON .

S w kovip a . h owl and l la a

. T he L at . a lula r e, to ,
u u ,
titter , hic c up , shriek, sc r ea m, snor e, s neez e, wheez e,
sc r ee c h—
o wl , h ow t h e imit ative c h ac te of t h e n ame s ar r , holla , whoop .

of whi c h w e are h a d ly o n io i n t h e E owl Th e rh ar ac te of th e las t of these ep es e n t

c sc us . . T h e i mit a tive c r ,
r r

L at t t is de ived f om a n imita tio n of t h e

. ur ur ing of ing a h a p sh ill so n d is di ti n c tly fel t i n who p i g
r r c oo s r r u , s o n

n d i n Got h
a dove b y a re petitio n of t h e sy ll b l e t t as in c oug h pj n applied t o t h e owi ng f a a ur , ar, , a . vo a cr o

D t h by t h e eq ival e n t k i n k
u c en to c oo o c oo as c oc k (M a k x iv
u whi le it is a g ood deal obsc u ed i n
or orr ,
r r , r . r

it wa fo me ly w itte n I t will be obs e ved t h at it

s r r t h e sen e of c all i ng i n whi h vopj a n is c ommonl y ed
r . r s , c us .

make little di ffe e n c e i n t h e imita tio n of n at r al so n ds

s Th e o igi nal fo c e of t h e wo d is p es e ved i n A S w p
r u u r r r r r . o ,

wh eth e we mak e se of a p t o k as seen i n t h e dif

r o tc y lame n t ation wh e n c e w p an to w eep p ope ly to
u , , r ,
u r , , e , , r r

f re n t modes of
e pre e n ting t h e c y of t h e p wit above lama t to tte t h e hi g h—
re s pitc h ed to n e of on e i n pai n o r ee i ,
u r s r

c i t ed Fo t his r e aso n it may c ommo nly be tak e n as

. r g ief ul t imately to h ed te rs wit h a los of all c o n io r , s a , s sc us

pr esumptive e ide n c e of a sh o t desc e n t fr om an imita v r efe e n c e to a di bl e ac c omp an i m e n t In Ic el as isr » r u . .

,

al i n t h t lan
tive o igi n wh e n w e fin d a va iety of eq ivale n t forms
r , g ag e t h e i niti al w i lo t g ivi n g p r u ,
us u a u , s s , o ,

wit h an app a e n t i n terc h ang e of c o n o n a n ts of differe n t

r o tc y herop wa wh oop b ttle c y p a B et hop to s u r , ,
r- , a -
r ,
ce ,
r . a,

org n s as i n cl p c l c k o i n S e t t keek E p e p
a c y to c all wh e n e may b e e x plai n ed t h e G
a a r mt ( p ) . ee , ,
. e . r , , c r. : O s
, , , ,

T h e c o nn exio n of t h e n am e of t h e c ow wit h t h e th e voi c e as L at n f om vo e t h e c o n te pa t of r , . or r car , u r r

cr oaking voi e of t h e b i d is ppare n t i n t h e N E cro k

c Goth pj n with t h e ve y c ommo n i n te h ang e Of t h e
r a . u ,
. vo a , r rc

a ro w ; I el k
c lci a c ro w k alor a ra ve n ; D
c . lc a g n so n ds of p an d k
ra , . S als o t h e H ebre w h ot t h e voi c e
,
r ,
u . r e e ,
u . o , ,

to c aw o ak lora ge a cro w ; L ith k a ukti t o c oak

or c r from a n eq ivale n t of t h e G
,
e ,
h an d E ll . r , r ,
u r . Ica n) , . ca .

k a ld g a cr o w
r u In like ma nn e t h e syll able c ow wit h
s, A ve y n mero s c la of wo d of wh i c h t h e i mit a
. r ,
r u u ss r s,

whi c h we imitate t h e voice of t h e roc k o d w gives tive n at e c an h rdly b e mi tak e n re t h os e employed r a ,

ur a s , a

r is e to th e D k we kae a j ay o j ac k da w Pi c ar d c au . to ep e e n t i n t h e fi rs t i n ta n c e t h e n oi e made b y t h e
au , , r ,
. u r r s s s

( Kil ) A S E c h ugh, . 06 0, c oll i io n o f a c t

. e f b odies of a gr e te o les deg ee
o . s r r ur o a r r s r

Ex mples of n ames given on t h e same p i n c ipl e i n

a of h ar d n ess o r e o n a n c e t h e n t h e c olli io n f ct e r r s , s or ra ur

mode n times are t h e Amer i c a n whip p oor will a pec ies

r it elf t h e i ns t rume n t by whi h t h e n oi e i prod c ed t h e - -
, s s , c s s u ,

c ons eq e n c es of t h e a tio n o
of nigh tj a t o t c o a small r ode n t i n t h e plains of
r, ac a
ge n e lly any p h e nom u c r ra e
-
, ,

B e n o Ay e ( D a w i n) a i—i a spec ies of loth An d

u s r s n on t h at m y be vivid ly a o i a ted in o
r , mi n d w it h t h e
a , s . a ss c ur

p ob ably t h e n ame of t h e Hotte n tot i a n oth e e xample

r n oi e f n d m e n t ally re p e e n ted b
y t h e w o d i n q es s r s u a r s r u

of t h e same c la s The fir t c olo ni ts of t h e C a pe of tion Fo e x ampl e

s . s s . r

G ood H ope o l d n ot fail to be st ck wit h t h e c li k c u cla p fr ac as whi n e ru c -

whi h fo m so m k ed a fe a t e of t h e C aflre to ng es c l as h b mp
‘

ra
c r s
p
ar ur u ,
u

whi h to a t n g e wo ld so n d li k e a c o n sta n t epeti

c s ra ta p r fl a sh u t h mp u r u

tio n of the syll b le h t an d t t He n c e t h e n ative k n ap

a s pl a h o d mp o . s s u

wo ld be n ame d by t h eir D tc h mas ters H tt—

u en tots s n ap p l as h pl mp u o -
. s u

D u en . an d fi" fr a p per lash b oom -

s

Th e im ita tive o i gi n of t h e words design ati ng t h e t p r sw h hum ra as

pec uli ar c ies of di ffe e n t ki n ds of a n imals is till more

r fl p sm as h
r s a

O b vio s t h a n t h e appli a tio n of t h e p i n c ipl e t o t h e a ni

u wh ap d as h
c b r urr

mals t h em elve No one do bt s t h at t h e a lcling of

s s s wa p
. c h whi u c c r as rr

gee e d king of h e n g bbli g f t key q ac ki g of sla p b ang a (Sw

s ,
uc s, s o
) to h m
n o ur s, u n u rr -
. u

d ck twitte ing of wallow hirp i g of sparro ws o

u s, r c l ac k cl ng
s kn en s, to gro wl c n r a u rr -

c i kets
r c i g o i g of doves b mp ing f t h e b it
, c oo n c ac k
r cr oo n , u o r

te n h ting Of t h e owl cr oaki g of th e ave n a wing

r ,
oo k n ac k , fizz n r , c

oc ks c ha tte ing of j a ys o m pie

of r ,g n ei hi
g g o whin r smac k b zz r a s, n r u

ngi g of a h o e b
n ki g y lp ing na ling g wli g of a rs wh ack
, ar din n hi
,
e , s r ,
ro n ss

d g g r nti g of a h og bl a ting of h eep o go a t m wing

o ,
a n t hwac k , e s r s, e

o p rri g
r f a c a t a e i n te n ded i n t h e fi t i n t n c e as
u n o O f t h e me c lass ar e t h e i n terj e c tio n me n tio n ed by
,
r rs s a sa s

i mita tio n of t h e so n ds made by t h e a ni mals in q es G imm

s 3 07 ) a i mi ta ti ng t h e o n d g ive n b y e
u u r s s u c r

ta i n obj ec ts i n f lling wh i li ng sn tc hing b e aki ng a , r , a ,

r , as

In close c onn exio n wit h t h e fo egoi ng are th e n ames p l mp p la t h br a t h p at h klat h wit ch h h kl pp r u ,

sc , sc , sc , sc , s ,
us c ,
a s,

of v a io s i n a ti c l ate
r tte an es f
u wn wh i c h may r ip ap u s hw pp bim b m bu m inlc fit h f a t h
u r c o ou r o r sr s, c a s, u z sc e, sc e
, , , ,

be c omp e d wit h t h e c rie of an imal as b ig h m n

ar
( f b l ows wit h a od ) st ip t ap st ll (fo t h e so n d
s s, so ,
s , oa ,
or r , r , s r , ro r u

g oa n l gh c g h ( o igi n ll y p ro n o n c ed wit h a g t
r , au , of mi lk i ng)
ou &c r a u u , .

t al as D k h c o gh l h n la ha hen to la g h
ur , u . uc A few e xample may b e give n sh owing as well t h e
, u , ac e , c c , u s ,

g e n e l e c og n itio n of t h e imita tive p i n c ipl e i n wo d s ra r r r

of t h e fo egoi n g lass as t h e mode i n w hi c h t h ei mea n r c

D mpie V oy ge I 5 3 6 editio n f 1 7 03 g iv th e , r
a r, a s, o es
ing is e x te n ded to ide as as oc i a ted wit h t h e o igi n al
.
, ,

f llo w i n g o nt f th e o i g i n f th n me H ott n tot s r

o ac c u o r o e a e .

im g e a .

Th n t l inh b it n t
e f th C p
a ur a th H d m d d Th e B emi h W te b ch ex plai n klapp as a di e t
a a s o e a e ar e e o o o s , as r sc or r u s r c
th y e m m ly ll d wh i h i
are c o pti n f th w d on
imit atio n of t h e o n d of a blo w
ca e ,
He k e g e n e n an
c s a c orru o o e or
s u
“
r e
H tt t t ; f th i i th n m by wh i h th y l l t
.

klapp s g d e d at — H e c a gh t it n t h e e
o en o or s s e a e c e ca o on e an
o th ith i th i d n
er , e
y er i n nif v y
de o
e r
e n a ce s , or on an oc cas o as e er on e
r , ,
e u o ars ,

e got a box on t h e e rs t ha t n ,

f th m h d th i f hi n m T h w d h th p b b ly c lap ! said it H o ded

o e a m s or s a e. e or a ro a so e
. a s u

s ig n ifi t i th i th i l ng g — M
ca on or o ag ai n er K lap p s a n i n te j ec tion t h at i n di c ate t h e s o n d
n e r a ua e. .
.
, r s u
xii I N T R O DUCTI O N .

of a b lo w
Klapps ! d aar kr eeg he e n en
. S mack ! h orse is expr ess ed b y th e Fr hennir I t n itrire S p r in .
”
.
,
.
,
.

he has c aught it K lapp e is t h e n applied to a flap or l a r r elinch r G wiel e n S W vrena v en ka D

.
,
c i ,
a ,
. i r , .
,
r s ,
u .

a nyt hin g t h a t falls wit h a s dde n b lo w a d a w b rid ge nn il en

g in n iken briesc hen words in wh i c h it is di th
u , r -
. ru c , , ,

E n es klap p s at a b lo w s u dde n ly , T o c lap is u s ed i n c l t to see a glimp se of r es emblan ce al th o g h we c an

,
. u
, u

E ngli sh to exp ess any s dde n ac tion T o c lap on a h a dly do b t t h at t hey all take t hei rise in a n at tempt
r u . r u r

h at c lap on e u p i n pri so n
, G K na ck an i n dec lin able at dir ec t ep esen t tion of t he sa me sou nd The e i o
. .
,
r r a . r s s

wo d t h a t imi tates t h e sou n d t h at a ha d bod y mak es gr eat a di fferenc e between t h e mec h ani sm by wh ic h th e
r r

wh e n it b e aks s dde nly i n whi c h also knuc ks is usual c ri es of animals a e p od c ed and t h e a ti c ulations of
r u , . r r u , r

—Kiittne Kn ac k d a war es ent wey t h er e t is th e hum an voic e as t o al low a wid e c h oi c e of syllables

r.
“
, z ,
”
,
’
, ,

b oke n E th at ei n e n Kn ac k it gave a c ac k N us s e in whi c h th e imit ati on may be mad e wit h n ea ly eq al ” '

r . s , r . r u

kna ken to c ack n t

c , In t h e E knock th e r efe e n c e p op i ety an d s till mo e so in th e c as e of i no gan i c
r u s. . r r r ,
r r

to t h e so u n d of a b lo w is l ess vivid ly felt G kla ts ch a so nds T he r esemblanc e t h e efo e b etween th e word . .

,
u .
,
r r , s

c l ap flap ,
klits c h klats ch p itsc h p a ts ch t hwic k thw ack -
employed in c o n at e l a n gu a es wi ll ofte n b e of a v e y
, g g
-

,
-
. r

Kiitt n e fi" r
g en e al ki n d c on si sti ng in th e syllabi c s t c tu e of t h e r , ru r

G all a bilbila ( n atur al sou n d) b ell c lock ; bilbil g d a wo d th e u se of c onson an ts of li ke c las s & A mo , ,
-
o ,
r , , c .

t o mak e bilbil to so n d to ri n g a b e ll a n d 2 to g litter

, men ta y so n d s c h as t h at p od ced by t h e c lli i on or
u , , .
,
r u ,
u r u o s

b e am gli te n — T u ts c h ek
,
s In t h e las t of th ese e x am f ac t e of h ar d bodi es is ep esen t e d b y mono yll able
.
~
. r ur ,
r r s s

ples we may ob s er ve i n t h e firs t plac e t h e agreeme n t of ending in th e t en u es p t k as r ap c lap c a c k a t t t , , , , , r r -

a

t h e so n d by whic h a lang age so emote f om our own tat fo th e k noc ki ng at a d oor ; a d ead e o h ollowe
u ,
u ,
r r , ,
r r r r

i mitates a clea ri ngi ng so n d with t h e Englis h bell Ic el so n d ari i ng f om bodi es of a softe r n at e by th e me

r u , , . u s r ur ,

bia ll an d wit h p eal whic h is used to ep ese n t a si mila

a, di al s b d g as d a b thud d ag ; r ub a d b—
, d b fo t h e r r r , , , , ,
- -
u a ,
r

so n d ; a pe al of b el ls a pe al of la gh te r
u In t h e sec o n d b eati ng of a dr um r ep esen t ed in F enc h b y th e s lla
,
u .
,
r r y

pl ac e w e h ave a g ood e x ample of t h e way i n wh i c h a bles r a n ta n p la n - -

.

wo d r ep ese n ti ng i n th e fi rs t i n t an c e ( as m st be t h e
r ,
r S o nd s pr olong ed wit h mor e or less r esonanc e ar e s u u

c as e w i th all imit a tive wo d ) a l ively imp ess io n on t h e ep e en te d b y syll abl es te mi n a ti ng in a li q id as c lu ng

r s r r r s r u , ,

org an of h ea i ng is sed t o exp ess a vi s al se n ation of d in boom ba ng kn ll hum Thos e a i i ng f om t h e

r ,
u r u s , , ,
e ,
. r s r

th e lik e vivid c h arac ter A c los ely an alog o s c as e i moti on of th e air o of liquids a e often ep esen ted by. u s ,
r ,
r r r

s ee n i n t h e Fi n kilin a a r i ng i n g so n d a b i lli a n t li g h t ;
. t h e l ett ers , 3 sh z
j ; w as whir r whizz fi z whisp e u , r r, , , , , , ,
z, r,

kilia c le a ou n ding als o glitter i ng

,
r- s T he ar ti c la tio n rus tle Fr s ifil er I t fi s c hiare t o wh i stl e G alla af f a
, . u ,
.
,
.
, ,
u ,

employed i n t h e firs t i n t an c e t o ep ese n t a t em lo s Hung f a ni S c f ufl; t o blow H ng f ola a fife s r r r u u . v- ,

.
,
u . av ,
.

s ou n d i n P o l sz em a c‘ Boh em ssem a ti t o r us tl e m
. M odifi c a tion s in t h e v ol ume or pitc h of th e so n d d e
r ,
. r , ,
ur u ,

mur E s immer t o sou n d li k e wa te ab o t to b oi l is pe n di ng o t h e si e of t he bodi es in c olli ion or v ib a

,
.
,
r u ,
u z s r

tr an sferr ed to th e appe ara n c e of t em lo s ligh t i n G tion a e ep esent ed b y a h ange of v owel ; a so n d of r u u .

,
r r r c u

s c himmer n E s himme O t h e e x ampl e s of t h e same c on ide able v ol me b ei ng i mit a t ed by t h e v owels a o

,
. r. r s r u r 0,

t r an fe e n c e of signifi c atio n fr om p h e n ome n a of so n d t o wh i c h ar e p o no nc e d wit h a mo e Op en mo t h a n d

s r u r u r u

t ho e of sigh t may b e s ee n i n t h e b od y of t h e wo k f ll e voi c e whil e notes of a high pitc h a e sound ed

s r u r , r

u n de Bri g h t I t mu t n ot h o wever b e s pposed t h at wit h t h e t h i n ner vowel i i n to wh i c h t h e hi gh es t n ot es of

r . s , ,
u ,

wo d will always p eser ve any c ogniz able r e emblanc e th e voic e a e n ec ess ari ly mo ld ed We speak of th e
r s r s r u .

c la n king of c h ai n s o
t o e ac h ot h e b ec a e t h ey a e o ig i n ally i mit atio n s of
r us of a m o rus i n
g c linic to ex p ess
r r r ur , r

t h e s ame n at u al so n d Th e explosio n of a gu n whic h t h e sh arp n ot e gi ven by smalle pi ec es of metal as c oi n

r u .
,
r , ,

t h e Engli h boy imit ates i n t h e ex clamatio n Bang fi e bells the blow of a h ammer on a n ail &c
s -
r
,
”
, , .

is epr es e n ted i n F e nc h b y P o f ! T h e n eigh i ng of a r u

A d I h l l li k y m y b ll
r
n s a c n er: ou so err a e

T h t I h ll w k ll th i m p g i —C h a s a a en a s co a n e . au c er .

3? H oll an d in his tran sl tio n of Pliny

’
, ttemp t a dis S f th g h th w t a li ki g p t t t e d G y , a s a e rou e e on c n n a e ns r a . ra .

tin c tion b etw een two i mita tive wo d th e e xac t c o e r s, rr

p n v owel in r oar hla r e b ay r ep e en ts t h e
of wh i h di e en ce i ndi ted by his T
s po n d n c t o
ce t h ff c h e o e e r
ol ca , ,
r r s v

o i ginal m y b e do b ted Pliny p e kin g of th e winds ume of so n d in th e c y of lions o b lls whi le i o ee i

r a u .
,
s a ,
u r r u , r s

L I 49 s y s
. .
,
a : u s ed in c hi p ch i p p eep to ex p ess t h e t hi n a c t e r ,
e , ,
r u

n oi es tt e ed b y small bi ds c ri c k et s mi c e an d t h e li ke
N n fit o t m q il i T yph n au e niv li t niv j t
a u on u s o n ee a s au e a c en e
s u r r , , , .

E c ne p h i Q d i im
as l .
p it b m uox it q t ig s T hse s am e
u a d a pt atio
ru
n of t h e v ow nu
,
el to t h e so n d
e
e
p e
,
e ar s u e, e n ein
u r r

h b it
a u p t n on p it f l m n t Dit t
os ea c onc e P t s en t e d is v er y c omm o n in G e m an
u e as r ep ea t d ly ob
es s a a res ere uo r e
, q ,
.
,
,

fl mm b ig n i H i l t f d it fl t il l d gl b t im s e v e d b y K utt n er K n a ck wh i h i mita tes t h e '

a a a . e a e un ur a u, u c on o a ur r . c

p t
e u V t x
. t m m nd d i t t t bin q m d t i so n d whi c h a h ar d bod y yi elds wh en it b eaks s d
or e au e re ea o s a a ur e, uo o o ar
u r u
d f g K n ic k exp esses a fi ne b t K n ck a o gh e
or a ra or e
d en ly
.

. r r, u a r u r,

H ollan d tran sla te s th e p g e th u sou n d of th e same ki n d as sa T h e di ti nc tio n in th e B e s : .

”
s r

N Typ h n o mm th f m th N th n y to co
y E p hi m
e
i c h W i
i r t e b c h is t h a t kn aks
ro e
ep es en t s a lo d i n
or g e e an cn e as
s r u r r u r

ing oun d ; kn icks th e n oi se of someth i ng b eaki ng t h a t

,

with w wh il n w l i th th g d T hi t mp t
s no , or e s o e on e rou n . s e e s uou s s ,
r

w i d if wh n it b k th l d b n d lig ht with ll h i g is small and h ar d as wh en a g las c ac k ; kn lzs an

n ,
e ra e e c ou ,
ur e a ,
au n ,
s r s uc

fire o f th w b f d
e o t h d it t ft w d it i v i obsc e o smoth e ed so n d ( d mpfig) as wh en a j oi n t
nc e ore, a n ca c e no a er ar , s er c ur r r u u ,
l ig h tn ing ; th f m P t ‘

d d ifi fl m f m ela ti on h old s
th l
s pri n s b ac k i n to its pla c e
an
e sam e
ere ro res e r , as e
g T h a e ro a co e r
of fi Ag i
re. P t p d t b d with fl h d bl t ; ood b tw n knarr en knirren kn en to c eak kn
h
a ne , r es er s r ea e re a a as an as
.

th t g
e oh t h t h er nd with f ibl vi l n T yph m
a ere r oug e ee
orc e o e ce on or e
, ,
urr ,
r , as

E c k e x p ess
.

V t x d iff th f m T b n i flying b k te n k n is te n t o c a c kl e T h e c l p c l r r r a a r
ouer or or e d ,
.
er e ro ur e n
.
,
, ac e : an as , ,

m h uc h f m
as a cr a s k —M ro th e O pe n s o n d gi ven by st ik i ng tog et h er th e p al ms of
a cr a c e . . u r
 INT RO D UC T ION . xiii
th e h and c lip c li k the sh arp snappi ng of a p air of
s, ,
c , (fr om im it ation of smacki ng th e lips ; Z l namb ta
an u u e ,

sc i o s th e f ll of a l tc h o
ss r ,
ligh t sn ap like t h t gi v en
a a ,
r a t o sm ack t h e lips to h av e a t ast e to eli h ) ; I n di an , ,
r s
,

by the sp i ng of a g n loc k T h e c h ange of v owel f om

r u -
. r tom tom a d um
-

,
r .

a to i is t h n d to exp e a lig ht ki n d f a tion

e u se r ss er o c , A mo e a tifi c i al met hod of r ep esen ti ng r epeate d o
r r r r

wi t h t pe i l efe en c e t o an y di ff n c e in m i l
ou s c a r r er e us c a c on ti n u e d ac tion is t o ad d t o t h e syllab le e x p ess i n
g a ,
r

pitc h in t he noi p d ed in th t wo c a e an d fi nal ly se ro uc e s s, s i n le el emen t of t h e ac tio n a se c o n d s yll able c om posed

g ,

t o i n di te a dim i ti n in i e of t h e i nst m t
ca nu o s z ru en or of an ob sc ur e v owel wit h t h e c onson an t s r or Z on wh i c h ,

or
g n of ac ti n
a T he n d of t h e f tf ll i i mit at e d
o . sou oo a s t h e voi c e c an dwell fo a l en gt h of tim e wit h mo e or r r

in G e m an b y t h e re p tition t pp t pp —
r t pp f m e ra ra ra ,
ro less sen sibl e vib a tion in o d er to epr esen t th e effec t on
r ,
r r

wh en D t pp t o t ead I n th e E ngli h t mp a
ce u . ra en , r . s ra th e e a w h en th e apid s c cessi on of b ea t s h as me e d
r,
g r u r

g ea te emp h a i s i gi v n b y th e i n e ti
r r f a n sl in s e s r on o as a , in a c on ti n o s whi I n th e p a ttering of ai n e x p ess
u u rr . r , r

o d to ex p
r er a h a vi e t d in wh i c h eac h fall of
r ess e r r ea , in g th e falli ng of a apid s cc ession of d ops on a so n o r u r

th e f t i di ti n c tl y h ear d
oo T t ip on th oth e h n d
s s . o r ,
e r a , r ou s sur fac e t h e fi s t s yllabl e p a t is an im it ati on of t h e
,
r

wit h th ho t c omp d vowel i to t e d with li gh t

e s r r esse ,
s r a a s o n d mad e b y t h e fall of a si n le d r op w hil e t h e v ib a
u
g , r

an d q i k tep S f m st p
u c th e imitation of t h e
s . o ro a ,
an o r tion of t he in th e sec on d syll able r epr esents th e m
r ur

sam e So n d p e e v ed in t h u D t pp t tep we
r s r e u . s o en , o s , m i n g sou n d of th e sh owe w h en th e a tt en tion is n ot
ur r,

h av in E ngli h t he i ten i t i ve t mp nd in D th e
e s n s s a ,
a u . direc t ed to th e i n di vid al t aps of whi c h t he c omplex u

dimi ti v e tipp n to p i k wh enc e th e E s liml to

nu s e ,
r c ,
. o e,a
/

so n d is mad e u p
u I n lik e man n e t o c la tte is t o d o . r, r

ma k wit h a s cc e i n of dot
r T he e ff c t of th e u ss o s . e a n yt h i n
g acc o m p an i ed b y a s c c e i on of c la s o n oi es
p u ss r s

c h an e f v owel in ex p e i ng di mi n ti n in t h e s iz e f
o r ss u o o th at migh t b e imita te d by th e syllable c lap or c la t ; to
g
th e g n of ac tio n i e n in t p n b k b a n obt e
or a s s e o , a ,
no , us c a kle t o mak e a s cc essi on of c ac k s ; t o r a ttle d a bble
r c ,
u r
, ,

s mmit o p oj ec tion ti
u p n ib n ipp l a t hi n an d poi n t ed
r r , , , e, b bble g ggle t o mak e a su c c essio n of n oi ses t h a t mi h t
u ,
a ,
g
one . b e imit a t ed i n divid u ally b y a t d a b bub g g Aft er r , , , u .

T he hange of vowel whi h marks a ri e in m

sa me c c s u t h e i n v e n tio n of su c h a m od e of r epr es en ti n c o n ti n o s
g u u

i al pitc h di ti ng i h es t h e p e en t f om th e p e f c t
s c , s u s r s r r e
s ou n d it wo ul d s p eedi ly b e tr ansfe
, ed t o ot h e c as es of rr r

er tai n c lass of wh a t are ng v e b

ten e in s a c all d t c e s ro r s, r ep ea t ed o c o n ti n o s ac tio n r
g i vi ng ris e to t h e c omm on
u u ,

a s sa t s it lay li ; A S f d f n d fi d ig fi n d ; n d
, , e . an ,
ou ,
n e, a es t E n li s h fo m of t h e f eq en t a ti ve v e b
g r Thus we r u r .

t ho g h the f ll wi ng expl nation may b e tho gh t f n

u o o a u a h ave d aggle to c onti n e dr aggi ng g app le to mak e a
r ,
u ,
r , .

c if l yet it app e
u , to m t i t ly in ac c o d an e wit h a rs e s r c r c s c c e si on of g ab s o g ip es
u s T h e s ame effec t is oft en
r r r .

ot h i n ti nc ti ve d evi s f ex p e i ng simi l mod ific a

er s ce or r ss ar p od ced by a fi nal I alon e wh ic h as I h e rema ks
r u , , r r

ti ns I t h as b een ob e v ed b y ot h e t h t t h e p f c t
o . s r rs a er e u n d e g n cella h as som et h i n
r
g r i ngi ng ( a liq id tin n ul i) in
, u

t n e wh ic h i n di c at es a c omplet e an d fi i h ed ac t h ld
e s ,
n s , s ou it Thus to s q eak is t o tt er a s h a p c y of momen t a y
. u u r r r

n at all y be ex p
ur ed b y m e igi n al f m of t h r es s a or or or e d ration ; to s q eal to u tte a p olonged c ry of t he same
u u , r r

v e b th n t he p e e t whi c h i n dic at e a c n ti tion of

r a r s n , s o nua n at e ; t o w il
ur to tter c ri es of p ai n su c h as t h ose
a ,
u
,

ac tio n ; n d as al l mod i fi a ti n f t h o gh t m t lti ca o s o u us u r ep ese n t ed b y t h e L a t

r vaa o G webe F mia le . r . r. u r,

m t ely be ex p e ed by ome an al g y in
a nd I w
r ss ld s o s ou , ou to u t te r c i es i mit at ed b y t h e syl lab le mia
r to m e w ; u,

c mp are t h e p e en t wit h a vib

o t y o nd t h e c on ti n
r s r a or s u , an d t he E p le bowl gr owl a e fo m e d on t h e s ame
. u , , , r r

n ous be a ts f w h i h a e le s an d le di t i ng i h able to
o c r s ss s u s p i nc iple He e als o t he d evi c e co ntri ved to ep esen t
r . r r r

t h e ear a th e vib tio n b ec me q i ke

s w h i le t h e p era s o u c r, r t h e c o n ti nu anc e of so n d is ex t en d ed fa b eyon d t he u r

feet m y be ep e en t d b y a i ngl be t in t h e ib t
a r r s e s e a v ra o igi nal purp os e a nd we find a t ermi nati ng l a s well as
r ,

ing bod y on t h e c i c m t an c e ,
f w hi h d ep en d s t h e r u s s o c t h e f ller forms c l a n d er u se d as t h e symbo l of c on
u

g en e al c h arac t e of th e c o nti n o
r nd Th en a
r u us sou . s t in u ed ac ti on wit h t h e i n s t m en t o obj ec t i n di c a t ed in ru r

sou nd a d al ly i rin to n e wit h i n

u a in pidity of
r s es t h e bod y of t h e wo rd Th s to kneel is to r es t on t he
g g c re s ra . u

vib ti n t h c h ang e f m to i whi c h epre en ts a i e

ra o ,
e ro a , r s r s kn ees ; to p r owl f om F r p oie is t o go abo t s eeki n ,
r
g
. r , u

in m i c al pi tc h wo ld o ff
us a n t al t yp of t h e
, t ep u er a ur e s fo p ey r r .

f m t h e ep a a te b ea t of t h e p e f c t to t h e nif m
ro s r r e u or When th e bod y of t he wo d h as al ead y a ve bal sig r r r

h m ep e n ting t h e c on ti n ed ac ti n of t h e p e en t
u r r se u o r s . n ific at ion t h e t e m i n a tio n s el a n d er
, ( s ti ll employed as
r

T h e impl t mod of ex p i ng c onti n anc e of c tion t h e s ymbols of c o nti n ed ac tio n s er v e t o i n di c a t e t h e

s es e r ess u a
) u

wo ld n d bt edly b e by c t al epetitio n f t h yl
u u ou a u r o e s i ns trum en t o ag en t as A S gnel a u nn e bgd l a bid
r , . r ,
r r, e ,

l bl
a p e nti ng a i ngle b e t of t h vib tio o mo
e re r se s a e ra n, r de on e wh o c o n v eys o d ers
r, D kr a wel a c law a r . u . u , ,

men ta y elemen t f t h e ac tion in q

r tion Th we o u es . us s c a tc h er or c l u t c h e
r f om k a wen t o sc a tc h T he r, r r u ,
r .

h v t t t z t b—a d b d b fo c onti n ed n oi of
a e ra -
a- a -
a , ru -
u -
u , r u s es , id entit y of t h e f eq en t ati ve l o r wi t h t h e t ermi nationr u r

wh i h t h e i ndi vid al eleme t a e rep n t ed by t ta t

c u n s r r es e ra -
of t h e ag en t i p ess ed pon our n oti c e by c a es li ke t h e
s r u s

b—
,

ru d b T h e L ti n t t
u . m m tinti ( in l in ti a b
a u r ur, ur ur, n n u E cr a wl wh i c h may eith e be formed di ec t f om a v e b
.
, r r r r

Z n)
u i ep , sen t n oi e t h e m m en t
r re y ffec t f whi h s s o ar e o c eq ui v alen t t o t h e D k a wen abo v e men ti oned as u . r u ,

u p n t h e e i imitat ed by th e yll ble t m tin

o ar s s a s ur , ur , . d agg le f om d ag o t h o g h th e i n t men t al fo m
r r r ,
r r u s ru r

T he ep at ed elemen t i li g h tly
r e t ai led in L at s s cur . s a su r k a w l a c l aw as si g n i fyi n g to c law on eself along
r u e , , .

r us , F h b tt r. c I t bi big li a wh i p e
uc o er , . s o, s r . T h e f eq en t a ti v e t ermi n ation i someti mes form e d on a
r u s

T h e f m ti n of w d or h p i nc iple is p a ti
a o or s on su c a r r e t i n s te a d of an l o as a ket a s u c ces s i on of ap r r,F r c , r s, r.

l ly c o mm n in n i v ili d l ng ag e a n d t h n at
u ar o l
u c se a u s, e ura c li
q eti a c l ash i n g or s c c ess io n of c la cks
u s, Her e th e u .

c ours e see m t o be to g t id of t h e s petiti n in th e e r re o additi on al syllab le et seem s to ep es en t an ec h o of t h e r r

p g e of c l ti vation W e m y it e S
ro r ss u
(W t n . a c usu es er so n d i n di c at e d b y th e
u a di c al syl la bl e an d t h e efo e r , r r

Af ic ) ba ng—
r a ba ng to dr ive a n ail n im n im to t t e
, , ,
-
, as t his mod e of exp essi n g c on tin u anc e woul d in th e firs t r
xiv INT RO D UC T ION .

i ns tance ppli cable onl y wh en th e elemen tary sou n d

be a Then a things O f an ex traordinar y iz e h ave a ten den
,
s s

was of a h ar d c h ar ac t er s c h as we h av e seen ar tic u c y to ex c it e awe an d te u to m ak e g o h g e at rr or , us u r ou

,

lat ed wit h a p t or k But in L atin t h e syll able it is

, ,
t h em th t erm h g is d to i gn i fy th e tm t d eg ee
. ,
e u e u se s u os r

t h e egu lar c o ns tit en t of a fr eq ent ati v e v e b as l or r

r of m ag n it d e
u T o h g i an t h e d eri v ati v e f om th e
u r ,
u . u s o r r

in Eng li sh .
s me f n d am en t al imag e e x p e i ng t h e bodily ac tio n a u ,
r ss

W e h ave n ex t to c o ns id e an i mpor t an t c lass of wo ds i nd ced by g eat c old sh uggi ng p t h e h ld and

r r u r ,
r u s ou ers

fou n d ed on i mit ati on of so n d s b y whi c h ou r bodi ly an d p e in g t h e f lded arms ag ai n t th e b eas t ; t h en with

u r ss o s r a

men tal affec tions as t h ose of p ai n c old t err or di g us t ,

tot l l O f all ef enc e t o th e i nsti nc tive igi n of t h e , , ,
s ,
a oss r er or

&c a e mo e o l ess i n s ti n c ti v ely ex p essed ac tion to p e s anot h e t o o n e b ea t T h e v b to ’

.
,
r r T he c r y
r r .
,
r s r s r s . er

to whi c h we a e imp elled b y a sh a p p ai n is well r ep r e

r h g h as prob bly its o i gi n in t h e ame imag e a r s ru a r s ,
s

s en t ed by t h e G ac h o r a h oh Hence t h e 0 G a chen .
h k i one of t h i nt e j ec tio ns O f c ol d i te d b y G i mm
,
u ,
. .
-
sc uc s e r c r ,

to tte r c ri es of pai n G r x g p ai n gr i ef and t he E

u an d th e i n s
,
tion o mi i n of th e i f little impo
. a o , , ,
. er r o ss o r s o r

a hec A d eeper seat ed groan ar is i ng mo e from men t al

.
t anc e C ompa e F t t G t tz i n te j ec tio ns of c on
,
r . r r . ru ,
. ro ,
r

t h an bod ily sufferi ng is r epr esent ed by th e L at vce vah t empt wit h E t t l h

,
.
, , ,
. u , us .

G wehe A S wa from wh en ce ou woe wa il

.
,
.
,
T h e id ea O f di g s t t ak es its r i e in th e enses f mell r ,
.
s u s s o s

T h e effec ts of c old an d t err or on t h e human fr ame an d ta t e in th e fi t i n tan c e p b ably in smell al n s ,

rs s ro o e .

c l os ely es emble eac h ot h e r They bot h c h eck th e N ow in d fendi g el v e from a b d

r .
mell we e in e n ours s a s ar

a c tio n of t h e h ear t an d d ep ess th e vit al p owers T he s tinc t i ely imp lled t o s ew p

r t h e n e a n d to x pi e .
v e cr u os ,
e r

s h oul d ers a e sh gg e d for w ar d an d th e a ms an d c l ose d

r ru t ongly t h o gh t h e comp s ed and p ot d ed lip gi ,
r s r r u re s r ru s, v

h an ds p essed agai ns t the c h est while th e m scles of t h e

r ing r is e to a s n d p en t d b y t h e i n te j ec ti n
,
u ou re r es e r o s

Lit h ’ G B t h ’
f
’
’ ! i pf i ! f i l
fac e and j aw a e k ept r i gid T h e d e ep gu ttur al sou n d
r f gh f ’ h fi p .
e au . o . e . u . . u r . az ec .

u t te ed in t hi s c on dition of th e bod il y f ame is i mit ated

r
F gh ! I h v k w h L h m ll w t r
au a e no n a c arn e ou s e s e s ee e r

in E nglis h b y t h e i n terj ec tion ugh ex p es si v e of c ol d o I f mp fl h h v t hi v wh t will m i d ,

r r e erour s
’
es a e s sa ou r , a ne o

h orr o wh enc e the S c otc h and O E g to feel ab hor

r, Wh I m tt ? B m t d Fl t h . u ,
en a ro en ea u on an e c er .

ren c e at t o n aus ea t e ,
F h ! n m y m ll in
.
h will m t k S h k p o o e a s e su c a os r an . a es ea re .

Th ttli g d m d t mp t t t ’
e ra n ru an ru e s ou
W h i t j tio i ed as b tan ti v e in t h
D lig ht y w h T h l f l
e e n e n s r ec s us a su s e
g ki t t et t ; o un s an es a are s ou

Wh t hi ki d f ight d m th g a s en
s f l athin g w h n c e fi id lo t h om ; fli id d
n r e o er u s se o o ,
e a ,
a s e e ra ,

I m i k t th dg l g s J mi
us c lo at h som ene
o dis d ai n
e so F m fo m li ke th e L ith p i
er s
’
u s. a eson . ss , . ro r s . u ,

I n a p as ag e of H ar d yng c it ed at t h e ame plac e it G pf i i e th e L at p t

s F p
,
to ti nk L at p w s ,
. u ,
r s . u er e, r. uer , s ,
.

is sa id t h at t he abb ess of C old ingh ame h av i ng t off t ig ti nki ng otten ; I el f iki sti nk fui n p t id , cu r ,
s ,
r c . i , ,
n ,
u r ,

h er own n ose an d lip fo t h e pu po e of st iking th e Go t h f l ti nki ng f o l ( Ulph Joh

”
s r J h f l it r s r . u s, s ,
u . a u s s ,
. .

D an is h avi h ers wit h h o o r s x i — b y th is time h rr ti nk et h Hen c e Ic el f lls

r, . e s . . u a,

— ll d ll h i t t d th m
c ounse
t o h e
w di g a
s t a t an yt h i n g f ls leg
er s s ers
h at ef l di g
o
ti n
g o e sa e,
s o s u ,
u r, u ,
s us ,

T m k th i f with th ight om
t h g o a e f
e r l oes o ou e so e s .
u s e .

A d th y d id f th n mi m
so e T he ex p es ion is n at ally t ansfe e d f m p hysi c al
,
a ore e en e es c a e r s ur r rr ro

E h th i d v c l ip f ll ig ht
e- ou t o mo al aversion in I el fi a G ot h fij n to h at e wh enc e
e r n os e a n o er -
u r r c .
’

,
. a , ,

C t ff n whi h w u k g ly ig h t
o a
G f ind an en emy E fi nd f f d
on , c as an on s .

. e , ,
. e ,
oe, eu .

Here as Jamieson righ tly b ves the p a age cle ly

, T h e g atifi ation f th e app etit e f food i th e e a
o ser , ss ar r c o or s r

poi nts t t h e ori gin of t h e E ug ly as sign ifyi ng wh at li e t occ asion on whi c h th e i nf n t h as to x erc i e th e
ou .
, s a e s

ca e ab h o
us s enc e an d h e mi g h t h a v e c arr i ed t h e d e i Opt ion O f cc eptan c e o ej ec tion ; nd th g t e b y
,
rr r a r r a e es u r s

v ati n to its o igi n al s c e if h e h ad added wh at impels whi h h e i n di at es his i n c li n ation on thi oc c ion a e
o r our , c c s as r

on e t o u t t e t h e ex c lamation ug h r t ak en in afte life as th e t ype f acc pta n c e o ef sal in r- O e r r u

g e n l W h n t h e i nfan t is i n li n e d t a c ept t h e er a e c o c
Ug h ! th di g ly f ll w !
p ff
e o
e e d food h e b en d his h ead eage ly fo war d to
ou s u e o
.

r r
C t f S t Alb ou n ess o ans
ro r ,
s

s iz e t h e b eas t an d w h en h e is s ti fi d h e mo v es h i
. .

e r a s e s
,

I n th e S c g ome f ig h tf l t er ibl e th e o i g i n l fo c e h ea d f om id e to sid e in o d e to wit h d aw hi m t h

. u s ,
r u , r , r a r r s ,
r r r s ou

of t h e r oot is p ese v ed w h i c h is m c h soft en e d down in r f m t h e n ipple

r , Hen e n oddi ng o ben di ng t h e h d u ro . c r ea

u
g ly .
fo w a d i ni v e ally d as th e ymbol of ac c eptan e r r s u rs u se s c ,

g m an d h aki n g t h h ad f n g tion o ef al
Th d il f t h ny h t
e u so en ess an s en c e o e c
s e e o e a r r us .
,
In v y pl my p t m d h T h e n egati v e fo c e O f th e p a ti c le n e may p ob ably b e
e er t * D V ac e s re e a e sar e a as
g . . .
r r r

*6 T he I
h it t d bt o
c elan dic ve b r ugg a , t o fear , es a e, ou ,
r as s had e, an d t hu s th e I tali an a ver e ugg ia may p oss i bly by ,

s p c t and th n n gg f
us e ,
d btl f imil e ou u r, ear , ar e ou es s o s ar t an l tion h ve g iven rise to th e Fr en c h n d
r s a ,
a a E n g li h s

or ig in I t i i g l th t th e xp iv w d d th i
. s s n u ar a es e r ess e or s an e r ph d m o p nd
ras es, d l mb ag t g ior t k
er m r re re e
’
o r e, o ve or a e u

n m u o d iv tiv nd mp o nd ho ld h v d i p
er u s er a es a co u s s u a e sa b g
ra B t w h tev e m y be th e etym l g y f ggi w h en
e . u a r a o o o u a

pe d f m th D ni h n d S w di h tho g h till p
er e ro e a s a e s ,
u s re u ed in th e s en se O f s h ad e I
s m t ong ly in clin ed to beli v e ,
a s r e

s erv d in me of th S di vi n p vi i l d i l t nd
e so e ca n na a ro nc a a ec s , a th at in th e exp e sion gg i its o ig in i t h e am r s a ver e u a, r s s e as

a pp tly v in th m d n I t li n in a lig h tl y m di
ar en e en e o er a a , s o t h t O f th
a wo d efe ed t in th e tex t W e m y p
e r s r rr o . a er

fi d e n A n I t l i n t v ll
se s e y . a a ra e er s a s h p c onsid r shad as a s c ondary me nin g O f gg i f r
a s e e e a u a, o

L I ng l es e ha
w h n in h ot climate we p f om th e s n t th h de
e s, as s r u o e s a
ggia c ol su o c l i m a , ed am a
’ ,
lot tare
of tr es we exp i n c a hiv r p ly ex
u c on ess o :
e n d th e te m p er e e s e ,
a r ro er
,

T he E hm n d t
n g lis a e es ts
( h dd
s u er s a t ) hi s own c lima e , etc t .
p iv e f th e effec t may h ave been transfe r ed to th e
r es s O r

T he p ima y m i
r r ean n g of ugg ia is gi ve n in th e ic iona ries d t ca u s e . M .
 INT RO D UCT ION .
XV

e xp lai ned on t he same p i nciple from ep esenti ng the r ,

r r th e sa puff of air thr ough th e n ose and lips w hi c h ex
me
s o nd mad e t h ro gh th e c lenc h ed t eet h in sign O f a
u u , press es dissatis fac tion is prod u c ed ia sneezi ng th e ac t of ,

resol ti n n ot to Op en t h e m
u o t h f th e rec epti n of ou or o s nee i ng is sometimes t ak en as a t y pe of c o n tempt and
z
,

Off red food T he ac t of ej ec tion is ex p essed in a

e . r r we sp eak O f a t hi ng as n ot to b e sneez ed a t n ot wort hy ,

more li v ely m nne b y an imi ta tion of spitti ng a if in a r ,

s O f c o n te mpt Henc e may be explai ne d t he agreemen t
.

t he eff r t t o rid o neself of s omet h i ng dis ag eeabl ta ken of man y word s s i nifyin
o r e
g g s neez e wit h th e fo egoi ng in r

in to t h e mo t h wh ile t he Opposite feeling are i nd ic at ed

u , s terj ec tions We may c omp a e p sha w wit h kis hoo t he
. r ,

b y smacki ng wit h t he lips as if in th e end eavour to ,

ar ti c ul a tio n b y wh i c h a sn eez e is c ommonl y imita te d in

mak e t h e mos t of an agr eable t as te e . E ngli s h ; tus h wit h W tis ic t o sneez e ; G ael trus Fr .
,
.
, .

I n L e ich ard t s A t ali a we a e f ni sh ed wit h e x am tr u t wit h L ap tr us s et Fr t uc heter t o sn eez e p t ot and

’
us r r ur .
,
. r , r ,

ples of bot h t he e mod es of exp ession among t ib es in s r r p ru t wit h H un g p trils z trils z p r zl sz sneez e S w p rus ta
.
, ,
’

, ,
.
,

t h e lowes t s tag e of c ivil is ation

giv en as a si mple st a t e ,
to sn or t spu r t s n eez e
, , .

ment of fac t wit h o t any t h eoris i ng n th e pri nc iple on

, u o T h e Manu el d es Pec ch é s wh en t reati ng Of pr id e , ,

whi h t h e meani ng f t h e n ti ves was u n d e tood

c O a rs . t ak es as fir s t ex ample him
T he men c mmen ed talkin g to t h em b t oc c asion o c , u —th t i nb x m a1 a s u u o

a lly i n te pt d t h eir peec hes by pit ti ng a nd tt ri ng

rru e s s , u e A n hy f d p i it l
ye s s a er s r a

a n i e lik e poo h ! poo h ! a pp ar en t ly

os xp essive of t h eir e r
A nd yth p t ! f thy yn g p e t l 3 016
sc ru or curs ,
r s .
” - . .

dis g t — p 1 8 9 T h e tte anc e was in fac t id enti c al

us .
”
. . u r T he au t h or th en pr oc eeds t o d enou nc e him wh o uses
wit h o own in terj ec tion p o h ! whi c h is me ely a ep
ur o r r prou t word ys to his sovereign .

re se nta tion O f t h e ac t of spitti n

g in i gn of c on temp t s u A s fr om G tr otz / or ig i n ally an i nt e j ec tion of con
. r

o us ej ec tionr P h l p h ! fi l fi ! i nte j ection of one

.
“
u u r t empt O r d efianc e ( Gr i mm) is formed t otzig arr ogant , r , ,

w ho is sen sible O f somethi ng disgus ting (c osa stomac he so fro m p r u t ar i s es p r ou t or as we n ow wr it e it

p r oud , , ,
— P t ri arc hi D i c t Ven et a , . . a nd t h e abs t r ac t p r id e .

Th ey v ery m c h admired O h orses and b ll oc ks u ur u ,

T h e effec t of c ompl ete absor p tion in an Obj ec t w h et her ,

an d pa ti c larly o kanga oo d og They expre d

r u ur r -
. sse from s dd en asto nishmm t or i n ten t O bse rvation is
u ,

t h i dmir ti n by a pec l ia mac ki ng

e r a a oc lac kin
g u r s or ma k ed b y i nv ol n tar y Op en i ng of th e mou t h ar is ing
r u ,

wi th t h eir mo t h o lip — Leic ha dt p 3 3 6 u r s .

”
r , . . f om t h e r el a x ation of all t h e musc les of th e fac e n ot
r

T h e p od c tion O f t h e so n d h e e ep esen t ed b y
r u u r r r ex er ted in effec ti ng a s te ad y g a z e .

sma ck o l k ari es f m t h e fac t t h a t t h e o an of

r c ac s ro r I w mith t n d with hi h mm — th
g , sa a s s a s a er us

ta te is di t ib t ed o ve th e tongu e a nd p al te and
s s r u r a T h whil t h i ie d id n h i s vil l s ron o s an c oo

n ws —
, ,

t h e sen a tion is o n l y app c i ate d in f ll i n ten it y at t h e With w m th w l l wing t il K J hn

’
s re u s en ou s a o a a or s e . . o .

momen t w h en t h e two b anc h e O f th e o an a e b ro h t r s r T h e i n t erj ec tion O f won d er t h en is formed from a ep e

g g r u r

i n to c on tac t and agai n pa at ed Henc e A S sm ec , se r . . a , tition of t he syllable ba ba mech an ic ally u tt er e d

G g s hm k P l ma k t t e vo ; D m kli k
. e c ac , o . s , as , sa ur u. s a ec c , t h ough t h e par ti ng lips ; G r B fl ! L at ba boe ! p ap az l
r . a ai .

s w eet palatable ag eeable to t he tas te In t he Fi nni h

, , r
'
.
s Hen c e th e us e O f t he r oot ba in t h e exp ession of a ton r s
lang u g t h e i n iti al 3 is lost ishm en t in la ngu ag es t h e mos t dis ta n tly r emo v e d from
a es
g ivi ng r i e t o E th on m g , s s . a

g o, makk tas te ; g us makke Fin mak ia sw eet

o,
, , .
, , ea c h ot h er Z ul u ba baza Fr e—
. ba hir a ba u bir ( Roq u e ,
.
-
,
- -

w ell tasti ng ma iskia to smack the lips ; ma i ki a mac k

-

, , s s, s , fort) to c aus e t o c ry b a l to set agap e to as to n i sh

, , .

ki s d eli ac i ; ma is to tas te
s ,
c I n li ke manne t h e G
es , .
r r . H é c ar t in his Ro c hi D i c tio nar y ( t h e dialec t of Li lle)
u

yl x g L at d l is (fo d l i ) sw eet may b e x pl i n ed

v v , . u c r uc s , , e a ex pl ains Ba an i n t e j ec ti on ex p essi ng dou bt a nd add s r r ,
fr om t h e sec on d O f t he f rms a bove men tioned l k O o c ac r his beli ef th at t h e wo d is pre tt y gen er ally us ed wit h r
, ,

lic k h ow n also in W we ex pr ess as to nis h men t

g f g l c a mac k of t h e lips s om e modi fi c a tio ns t o I n the
c , s . us - e s
, .

-
S p ell and with li gh t modific ation in E li k A
urr , s . c . s am e di al ec t ba ba ie c el u i q u i regard e la bouc he bea nte ,
’

,
swee t tas t e is on e w h i h mak es on e l i c k o n e c h ops a s t ar i ng booby
’
c s . .

T h e n at al ex press io n of di pleas e as mi n t he
ur s ur su T h e ori gi n al forc e O f t he syll able is s een in th e 0 Fr
g , . .

s h ape n de di ffe en t i rc m ta n es f ange d fi an ce ba e ba ier mod er n beer to Op en th e m ou t h to gap e t h en

’
u r r c u s c O r, e r,
, , , , ,

o c o n te mpt is a w hiff f b ea t h t hro g h t h e n os t i l o to b e i n t en t po n any t h i ng ; aboyer atten d r e q u elqu un

’
r , o r u r s, r u ,

prot d ed lips Henc e to ni ff o n uff at to t e t wit h

ru . s r s , r a av ec empress emen t inhia e l oq u en ti — L ac omb e ,
Henc e r . .

c o n tempt ; to tak e a t h i n
g in s n u ff to rec ive it wit h , e t h e O E a beya n c e ex pec ta tio n a by t o ex p ec t e n d
.
,
e , , ,
ur ,

di pl s re easu .
remai n T h e i n ser tion of a d to a void t h e h i a tus g i ves
.

S h p b th f g p ff d ar rea s o an er u e th e Pr o v ba d a r to ga pe t o Open ; g ola ba d a d o as Fr ,

.

f iy y
.
, ,
H t il T
u e l e bee wit h O pe n mou t h I
t er a r n os r s ou . enn s on .
g u
'

,
t b a d a e t o b e i n t en t . . r ,

To h fl whic h i gni fie in the firs t i nsta n ce to blow is

u , s s
, u pon to wait c o es po nding to t h e E bid e abid e ( as
, ,
rr .
,

c ommonl y se d in t h f h owing on di pl a s h own in t h e bod y of t h e wo k) as 0 F ba er to E

’
sen e u e s O s e s s e su re , r . r. .
,

g ivi ng on e a h a p a n w e T h e en d a v s t o epre e n t r s r . e our r s a bie or aby T h e s am e c h ange of vowel tak es plac e in

.

t h e so n d O f a sni ff o blur t of c o n t empt o an e h as

u
g r r r t h e L at hi0 as c omp ar ed wit h t h e G r x m to g ap e
. . a , .

gi v en i e to s ev eral i n t e j c tio n ex p ess ive of

r s ch r e s, r su T he i n t e j ec tions c omman di ng sil en c e s t his t whis t
r , , , ,

f l i n gs pi h p h aw t t t h O E p t t ( c o nf l wor d
ee , s , s , u , us ,
. ro s r u hu h st an d s on a somew h a t diffe en t foo t i ng
s Th ey ar e r .

—P Pm ) p t F t t ( n i n t e j c tion im porti ng
,

r .
, ru ,
r. ru a r e n ot t h e i n sti nc ti v e ex pr essio ns O f bodil y or men tal affec

i ndi gnatio t h t t fy man C t ) G t tz n, us ,

u ,
o ,
. ro . tions in th e s pe ake b t ar e to be u n d ers tood b y th e r, u

B id e b i ng es ed as t h e i n t j c t io n t t t h e W twt
s e us er e u , . ellips e of a n eg ati v e .

s i gn ifi a p fl o b eath — L wi S c t t to blow a
es u
‘

r r . e s . . oo , T he sli g h t i n ar ti c la t e sou n ds t h at esc ape inv ol n u u

ho n to exp s d issati fac tion o c on tempt J m A s

r , r es s r .
-
a . tarily from a perso n or lowes t wh is p er are r epr esen t ed , ,
xvi I NT RO D U CTION .

by t he s yll able
his t wh i t whi h c h t c h m s s st, ,
s ,
s ,
u , us , u , v h h
fou n d a a ilabl e, w et er it t en d ed to ill u s tr at e th e for
m t m k m &c an d t h e f c t f tot l il en e is ex
u ,
u ,
u, .
, a o a s c mati on of a wor d , or th e appli c ation O f a s ensibl e i mage
pr es s e d by yi ng t h at n ot even a sa n d of s c h a n a s ou u x
t o th e e pr ess ion O f a mo r al c on c eptio n .

t ure was h ear d S p n d c i c h s i mus n i his za i . I h v as a l e omitt d wo d O f c la i cal d i vation

. o e r u a c r n a e ru e r s ss er ,

mis t I t n n f n i mott ni totto G p g w p id yp

ar . o whet h i mm edi at e o t hro gh t h e F n h nl s fh
ar o r . v e
'

r e v er r u re c , u ess u

{ ; L at n e m tir e q id m t o be totally il en t
an} . D an a ien tly di g i ed in f m t o eq i
u e ,
xpl n ati n in s . . c s u s or r u re e a o , or

m le o g ny
a r G yp ) t h e lig h t es t so n d ; h n g c as r wh e e t h e meani ng of t he w d h b een g e tly
. v , s u a av es r or as r a

ikke en m k n t th e ligh te t so n d e c ap d him

u ,
o F modifi ed d ur i ng its e id n c e in
s s fo ig n oi l o w h e
u s e . er r s e a re s , r er

rall T h a th o O f P i ers Pl wm an spe aki n g O f t h

. e u it eemed d es i able t poi n t t elati n n ot c omm nly
r o ,
e s r o ou r o s o

avari c e O f t h e monk y t h at yo may sooner e

gn i d b y O
s , sa c l ass i c al
s h la It is diffi lt to u r co se ur sc o rs . cu

d w c h a li ne v e y ac c ately and do btl w d f ra su r ur u ess or s o

m t th m i t M lv n hill e e
c l a i c ori i n wi ll
e on
c c asion all y h a ve
s
lipp d in wh e e it
a er s
,

Th g t m m f th i m th till m y b th m h w d g ss o s e r
an e a o o er ou s on e e e s e e
mi gh t n t b e ve y eas y to ex pl ai n th e g
.

nd f th e o r r ou s O

M m is t h en se d as an i nt e j e tion c omm an di n g i
u uex c eption r c s .

l enc e fo a ta te of ilen c e
, or In l ik e man n e I t c iti
r s I t h as b een s al in th e i n t od c tion to wo ks of th e
s . r . r e, u u r u r

to whi pe ftl y an d sc arc e t m ve th e lip ; non f a e

s r so p esent d escripti n t o gi v e a t able of t h e c n n ant al o o s r r o o so

zitt n on nti i n zitto n on fiata e n on alit a e n ot to

o, se rs a h ang es met wit h in t ac i ng a oot th o g h th l te d
,
r ,
r , c r r r u e re a

l et a b eat h be h ear d to b e p e fec tl y sti ll

r Th en wit h l ang age B t it seem to me t h t t h e e i n t n d e
,
r .
u s . u s a r s o a a ‘

t h e ell ip f t h n eg ti v e zitt h h ed il en t ; iti e t o

se o e q ate ad vant age in a h a p o vi i n If it b e c onfi n d
, o, us , s c r , u suc r s o . e

s il en c e wh i t till — Fl S c whi h a whi p a

, s , s h t o a t at emen t of t h e c on n an ts wh i c h m y oc a io al
. . s ,
s er , r us s so a c s n

ing o wh izzi n g so n d ; to whis h to h us h

r J am 1y u place eac h oth e in eq i valen t f m it mi gh t j ,
. . re r u or s, us

t ify t h e h n g e O f an y lett e i n to alm t a n y t h an d c a r os o er ,

L t h y lp b y lma m er e on , e ou as ca
’
s a ou se,
if it took i n to acc o n t th e n diti ns n d e wh i h ta i n
l ty whi ht b h d i t th h
u co o u r c c er
N or a our s e ear n o e ou s e .

h ng a f n d it w ld d aw to too g eat a lengt h c a es re ou , ou r r .

Again th e o nd O f b eat hi ng is ep esented by th e E ty m l gy i lik e ot h sc i en e Y o c an ot t n e

, s u r r r o o s er c s . u n a o c

Sc . h swo c h swo gh an d t h en c e b y t h
souc , same
u c a y c o n v i c tio n in a gi v en d e iva tio n to one wh o h as
,
u , e rr r

ellip e O f t h e n e ative
s
g h si len t t an q il xplai n n eve atten ded t o th e bj e t an d th e ki n d O f c h ange
, s oa c , , r u , e r su c ,

i g th e A S
n wug n wig an s wi n G . s
y to b e c om ap a tib l,e wit h id en tit y in th e
s , t of a wo d m t b e
u a ,
r . at av, r oo r us

sil ent fi" p a ti ll y lea n d in t h e o rs O f ex p i n e T he r c ca r e c u e er e c .

Afte t h s t ac i ng th e exp e ion f id ea lik e en d

r u r b e t p epa ation will b e f n d in an ac c at an aly isr ss o s ur s r r ou ur e s

a nce or c o n tin ance an d ev en f i len c e i ts el f to an im

u of t h e , g a i c el ations f th e elemen t a y so nd o s , or n r O r u s .

itati e oot we n eed n ot d bt t h e po ibil it y of ex p e

v r , T he l l ific ti n O f th e on n an ts a ang s
ou ss r ss us u a c ass a o c so rr e

ing a n y t h e id ea on t h e s ame p i ipl

o r A d e ivati n t h m n a do ble p i n c iple viz fi t ac c di ng t t h e r nc e . r o e o u r ,
. rs , or o

t h en in th e followi ng pag e wi ll nly b e c n id er ed as p a t of t h e voc al g a b y the ac tion of wh i h the mod s o o s r or ns c

h avi ng eac hed it tm t limit wh en it is t ac ed to n ific ti n is p od c ed as l bi als p b j , m ; d en t al t d

r s u os r a a o r u , a , , ,
s, , ,

i mitati ve r oot I n th e g eat m j ity of i n t n es we th ; and g tt l k g G e m h ; n d ec ndly ao

. r a or s a c ,
n u ur a s , , , r . c a s o ,

a e f c ed t o top far h r t O f t hi s an d m
r or st b e sati fi d c o di ng to t h e n t e O f th e o gani c ac tion mployed in
s o , us s e r a ur r e

if we a e abl e t b i ng to li gh t ome po ti n O f t h e p o
r o p on n i ation as t en es p t k ; m di als b d g ; pi
r s r o r r u c ,
u , , , e , , , as

ce b y wh i h th e fo m of the wo d an d th e ac t al ig ni
ss c t f o p h th ch liq id l m n ; bre at hings s h
r r u s r a es , r , ,
u s, , , ,
r , , ,

ficat ion h av e b een a tta i n ed nd emi vowel y an d w . v a s s, .

O ne impo t n t c on eq enc e O f th e f egoi ng t h eo y

r a O in a t ab l a view s u or r r u r .

of t h e fo m atio n O f lang ag e m r t n ot b e ov e l k d ; T
u
M di l A pi t
us r oo e
en u es e a s s ra es

t h at it ac o n ts f t hos st iki ng c i nc idences whi c h a e

. .

c u or e r o r

o cc as ion ally f n d in t h e m t mote l ng ag e i e ou os re a u s, rr

spec ti e f t h q e tio n wh t he t h e
v O mm n f ms O f
e u s e r co o or

s peec h a e t h e li nge i ng emnan ts of a c mm n an c e

r r r o o s

t y r T h e m t b a b a ous n ti n a e Oft e n ex t emely

. os r r a o s r r

g ood mi mi cs a nd it w ld n ot be s p i i ng if t h e ir imi
, ou ur r s

tati n of n at al o n d s Often ag eed wit h o

o s ur own I s u r ur .

have ac c dingly mad e u se of eve y so c e whi h I h av e

or r ur c

B t thi as h as f eq en tly been Ob e ved omits man y u s, r u s r ,

n l i es O f th v e y kin d w hi h c o n tit tes t h p i nci a a o e r c s u e r

g
3“ T h llip i f th e n g tiv in ph
e e xp iv f l of t he an em n t I t i pl i n t h t has t an d
s s O e a e, rases e r ess e O
s il n e ce, e en s
p
x t d to w d wh imit tiv ty m l gy i n t z to s th e me el ti n t hat t h e medial has t o the
or
g
s os e
f a e e o o
e a rr e . s a a v o ,
s o
sa r a o
so Obvi nd f milia ous Th P l Lo is C i
a ys a r u s, au u our er s a
,

t en is ; t h at is r el a te d to b as f to p an d t h a t h
.
,

x An on ym
u v s
in Répo n N
se a u2 es , O . :
,

tand in th e ame elation to s s p h t p o th to t as s s s r a o , r ,

L i d ij l i d A im q is sh own by th e mod e of p elli ng w h t a e in t t h im

’
u t g pr eng an é
r ec ou r rec , s e accu sa s
’
n s e, ue r s a r ru s

p d it il ? M t
on ra Il it é t é o .

l e s o nd
sera onn .

u s
p .

T h e wh ol e O f t h e o g n i c l ti ns of t h e c n on an t l
T h Fr n h m t I t li n m tt i d iv d f om th M L
r a re a o o s a
e e c o a a o o, s er e r e
,
I xh
.

m tt m
u nd
u whi p (f m L t m ti ) to w hi h
, a sou or s o n ds i b el
s
i ev e e
er ,
ibit d in t h e f llowi ng tab l
ro
i n
a a re, c ou r
u s, ,
e o e,

h h
.

m tt i
u er l tiv S D
s a c orr e a
g n d m tt m M y w i c e t h e.
n am es f eep i a t nd
u can
a nt a ad pt d in
e u er u u . a O s r n a s on re o e

n t th
o L ti m t nd it d iv tiv b th adj ctiv l te d f t nnis and m d i l as exp es i ng mo c l a ly
e a n u us a s er a es e e e a s a o e e a ,
r s re e r

f rm f th
o m w d w ith th l
O e sa of p iv tiv e — M e t h e n at e of t h e v oc al modific a tio n
or , e os s a r a . ur .
 INT RO D UCT ION .
xvii
plos ion prod uc ti v e of th e c orrespon ding sonant or sp i
S pi ra n t . Sonan t . Liq uid .
r an t T h e voc al o g an s d ur i ng t h e p on n c i ation of th e
. r r u

lett er M a e in t h e pos ition oc c pi ed at th e moment im

r u

medi at ely pr ec edi ng th e ex ertion b y whic h B is p ro

PH or F n ou nc ed an d so wit h r esp ec t t o N an d D N G an d G
, , ,

an d t h e same is I beli ev e tr u e of L a nd TH H and

, , ,

G er m CH
. G ael . GH H C H Hen c e may b e explai ned th e c omm on ph enome
.

n on kn own as t h e n asalisa tion of a c ons on an t w h en t h e ,

c orr esp onding liquid is i n ser ted in a wor d b efor e a adi r

T H in thic k D H , T B in this L
c al s pi an t or so n an t as in G
r M pfi w fr om a r oot Z a p
, r. a , ,

L at t nd o fr om a r oot tud &c

. u , O n th e ot h er h and a ,
.
,

z n , Fr . J Y, G er m . J liq u id is frequ en tl y st rengt h ened by th e a dditi on O f t he

c o respon di ng son an t as t h e vu l ar
r
g g own d for gown E
, , .

T he ord er O f th e vowels pronou nc ed as in I tal

n at ural s wamp , G . sch wamm, &c .

ian is i e a a (in c all) 0 u of whi c h i a t on e en d a n d

, , , , , , ,
I h ave not been able to c ome to a clear nd e tan ding u rs

u at t h e ot h er p ass in to t h e semi vow els y an d w as to th e n at e of t h e an i c ac tion wh i c h p od ces

ur or
.
g r u

T he diffe enc e b etween th e spir an ts an d t h e so n an ts

r ,
wh at I h ave c alled th e c lear o t hi k classes O f c on o r c s

as i n ti ma ted b y t h e n ames is t h a t t h e l att er a e p ro

,
r n an t b t th e gene al c onvi c tion t h at t he c h ang f om
s, u r , e r

n ou nc ed b y th e f ll to ne O f t h e voi c e while in th e for c lear t o t h i k i effec t e d b y a d efinit e o

c s a n i c modifi a r
u , g c

mer th e same ar ti c ul ation is use d wit h a b e at h in g o nly r . tion is witn essed b y th e fac t th a t the t h ic k c n onan t is
, , o s

Bot h of t h e e c olumns ha v e be en c ompri e d u n d er th e

s s w itt en by th e addition of an H to t he c orrespondi ng
r

n ame of ex los ives

p as formed b y t h e v oi c e or b eat h
,
r c lear on e .

bei ng forc ed thr oug h a p as s age su dd enly Opened in some With resp ec t to th e probable lengt h to w hi c h th e
part of th e voc al o gans at the momen t O f arti cul ation
r . presen t wo k may be ex pec t ed to ru n many c ir cum
r
,

T he pec ul i arit y O f th e liquids is t h at th e c onfigur ation s t an c es ten d to h elp us mo e qui c kl y over th e ou n d as r r

g
O f t h e voc al o
gans wit h whic h t h ey a e pro nou nc ed is
r r we ad v an ce an d f om su c h an esti ma te as I am able to
, r

th e same wit h t h at wh i c h immed ia tely pr eced es th e ex make I h op e to c omplete it in two more volumes
2%
.

VO L I . .
 T A BLE

O F

C O N T RA C T I O N S A ND PRI N C I PA L RE FE RE N C E S .

AS . An glo S axon .

Bav . Bava ian r .

S ch m S chmeller Bay er i sch es WO rt erb u ch

'

. . . 18 2 7 .

Boh em . Boh emian .

Palk ovitsch BO hm D eu t sc h L at WO rt erbu eh 18 20

‘

- -
. . . . .

Br et . Br eton .

Legon . L egonid ec . D i et C eltO Br etonne

.
-
. 18 2 1 .

C at . C at al an .

Es teve . C at D iet . . 1 8 03 .

D an . D ani sh .

M olbe ch . D an sk O r db og 18 3 3 . .

Ferr all an d Repp . D an E ng D iet . . . 1 84 5 .

Pr ovi nci al D an ish .

M olbech . D a nsk D i alekt Lexi c on . 184 1 .

Du . D th
u c .

Kil . Kil i an . y
E t mologi c um T eu t onic ae L in gu se . 1 6 05 .

Biglotton seu D ic t ion arium Te t u . L at . 1 654 .

Halma D i et Flaman d F anc . . r . 1 7 29 .

Per e Mari n D i et H ell Fr anc . . . . 17 30 .

E . En gli sh .

OE . O ld E ngli sh .

Prov . E .

B . Bai ley s E ng D iet ’

. . 17 3 7 .

F .
Q . Fair y Q u een .

H al . Halliwell s D iet of A rc h ai c and provi nc i al wor d s 1 8 5 2

’
. . .

P P . . Pi er s Plowman .

Pr Pm . . Pr omptor i um Par vul or um b y A lber t Way C amden S oc i ety ,

. .

R . Ri c h ar ds on s Engli sh D iet ’
.

R R . . Roman d e la Ro se .

E sth on . Esth oni an .

H iip el s E sthnisc h e S pr ac hl ehr e

’
1 8 18 . .

Fin . Finni sh .

Renv al Fi nn i sh Lexi c on 1 8 2 6. . .

Fr . Fr en c h .

C ot . C otgrave Frenc h E ng D iet 1 6 5 0 .

-
. . .

Be onie D i et d u Bas L imou sin

r . .
-
.

D iet C astr . . C ou inié z D i et d e la l angu e Rom an o C ast r aise

. 18 5 0 .
-
. .

L a ng . Langu edoc i an .

D iet L an g F anc p ar M r L D S
. 1 7 85 . r . . . . . .

Voc abul air e d e Berr i 1 8 4 2 . .

Pat d e Br a i . D iet d Patoi s d u p ays d e Br ai

. u 185 2 . .

Fr i s . Fr isi an .

G . G e ma n
r .

O HG .
O ld Hig h G erman .

Kiit t n .
Kiitt ner ’
s Ge m r . E ng D iet . . 1 8 05 .

S a nd e W O rterb d er d eu tsc hen S p he

’

u rs . . r ac . 18 5 9 .
 T A BLE OF CONT RA CT IONS . xix
G ael G aeli c .

Macleod G ael . . E ng D iet . . 18 3 9 .

Ar mstrong . I3 O . 18 25 .

Gris .

C ar iseh . W O r te r b . d er Rh aeto—
Romani sc h en S prac h e .

Hu ng . Hu ngari an .

F arkas H . un
g er m D iet
. 18 54 G . . .

D ank ov sky . M agyaric se Linguae Lexi c on . 18 3 3 .

Ic el . Ic elan di c o O ld N orse r .

An d ers . or G u dm . Lexic on Islandic um a G dmun d o A n dreas ( G An d erson) u . . 16 83 .

Hal d . Bior n H al d or sen I c el L ex 1 8 1 4 . . . .

It .

Fl . Florio I t D i et 1 6 8 0 . . . .

A lti eri It E ng D iet 1 7 2 6 . . . . .

Langu edoc S ee Fr . .

L ap . Laplan d .

Li ndahl and O hrling L ex Lapponi cum 1 7 8 0 . . . .

Lati n .

Mid . L at . Lati n O f the Middl e Ages .

D ue . D u c a ng e Glossari um M edias et I nfim ae Lati nitati s 1 6 8 1

. . .

C agp . C ar p en ti er S upplemen t to D c ange 1 7 6 6 . u . .

D ief S up . D i efenb ac h S upplemen t to D u e ( L at 18 5 7 . . . .

Lit h .

N esselma n L ith au isc h es WO rte rb 185 1

' '

. . .

Piedm . Pi edmon tese .

Z alle D i et Pied m
’

, 18 15 . . .

Pl D . . Platt D eu tsc h L ow G e man of th e sh ores of . r the

Brem B emi sc h N ied ersac h sisc h es Wdrte b
r 1 7 68 -
r . .

Pol . Polis h Behr Poli sh Engli sh D i c t 1 8 4 9

. .
-
. .

Port . or Ptg . Port gu ese

u .

Roq ete Port F D iet 1 8 4 5

u . . r. . .

Vi eyr a Port E ng D i et . . . .

Pr ov . P ov encal
r .

Ba rn Raynou ard . D iet Pr ev . . 18 3 6 .

Rou c hi . Patoi s O f th e Hai naul t .

H écart . D iet Ro uc hi Fr ane .

-
. 185 2 .

Ru ss Ru ssian .

Sc . Lowlan d S c otc h .

J am . Jamieson , D iet . O f S cottish L ang . 1 8 08 .

D V D ougl as
’
.

Sp . S pani h s .

N ewmann an d Barr etti, Sp E . . D iet . 18 3 1 .

Tabo a da S p ,
. Fr D . i et . 1 8 28 .

S er v . S e vi an
r .

S te ph an son . L ex S erbic o G erm L at .

-
.
-
. 18 1 8 .

Sw . S wedish .

W id egr en . S w ed . E ng D iet . . 1 7 88 .

N or dforss . S wed . Fr D iet . . 1 8 05 .

S wab . S wabi an .

S hmid S chwabi h e WO te b 1 8 3 1
c .
'

se s
'

r r . .

S wiss . S tal d S h w it e i c h e I dioti on

er . 1 8 05 c e z r s s c . .

S w Rom
. . S wi Romanc e T he F e c h p toi of S witze lan d
ss . r n a s r .

Humbert Voc ab l i e G enev is 1 8 5 2 . u a r o . .

Vau d . Rec il d Pato i d es D i alec tes d e la S i e F ancai se Lau sanne

ue u s u ss r . . 184 2 .

Venet . Veneti an .

P atri arc h i Voc abolario Venezi an o e Pad ovano . 18 2 1 .

W . Welsh .

Walac h . Walac hian or D ac e Roman -

.

l s ser Walac h i sc h D e ts c h es WO rt erb 1 8 5 0

.
-
u . .

L ex W alaehieO L at H ng G erm 1 8 2 5
.
-
.
-
u .
-
. .

Wal .
Walloo n .

G r an d g . G an d gagnag e
r D iet d e la Langu e Wall onn e . . . 1845 .

S . S S ame sen s e .
 D I C T I O N A RY OF E N GL I SH E TYMO L O GY .

A, as apr efix to n o uns is co mmo nly th e r emnan t ,

th e olu te co mmand O r enti r e c ontr ol of
ab s an
y one,

of t h e A S on in on amo n to sub d u e ru le h a v e en ti r e d o mi n io n ov er
g a s a ba ck A S ou b aec ;
-
. .
, , , , , , , .

a wa
y A S on w aeg a like A S ou lic
-

th t th ryll (th o ht hi
-
.
, , . .

A nd he a r all ) is is n c s,
I n th e O b so lete a d own it r ep r es en ts th e A S of .
; A ll th at h e h as mb d wnyt i e an o s
of or fr o m ; A S o d u ne l it era lly
f fr o m a h ei gh t
.
-
, , , Unto h is Lo d wh tever h be Bru ce i 244 r , a e . . .

d own w ar ds .
T h e h ar d y B c e a ne o t b d w yt ru s a an o n

A s a p r efix to v er b s it corr es ponds to th e Goth .

Twenty th u nd h e rewlly t be f ce and wit
o sa or

u s out of
, C H G u r a r er ir G er i mp lyi ng a
.
, , , .
,
Upon th e S c ottis h is men fo to r k ew r es .

c o mpl etio n of t h e a c tio n .

W llace x 3 17 a . .

T hus G er wac hen to a w ake is to w ak e u p fr o m

.
T h e k ing ry ch t w eill re au y t h e s ,
, ,
A wn d ret u k h is man to b e ,
nd
a s t a t e of sl eep ; to a bide is to w a it u n ti l th e e v en t

l ook ed for tak es p la c e ; to a r is e to g et u p fr o m a

,
A nd h im an d h is on m on w y y ss
, He a ba nd o wnyt ill h is t s er vis e . Br u ce in . 13 0.

r ec u mb e n t po s t u r e S ee G r i mm ii 8 1 8
th a t
. . .
,

A S wfla n be cefla n bcefla n after b e

He d red eth G od wol d o d iligence to ple e G od by s
A b aft
h with all h i mig h t well f r
-
. .
, , , ,
h is we k es r a nd a ba ndon imsel f s o
hi n d Hence on bcefla n ab aft T h e wo rd s eems
.
-
,
.
to d o .
— Parson s Tale ’
.

,
v er y ea rly to h av e ac q u ir ed th e na u ti cal u se in whi c h
T h u s we th at th e ellipti cal expression of an
see “
al o ne it s u r vi v es a t th e p r e sen t d a
y .
”
a b a n d o n ed c h a r a c t er to whi c h th e a cc i d en t of l an ,
Eve y man r sh ewid hi s c onny ng tof e th e sh ip nd b fi
or a a .

g ua g e h a s a tta c h ed th e n otio n O f on e en slav ed to

Chau c B ry u 843 er , e .
,
.

vi c e mi ght in i tself with equ al pr op r i ety h av e been

,

u sed to s i n ify d e votio n to

A ban d on I mmed i at ely from Fr aba nd on ner
. .
, g g oo d .

an d th a t fro m th e n o u n ba n d on
(a ls o ad op ted in A ga i n as tha t whi c h is p lac ed a t th e ab so lu te
,

E ngli s h b u t now ob s o lete) c omma nd o rd ers d o

, , , ,
c o mman d of on e p ar ty mu st by th e s am e a ct b e en

min io n T h e wo r d Ba n is c o mmo n to all th e l an

. ti r ely g iv en u p by th e o ri gin al po ssesso r it was an ,

s of th e T eu to n i c s to ck in th e s en s e O f p r oc e as y s te p fro m th e s en se of c o nferr in
u
g ga e g th e com
lama tion an no un c emen t r ema i n i ng with u s in th e
, ,
ma nd O f a t h i ng u po n s o me p ar ti c u lar p er son to ,

r es t r i c ted a pp l i ca tio n to Bann s of Mar r i a e

g P as s . t h a t of r eno unc i ng al l cla i m to a u tho rity ov er th e
ing i nto th e Ro manc e tongu es thi s wo r d b eca me su bj e c t ma tt er witho u t p arti c u la r r efer en c e to th e
,
,

ba n do in Ita li an and Sp an i sh a n ed i c t or p rocla ,

party i nto who se h an ds it m i ght come ; and thus in
ma tio n ba n don in F r en c h in th e sa me sen se a nd
, , ,
mod ern ti mes th e wo r d h as c o me to b e u sed a lm o s t
s econ dar i ly in t h a t of c o mmand o r d ers d o mi n io n e x c lus iv ely in th e s en se of r enu nc i a tio n or d e s e r
, , ,

power : tion . D edic iO“ — a ba u n d u nement

”
th e s u rr end er ,

of a ca s t le N eeeh a m .

d O f Ro ss h e roars
.

A la ng st th e lan
T h e ad v er bi al exp r es s io n s a t a ba nd on ba n donly
,

b y d at h is b nd wn
A nd all o e e a o , ,

W al
,
”
E ven frae th e north t o s th en shores u r .
a ba n d on l
y s o c o mm o n in th e
,
Bru c e a nd

Bat tle f H law in Jamieson o ar . lace like th e 0 Fr a s on ba n don, a ba n d on , may . .

be e xp la i n ed , a t his own wi ll an d p l easu r e, a t h is

Th an W llace said Thou spekis of my ch ty thing
a , ,

Fra worthi B h ad r a it h is cr wn ruce es v o ,

own i mp u l s e ,
u nc o n trolledly i mp etu o usly , , d et er
I th o eh t h ve m id I ngland t hi b nd wn
u a a a s a o ,
min edly . A insi s a v an c er en t
’
d e g r a n d volon té
S wttrely it s ld b yn t hi will
o u e a s , to u s h ev al i er s et ec uyers
C et p ii r ent t err e
”
.

Wh t p le y t h im to sanif th e k ing or pill

a s , s .

F r oiss v ol iv e 1 1 8
W ll ce
. . . . .

a a
[ T h er e is a goo d exam pl e of th e u se of ba ndon
.

H enc e to emba n d on or a ba n d on is to br i ng u n d er in th e s ens e O f c o n tr ol or po ss ess io n in th e C h r o ,

VO L. I . 3
18 A BA SH . A BBO T .

niqu e d u Roi G ui llaume d A nglete rr c p ubl i sh ed ’

, by c y of whi ch is to man ifes t it self by an in volun tar y
Mi ch el C hr A nglo No rman des III 1 2 3
,
.
-
, . op enin g of th e mo u th .

E t s erj n t en lor m i on p isen t a a s r In h im s elf was all his s ta te

Ab q u a n q u il i t roveren t ,
a nd on
’
M ore sol e th n th e tedio s mn h h a u pomp w ic waits
T res tou te la sal e r eub erc n t — M ] O n p inc e w h en t h ei ric h etin
i
. .
r s, l ng r r ue o

Of h es l ed an d g r om s be me
ors ed w ith g old o s ar
T O A b ash O r i g i nally to p u t to co nfusio n fr o m
. ,
D azzles t h e c owd nd t th m ll g p — M ilton
,

r a se s e a a a e.
,

w h et h er of fear of wo nd er
.
,
a ny s t r o ng emotio n , , ,

s h ame or a d mi r a tio n b u t r es t r i c t ed in m o d er n ti me s Wall to l ook at with op en mou t h es ba wz

ba wz,
’ '

.
, , ,

to th e effec t of s h a me A bash is an ad option of th e . to ab a w or as to n i s h G r an d g S ee A bi d e . . .

[ T h e c o n nec tion in sen s e be t ween beer an d es ba hzr

'

F r es ba hzr a s s o u n d ed in t h e great er nu mb er of
'

.
,

th e i nfl ec tio n s es baln ssons es ba ln s sa n t is w ell s h ow n by a p as s ag e in the D it d e G u i llau me

' '

.
, ,

I n o r d er to c on v er t th e wor d t h u s i n fl ec t ed in to d A ngleterr e Mic h el Ch r o niq u es A N III 1 9 1

’
-
. . .
, ,

E ngl i sh it was n a tu r al to c urta il mer ely th e t erm i Lo vint c ell e par te rs e

n a tio n s on s a is a mt by w hi c h t h e i nfl ec tio n s d if
, , , O h 1a bouree au march n t f pen d n t deme ée ea u a ur ,

x x at at
fer ed fr om eac h oth er a n d th e v er b was w r itt en in
=< a:

E ngl i s h to a ba isse or a ba zslz as r a msh p olish q

,
' ’ 1e roi a h t l ve
au e
’

e
, , ,
L a main, q u
’
il 1a vo t p n r en d r e ; m es i1 fu fols et bee,
‘

m sh fr o m r a v ir p okr f ou r m r
’ ' ’

, , ,
.

Q ue li do us de nd e
Jh esu C itfi
-
r s s t u n e a ig le sce r ,

Many E ngl i sh v erb s of a s imi lar d er iva tion w er e Q u i aube c t a s o n g l ala la bour ee p
e nd e u es re r .

form erly w r itten ind iffer en tly with or with o u t a II cuida c c f t c har Lors 1s roy an s tend reus .
,
s a ,

E u si fort b h
'

et c
fi nal sh wh er e c u sto m h as r en d er ed one or ot h er of
,
es a zs , .

th e two mod es of s p elling ob s ol et e T hu s obey was . Betr as h or betr aysh oft en o ccurs in th e sen se of
w ritt en obezsse or obeys/ w betr ay betr a slz betr ay bu t P al sgr av e q uotes Ly d g a te as au thor ity
'

.
, ,

Sp eaki ng of Na rc i ssu s stoopi ng to d r i nk Chau , for a n ot h er mean in g p 45 3 , .

cer w r it es I BE T RA Y S S (Lydgate ) I g o abo ts th e s tretes of a

II E . u

I n th e w ter anon was s ene a town o eytie

s r J t prim c onj This ve be is n t
. e ra ca s se, . . r a

H is n o e h i mo th h is y en sh on e s ,
s u ,
e , y et tak n in c om en u se
e M ] . .

A nd h e th e eof w s all b / d r a a as ze ,
T O A bate Fr a bba ttr e to b ea t d ow n to r uin
H i owne s h ad ow h ad h im b l m / d
. .
, , ,
s a s ze

F or w ell h e wen ed t h e fo me to
e r se
ov er thr ow c a st to th e gr o un d Cotgr Wall a ba te
, ,
. .
,

O f a c h ilde of ful l g e te be t i — R R 15 2 0 r au . . . .
fa i r e to mb er G randg It a bba tter e to ov er thr ow
,
. .
, ,

to p u ll d own t o mak e l ow er d ep r ess w eaken t o ,

In th e o r i gi n al
, , ,
0

d i mi n i s h th e fo r ce of a n ythi n g ; a bba tter e la vela ,

E t i1 main t enan t éb l t
’ '

s a u
to s t r i k e s ail ; a bba tter e d a l p r ezz o to h at e so me
C a son u mb e s i 1 t b l
'
,
r r e ra a
thi ng of th e p r i ce ; a bba tter sz to li ght u po n to hit
'

C ar il c uid v i la fi g u e a o r r , , ,

to happ en to meet wit h ; a bba tter sz in u n a terr a to

'

D u ng enf n t be l d mes e
’
a a e ur .
, ,

O n th e o th er h an d bu r ny was fo rmerl y in u se as ,
take po ss ess io n of an est ate H en c e th e OE la w . .

w ell a s bu r nish ; a bay or a ba w as well a s a ba zss e or

'
term a batement wh i ch is th e ac t of on e wh o in ,

a ba is/z
t r ud es i n to th e pos sess io n of lan d s voi d by th e
I saw th
wh en I w s nigh e ros e a ,
d ea th of th e fo r m er po ss esso r an d n ot yet t aken ,

I t was th
ereo n a g ood ly s ig h t up b
y t h e l a wfu l h e i r ; a n d t h e p ar ty who thu s
o suc h
a noth er as I g esse
F r
po u nc es u po n th e i n her ita nc e is call ed an a ba tor .

A fo ne n e wa s n e mo v ermeil le
r re
S ee Bea t Bat e
, ,

I was b w d fo me veille — R R 3 6 45 a a
'

z r r . . . .
,
.

A bb ot, A bbey, A bbess Mor e c or r ec tly wr i t .

In th e o r i gin al
t en a bba t fr o m L at a bba s a bba t zs an d t h a t fr o m
'

.
, , ,
Moult m b h d e la me veille ’
es a
'

zs r .
Syr i an a bba fa t h er T h e wor d was oc cas ion all y
,
.

Yield y ou m dame en h ic ht can S ch ir L t say a us , wr itt en a bba in L ati n I t was a tit le of r esp ec t .

A word s ch o co ul d n ot s peik c h o was s b id s o a a .

for mer ly g iv en to mo nks in gen er al an d it mu s t ,
K Har t in J mi on . a es .

hav e b een d ur i ng th e ti me that it h ad thi s e xt en d

C u stom whi c h h as r ender ed ob sol et e betr a sh a nd
, ed s i gn ifi c atio n t a t it g a v e r i se to t h e L a t a bba tt a
h .
'

obezsh h as e x er c i s ed h er au thor ity in l i k e man n er an a bb ey or s o c i ety of a bbots or mo n k s

'

, , E p ip h a .

over a bay or a ba w bu m y as tony , , . n i u s s p eak i n g of th e Ho ly p l ac es say s

, x d mm; , , e et e

T h e o r i gi n of es ba hzr i ts elf is to b e fo u n d in t h e W n tain s a t h o u s an d

'

a fi d g
a aX O UQ x h ’
M‘
m it c o
It al. t a “ ,

0 Fr baer béer to ga p e an on oma top aeia fr o m

. .
, , , mo nk s a n d a tho u san d c ells — D u c an ge In pr o .

th e s o u n d Ba mo st n a t u ral ly u tt er ed in th e op en
, ces s of t ime we m eet with p r ot e s t atio n s fr o m St .

in g of th e l ip s H en c e L at Ba lm? ! Mod Pr ov. . . . Jer ome an d ot h er s aga i n s t th e ar r ogan c e of a ssum

Ba h ! th e in t erj ec tio n of wo n d er ; a n d a ba u bir es , in g th e title of F a th er a n d e it h er fr o m feel i n gs of ,

ba hir in th e ac tiv e fo r m to s e t a ga p e c o n fo u n d
, , , , s u c h a n a t u r e or po s s ib ly fr o m t h e a n al o g y be
,

as to n i s h to s t r i ke with feel i n s t h e n a t ur al t en d en
, g ~ tw een a commu n ity of monks and a p r ivat e fami ly .
 A BELE . A BE T . 19

th e n ame of A bbot or F a th er was u lti ma t ely con i n st ead of th e thi n ner ha v e th e vow el sound of on

fi n ed to th e h ead of th e hou se whi le th e mo nk s nu e as in th e c r

y of en c o u r a gem en t to d o gs a bouto I , , ,

d er his c o n t r o l w er e c alled Br oth er s u s ed in t h e Sou th of F ian c e . .

A bel e T h e whit e pop lar P ol bia lo d r z ew lit

.
T he sen se s of k i n dlin g m ak i n g u p an d men d i n g . .
-
, , ,

er al ly w h it e t r ee fr o m bia lo w h it e a fir e su pp lyi n g it with fu el

,
a r e c l o s ely all i ed ,
. , ,
.

T O A bet, Bait, B8 136 D i r ec tly fr o m 0 F r a bet A n d fr o m men di n g a fir e th e s i gn ifi c a tion is e x

. . .

ter to i n c it e an i ma t e an d tha t fr o m th e c r y bet !

, ,
t en d ed t o emb r a c e th e s en se of r ep a i r i n g men d i ng
, , , ,

g d ogs on t h e i r p r ey
”
u s ed in s etti n in gen er a l Se T o beit a mi s te r to su ppl y a .
. .
“
,

T o beit on e s b a le to r emed y o n e s mis

”
H ba d e me w h t time a h ar t I met
e
w an t a
.
’

,
’

”
Th t I h ld let lip d s y Go be tt !
a s oufor tu n e D a i ly w ea r i n g n eed s y ear l y beiting
s an a ,
. .

With H y g o b tt ! H ay go b tt ! H ay g o bett !
a F r o m th e u se of a d og in dr ivi n g cattle th e t erm
e e ,

N ow h ll we ha v e g ame n d sport n ow
s a was S p ec i al ly a pp lied to th e d r ivi n g of c a ttl e to a e .

C ommon plac e Book of Ric h d H ill Fras er s p ast u r e Ic el a t beita p astu m ager e p ec u s wh en ce
-
ar cs .
’

. .
, ,
M a g A u g 1 8 58 . . .

beit S W bete a p as t u r e gr a zin g ; g et i bete to gra z e ; ,

.
, , ,
T h e h erd of har te s f nd en is an n beta boskap to gr a z e ca tt le to feed c a tt leou
I n l i ke o ,

With h ey go bet ! p ick e th e let g n let gon , .

,
r er o
mann er th e H u n g ba ita n i to d r iv e w h en a ppl i ed
.
, ,

Cha c e L gen d of D ido D y c es S k elton I 1 6 9

u r, e .
, . .
.
, ,

to ca tt le s i gn ifi e s to d r iv e th em t o p as t u r e ,
.

I n th e So u th of F r an ce th e e x cl am a tio n takes th e I n th e n e xt s tag e ba it c o mes to s i gn ify th e a c t of

for m of A bou to / a cry mad e to d ogs c la ppi n g th e feed i n g witho u t r efer en c e to th e qu estion wh ether , ,

ha nd s to e x c it e t h em a ga i n s t eac h ot h er w h en ce th e an i mal is dr iv en to th e p a s tur e or th e food

, ,

a bou ta to se t d o gs on an d fi gu r a tiv el y to e x c ite to

, b ro ught to i t , .

a n ger D iet C as tr a is e
. .
S W beta p a vcig en to giv e you r ca ttl e food to .
.
, ,

Th i s ex clamatio n s eems to h av e b een of v ery ba it on the way I cel fia beit br ossa beit c a ttle . .
-
,
-
,

g en er al u se a s it h as g iv en r i s e a l s o to I cel beita
, foo d ho r s e foo d I n E n gl i sh th e s en se wa s for .
, ,
-
.

G ba tzen E ba it to h un t with ha w k or d og
.
, mer ly ext en d ed to t h e t akin g of foo d in g en er al
.
, , .

p r op er ly to s et on th e a n i mal to a tt a ck an ot h er
O n man y a sorry m eal n ow may sh e ba it Ch
.
,
au c er
Icel beiti ba a/ct bu n d um falc on em v c l can es in
.
, , ,
. .

c i to , e mit to . H al d S can d i na vi an langu a ge s th e n otion of

.
I n th e
dr ivi n g is m ad e to c o m p r e h en d th e a c t of u r g i ng
T h e h e d h ad w ith him a h o n d h i h ert to lig h t
r u s
fo r w a r d s an i n an i m a t e obj e c t or on e w h i c h is n ot
,

For to b i on h i bes ti w h n th i to b d e w nt
'
,
az e s s e a ro e .
’

William and th W ewolf r e g ar d ed as a n a g en t in th e m a tt er S W a t beta

f or
e er .
.

bes ta r n a to p u t th e ho r s e s to I cel at beita sver di , . .

,

i e to s et on h is d og to dr iv e in h is b eas t s wh en to b r an d i sh a s wo rd
. . .

t h ey w an d er ed too far I n th e sen s e of ba iting a hook th e ac c i d en t a l r e

.

T o ba it a b ull t o s et d o gs on a b ull s emb la n c e of ba it an d bite h a s l ed ety mo lo g i s t s on

,
.
,

a wr o n g s c en t T h e obj ec t for w h i c h a b a it is
E t i d ef n t it tro v e en lo p in d l pest ou d e la c ite s a
.

s a so a c r

p im f ith e s it tr aie s n cla i d c l G y h ll j e q e u sed is to i n d uce th e a n i mal to t ake th e hoo k an d

r er o o ur u e e a u a e s u s ,

a o n h
s ti lle par my l
u g a n tz
os e il p on t p l is t h u s th e thi n g is n at u r ally e xp r essed by a wo r d
es r u rues ou u rr u

d e g n t e tre b t e (w he e th ey ca n best be b it d b y th e s i gn ifyi n g i n c it emen t i n sti gatio n

z s a o eez r
So fr o m G r eit a e
, . .

peopl ) et parmy l pl g a nt o d e es o e le fa x z en to sti r u i r r it at e p r ovoke is fo rmed r eitz an

e es us r u z r s ru ,
v u
—
pain a1 s on c o l Libe Al b s 2 6 5 o
p r u
, , , , ,

i r r it atio n i n c it emen t ba it ( K utt n er ) ; an d th e E

. . .

.
, ,

So in D an In ds e to set on i n c ite bids e en ba r e en tic e to allu r e is a mer e ad e ption of th e Fr at

'

. .
, , , , ,

to c o u r se a h ar e tiser to i n c it e s ti r u p k i n dl e
.
, , ,
.

T h e wo r d is n ot fo u n d in A S in th e p r i m itiv e [ T h e d er iva tio n of so la r ge a nu mb er of wo r d s .

,

s en se of s e tti n g on do g s b u t th e c o m po u n d eb tan v y l t d i m n in fr o m so i mp r ob a b le a
g e e r u n r e a e n e a g , ,

is u sed in th e app li ed sen se of i n c iti n g H e is to so ur c e is on e of th e l eas t sa ti sfa c to r y of Wedg woo d s

’
.
,

on b aer n an n e a n d to g ebeta nn e m id t h in r e b r oth er lic c o nj e c t u r al etymo l o g i es I am n ot a w ar e of any .

H e is to b e k i n d led a nd i n cit ed by evi d en ce t h a t bet ! or r a t h er g o bet wa s e v er u s ed

”
n es s e lu fan .

th e z eal of yo ur b r oth er h oo d — Bed e in J u n i u s a s a t er m of th e c h a s e in t h e Co n ti n en t al l an g u age s .

,

A n d beta n it s elf is u s ed in t h e c lo s el y an al o g o u s an d it s p r ec i s e i m po r t in th e e x ampl es c it ed in t h e

s en se of k in d l i ng a fir e b
y b lowi ng it u p P r ov t ext a n d by D y ce S kelto n II 1 69 to w h i c h m ay . .
, ,
.
,

an d OE to bete or beet th e fir e to keep u th e fi r e b dd d tho se r e fer r e d to by H al l iw ell a n d a n oth er

.
p e a e ,

by s u pp lyi ng it with fu el 0 S w bceta fyr ac c en on p 5 8 of th e biogr ap h i cal an d bibl io gr ap h i cal . . .

,
.

d e r e foc u m —Ih r e D u boeten bet mer s tr u er e n oti c es p r efix ed to th e r ep r i n t of th e Book of S t

. . .
,
.

ign em a dm ov er e tition es — K il v uu r a mbu ten to A lb an s is by n o m ean s c lea r

, . .
, ,
.

s et fir e to —Ov er y ssel A lmanac h Fr boutefeu

. It is n ot fou n d am on g th e c r i es to th e hou nd s . .
‘

an i n c en d i ar y wh er e it wi ll b e ob s er v ed t h a t we i v e n in fo l io d iii of t h e l as t men tio n ed wo r k

g
-
, , , ,
20 A BE T .

whi c h ar e in F r en ch n or in th e Vén er i e of Jac qu es ,

to “
bl owi ng th en to kin dl i ng maki ng u p
u
p, an d , ,

an d m en d in g a fir e su ppl yi n g it wit h fu el
”
d u Fo u il lo u x a n d t h er efo r e n otwith s t an di n g t h e
, ,
&c , ,
.
,

0 F r a better a wo r d c er t a i n ly of c omp a r a tively

. .
,
th emsel v es d er iv ed fr o m a n ej aculatio n of u n c er tain
r a r e o c c u r r en c e it may b e p r esumed n ot to h a v e ,
mea ni n g is an in v er s io n of th e gen eti c h i sto r y of
,

be en c o mmo nl y en ou g h emp l oy ed in e it h er F r an c e them all .

or E n gl a n d to h a v e g iv en r i se to s o man y wo r d s a s T h e F r en c h boute feu is g en er all y an d I h a v e n o ,

ar e h er e r efer r ed to it . d o ub t r i g ht ly r egar d ed as a c o m pou n d of th e v er b

,

T h e A n gl o S axo n beta n to r ep air g en er ally to

-
, ,
banter an d flu Boa ter is employ ed in a v ar i ety of
.

s u ppl y men d or r ek i n d le th e fi r e to r ep l en i s h with

, , ,
sen s es an d am o n g oth er s as th e popu lar e qu iv al en t
,

fuel is I t h i nk u n qu estionab ly c onn ect ed with th e

, , ,
of our p u t th e D an i s h p u tte to whi c h al s o t h e Ita l
, ,

ian bu tta r e fr equ en tly c o rr es po n d s I n C ar p en ti er s

’
a dv er b bet b ett er or t h e n o u n bot r e p ar a tio n
,
or , , ,
.

r a t h er with both T h e Sw ed i s h beta to men d or .

,
ad d itio n s to D uc a n ge u n d er C A RP E N T A RI I RUB E I , ,

r e p air fo r merly al so to feed or kindle th e fir e

, ,
we fi nd t h i s c it a tio n :
b ear s p r ec i sely th e sam e r elation to th e c ogna t e
Ci n d m e e oura p a s p ui d emi an ch e 1e fit tu boutes d e
’

r oot s in th e S c an d i n a vi an la n g u ag es as d o es a l s o
,
,
d en c h ll g
s e e ran c h e .

th e D an i sh v er b bb d e an d th e D u t c h boeten s t an d s
'

in a similar ca tego r y T h e I cel an d i c beeta to m en d .

,
Hun dr ed s of la t er examples to th e same pur po se
or r ep a i r is evi d en t ly th e v er b al fo r m c o r r es po n d
,
m i gh t b e c ited Ban ter is u sed in oth er c ompo u n d s .
,

in g to th e n o u n bot r e p ar a tio n a n d th e a d v er b betr , , ,

wh er e t h e etym ol ogy p r opo sed in th e t ext is w h o lly
b ett er ; and th e Sw ed i sh an d D an i s h beta an d M ale in a dmi ss ible as in th e trump et s i gnal bou teselle p ut
,
-
, ,

ar e r egu lar l y d er iv ed fr om baata I n th e O F r is ic . .

,
s a d dle or s i mpl y s a d dle w hic h by ac co mmo da , ,

th e v er b c o r r e spo n d i ng t o baeta a pp r oxi ma t es v er y tio n h as in m o d er n E ngl i sh b een c o rr u pted i nto

,

n ea r l y to th e E n l i sh better
g T h u s A s ega Bu c h .
,
-

,
boot a n d sa d dle
-
War d in his A n i ma d v er s io n s of
-
.
,

I 1 1 : S a beter e h i n i m ith twifald er e bote : H e

.
”
War r e w r it es it p rop er ly bou te s elle an d says this
,
-
,

s h al l better or r e a ir
p [ t
,h e w r on
g] to him with d o u b l e
“
poin t of w ar r e mean s to clapp e on th e sad “

”
r e a r a tion
p . dles .

T he o
tion b etw een beter b ett er an d ba te
c nn ec T h e v er b I am n ow c on s i d er in g is v er y wi del y , , ,

ba et beet r ep ar atio n r el i ef is e q u all y obvio u s in d i ffu sed thr o u gh th e langu age s of E ur op e

, , , ,
We .

D ut c h T h u s in Rein aer t d e V os W illems s edi c an h ar dly d o u b t t h a t th e D an i s h p n tte th e E n g

’
.
, , ,

tio n 1 8 3 6 v 5 8 62 7 :
, , . lish p ut th e F r en c h bou ter th e Sp an i sh bota r an d
-
, , ,

th e T u s can bu tta r e ar e i den ti c al an d th e v ery fr e

T en l e ten d oe hi o veral s ,
,

S oc h te e n d e ge n b t e n e n am ,
q u en t o cc u r r en ce of thi s wo r d in th e p r ovi n c i al
e ae v r ,

A n c n n c en da t hi d oe q m
e e d i al ec t s of Ital y su gges t s th e p r ob ability t h a t it o r i g i
c ra ua ,

D i en en l n g en h ls h ad
e nd e bee n ated in tha t c o u n t r y tho u g h I am n ot a wa r e t h a t
a a ,
e
,
D i n b t hi d t hi ij n g eb ec
an y p l au s ible lo cal etymol o gy for it h a s b een poi n t ed
e a a s r

B t d h i so t h m wel lon en etc

e er e, u e
I ts mor e c o mmo n s i gnifi ca tio n in Sp an i s h
.
,
ou t .

So in P la tt D eu t s c h in r efer en ce to legal p enal an d Itali an is to t h r o w or thr ow down with vio

-
, , ,
‘

ti es : l en ce an d t h u s it wo u ld seem to c or r espo nd to butt , ,

q v os t B u t in E ngl i s h an d in D an i s h it r a t h er
O dd er s in h e e b e c ul d eg d e mi u mm e d e wu n den d e ic p . . .
rr s e

im g b t t h bb e etc
e e er e e ,
i mpl i es m o d er ate actio n as it d o es also in Pi ed
. ,

m o n t es e Z allé D is ion ar i Piemon té is g iv es as .

, , ,
A n d in a n ot h er t ext : it s gen eral F r en c h equ iv al en t s mettr e p la c er p os er , , , ,

A dir sy n h e e b h ldig ete mic h y mme dy w n den dy a r r a ng er situer p oster r a ng er an d h e c it es more

rr esc u u
, , , ,
ic h y m g b s i t h abe et e e s r
t h an ei ghty phr as eolo gi cal expr ess io n s c on t a in i ng
,
c .

Homey Ric h tsteig Land ec h t c 4 1 2 er ,

this v er b in almo st all of whi c h th e sen se of th e
r s, .
, .

A n d in th e P D t ext of t h e S ee R ec h t of Ki n g ph r as e ex clu d es th e n otion of vio len t or s u dd en

. .
-

F r ed er i c II 1 5 6 1 in We s tp h alen IV 1 8 3 2 3 0 ac tion T h e r esemblan ce of th e Pr ov D an a t

.
, ,
.
, . . .

bou te I c el a t bu ta n idr to th row d o wn to th es e

S o d ar wol d em K ock n iidig en will F il e th o b6 ten u nd
.
, , ,
r

th sp y en b t n
o s ec h ter T id t d e b t e da vor 10 Ma rek
u e r
wo r d s is p r ob a b ly acc i d en ta l as tho s e S ca n d v er b s
,

e er
,
, , .

d m K d nige etc a r e n o d o u b t c o n n ec t ed with th e r oot a t bn a to

e , . g ,

b en d ov er whi c h c an h ardly b e th e so u r c e of th e ,

S ee al so Ri c hthofen u n d er beta an d beter ia Roman ce wo r d s , . .

A ll th es e wo r d s th en a r e almo s t c er ta i n ly r ad i Beita in th e sen se of food and of ba it is a v er y

, , , ,

ca ll y c o n n ec t ed with ou r a dj ec tiv e an d a d v er b better ol d a n d by n o mean s u n c ommo n I c el an d i c wo r d , ,

a n d p r op er l y r efer ab l e to th e sa me p r im itiv e s o u r c e and it is po s s ibl e th a t th e v er b a t beita to e x c it e to .

, ,

H en c e to d er iv e a cl as s of wo r d s s i gnifyi ng to r e sti mu la t e to aim at to br an d i s h to beat aga i n s t th e

, , , ,

p a ir gen er ally fr om oth er s sp ec i ally l imit ed fir s t w ind in n avi gatio n & c & c is an alli ed wo rd
, , , ,
.
, .
, ,
 A BE T . A BI D E . 21

tho ugh it is diflicult to r eco n c i le ev en th e half of So e r s *9

its v ery n u mer ou s significa tion s with t h a t su ppo s i

Ibid xxix C mm t tote n i t l
o en u
’
a waitie . . .

fion .
I n sho rt th e whole of this s p e c u l a tio n is b i s to r i ,

I see n o gr o u n d for su ppo s i ng th at th e r esem c ally and l i ngu i s ti c ally as i mprobable as woul d be
blan c e b etw een ba it a n d bite is an a c c i d en ta on e th e d eri v a tio n of th e E ngl i sh v erb hea r th e D ani s h .
,

T h e I celan d i c bita to bit e m ak es beit as its p r et er bor e th e I c elan dic begr a th e Ge r man b d r en a nd
, , , , ,

ite an d th e c o rr es po n d i n g S wed i s h bita h a s bet in th e Sp an i s h and 0 F r en c h air fr o m bea r ! hea r !

,
.
,

th e imp er fec t T h e vow el c h an ge is in n e it h er cas e an ej ac ul a tion mu c h u sed in th e Br i ti s h P arliam en t

.
-
,

a n o m al o u s an d our ba it o r tho epi call y r ep r es en t s

,
to d r a w th e a tte n tio n of th eau d i en c e and en c o u r age
th e p as t t en s e of th es e v erb s a s p eaker . .

T h e o r i gi n an d a s I h a v e al r ead y r emar k ed th e
, ,
It is wort h notic mg th a t titio a fir eb ran d whi c h , , ,

pr ec i se mean in g of bet in th e ej ac ulatio n g 0 bet ! s ta nd s al on e in th e L a tin langua ge and is gen er ally

, ,

ar e wholl y u n cert a i n It is l i ke th e oth er c r i es of su pposed to b e th e r oot of th e F r en c h a ttiser c ited

.
,

th e c hase mu c h mor e p r ob ab ly d er iv a tiv e t h an r ad

,
a t th e c o n cl u s io n of thi s titl e h as an o b vio u s re s em ,

i cal It may b e a h as ty an d th erefo re s h o r t en ed bla nc e to th e A r abi c a n d T urk i sh d tesb fir e and

.
, , , ,

p r o nu nc i a tio n of bite b u t as th e t ec hn i c aliti es of th e A S g etilzta n to set d ogs on th e gam e u sed in

, ,
.
, ,

t h e E n glis h vo ca b u l ar y of h u n ti n g w er e c hi efly A lfr i c s Co lloq u y N a t A n t I p 4 m ay b e a r e

’
. . . .
, ,

bo rrow ed fro m th e F r en c h it is n ot i mpr ob ably an la ted wo r d S ee Boot —M ] , , , . . .

ell ip tical e xp r es s io n for so m e F r en c h ph r ase con A b eyanc e S ee A b i d e . .

t a in in g th e wor d bite an d in fac t th e old v erb T O A bid e , A bie A bide and A bie (li ke g u ide
, , .
-
.

a bbeter as is hin te d by C ar p en ti e r
,
D u ca n ge v oc an d a
g y P r ov g u ida r an d
g u ia r It g r i d a e an d , ,
.
, .
,
. r ,

a bettu m is mo s t likel y ,
th e Ro man ce fo rm of a d
,
Fr cr ier ) a r e e ss en ti a lly th e same v er b u n d er d if
,
.

bes tia s in cita r e I n s o me of th e ph r ases c it ed by fer en t fo r ms of whi c h a bide h as d es c en d ed to u s

.
,

H all iw ell and D y ce g 0 bet d o es n ot app ear to b e fr o m ou r S a xon an c esto r s while a bie h a s c ome to
, ,

u sed in a s en s e an alo go u s to t h a t o f i n c it em en t an d u s thr o u h th e m ed i u m of t h e F r en c h

g , .

in tho s e wh er e it h as tha t for c e bet is n ot t h e em T o b egi n with a bie we h a v e seen u n d er A ba s h , ,

.

p h a ti c wor d if we may j udge by c omp a ri ng it with tha t th e so u n d mad e by th e i n volun t ar y op en i ng of

,

t h e F r en c h c o rr espo nd ing c ry whi c h is 22a a va n t ! t h e mo u th u n d er th e i n fl u en c e of as to n i s h men t or

,

D u Fo u i ll ou x 3 7 4 0 H en c e it would seem t h a t s i m i lar affec tion wa s i mit a ted b y th e syllable Ba

, ,
.
,

g o is th e wor d of i n c it em en t a n d bet a m er e ad v erb wh en ce in 0 Fr baer mod Fr beer to O p en th e

, , . .
, . .
’

possibly th e S cot c h bu t or th e like mo u th to gap e ,

.
, .

If Wedg woo d s etymology is so u n d i t mi ght b e ’

Q nt v oit 1e serpen t q i b ill , ua u ad a

ca rr i ed mu c h fur th e r F or e x amp le : w h en we C o nt ous l i g e le b Raynouard

’
. ra s u , u a ee . .

ba it ou rsel v e s or our ho r ses we n ec essa r i ly wa it T h e v er b s baer ba ier beer w er e t h en a pp l i ed fig

,
’

, ,

u n ti l t h e feed is ov er B a n d w ar e c o n v er tib le u rat iv el in th e sen se of lis t en i n a tt en tiv el y ga z

y g ,
.
,

a n d n ot to s p eak of th e c o rr es po n d en ce of b to t h e
ing with O p en mo u th ha vi ng th e a tt en tio n fixed ,

Ge rman w in th e Ci mbri c of th e S ette Co mu n i upon anyt hing b e i ng ab sorb ed in an obj ec t ,

,
.

man y old G erman d i al ec ts h a v e beiten an d th e

To b i i t a l e vir ,
us a o en a s r

e vir — R R 10
A u g sbu r g ed itio n of T auler of 1 5 08 h as ba iten P l m d e 1i d , 43 , or
’
a or es s r . . . .

p r ec i sely in th e sen se of wa it Beiten h as th e sam e T ranslat ed by C h a u c er .

s i gnifi c a tio n in t h e Ba v a r i an d i al ec t of th e p r e s en t

da y . Hen ce wa it is d er iv ed fro m g o bet ! F ur A ll b y w in h t v us or er o ser e

F t h a t t h ey wo ld h e l v d e v or u r o e es r e
th er languages w hi c h h a v e not th e tr u e sem i c o n so
,
-
.

n an tal w oft en su b stit u t e th e h ar d

g for it or emp l oy Po l t mp q be nt
’
, , ur o e s u e ser as e

a n in ter med i a t e s o u n d for both T h u s th e I r i s h E n t pe n e d l ctabl — R R 246 9

’

. a se e e e . . . .

Gen eral Wa ll b ecame in Span i sh A mer i ca Gen eral

I n C h au cer
Gu a l ; huev o (n evo) is n ot u n fr e qu en tly p r i n t ed
g a ce o by i n o r an t p r i n ter s in Sp a n i s h boo k s an d
g W h ils t t h l mb i t in t ha t t h
, g h t ,
ou so s o r s ou ,

on th e oth er ha n d G u ayaq u il is p r o no u n ced by th e ,

Th t i w te nd d lita b le a s so s e a e .

C hilia n s al mo st Waga gu il T h e F r en c h g uerr e T h e a d ditio n of an in iti al a m ak es n o al t er atio n

.
,

g a d e ar e th e s ame wo r d s as th e E n gl i s h wa r wa r d
r , in th e s en se and a bag er is expl a i n ed by L a c o mb e ,
.

, ,

Co n sequ en tly g uetter to lie in wa it is th e sam e é cou t er a v ec é to n n emen t bo u c he b é an t e inh iar e

x , ,
“
, ,

word as wa it and both ar e d er iv ed fr om g 0 bet ! loqu enti

, .
”

In d eed in N F r en c h th e v erb g u etter is sp elled

I mith t n d w ith h i h mm t h
.
,
w s a s a er u s,
with w and t h u s i d en tifi ed with wa it
sa a s

T h w h il t h i i n di d n v il
.
,
th l e s s ro on e a c oo ,

C il t i fi l w iti nt le n it d N l le c n te a l Haie
ro s a er e With pen m th w ll wing t il n w
u c oe o e o ou s a o a a or s
’
e s .

Reni Ch A ng N m III x v K J hn
'

er . . .
-
or . . .
. o s
22 A BI D E .

T he ad option of iv es u s th e v er b to
Fr T h us in many p as sages of th e S c r ipt ur es th e wo r d
a bager
g .

l ess c h ang e O f fo r m th e l e a bide in W ic kliif s v er s io n is r e p l a c e d b

’
a bie a n d ,
with sti ll y look f or
l t m be a nce su sp en s e or e xp ec t atio n T h e in O u r p r es en t tr an sla tio n L u ke ii 3 8 A n d sh e “
g a er a y
. .
.
,
,

Smit h s wo rk r e ma i n ed in a beya n c e whi le h e wa s

’
s p ak e of him to all th a t l ook ed for r ed emptio n in
,

n W icklifi s v er s io n h
”
J r u sal em I to t t "
pi n a t t h e t a i l o r s n e w s T h e ac tio n of ’
a p e r e a l l a
“
ga g
.
.

”
son th u s a b s o r b ed in e xt er n al ob se r v a tio n b ei n g so a bid en th e r e d em ptio n of Is r ael 2 Pet i ii 1 1 . . .
,

h h Wh t m n er of p er s o n s O u ht
ye to b e in all
“
su s p e n d e d t h e v e r b a bi
,
e w i c e xp r e s se s h is a tti a a n g
t u d e is applied to sirn pl e c o n ti nu an ce in i n ac tion to holy c on v er sation l ook i ng for and h asti ng to th e , ,

I n W ic klifi
”
c o m i ng of G od Wh a t man n er
‘
“
p ass iv e en d u r an ce or po s itiv e s uffer i n g of p a i n ,
. .
,

men b eh ov eth you to b e in holi l ivi n gs a bi ding a n d

A t sigh t of h er th ey s dd ine all ar os e hi h i n
u a
u n to th e c o mi n of t h e d a of our Lo r d
”

I n g r t am z e me w i t wh t w y to c h us e
ea a g g
s g a ya
.

—
,

r o m th e n otio n of w a iti n g ti l l s om et h i n g h a
,

J v
Bu t o e a e ll f are l ess fo r ce d t h em to by F Q F p
a . . .

pen s th e next s t ep was to tha t O f end ur i ng or suf

i e to r ema i n or ab i d e
. .
fer in g th e ev en t exp ec te d th en to simp l e en d ur
.

B t pa tien ce p rfo ce h e m t bi
u e r an ce c o n ti n u an ce
, d wellin g r es t
us a e
, , , .

What fortune nd his fa te will on h im lay — F Q a

A t his wr a th th e ear th s h all t r emble a n d th e . . .

”
C ertes (q oth sh e ) that is th at th e wick ed shr we b e nations sh al l n ot b e able to a bide h is in d i gna tion
u es e s .

mo e bli fu l th t bi n th e to m n ts th at th ey ha v e d e
r ss a a e Jer emi a h x 1 0 r e . .

e v ed t h n if no pain of J us tic e n e c h as tis ed th em

T his E ol s n o w h er e abod
s r a .

u e
Ch a cer Boethiu s
u . .

Till h e was c ome to Fam e f et s e .

T h e c o u rs e of d e v elop men t in fo r m an d s ign i fi Ch a c er H ous e of F ame u ,

.

ca tio n in th e ca s e of A bide is e x ac tl y p ar all el

[ T h e e tymology of th e Roman c e wo r d s d i scu ssed .

I n o r d er to a voi d th e h i at u s b etw een t h e r oot ba in thi s a r ticl e is c er ta i nly p l au s i bl e b u t th e e xte n ,

an d t h e sy lla b l e s of i n fl ec tio n t h e r oot is s tr en gt h s io n O f th e s am e a r gu men t to th e E n gl i s h a bide ,

en ed by a fin al d ( th e d b e i n g in a n c i en t L a ti n a bie a n d th e i r Gothic c o gn a t es d o es not seem to r e s t

‘
, ,

th e r egul ar stop ga p of t h e hiat u s Quar t Rev on a s ol i d fo u nd a t io n I n th e No r t h er n lang u ages

’
-
. . . .
,

an d t h u s g iv e s r i s e to It a n d t h er e is in
”
NO . ba da r e Pr ov d is n ot employ ed as a s tep gap .
,
. -
,

a n d C at ba da r t o O p en th e m o u th
.
,
Ba d a r e hippi s o me of th em e v en a t en d enc y to d r op it w h er e it is
.
,

tar e oseit a r e —G lo ss I s i d Ba der o u v r i r — V o

,
. ra dic al
. T h e O ld No r th er n bida to a bi d e for ex
.
,
.
~
.
-
, ,

ca b d e Ber r i
. T h e P r ov g ola ba da da It boc c a ampl e p a s ses in D ani s h in to bie an d in pop u lar p ro
. .
,
.
, ,
’

ba da ta o c cu py th e pl a ce of th e Fr g ueu le bee bou n u n ciation th e D an i s h la d e is ar ti c u l a t e d la e r id e

’
.
, , , ,

T h e Got h i c el emen t in Sp an i s h h as affec ted

’

che bea n te
’
. ri e & c ,
.

I n mo d er n Ital i an Pr ov a n d Br eton th e a c tio n th e p r o n u n c i a tio n of th e d in t h a t l angu a ge a n d in

,
.
, ,

of g a pi n g or y a w n i ng is e x p r essed by t h e fr e q u en so me of th e p r ovi n c i al d i alec t s this c o n s o n an t h as b e

tat iv es ba dig lia r e ba d a l/i a r ba d a lein c o r r espo n d i ng c o me alm o s t i n au dib le in oth ers wholly su pp r es s ed
'

, , , , ,

to t h e F r ba a iller ba iller fr o m th e oth er fo r m of

.
, in th e p art i c ipi al ter mi n a tio n s in a d o an d ido as
,
- ~
,

th e r oot ; while t h e s i mp le fo r ms It ba d a r e Br e t w ell as in ot h er p ar t s of sp eec h of th e l i ke endings

, .
,
. .

ba d a ar e u sed in s ec o n d ar y a pp l i ca tio n s
,
It ba I n th e few c as es wh er e a bie is i d en tifi ab l e with . .

da r e to m i n d to h eed to take c ar e to as pi r e to a bid e it is hi sto r i c al ly m u c h m o r e p r ob ab le th at it

, , , , , ,

c ov et e s i r er a r d emm en t Vo i s h t h a n a F r en c h wo r d a n d i na smu c h as
( a s a ba er
g d , ca b d e i s a D an , .
,

Berr i ) to amu s e o n es el f to t arr y to s tay — A lti

, t h e v er b is w r itt en wit h d d or t in th e o l d es t
, , .
, , ,

er i . Br et bada ba da ou i to b e st up efied d a zzled fo r ms in whi ch it or any c o g na t e wo r d oc cu r s in th e

.
, , , ,

a s to n i s h e d I n th e same way t h e wor d a tten d

. Mos so Go thi c A n glo S axon and Ic elan di c we can ,
-
,
-
, ,

w h i c h with u s expr e s s es th e dir ec tio n of th e m i n d hard ly d o u bt t h a t th e c onson ant is r ad i c a l as it is ,

to a par ti cular O bj ec t is u se d in Fr a ttendr e in th e in th e P er s i an d ba d ab od e w h i c h is in all li kel i

, .
, , ,

sen se of s i mp l y w a iti n g r ema i n i ng ti ll s o methi n g hoo d a par allel fo rm fr o m th e same p r i mitiv e root
, ,
.

is d o n e . If all t h ese wo r ds ar e as Wedg woo d su ppos es , ,

F r om It ba da r e we ar e led thr ou gh Goth beid a n d er iv ed from th e syllable ba an i m ita tio n of th e

. .
, ,

to exp ec t l ook ou t for en d u r e ; O G bi ta n a r bi so u n d m ad e by th e in vo l u nt ar y op en i n g O f th e

“
.
, .
, ,

t a n ; A S bida n a bid a n to E bid e a bide in p r e

.
, mo u th u n d er th e i nfl u en ce of as ton i s hmen t or s i mi
,
.
, ,

lar affec tio n it is s i ngular th a t th e O p en vow el a

”
c is ely t h e s am e way as fr o m F r ba er to g ap e .
, , ,

t h r ou g h ba ier a ba ier to E a beya nce exp ec ta tion s h ou ld n ot b e fo u nd in th e r adi cal syllable of a ny

, ,
.
, ,

a n d a bie to e xp ec t , en d u r e , of th e Gothi c d e r iv ativ es b u t al w ay s th e cl o s e i as

.
, ,

I n OE th e a c tiv e s en s e of look in g ou t for a O ld No r th ern bida th e d ip h tho ng ei Mos s o Got h i c

.
-
, ,
-

t h i n g was m uc h mor e s t r on gly fel t in t h e wo r d beida n or th e A nglo S axon i bida n T h e M oeso ,

-
,
.

a bide tha n it is n ow wh en th e s i n ifi c a tio n is n ear

g ,
G o t h i c a n d A nglo S a xo n p r o n u n c i a tio n of ei an d i -

ly c o n fin ed to th e s en se of c o n ti n u an c e en d u r an ce is i n d ee d u n c erta i n b u t t h ere is n o r ea s o n to s up , .
,
 A BIE . A BLE . 23

po se that it r esembled tha t of th e vow el u tt er ed in Now a bie fr om Fr , . a ba

ger ,ma
y fr e qu ently b e

th e in vol u nta ry O p en i n g of th e mo u t an d we transl a ted in pr ec i sely th e sam e mann er .

mu s t u pon th e w h o le c o nc l u d e t h a t th e d er iv a tio n —F Q
, ,
Wh o dies th e u tmos t dolour doth abie
of a bide a n d its Got h i c c o na t e s fr o m th e int erj ec
. . .

g
t ional b& is su ppo r t ed n e ith er by an al o gy n or by It is th en tha t a bie fr om a bicg a n
not s u r p ri smg

hi s tor i c al evi d ence M ] .

-
. a nd a bie fr o m a ba ier b ei ng t h u s fo u nd i d enti cal ,

A bl e, 2 F u nd ament al ly d i sti nc t fro m a bie in

. both in form and s i gnifica tio n s ho ul d occas io nally ,

th e s en s e a b ov e e xp la i ned altho ug h so m eti mes con , h ave b een c onfounded togeth er But th e c onfu sion .

fo u nded with it is th e v erb a bie p r op er ly a bug and

, , , h as b een ca rr i ed on e s t ep fur th er for a bid e b ei ng , ,

s p el t in d ifi er en tl
y in th e O
'

ld er a u tho rs a begg e a beg e , , wholly syn onym ou s with th e a bie of F r en c h ex

a bi
gg a bid g e, f r o m A S a bic
g a,
n a b c an
g g t o re .
, , t rac tio n has sometim es b een u sed a s if synonymou s
,

d ee m to p ay th e p urc h as e mo ney to p ay th e p en
,
-
, with the oth er a bie in th e sense of p a yi ng th e p en ,

a l ty s u ffe r th e cons e q u enc e s O f a nyt h i n g ; an d th e

, al ty .

If it b e fou nd s o some will d ear bid it —J l C sar

simp l e bu
g or bi e w as O ft
,en u s ed in th e s ame s en se
,
.
a e . u . ae .

S ith e Ric h esse h th me fa iled h ere a

H ow d ar ly I bide t h a t boas t s o v ain Milton P L
S h e sh all bi th t tre pas d e —R R
,
e a .
, . .

a e a s s er . . .

D i para g e n ot th e f i th t h
s do t not kn w a ou s o
Al ga te th is selie maide i lains alas s s
Le t to thy peril th ou bid it dear Mid N D r
s a e s
,

Al as ! to dere b ght sh e h er be te a ou au .
. . . .

D oc tor s Tale
’

[ A bu e is
g Robe r t of Glou c es t er in s till
u se d by
.

0 G loteny fiulfill ed O f c urs idn es s e l an ot h er sen se a nd in th ese c as es is to b e r egar d e d

,

fi
O th e ca u s e r s t of our c onfus ion ! as an oth er o r tho r a phy O f a bow or bow
g T hu s p .
, .

0 or ig inal O f ou r d amna c ion

1 02 :
T Ch t
ill ris h ad boug ht u s it h is h lod e w h a g ain

d
T o s ee h ow ere sh or tily for t o s ain Thi s 10nd ich h bbe h e e so fr th at to non h
a r s, err e y h sc al

fi tt
A bought was rs his c urs id v il onie l abuge .

P d ar on er s
’
T a le .

A nd , on p . 47 6
Th l gh my b oth Mo g n ou s ou r er r a

A t th m t f ll ig h t e e e u r
I n th ulk e s ul u s woun d e, an oth er h im s mot th o,
A I m d g h ti m n
s a a ou a
Th a t h e ab ugd e is fac e a do u n , etc . M .
]
Il i d th th bi t (b y t ) t nig h t
s ea ou s
f u es
r o m ha beo to h a v e ; ha ve
o
( A bl e L at ha bilis
.

S i T i tr em
. .
,
r r s .

li/ce a t han d) c o n v en i en t fit a d a pt ed ; Fr ha bile

w h h d y h d n h d th l y
.
, , , , ,
F or os o a an r o er o a
a b l e s t rong pow er ful e xp ert su flic ien t fit for a ny
I t d ly h ll bi nd d th f h d l p y
ere s a a e, a ea or on se a .
, , , , ,

Sp F Q en e thin g h e u nder takes or is put u nto Cotgr It s r, . .

. . .

A n d w h n h f n d h e w y h ur t th Pard
e e o as ehe g n on r a to a bile P r ov a bilh
, e
. .

th ete r ,
It will b e remarked on looki ng at a ser i es O f quo
A n d sw o b y S t Am yas tha t h e s h ou ld bigg
re ta tions that in th e ea rli er in s ta nc es th e sense of th e a

With st ok e har d and sore even p n th e rig g

r s u o
L a t ha bilis is clo sely p r eser v ed whi l e in la t er ex
.

l M e c h 2n d Tale
.
,
I ’
ro r
amp l es th e mea n i ng is c o n fi n ed to th e ca se of fitn es s
. . .

A c f r th e le yn ge t h at th o L c if low e til E e
o s u u er v
by po s sess io n of su ffi cien t a c tiv e pow er
T h c u s h al t bygg bitte q oth G od an d bo nd him wit h
.
a e r u

c h ey n es —P P
,

. . . G od tok eneth and as s ign eth th e times abling h em to h er ,

T O bug it d ea r s eems to h a v e b een u sed as a so rt

p op er O flices C h au cer Bo eth r . . .

of p rov er bi al exp r e ss io n for s uffer i n g l o s s witho u t I n th e o r i gi nal , ,

s p ec i al r efer en ce to th e n otio n O f r et r ib u tio n

S ig nat tempora p opriis
.

T h e t h in gie f ll in t h ey d n e of w e e e as o rr

Betwixt in h em of Tr i n d G rc k is ott e o e, a ,

F o ome d y b ghtin t h ey of T oic it d e e

r s a ou e an d to mak e r r ,

A n d c it e th e G kis f un din n ot hin g soft e h i power

re o i n ce ve s els s e s

of w th e ble u n to d th &c Wi kliff in Ri ha dson

' ‘
T h e f lk e of l oie o T and C r r . r . . ra a ea ,
.
-
c c r .

It will be s een fr o m th e foregoi ng examples h o T O ena ble a pe r son to do a thi ng or to disa ble him w ,

n at u rally th e se n s e of b u yi ng or p ayin t h e p ur is to r end er him fit or u nfit for d oi ng it

g .

c has e mo n ey of a thing p as ses i n to t h a t of s i mp ly

-

D iv p on s in th e Ho se of C o mmon w ere attain t d

s uffer i ng in whi c h th e wo r d is u sed in th e fo llowin ers e rs u s e ,
g
and t h e not l g al n o h bilit t to s erve in P arliamen t
,
fo re re e r a a e
passag es .

being di bled in th e h ig hest d egree sa

,

m oth e
.

O G od fo bid f
’
f lt
Bacon in Ric ha rd on
,
r or r s au
s
T h e c h ild en s h o ld bg — B c h er
.

r u a e
. ou .

I f h e c ome in to t h e h nd of t h e H ly In q i iti on h e T h e F r ha biller is to qu alify for a ny p ur pos e as

a s o u s , .
,

m s t by for it —
u a Bou c h e
e .
ha biller d a cha nvr e de la v ola ille to dr ess h emp to
r .

, , ,

i e mu st suffer for it
. .
dra w fowls to r end er th em fit for u s e wh en c e ha
.
,
24 A BOA RD . A BRA I D .

bilimen ts wh atev er is r equired to qu al ify for conn ec ted with th e pro cr eatio n of O ffsp r i ng th e 0
ar e ,
.

an y s p ec i al p u r po se as h ab i li men ts of war ; an d S W a la is mad e t o s i gn ify to r ear to b ri ng u p to

,
.
, ,

th e mo st gen er al of al l qu alifi ca tio n s for o c cu p a tio n feed to fa tten showi ng t h a t th e L a ti n a ler e to no ur , , ,

of a ny k in d b ein g s i mpl y clothin g th e F r ha bille ish is a s hoot fr om th e sam e r oot I n th e same ,

.
, .

men t h as b eco me a pp r op r i at ed to t h a t sp ec i al s ig way S W f oda s i gnifi es to b eget an d al s o tb r ear to

’
.
, ,

b r in g u p to feed to ma i n ta in
‘

nifica tion . Gael czla ich to pr o , , . .

,

[ I am n ot p r ep ar ed to d en y th e h i s to r i cal d es c en t d uc e bring fo r th n o ur i sh nu r se ; d l b r ood or , , , , ,

of th e E nglis h a ble fr o m t h e L at ha bilis throu g h th e yo ung of any kin d ; oil Goth a la n ol to r ear ed u .
, ,
.
, , ,

F r h a bile b u t it s hou l d b e r ememb er ed th a t d ha l is c a t e n ur se

.
T h e r oot el s i gnifyi ng l ife is e xt an t , .
, ,

fou nd thou g h r ar ely in A n glo S a xon in th e s en se in all th e langu ag es of th e Fi nn i sh s to ck

, ,
-
, .

of a b il ity or s t r eng th A bal itsel f m i g ht b e su p [ T h e A rabi c an d P er s i an d l Offsp r i ng po s t er ity

.
, , ,

po sed to ha v e b een bo rr ow ed fr om th e L a ti n bu t in d yn as ty is prob abl y a c ogn ate r oot — M ] , , . .

t h e c o gna t e I cel an d i c we h av e a bl or afl in th e A b ominab l e A b ominate L at a bomin or , . . .

sa m e s en s e as al s o th e v erb afla an d th e n o un afli

, ( fr o m a b an d omen a po r ten t) to d ep r ecat e th e , , ,

all O f whi c h with mo difi ed for m s an d s ig nific ation s

,
omen to r eco gniz e a disas tr ou s po rt en t in so me , ,

a r e s t i ll extan t in m o d er n Sw ed i sh an d D a n i s h p ass i ng o ccur r enc e an d to d o s omethi ng to av er t .

,

T h e M os so Gothi c a br s s tr o ng pow er ful s eems to th e thr eat en ed evil

-
Qu od a bomin or whi c h may
, , , .
,

be a c ogn a te wo rd an d h en c e it is po s s ible th a t th e G o d a v er t ,
T h en ce to r egar d with feel i ngs of d et .

E ngl i sh a ble is of Go thic r a th er th an Ro man c e ori estati on an d ab horr enc e .

g in tho ,
u h th e fac t th a t th e adj a ble whi c h is n ot
g A b o v e A, S f
u an be u a n bu a n
f f a bu a n
f D u .
, . .
,
-
, , ,
.

fou n d in A S o ccu r s in O F r i nd i cat es th e la tt er boven OE a bowen S c a boon abov e on h i g h I n

.
,
. .
, ,
.
,
.
, ,
.

a s th e i mm ed i a t e s o u r ce of th e E ngl i sh wo r d Barbo ur s Br uce we fin d both a bowgn e a nd a bow as .

’
,

withou tgn a nd withou t .

d oit e tat d inno e ic e

C ar 1e r s
A b out
’
c r
A S u ta n o u tw ar d witho u t be u ta n -

Re mb le p p emen t la table
. .
, , , ,
ss a ro r

Bl n c h e polie q ui est a bl b u ta n
g m bu ta n on bu ta n a b
a
a ta n ab ou t ; l it er all y
e , , , , ,
, ,

A recevoir an nul c on tr ir e ar o u nd on th e o u t s i d e
s s a .

C e qu on y v t pein d p o trai e So meti mes th e t wo p art s of th e wor d ar e d ivi ded

’
o eu re u r r .

G d e M c ha lt Remede d e Fo tun e in by th e subj ec t t o whi c h it r ela te s or th e p ar ticle be

. a u ,
r ,

S andras E tu de sur Cha ce 294 — M ] u r, .

,

is s ep ar at ed fr o m th e p r epo si tion an d joi n ed to th e

.
,

o
A b ard F o r on b oa r
. d withi n t h e w a ll s of a p r ec ed in
g v erb ,
.

s h ip Ic el bor d a b o ar d th e s i de of a ship I nn a n
. .
, Y mb h an cred t n
,
.
u a ,

bor ds within th e s hip on b o ar d ; a t has ta

,
bor d , Ab t cock crow , ou .

to th r ow ov erboar d .
T h onn e seO eeftre
E th op i Lan d a
A b olish Fr a bolir fr o m L at a boleo to er as e
C
.
. .
, ,
B lig th t n d mon e e u o ae
T h e n eu ter fo rm a bolesc o to w ear a wa y
. .

or a nn ul .
, ,

to gr o w ou t O f u se to p er i sh wh en c omp ar ed with for lig eth buta n it c o mpasseth th e whole lan d of

, , ,

a doles c o to gr o w u p ,
c oal esco to gr ow togeth er Ethiopi a , , , .

s how s th a t th e fo r c e of th e r a d i c al s y l la bl e ol is A b r aid A b ray T o a br ag or a br a id n ow O b . . ,

g r owth vita l p r o gr es s ,
Pl D a
f olen af oold en to s ol et e i
.s c o m m o n in our o ld er w r ite r s in th e sen s e
. .
-
,
-
, ,

b ecome wo rthless thr ou gh age D e M a nn olet g a n z of s tar ti ng ou t of sl eep a w aki ng br eak in g out in .
, ,

e man d wi n d les a w a y T h e p r i m itiv e i d ea l A S a br ce d a n a br ed a n to a w ake sn at c h

a
] ; th a n u ag e
g g . . .
, , ,

s eems tha t of b ege tti ng or g ivi ng bir t h to kin d li ng a w a y d r aw ou t , .

,
.

0 S W a la to b eget or g iv e b i r th to c hi ld r en a nd
. .
,
T h of sleep e nb gd , a o r ce

a ls o as A S cela
,
n to l i g ht a .fi r e ; th e a n a l o,g y b e S u n L am eh es u .

tw een life a nd th e p r ogr ess of i gnition b ei ng on e of Th en from sleep aw ok e

T h e s on of L m ec h C d m
c o n s ta n t occ ur r en ce So in L at a le e c p os to i ll on a ae
a
.
r
.

.
.
,

l et th e h air grow an d a ler e fla mma m to feed th e , T h e s ense of th e s i mp le v er b to a br a id a br ag , ,

fl am e I n E ngli s h we s p eak of th e vital sp ar k (see Br ay ) is to d o anyt hi ng with a qu i ck an d su d

.
, ,

a n d th e v er b to kin dle is u s ed both in th e sen s e O f d en motion to s t a r t to sn a t c h to t ur n to br eak ou t , , , , .

l i g h ti ng a fir e and of g iving b i r th to a l itt er of ,

T h e Miller i pe lou s m n h e ide s a r a se
you ng T h e a ppli ca tion of th e r oot to th e n otion
.
A n d if t h t h e o t of h is l p b id a u s ee a re e

O f fir e is ex emplifi ed in L at a doler e a d olesc er e to H e mig h t d one u s bo th . ill onie Reve s Tale , , a v .

-
’
.

b u rn up (ad olesc unt ignibu s arse whi le th e Wh e e f a le s I to sleep d id d wn me lay .

r e r s o ,

s en s e O f b e etti n ivi n b i r th to expl a in s soboles Bu t w h en as I d id o t of sl p b y

g g g g , , u ee a ra .

( f or s ub ol e s
) p r o en y a n d in d oles tha t whi ch is
g
- -
, T oilus ne r o t of hi wit b id
,
- -
,
r a u s a re

bor n in a man n at u r al d i spo s ition T h en as th e , A nd w ept f ll sore w ith vi g e p le f h e .

, u sa a o u .

d u ty of n o u ri shin g a n d su p p or ting is i ns ep ar ably Ch u er Te t C e ‘

a c ,
s . r ss .
 A BRI D GE . A BUT . 25

T o A b ridg e — A bbr eviate, to sho r t en, or c u t . a nd wi d e and h en ce arb itr ar il y appl i ed in th e ex;
,

s ho r t Of t h ese synony mou s t er ms th e for mer,

. p r es sio n g oi n g ab r o ad to goi ng b eyond th e li m its of
fr o m F r a br eg er , seems th e Old er fo r m, t h e id entity
.
’
o n e s own c ou n t r y
’
.

of whi c h with L a t a bbr evia r e not b ei ng a t on ce ap .

Bu t it (th e rose ) n e was s o sp red e on br ed e,

p ar en t a bbr evia te was sub sequ ently fo rmed d ir ec t
, Tha t men with in migh t know th e s ede — R R . . .

from th e la tter la nguage .

A br eg er its elf n otwith st an d i ng th e p la u s ib le qu o A b s c ess Fr a bs c ez , o ur se of ill h umo ur s

’
. . a c
,

ta t ion fr o m C h au cer g iv en b elow is n ot fr o m G ,

.
ru nn in g t h ei r v ei n s and n a tu ral
ou t of places i n to
a bbr ech en A S a br ceca n b u t fr o m L a t a bbr evia r e by .
t he em pty s p ac es b e tw een th e mu sc les C otgr . .
,
.
, ,

th e c h an ge of th e v a n d i i n to n an d r es p ec tiv el y .
L a t a bsc essus a gath er i n g O f ill h u mo ur s to one
.
,

T h e P r ov encal h a s br eu for b r e vis ; br eug eta t for p ar t of th e bo dy Littleto n fr o m a bsced er e to r e

.
, ,

br ev ita s in an al o gy with whi ch th e v er b c o rr e

,
ti r e wit h d r a w d ra w to a h ead
, ,
.

sp ondin g to a bbr ev ia r e wo u l d b e a bbr euj a r l eadin g ,

T o A b s o rb L at a b a nd s or ber e to su ck up cor
. .
, ,

i mmed i at ely to Fr a br eg er ; a nd ot h er c as es may r es po n d i n

g to G s chlil rf en an o n om a topoei a of th e
’
.
. ,

n oi s e m ad e in s u ppi n
b e poi n te d ou t of s i mi la r c h ange in p as s i n g fr o m g u p l iq u i d foo d F or th e l o ss .

of th e I c o m p a r e L a t f ug io with G
L a t to th e Ro man c e l a ng uage s
. L at lev is b ec o mes . .
flgfl g
u ie en . .
,
.

leu in P r ov whi l e th e v er b a llevia r e is p r eser v ed

.
,
T o A bstain A b stemious L a t a bs tin eo to
. . .
,

in th e d ou bl e fo r m of a llevia r an d a lleuj a r wh en c e ,
hold b ack fr om an obj ec t of d es i r e whenc e a bste ,

t h e Fr a ll eg er w h i c h p a s s ed i n to E ngl i s h un d er
.
'

,
miu s h a vi n g a h a bit of ab s ta i n i n g fr o m
, Vin i .

th e fo r m a llegg e c o mmo n in Ch au c er a nd h is c on ,
a bs temiu s P l i n y ab sta i ning fr o m wi ne So Fr
, ,
. .

t empo ra r i es so t h a t h er e a ls o we ha d th e d o ub le eta mer to tin fr o m eta in

’

.
, , ,

fo rm a llegge and a llevia te p r ec i s ely co rr espo nd i ng ,

A b stra ct L a t a bs tr a her e a bs tr a c tus fr o m tr a
. .
, ,

to a br idg e a nd a bbr ev ia te I n like mann er fr o m .

her e th e L a t r e p r es enta tiv e O f th e E d r a w d r ag
, . .
,
.

L a t gr a vis P r ov g r eu h ea vy h a r d s e v er e ; g r en
.
,
.
, , ,
T h e a bstr a c t of a d eed is a su mmar y O f th e im

g eta t
g ra vity
,
l ea vi n g a v e r b a g r eu a r to b e s u p
j ,
po r tan t ma tter d r a wn ou t an d p r esen t ed in a sepa
r a t e fo rm in th e same way t h a t th e e ss en ti ally
’

pli ed c o rr es po nd i ng to F r aggr eger OE ag r edg e .

, .
, ,

to aggra va te T hi n g s tha t g rea tly ag r edg e th eir

.
“ s yn o n y mo u s extr a c t is ar bit r a r i ly a pp l i ed to t h e

sin .
”
P ars on s T ale ’
.
i mpo rtant p ar t of mat er i al su b s tanc e d r a wn ou t a n d
No d ou bt if we h ad not so c om plet e a p ed i gr ee sep ara t ed fr o m th e u s el ess ma ss .

fr o m br evis th e i d ea O f b r eak ing off wo uld s uggest

,
Lo k h p t h y b th G fl y f ‘
’
o er e u on ro er eo re s a ce,
a v er y p la u s ibl e d er iv a tio n fr o m G a bbr ec hen to .
, Th y t h b w w m ld d t f h i
es e e es, os e ro s er e ou e ou o s
b r ea k O ff ; hur z a bbr echen to c ut s h o r t K iittner , , .
Th i littl b t t d th t i th t l g
s e a s rac o c on a n a ar e
“
A n d wh en thi s ol d e m an wc n d e to e nfo r ce h is Wh i h d i d in G fi y
c d th h d f Tim
e eo
‘

re an e an o e

ta l e by r os o ns all at o nc e begon n e th ei to r i s e for S h ll d w thi b i f in to as h g a vol m

a ra s r e u e u e .

to br ehen h is tal e a nd hid d en h im full O fte his wo rd s

,
K Jo h . n .

for to a br egg e C h a uc er M elih aeu s .

”
, . An qual ity is a qu al ity withdr a wn fr om
a bs tr ac t

[ It is n ot n ec essa ry to i nv en t or s u pply th e of e p ar ti c u l a r O bj ec t s wh er eby it is ex h i b it

“
an
y t h
v er b s a br euj a r an d a g r euj a r s i nce b oth ar e fo und , ed in a c t u a l e xi s t en c e a n d th e c o n c e ptio n O f a

in A u sias M a r c h T hu s . qu al ity so c o n s i d er ed a p a r t fr o m a ny p ar ti c ular ,

D cls y t s eny al s mo tal s q u Y poeras po sa

vu r ,
’
mod e of e xhi b itio n is a n a bs tr a c t i d e a , .

N on v en al g 0 a v id T o A bu t P r ob ably n ot a m er e a d option of Fr
’
b j et u, e a s a reu a ,
c
.
. .

D e Am o C n to X C I 1 2 5 b E dition of 15 5 5 r, a .
,
. .
a boutir in t h e s am e sen s e b u t d i r ec t fr o m t h e v er b ,

E molte s v eus la fal ta conegu d , a, to bu tt to s t r ik e with th e h ead a s a go a t or a r am

, , .

Par tir sen vol e lo par tir l g j etc ,

’
a reu a , .
It is c lear tha t th e full for c e of th e m eta phor is fel t
C an to M ral x1 111 18 2 o ,
. .

by Sha kesp ea r e wh en h e s p eak s of F r an c e a n d

Oth er ex amples o cc u r on fol io s 1 01 1 3 1 a n d else , , E nglan d as
w h ere in th e same a u tho r — M ] . . T wo m i g h t y mon a c h ie s r ,

A b r o ach F or on br e a c h fr o m F r br ocher to
. , .
,
Wh ose hi g h p o ed and b tti g fi nt u r ar a u n o s

pi er ce T o set a t un a br oa c h is t o pi er c e it a n d so
.
T h e narr o w pe i lo s o c ea n p t s su n de r u ar a r.
,

to pla ce it in c o nditio n to dr a w of th e c o nten ts . A bu tta ls or b o u n d a r ie s ar e t r an sla te d c ap ita i n

mid L a t a n d a bu t c a pitar e
Rig h t
.
. .
, ,
tonne b has wh o set a a r oc e
I n t h e sam e way th e G stos sen to th r ust b u tt
H e p e c ed t h e h d o h e ,
.
, ,
r ar r c .

Gowe in Ric ha d r r son .

pu sh with t h e ho r n s & c is als o a pp l ied to t h e ,
.
,

ab u tti n g of l an d s E M 005 3 der mit den H om em

W all o
.

n b ki mettre en pe
'

a ro e G nd g rc ra
s tosset a bu tti n g ox ; ein s toss zg er Boc k a b u ttin g
. . '
, '

, ,

S ec Brea ch o t I/ r e L cin der s toss en a n ein a n der thei r l a n d s

'

a z
.
g ; ,

A b r o ad ou br oa d, pr ead ov er th e s ur f ac e, far a bu t on e a c h othe r So in Swe d i sh s tO ta to s tr i ke

’

. s .
, .

VO L . I . 4
26 A CCE D E . ACE .

to thru st to bu tt as a go at ; s tota til samma ns to

,
'

,
A h c ar m
m eet to g ethe r to a bu t T he whi h n h elin th ee f th i nec ca o a xes s e

tho d o fo thw ith all thy b in

.
,
If u r us esse
T h e i d e a of r e a chin g to a ce r ta in b o un d ar y is in
.

T ro an d Ce r ss . 2 , 1 3 15
othe r in st ance s expr e ss e d by t h e i ma ge of str i kin g
. .

or b e a tin
g a s the F r ba ttr e ,
.
I t h p p ith oftin a so

T h t n th t f xi doeth f l l ill f e
a o e a o a s u ar
n d et b elle
E t 1a p ra r gra i ie By g ode c n ail can k epe hi f e n d th ou s e s r er efro .

pied te t e b t it R R
A u d e ce r r u a . . .
T o an d C e r . r ss . 1, 6 2 7 .

T h e m e d o w e h ed to th foot of th h i ll — tr n l ted
a r ac e e a s a

b y Ch a ce u r :
A cco m p l ic e F r c om lice L a t com lex b o u n d
p p . .
, .
,

u
p with u nite d with one in a p r oject b ut al w ay s in ,
T h m d wi ofte n d g e n e
,
e ea o s a r s
a b a d s en s e
B t i g h t pon th w te ide
.

r e a r s
ee u
Accompl ish Fr a c comp lir L at c omp ler e to
.

. .
, .
,
A ga in fill u p fulfi l co mp l ete , ,
.

Le h eve x e t b lond et i lon gs

s c u s s u Accor d F r a ccor d er to agr ee For me d in . .
, .

x talon
’
Q il l i b t i t
s au u u
a n al o gy to the L a t
a o en
c on c or d a r e d isc or da r e fr om
s .
.
, ,

d i a n d con s e u ent ly fr o m c or the

H e tre e y ello w n d lon g st a g h te n
r ss
c on c or s
s
s c or s
qa r u , , ,

Unto h er h eles down they ra gh ten he ar t and n ot c lzor d a the s t r in g of a mus ic al in u . , ,

s t r um ent D iez T h e Swi ss Ro ma nce h a s c or der e . .

,
See Bu tt .

c or d r e s ynonymo u s with G 9 5 7 m m to con s ent , .

,
[ T h e p ar ticipi al ad ver b bata n t is u se d in L es Q uat r e he ar ti ly with wha t fall s to a n othe r Wallon lceu r e
; , ,
Li vr e s d es Roi s in a s en s e a n alog o u s to that in the voi r d e b on r é u u n é vé nem ent ar r ive a u el ’

g q q
cita tion s fr o m the Roma n d e la Ro s e u un u u n e cho s e a it l ie u ; meskeu r e m iss onn en
’ ’ ’

q q g , , .

Q n t Jo b vit q i l ne po t lo i c mmov eir vers A h G r and gagnage

ua a u
’
u re u .

ei id fo me g es t t b t t ap es A h
ne r, e en
ss iad rs ve
T o Accost s es
L a t c os ta a r ib a s i d e ; F r cas te
ssa u a an r
. .

L i s c L iv d es R ei III 2 6
, , .
,
ne r -
e s,
a r ib c osté now c 6 te a s i d e ; c os te d c os te s i d e b
. . . . . ’

y
- -
, , , ,

Her e ta t ba ta nt evi d ently me an s immedia tely c lose s i d e Hence a cc oster to join si d e to s i d e a pp r oa ch

, , .
, , ,

u on the heels an d thence to g r eet

p . .

L au d on nié r e Hi stoi r e d e la F lor i d e h a s an or th og

, A ccount A r eckonin g s t ate ment of expen se s ; , . ,

ra h
p y of a bou tir which if not a m i s p r int su g g e s t s fo rme r ly w r itten a cc omp t fr o m F r comp ter L at
, , , , .
, .

a diffe r ent po ss i b l e ety m ol o g y of th a t wo r d He c omp uta r e to r eckon .

,
.

w r ite s p 3 of the P a r i s i a n r epr int of 1 8 53 :

,
. Accoutr e F r o m the Fr a cc ou tr er for mer ly . .
,

a cc ou s tr er to equ ip with the h ab i liment s of so me ,

L 9 par tie o rien tal e d icell e e t n ommée p les m ode n e s
’
s ar r
s peci a l o ffice or occu p a tion a n ac t of which in
.
-

te e d e N oru mb g e l q elle b tit au g olp h e d e Ga mas

rr er a u a or
,

a tho lic co u nt r ie s the fr equ ent ch a n e of ve s t m e n t s

,

q u i la s épare d ec l i le d e C an ad a
’
av
c’
s g .
,

at a ppoin te d pe r io d s of the ch ur ch s e r vice wo u ld

T h e M d L at a bu tta r e a bbu ta r e which occu r s in affo r d a s tr i k in g a n d fam i li ar ex amp l e

. .
, , .

a ch ar te r of Hen r y I cite d b y D uca n g e fro m D u g Now the pe r son wh o h ad charg e of the ve stment s
.

d al e a bota r e an d ba tta r e for which he r e fe r s to in a c a tholic ch u r ch was the s a c r i s ta n in L at cu s

, , , , .

D ugd al e M ad ox an d Ke n nett a ppe a r to b e of tos s a cr a r ii or ecc les iw (b ar b ar o u sly r e n d e r e d c us

, , , ,

E ngl i sh or i g in for no Continental a u thor ity is a d tr ix when the offi ce wa s fill e d by wo m an ) in 0 F r

, , , . .

d u ced for eithe r of the m Bu t the u s e of a bu tta r e c ou s teu r or cous tr e c ou tr e G er kus ter the s ac r is
.
, ,
.
,

which a c co r d in g to D u ca nge is al ways applied to tan or ve stry k eepe r L u d wi g

, , ,
-
. .

th e n ar r ow en ds not the lon g s id es of p ar cels of , ,

lan d an d the ex am pl e s he ci t e s u n d e r th at wo r d an d
A d cu s tod em s ac ra ii p ertin et c ura vel c s tod i m templi r u u
,
—vel tes q ac v asa s ac o u m S t I ido e in ,
a ves ue sacr ce, r r s r
u n d e r bu tu m an d ba tta show a l mo s t concl u s ively
. .

,
D can g e u .

that a bu tta r e is i mm e d iately d er ive d from the Fr .

bou t en d or fro m s om e o ld e r fo rm of the same

, ,
T h e o r i g in al m e a nin g of a cc ou tr er wo u ld thu s b e
wor d — M ] . . to per for m the o ffice of sacr i s ta n to a p r ie st to in ,

Acc ed e Acc ess A cc essor y

. L at a cc e ve s t him with the h ab i l i ment s of h is office ; a fte r
. . .

der e a c cessu m to go or com e to to a r r ive at ap

, ,
w ar d s to inve s t with the p r oper h ab i li ments of any , ,

p r o a ch T o su ppo r t to b e of the p ar ty or s i d e of othe r occu p a tion

.
,
.

an
y o n e to as s en t to to
, a pp r ove o f Hence a cces A ccr u e,
F r a ccr oitr e a ccru fr o m L a t c r es cer e . . .
, ,
.
,

s or a n i d e b ette in c i m e to r ow T hence a ccr ue a gr owth i n c r e as e C otg r

y a , r or a r a r g . .
, , , .

F r a c c es fr o m a cces s u s a fit or s u d d en a tt a ck of a nd E a c cr u e to b e in the con d ition of a gr o wth

.
,
.
, ,

a d i s o r de r b ecam e in O E ad ess e l a x es s ti ll re to b e a d d e d to so m ethin g a s wh a t n a t ur ally g row s

, p p .
, .
,

s e r ve d in the p r ovinci al a xes the a gu e H a11i ou t of it ,

.
- .

well .
A ce Fr a s It a sso the fa ce mar k e d with the . .
,
.
,
 ACHE . A D AW . 27

n u mb er on e on car ds or d ice fro m L at a s as sis De Vr ie s Pre eve v an M idd el ned er land sch e T aal , .
, , ,
v

which s i g nifie s a s in gl e on e D ie z z u iv er in
g p 1 a pp rove s the ety
. m o l o gy of D ie z .
,
.
, ,

Ach e A b odily p a in fro m A ch ! the n at ural a n d s how s how the r ela te d Nether lan d i s h ac oniscie
. ,

expr e ss ion of p a in So fr o m G a ch ! alas ! the r en 0 Fr a c on oysser d e scen d fro m the L a ti ri a c coy

. .
,
. .
,

ter m is appl ie d to woe gr ie f M ein A ch ist d eine n os c er e the p ar ticipial fo rm of which a cc ogn itu s is
, .
, , ,

F r eud e My woe is yo ur joy

, K iit tner A chen to the o r i gin of th e la te r L atin a ccognita r e whence . .
, ,

u tte r c r ie s of gr ie f T h e G r x g p ain gr ie f is a c c oin ter and E a c qu a in t — M ]

. . a o
, , ,
. . .

fo r m e d on the sa m e p r in cip l e T o A cquit F r o m L at qu ietus at r e s t was . . .

, ,

T o Achi eve Pr ov c ap Fr c hef head an d fo rme d F r qu itte whence ac qu itter to set at r e s t

. .
,
.
; ,
.
, ,

thence the end of a n ythin g ; d c c hief en c hief, fr o m with r e spect to so me i mpen d in g claim or a ccusation .

en d to en d ; ven ir a c he to a in one s en d t o ac S ee Q u it Q u ite

f
’

g , , ,
.

co mpl i sh ; Pr ov a ca ba r F r ac hever to br in g to a . [ In 0 D utch quite is u s e d mu ch as ou r a c qu itted

,
.
, .

he a d to a cco mp l i sh a chieve
, ,
D oe R ein se r t q it was g ela ten
.

u e
Acme G r / 7 a point : the hi ghe s t d egree
. . a rc1 7
,W s h i b lide u te m ten a r a .
,

of an
y q u ality .
Rein aert d e V o Will ems v 25 53 s, , . .

A corn AS wcer n cec er en a cc ern Ice l a ha r n

. .
, ,
.

D a n a g er en ; D u a her ; G echer eichel

. Go th .
Acr e G r ypog L at ag er Goth a hr s c ulti .
,
. . . a
‘
. .
,

a/ cr a n fr u it
,
T h e la s t of the AS s pe ll i n g s s how s va ted la n d co r n l a n d
.
G a clcer a field of c ultiv at . ,
-
. .
,

a n e a r l y a cco mmo d a tion to the n otion of oak c or n ed l an d ; thence a m e asur e of l a n d s o mu ch a s -

,
,

a d e r iv a tion h a r dly co m p a ti bl e with t he othe r T e u may b e p l o u ghe d in a d ay .

tonic an d Sca n d in a vi an fo rms or with the mor e T o A d aw T wo wo r d s of d i stinct me an in g and ,

.

g ene r al s i nific a tion of Goth

g a/cr a n n otwith s tan d o r i g in ar e h er e con fo u n d e d : .
,

in g G r i mm s q uota tion of C aj u s
’
1 st fr o m AS d ag ia n d ceg ia n to b eco m e da y to , ,
.
, , ,

dawn O E to cla w to d a wn a d a w or a d a wn to
Glan d i s pp ellatione omnis f u c tus c ontin etur , ,
.
, ,
a r
w a ke ou t of sl eep or ou t of a s woon I a d a we
.
“
.

Gr i mm is hi ms elf incl ine d to e x pla in alcr a n fr u it or a da wne as the d ay cl oth i n the mo rn in g wh an , ,

as the p r o d u ce of the aJ cr or co r n fi eld the so nn e d r aweth tow ar d s h is r i si n g

, I a da we -
. .
”

”
C a t ayld a n a co r n
.
, on e ou t of a s wou n d e
. to da we fr o m s wo u nin g ,
“
,

[ T h e etymolo g y oak c or n s ee ms to h a ve b een —to da wn e or get l i fe in on e th at is fall en in a

-

ea rly a d opte d in En gl i sh J uli a n a Be r ne r s r ep rint s wo u ne P al sgr ave in H alliwell

.
, .
”
.

of 1 8 1 0 ( 1 iii ( p s ay s
, , ,
.

A man th t wak eth of h is lep e a s

C rabbes and ke m n ottes t h e re th e y g ro w

o co H e m ay n ot sod enl y wel ta k e n k epe
es .

T h e C a tala n a yld w r itten als o g la an d g la n is U po n a th in g n e s ee n it p fi tly ,

ar

T il t h a t h e be ad w d v e aily Ch
, ,
au c er a e r
on ly the La tin g la ns th e initi al a not b ein g ra d ical , ,
. .

a nd the wo r d h as no r e la tion to a c or n u n l e s s we 2 nd ly fr o m the F r a d ou c ir to so ften a nd thence , ,

.
, ,

su ppo s e g la n s to b e a ll ie d to so m e p r i m itive fo rm to aba te to q u ell to d i mini sh the str en gth of , , .

of the la tte r wo rd In fa ct ayld make s ag la n s in .

A s th e b i g h t su n wh a t time h is fi e y t ai n
,
r r r
the plu ral j u s t a s g r a ( Sp gr a no) mak e s g r a ns in
, To war d s th e weste n b rim beg i ns to d ra w
.
r ,

tha t n u mb e r M ] .
-
. Gi ns to ab ate th e b ri g h tness of h is be me a

T o Acq u ai nt 0 F r a c c oin t er Pr ov a coic. n An d fe

.
r vo ur of his flame s s om e wh at d w
.
,
.
a a e .

d a r to mak e known ; 0 Fr coint i n fo r m ed of a .

F Q v.
ch 9 . . . . .

, ,

thin g h a vin g it known fr o m L at c ogn itus accor d

, S o spak e th e b ol d b rere w ith gr eat di dain
, .
,
s ,

in g to D ie z ; b u t thi s s ee ms on e of the c as e s in L ittle him an s wered th e oak again ,

B t y ielded w ith s h am e nd g r ief d w d a a a e

which it mu s t b e d ou b t ful whethe r the Ro ma nce u ,

T h a t of a w eed h e was ove cra w ed S h ep C l r . a .

wo r d com e s fr o m a L at o r i gin al or fr o m a corr e

.

.
,

s p on d in g T e u toni c r oot T h e G h a s ha n d (fr o m In o rd er to u n d er sta n d the step from a d ou cir to

. .

kenn en to k now ) k nown man ife s t ; ha n d ma c hen

, , a d a w it mu s t b e o b s e r ve d th a t s eve r al of the Bu r
, , ,

to m ak e kn ow n in pr eci s ely the same sen se w ith gund ian d i al ects (fr o m whence mu ch of ou r E n gli s h
,

the Pr ov c oin da r the d of which s ee m s b etter to is d e r ive d) r e gularly chan g e the so u n d of the F r ench
.
,

a r ee with the G wo r d tha n with the L at c o nitu s ch to n h T h u s the o r d in ar y Wall oon h a s

g g . 8 o r a . .

G ku n dig ha vin g k nowl e dg e of a thin g

.
, Icin ohe whil e the Wall oon of Namur h as c on oche to .
, ,

[ T h e d er iv ation of a c qu a in t fr o m ha n d hu nd know from cog noscer e It c on oscer e Wall on hou he , , ,

. .
,

ma chen d oe s not a cco u nt for the p r efix an d a s s ug

, d i al ect of A ix hu s ch a fa r thin g Wall on lahe for , , , ,
.
, ,

g e s te d b y an ab l e w r ite r in the At l antic Month ly lac h e a l e as h s a h an fo r s a is on bihe for his e T h e , , , .

for Au gu s t 1 8 6 0 the M id L a t a dc og n ita r e is a m u ch sa m e pec ul i ar ity ch ara cte r i s e s the d i al ect of Gruy er e
, ,
. .

mo r e p r ob ab l e so ur ce of this wo r d and its mo d er n in co mp ar i son with the s ur r o un d in g po r tion s of

Romance cogn ate s Roma n Swit z er la n d and in the fo rmer d i str ic t is
.
,
28 ADD . AD MIRAL .

p r e serve d the ve rb a da u hir to soften corr e spon din g , , p ool, pool th at r eceive s the draini n g of a d unghi ll
a .

to a d a u cir of the o r d in ar y p a toi s Hence E a da w . .

, P r ov S w K o a del t h e u r ine of cow s ; a d la or a la
. .
-
, ,

as a ba w fr o m es ha hir . mi n g e r e of cow s a s in E to s tal e of ho r s e s

, , .
, .

To A d d L a t a dder e to p u t t o or u nite with

. .
, , [ T h e An glo S a xon h as the no u n a dl d i s e a s e -
, ,

the s i g nifi ca tion of d a r e in compo sition b ein g in w as tin g sic kne ss and the adjective a dl s ick cor , , ,

ene l to d i s po s e of a n object T h u s r edder e to r u pt pu tr i d M ]

g r a
-
.
.
, , .

p u t b a ck ; s u hd er e to p u t u n d e r ; c on d er e to p u t b y
, ,
. Ad d ress Fr a dr esser It d r iz z a r e fr om L at
. .
, .
,
.

[ T he ch an g e of the a of the ra d ical into the e of d ir ec tas d ir ec tia r e ,D ie z to d i r ect to to p u t one , , ,

the co mpou nd s of the ve rb d a r e is p rob ab ly to b e in the r i ght way to .

a s c ri b ed to the pec ul i a r ly s t ron g a ccent which it was Ad ept L at a dip iscor a d ep ta s to ob ta in A I

. .
, ,
.

nece ssary to thr o w u pon the fi r s t syllabl e s of the chymi sts wh o ha ve ob ta ine d the gra n d eli x i r or ,

compo u n ds in o r d e r to d i s tin g ui sh the m T hi s . phi l o sopher s stone which ga ve the m the powe r of
’
,

wou ld n aturall y h ave the effect of sub s tit u tin g the tr a n s mu tin g m eta l s to go ld we r e c all ed a d e ti of
p , ,

ob s cur e for th e open vowel a nd the o r tho g raphy ,

whom ther e we r e sa i d to b e twelve al ways i n b ein g .

was then con fo r me d to the p r on u nci a tion —M ] . .

-
Ba i ley H enc e an a dep t a p r oficient in a ny ar t
.
, .

A dd er A poi sonou s s n ak e AS mttr cettern ;

. . .
, T o Adj ou rn Fr f ou r a d ay ; a dj ou r n er to . .
, ,

P l D a dd er Bav a tter a der a der n

. . Icel eitr orm .
, ,
. .
-
, cite on e to appear on a ce rta in d ay to a ppoint a ,

l ite rally poi s on sn ake fr o m eitr AS a tter veno m , , .

,
d a y for contin u in g a b u s ine ss to p u t off to a nothe r ,

s ee Atte r co e fo r e g oin g exp la n a tion wo u ld

( p) T h -
.

b e pe rfectly s a ti sfa cto r y we r e it not th a t a n am e , T o Adj u st j even. to m a k e Fr . a d us ter , to mak e ,

d i ffe r in g on l y by an initi al n ( which is a d d e d or l o s t to agr ee with e a ch othe r to set to r i ght s , .

with equ al fa ci lity) with a d e r iv ation of its own is , , Adj utant O ne of the office r s who a s s i s t s the
.

s ti ll m o r e wi d el y c urr ent with which howeve r D ie ,

com man d er in k eepin g the a cco u nts of a r e g i ment .

fenbach ma inta in s the fo r e g oi n g to b e whol ly u nc on L a t a dj u ta r c fr equ e n t ative fr o m a dj u va r e to as s i st ;

.
, ,

n ec ted Ga el n a tha ir W n eid r Goth n a d r s

. . . . It a iu tan te a n as si sta nt a iu ta nte de c a mp o an a i d e
.
, ,

I sl n a d r ; C H G n a tr a n a dr a
. G n a tter ; AS .
,
. . c a mp .

na dr e, n edd er ; O E . n ed dr e . Ad mir al F r o m the Ar ab ic a mir a lor d o ri g i

.
-

Rob er t of Glou ce ste r s pe akin g , of Ir elan d ,

sa ys , n al ly m ad e known by the c rusad e r s as the titl e of
the S ar a cen chie fs and ulti mately a pp r op r i ate d all ,
S elde m e sc h al in th e l n d o ou le wormy s e
any f s
ove r E u r ope to the co mman d er of a flee t
n e oth e wo m es ne mow th er b e n og h t
.

F or ned r es r r .

p 43
ttle of An tioch i n th e fi t . .
In eo conflic to (i . e . th e b a rs

c ade ) oec i u s s t C s s i n i m g ni egi A ntioch i fi li ru s s e a a a r s ae us

In ste ad of n eddr e W icliif u s e s eddr e a s Ma n d e et d od im A d m i ald i re g i Bab il oni q o c m i , u ec r s ae, u s u su s
vi lle ewte for wha t we now call n ewt or the mo d e rn ex citib s mi er t ad fe end x i li g i An tioch i ; c t , er u s a r a au a re as

a r on for O E n a r on It s ee ms m e r e acci d ent q o A dm i ald os ocan t reg es s un t q i p o in ciis reg ionu m u s r v u r v

p p . .
,

which of the two fo rms is p e s e ve d r r p raes unt D c nge

.
. u a .

T h e fo rms with an initi al n ar e comm on ly r e fe rr e d

S o th at aslayne and ad ey nt tw elve p i n c e s w e e d ed r r r
to a r oot si gni fyin g to pier ce or c ut the o r igin of T hat me c lup eth my yls R G 402 , a ra . . . . .

Goth n ethla C H G n d d a l Br et n a dox E n eedle

.
,
.
,
.
,
.
,

a n d a r e connecte d with W n a ddu an d with G No d oub t h as eve r b een ra i s e d a s to the o ri g in of

.
,
.

s chn eid en to c u t ,Pe r h ap s the I sl n otr a to shive r the s econ d sy llabl e b u t the Spani s h for m of the
. .
, , ,

to la cer a te whence n otr a g r as a nettle may b e a wo r d a lmir a n te h as led s o me to su ppo s e th at the

,
-

, , , ,

mo r e p r o b abl e o r i g in T he r e is l ittl e d o ub t tha t the fi rs t syllabl e a d or al is the Ar ab ic a r ticl e d l — a l

.

Icel eitr AS a tter venom ma tte r is from C H G a mir In m any c as e s however the ar ticl e is pla ced
.
,
.
, , ,
. .
, ,

eiten to b u r n
,
. a fte r the no u n a s in emir a l mos lemin emir a l mu m , ,
'‘
l o Ad d l e Pr ov E to e ar n to th r ive
. men im co mman d e r of the fa ithful emir a l omr a h
. .
,
.
, , ,

With goodm en s hogs or c orn or h ay ’

lo r d of l or d s titl e s of the C al iph ; so emir a l hu h , ,

I add l my ninepenc e eve y d y H alli well

e emir a l Icela m D H erb elot
r It is m or e pr obable
a . . .
’
.
,

Wh e e ivy emb raceth th e tree ve y o e

r then that the fin al a l of a dmir a l is the Arabic a r ti r s r ,

Kill ivy o tree will d dl no more — T s ser i n d o

,
r cle a n d the a d or a l in a d mir al a lmir a n te a m e r e
a e . u .

, , ,

[ A dd le is not a d imin u tive or othe r d er iv a tive of co r ru ption of the fi rs t syllab l e of a mir emir , , .

a d d b u t is a ll ie d to the Icel a n d ic od la z or odlas t to

, [ A dmir a l is no d o ub t o r i g in ally fr o m the Ar ab ic ,

ain o r a cq i e to r ow 0 d la a n d u o dla a re a mir b u t the l an gu a g e s of We s te r n E u r ope s ee m

g u r
g pp
,
.
,

s ti ll u s e d i n Swe d i s h in the s en s e to b r e ak u o r im to h a ve tak en the wo r d fr o m the By z a ntine G r ee k

p
pr ove la n d to pr o du ce by c u ltiv ation —M ]
, n
p p i g which a s we l l as p npé c occ u r s in the w r it . . a a o
‘

, ,
a ,

Addl e Liqu i d fi l th a s we ll in g with matte r in it in gs of T h eopha ne s I sa u ru s or I saacius wh o flou r

.
,
. , ,

— H alliwell ; r otten as a n a ddle egg An a ddle ish ed in the latte r p ar t of the ei g hth an d b eg innin g
,
.
 AD R O IT . A D V ISE . 29

of the ninth centu ry Sophocl e s Byz a ntine Glo s . e te r ms We

,
ter , expl aine d by C otgr . in the s am .

sa ry u n d e r th e wo r d
, a ls o u s e d exter ou s a nd a dr oit as equ iv al ent te r ms
.
, , .

Anmt r wo u ld r e adil y p ass into the M id L at a mi

i a o T o Ad vanc e Ad vantage F r a va n cer to . . .
-
. .
,

r a liu s the It al i a n a mmira g lio an d the O ld C a ta la n

,
p u sh fo r w a rd s fro m F r a va n t It a va n ti b e for e
, ,
.
,
.
, ,

a lmir a ll t h e i n tr o d u ction of the l in to the d iphtho n g

,
fo r w a r d s ; L at a h a n te A d va n tag e so m eth in g tha t . .
,

a i b ein
g p u r ely e u phonic T h e s u ppo s ition o f W edg p uts on e fo r ward s gain p r ofit
.
, ,
.

wood th at the Arab ic ar ticl e a l is so m eti m e s po s t p os

, Ad ventur e — Ad vent L at a dvenir e to come -
. . .
,

itiv e is e rr oneo u s
, In the ph ras e emir a l moslemin . to to ar r ive to h appen ; a dven tu s ar r iv al ; E a d , , , ,
.

a i which is in d eclin ab l e syn ta ctic ally b e l on s to mos v en t the co min

, g , g of our Lo r d u pon e a r th 0 Fr , . . .

lemin an d m e a n s not the ( e m i r ) b u t of the (mos

,
a d v en ir to h a ppen an d thence a ven tu r e a h a ppen
, , , ,

l em s ) In s ho r t it is a g enitive plur al In the

.
,
ing ch ance a cci d ent a s e n s e p r e s e r ve d in E p er a d .
, , , .

othe r exa mp le s cite d fr o m D I I erb elot the a r ticl e v en tu r e per h a p s T h e wo r d was speci ally appl ie d
’
, , .

b e lon g s to the followin g adjective n ot to the p r e to event s as m ad e the s u bject of poetic a l or r o man , ,

cedin g nou n p r eci s e ly as the in the En glish ph r as e

, tic n arr a tion an d so p asse d into the T e utonic an d ,

Pete r the G r e a t T h e initi al a l in the Sp an i sh a lmi . Sca n d in a vi a n la n guag e s g ivi n g r i s e to G a benteu er , .

,

r a n te O Ca ta la n a lmir a ll is n ot p r ob ably a m e r e
,
. Icel cej intyr S w cef wen tgr O E a u n ter a d ari n g
,
.
,
.
, .
,
”
corr uption of the fir s t syllabl e of a mir emir bu t fe a t h a z ar do u s ente r p r i s e or the r ela tion of su ch , , , , ,

it is the r e sumption of the or i gi n al p r epo s itive a r ti a r o ma n tic s to r y T he Au nte r s of Ar thu r at .

“

c l e a l which wo u ld b e ve r y n a t ura l a mon g a peop l e T a r n wa th ela n is the titl e of an ol d E r o mance

3’
. .
, ,

b r o u ght d i r ectly in to conta ct with the Ar ab ic r a ce F or the extr a o r d in ar y d e r iv a tion s th at h a ve b een ,

a n d thi s is confir m e d b y the fa ct th a t in O ld Sp a ni s h s u gg e s te d s ee Ih r e in v ce wen t r

f y ,
. .

an d C a ta l a n the wo r d emir is fr eq u ent ly w r itten mir T 0 A d vise Ad vic e T h e L a t vis um from vi , . . .

,

the accente d syllab l e alo n e b ein g r eta ine d In d er i ga ve r i s e to It vis o 0 F r v is Vis u m mihi .
, .
,
. . .

man y cas e s howeve r it is w r itte n a t l en gth a la mir

, f u it it s eem e d to me wo uld b e r e n d er e d i n 0 It f u
, , , , ,
. .

an d a mir a muglemin is of b
y no m e an s u n fr e q u en t v is o a me O F r c c m es t v is D ie z In the Ro ma n ’
. . . .
,

occu rr ence . d e la Ro s e a d vis is u s e d in t h e sa m e s en s e — a d vis , ,

It is r e ma rka ble tha t in the old Aragone s e d ip lo m estoit it s ee m e d to m e vous f u s t a dvis it s eeme d
’

, ,

macy the ki n gs as su m e the s ty l e of a dmir a l b u t al to you Hence a dvis It a vviso O E a vise view , .
, .
,
.
, ,

w ay s as an honor a ry t itle con fe rr e d by the Ro m i s h s enti m ent opinion A dvis ed ly a vised ly with full , .
, ,

Chu r ch . con s i d e ration .

T h u s the ad dr e s s of the l ette r s of c r e d ence g iven T he c h b i h op e of Wal y s eide y s er s s a v se,

y
b y Kin g J a m e s II of Ar ag on to h is amb ass ad o r . S i e h e eide gof the i ny mon o wys r ,
’
s ,
r s a s

to the Kin g of G r a n ad a in 1 3 01 r u n s th u s : T ha t bes te red can t he eof ede M e li n th t i

, ,
r r ,
r a s .
’

R G 144 . . .

A l m y h o n rado e m y n ob le A l mi D on M ah om a t
u u a r
T o b e a vi s e d or a d vi s e d of a thin g wo u ld th us b e
A benn c Rey d e G n ad e d e M lag
a ar , y A mi m cl ra a a a, ra u e
,

mi n: d e N o D n J c me p l grac ia d D io
s o Rey d e to h a ve notice of it to b e in fo r m e d of it
a ,
or a e s, ,
.

Ar ag on etc e d e la S n ta Ig le i d e Roma S eny le o A lmi

. a O f w err e an d of b ata ile h e was full
s a i a r , av se .

t
ra n e, c C pitan Ge n e al etc C pmany M om H i t I V
a r ,
. a R Brunn e ,
. s . .
. .

p 30
. .

Wh ence a dvice in the m er c a ntil e s e n s e notice new s , ,

.

A nothe r d a te d in 1 3 2 3 as fo llow s :
, T o a dvise in the m o s t u su al a ccept ation of the
,
,

D e N os en Jac me p er la g ac ia d e D e Rey d A r go te r m a t the p r e s ent d a y is to commu nic a te our view s

, r u,
’
a , ,

et c 2 2 d
. l S an ta E g l y d e R oma S en y le A lmi yl s to a n othe r to g ive h im ou r opinion for the p u r po s e
e a s e a a r, ra , ,
C pit n G eneral 1 molt nob le e m olt h n t M i l m m ni of g u i d in g h is con d u ct and a dvic e is the opinion so
a a a o ra ra o e

R y d T ni c e d B g
,
A lb b fi ll d el M i A b
’

u ac e , e e c ri
u e u i a, r uz e

e tc .C pm n y M H I V 8 1 a a .
g iven
. .
,
.

, .

In O F r a dvis er li ke It a vvisa r e wa s u s ed in . .
,
.
,

T h e co l lection of Ca p m a ny contain s ma ny othe r the s en s e of vie w in pe r ceivin t a k i n g note

g g , ,
.

ex ampl e s of all the s e fo r ms

S v y un g s o n g e en mon do rm an t
.

i
T h e Mi d d l e a ge Gr ee k mp l es an d nma r which a u
R R 25 a i to
-

Q ui moul t f t bel a d i
,
u a v s er . . . .

occu r in the Chr onicl e of the M o r e a p u bl i s he d b y

Bo u chon we r e p r ob ab ly t ak en fr o m the Roma nce
,
Avi s e is fr equ ently fou n d in the same s en s e in
fo r ms which h ad al r e ad y a cqu ir e d the te rmi n a tion ou r e ld e r a u tho r s
,
.

in a l .

H e look ed b c k n d h er i ing w ell a a av z

Ad ro it F r a dr oit h a n d so me ni mb le r e ad y
. .
We ned as h e id th t by h e o tw a d grac e
, , , , e sa a r u r

a p t or fit for a nythin
g fa vo u r a b l e p r o s pe r o u s T hat f i e t Flo im el w p esent th ere i n plac e
, , a r s r as r .

C otgr ; s a ison a d r oite conven ient s e aso n —D ict

.
, Q .
.

Rom F r o m dr oit r i ght as oppo se d to left a s is

.
, B itom a t w ith h arp , i q l ey e , r r s av z
’

s hown b the sy n ony mo u s a dextr e a d es tr e fr o m dex Be held th e lovely fa c e of A rt h y g ll F Q

y , , a . . .
30 A D ULAT I O N . AFF O R D .

[ T he phras e m est a vis it s ee ms to me is h ar dly ’

, ,
voes on , a d vo son, i
the r i ght it s elf A s it was p ar t of .

confine d to O ld F r ench for it is u s ed by P aul Lou i s ,

the d u ty of the gu ar d i a n or pr otecto r to ac t a s p a
Co ur ie r tho ugh pe r hap s as an ar cha i sm
,
. tr on as or to p l ead the c a u s e o f the ch u r ch in s u its
,

T h e fo rmu la of the r oyal veto in En gl a n d L e r oi at la w the a d vowee was al s o ca ll e d a tr on of the

, , p
s a vis er a is fam i lia r to eve r y l a wye r as a n e xem
’
, ,
livin g the n ame which h a s fin al ly p r ev a i le d a t the
,

p lifi ea t io n of the s en s e of a ctin g a dv is ed ly a nd with ,

pr e s ent d ay .

a d e l i b e r a tion invo l vin g a d ela y which amo u nt s to a A dz e AS a des a as ci a AS V ocab in N at

. .
, . . . .

negative M ] . . Ant .

Ad ul ation L a t a d a la ri to fa wn to fl a tte r A F r om L at f oru m a mar k et Fr

‘

. .
, ,
. T o Afi eer . .
, , .

d e r iv a tion is s u gge s te d fr o m a d an d a u la a h al l a du , ,
«
f eur m ark et p r ice fixed r a te whence afi er er or
,
-
, , ,

la ri to s ta n d w a itin g l i k e a dog in t h e h al l
,
. a
fi eur er to v alu e at a ce r ta in ra te to set a p r ice
, ,

Ad voc ate L at a dvoc a r e to c all on or summon

. .
,
u pon F r om the latter of the s e fo rm s the O E ex
. .

one to a p la ce e s peci al ly for s o m e d efinite o bject a s

, , pr e ssion to afi er e a n a mer c ia ment to fix the ,

co u n s el a id & c to cal l to on e s a id to c all for hel p a mo u nt of a fine l e ft u nce r ta in b the co urt b

’
, ,
.
, , , y y
to a vail one s e lf of the a id of s o m e on e in a c a u s e . which it wa s i mpo s e d the af eer er s b ein g the p er ,

Hence a dvoc a tus on e c alle d on to a id in a sui t as s on s d ep u t e d to d ete r m in e the amo u nt a ccor d in

, g to
witne ss a d vi s er legal ass i sta nt bu t not or i g in ally
, , , the ci r cu mst ance s of the c as e E t qu o d amer cia .

the per son wh o pl ead e d the c au s e of a nothe r wh o menta p r aedictor u m t enentiu m afi er entu r et ta xc n t ur
'

,
”
was c all e d p a tr on as Afte r war d s the wo r d wa s .
p er sa cr ament um p ar i u m sno r um Char t A D . . .

tr an s fe r r e d to the pe r s on wh o con d u cte d a p r oce ss 1 3 1 6 in D u e , See Affor d . .

for a ny one ; in m od e r n la n g uag e a n a dv oc a te a t , , A fi iance Aflid avit F r o m fid es was for m e d

. . ,

tor n ey, & c . M L at afi id a re to pl e dg e one s fa ith Hence afi i

. .
,
’
.

Ad vowson Fr o m the ve rb a dvoca r e cor r u pte d

. ,
d a vit a ce r tific a te of s o me on e h a vin g p l e dg e d his
,

to a d voa r e in the s en s e ab ove exp l a ine d was fo r me d ,

fa ith a w r itten o a th sub s c r i b e d b y the p arty fr o m ,

a d voca tio
(a dvoa tio) 0 Fr a dvoes on the p a t r on ag e , . .
,
the for m of the d ocu ment Affid avit A B & c ,
“
. .
, .
”

or r i g ht of p r e s ent a tion to an eccl e s i as tic al b en efice . T h e l o s s of the d so comm on in li k e cas e s ga ve , ,

D u c an g e . Fr af ter to afi e to p awn his fa ith an d c r e d it on

.
, , .

A s cle rgy wer e pr ohi bite d from appe ar in g

th e Cotgr In li ke man ner fr om L a t c onfid er e Fr
.
, .
, .

r o m It di
b e fo r e the lay t r i b u n al s an d even fr o m t ak in g o a th s , , fi
con er f sfi d ar e Fr d
efier to d e fy .
, .
, .

which we r e al w ay s r equ i r e d fr om the p a rtie s in a T o A flil e, O E Fr af iler It afi la r e to sh a r pen . .

,
.
, ,

su it it wo u ld s ee m th a t eccl e s i as tic al pe r s on s mu s t
, to b r i n g to an e dg e fr o m Fr fi l a n e dg e L at filu m , .
, , .
,

a l w ay s h a ve r equ i r e d th e s e r vice of a n a d voc a te in a th r e ad .

the con d u ct of thei r l egal b u sine ss a n d we find ,

For w ell h e wi t wh a n th t on g was son g e s a s

from the a u tho ritie s cite d by D uc an ge th a t po s itive H e m t p ec h e nd w ell fi l h i to n g ;

us r a a e s
,
T o w inn e i l ve b e i g h t w ell c o de r as r
en act m ent was r epe ate dly m ad e b y co u nci ls an d s u ,

T he efo e b e sun g th e merri er and lo de

r r u
pr ince s th at b i shop s abb ots an d chur che s s ho uld
.

, , ,
Ch aucer .

h a ve g oo d ad voca tes or d e fen d er s for the p u r po s e See Burn i sh .

of l oo k in g afte r thei r te mpo r al inte r e st s d efen d in T o Alfor d F r om s i gni fyin g a mar ket the te rm
g , .

thei r pr ope rty fr om r apine and impo sition an d r ep , f oru m was app l ie d in M L at to mar k et p r ice . .
,
r e s entin g the m in co ur t s of l aw In the d ecline of .
whence Pr ov f or F r f ea r a ce r ta in p r ice or r ate . .
, , .

the empir e when d efence fr om viol ence was m o r e

, T h e s econ d of the s e fo r m s ga ve r i s e to the F r af .

n ece ssar y th an l egal ski ll the s e ad voca te s wer e na t ,

f ea r er a n d O E a
f, eer a s the fo r m e r on e to the F r .
, .

u r all s el ecte d a mon g the r ich a n d powe rfu l who or er to s et a p r ice on a thin
y , a
f , g to fix a r a te a t ,

a l one co uld g ive efficient p r otectio n and Charl e , which it may b e sold Hence u n d o ub te d ly E of .
, , .

magne hi m s elf is the a dvoc a tu s of the Ro ma n ch ur ch .

f or d whethe r the fin al d b e to b e exp la ine d fr om
,

Qu em po s te a Ro mani el egerunt s i b i a d voca tu m the p ar ticipl e aflor ed or whether it b e r egard ed a s

‘

S an cti Petri contra l eg e s L angoba r d oru m V ita .

”
an u n m e a nin g co r r u ption Afi or d ce r tain ly s ee ms .

C a r M ag . .
w r itten for the p ar ticipl e afi or ed in a p a ssag e qu ot
T hep r otection of the ch ur ch n a tur ally dr ew wi th ed b y Rich ar d son .

it ce rt ain r i ght s an d e molu m ent s on the p a r t of the “

T he r e is no su ch offe r in g of Chr i s t in the Sc r ip
p r otecto r incl ud in g th e r i ght of p r e s enta tion to the
, t ur e whe r e you wi ll find it once af or d for all i e , . .

b en efice it s e lf ; a n d the a d voc a tio or o ffice of a dvo , once v al u e d for all d ee me d a suffi cient p r ice for all , .

c a te i n s te a d of b ein
g a n e l ect ive t r u s t b ec ame a T o aflor d a thin g wo u ld thu s b e t o d ee m it wo r th
’
, ,

he r it abl e pr ope r ty A dvoca tus b eca me i n 0 Fr . . . the p r ice a ffor ed to b e wi llin g to g ive su ch a p r ice ,

a d r on e whe n ce in the old L a w l a n u a e of E n

’

, g g g for it or to p ar t with it a t the s ame

, In a p as sag e .

lan d a d vowee the pe r s on entit l e d to the p r e s ent a

, , fr o m Shak e s pe ar e al s o q u o te d by Rich ar d s on it is , ,

tion of a b enefice an d a dvowson fr om 0 Fr a d , , . . a ct u all y w r itten with the p ar ticipi al a pos tr ophe .
 AFFRAY . A GAIN . 31

P olles
ar I would th t th e c ttin g f my gar ment wo ld
. a u o u S alliren t d e l eu r s ch ambr e s san s fai r e efi r oi ou ‘

e ve th t n b e k i n g f my S p ni h wo d
s r e ur or r a o a s s r .
’

Cent No u ve ll e s No u velle s in D iet Ety

Fi t Lo d W nnot fl d y i w nnot
.
’ ’
rs r e ca a oor ou s o, e e ca
m olog iqu e
. . .

ff at tha t p i ce
.

l t yo
e u o r .

A d i s tin ct r efe r ence to noi s e and viol e nce was

[ It is po s s i bl e th a t two r oots an d t wo me anin g s p r e s e r ve d when the wo r d p as s e d into En gl i sh a nd , , ,

wor th and f oru m f eu r may ha ve b ecome con fo u nde d a n af r ag or a f r og was u se d to exp r e s s a d i s tur b
, , ,

in the fo rm an d s i gnifica tion of thi s wor d a s wr it ance or conflict a cco mp a nie d with viol ence hu rly , ,

ten and u n d e r s tood in the s eve n teenth centu r y bu t in b ur ly , .

an cas e a vor thi e mpl oye d b P ec oc k in the p r eci s e T hu s in the F lowe r an d the Le af Chau ce r c a ll s
y , y , ,

s en s e of a or d c a n h a r d ly b e fr o m a
fi f or er , the su dd en s to r m of win d rain an d h ail which , , ,

d r enched the p ar ti san s of the Le af to the sk in a n

Forwh i g r ete l o di h an las se n ede forto wlap p e h em s i lf
,
r s

i n wo ldli n edis bo te h er lond is th n l e lo d i b n f

r a u a as s r s a , or

as m i c h e as g reet lo dis mo w e thi to h a e n d fyn d e r An d wh en th e storm was clon e pas sed a way
a vor u a ,

w ith h os tis offi cer s v n d e h em forto tte nde suffi cien tli
er c T h e i n th wh ite th t tode un de t h e tre e
r a e a s r

to all e th e w o ldl y n edis of h er l on dis &c r T hey fel t nothing of al l th g eat fl g ,

. e r a ra ,

R ep essor 3 06 T hat th ey i n g en e w itho t h d i n yb e r ,

. r u a .

For t h ei h adde n po es i uns wh er of th ei my gh t n T o afi r ag wa s to p r od u ce th e e ffect of a c r as h or

'
ss s o , e

mic h e mo e thi in to lme s tha n th ei t h t h add n litl l

r a vor a a e
s u d d en noi s e an d wa s u s e d even in c as e s whe r e t er
.

R ep e so 3 3 6 r s r,
,

r or fo r me d no p ar t of the efi ec t as a w ak enin g on e
.

A man whic h hath vnmo ble g odis i n so g reet plente ou t of a sl eep or out of a s woon ua , .

tha t h e may thi to h au e di sc ete o ffi ce a vort f lle vn dir r rs a u

M e met t h s i n my b ed all n k ed
him n d t h t h e m y
u a
a th i for to le e y n o g h &c
a a a vor s u
An d look ed fo th e f I w w k ed
.
, ,

R ep e o 3 7 7 r ss r,
r , or as a

With m ll fo le s g ete h epe

.

s a u a r ,

Les t tha t fo length e whic h th is p esen t book sch lde r T h at h d f id me o t of my leep e r u a a ra e u s ,

ha eu th e m o of t h e com o n p p le my g h te n th T h o g h noi e and sw tene e f h on g u e e r u s e s o er s .

w rso rthi i n c o t
a vo f m o ny for to g ete h em t h i s p e sen t s o Ch ce D re mo r au r, a .

book —R ep e o 56 2 I w o t of my s wo wn e fi id ‘

. r ss r, .
as u a ra e

Whe eof I si g h my w itte s traid e r s

T h e e d ito r of P ecock G lo s sa r y 8 v a vor thi su g A n d gan to clepe th em h om e gain

, ,
. .
, a .

g e s t s th a t the ety m o l o gy s ee ms to b e wor th

“
t o b e G o w e r i n Ri h c .

a n d citi n
”
of s o mu ch wo r th as to b e a bl e g Lewi s s T h e r e al d e r iv a tion is the i mit a tive r oot f r ag
’
, , , ,

Li fe of W icl iff p 1 2 0 he o b se r ve s tha t f or the is r epr e s e n tin g a cr a sh w he n ce L at f r ag or an d F r

, .
,
“
,
.
,
.

”
u s e d b y Wic l i f M ] .
f r ac a s a c ras h of thin gs b r e ak in g d i s t u r b ance o
.
f , , ,

Afr aid Fr ay I mme d i a tely fr o m f r ag T he n ce effr a yer to p r o d u ce the e ff ct of a

’

A flr ay . . . .
,
e

r a er to s ca re a pp al d i s may a ffr igl i t ; en c r a s h u pon o n e to te r r i fy alar m In the

ef r oi
‘

Fr e .
fl y , s u dd , , , , , , .

te r r o r as toni sh ment ama z e ment ; f r ayeu r fr i g ht sa m e way the o r ig in al s i gnific a tio n of G schr ecken
, , , ,
.

te rr or s car in g ho rr o r
,
C otg r , is to c r y c r a ck mak e a l o u d sh ar p noi s e ; then to
. .
, ,

T h e P r ov fo rm s esf r eda r esf r eid a r h ave l ed te r r i fy

.
, , .

D ie z too e a s i ly to r e fe r the wo r d to L a t f r ig id us F r afi r on ter (fr o m L a t f r ons

‘

T o A flront . . . . .
,

T h e P r ov f reior he say s l i ke L at f r ig us or g elu

.
f,r o n tis th e fo r ehe ad
) to m eet
, f a ce to face to en .
, , , , ,

is p r ope r ly s hu d d e r in g ; e fir ayer to ca u s e to s h u d co u n te r i n sult

‘

, ,
.

d er Bu t th e d is an excee d in gly move abl e l ette r

. Af ter Goth Af a r afte r b ehin d ; af ta r afla r o , . .
, , , ,

an d is so e as i ly in s e rte d b etween vowe l s th a t it is b ehin d ; afla n a fr o m b ehin d ; aflu ma aflu mis t las t , , , ,

b y no m e a n s s af e to r e ly u pon the P r ov fo r ms hin dmo s t AS cefl cefla n af ter a fte r w ard s again . . . .
, , , , .

N or co ul d the notion of c a u s in g to s h u dd e r h a ve Ice l ap ta n afi a n b ehin d ; ap ta n d ag s the la tte r .

, , ,

ar i s en in thi s man n e r Wh a teve r may h a ve b een p ar t of the d ay evenin g ; af ta r afla st hin d e r hin d
.
, , , ,

the o r i gin al me a nin g of f riq u s the adjective m o st Acco r d i n g to G r i mm t h e fin al ta r is the , .

,

d us fr o m whence the Pr ov ve rb mu st h ave p ro cee d

,
co mp ar a tive te r min a tio n and the r oot is s i mpl y aj
.
, ;

ed if it r e ally b el on g e d to thi s r oot h a d s i mp ly t h e

,
the eq u iv al e n t of G r mm of fr o m Comp ar e af ter ,
.
, ,
.

si g n ific a tion of co ld a n d esfr eid a r wo u ld b e to coo l with Goth af a r AS of er n on with af ter noon
, ,
. .
-

,
-
.

an imag e fa r too t a me to r ep r e s ent the viol ent agi ta A g ain AS ong ea n ong en og en oppo s ite tow r . .
, , , ,

tion i mpli e d in eflr ayer N or d oe s the d e r iv a tion ar d s a ga in st a gain g ea n oppo site aga in s t g ea n
‘

.
, , , ,

fr o m f r ig id us give an y a cco u nt of the e ar l ie r s en s e hcer a n to oppo s e ; g ea n cyme an enco u n te r ; to g ea nes ,

-
,
-
,

oi or of the a ct u a l m e a nin g of f r a y af tow a r d s aga in s t 0 S w en i en oppo s ite a a in

‘

of F r
efl r g g g .
.
, , ,
. .
, , ,

in E r oi in 0 F r s to mak e a n en a to m eet ; g en om th r o u g h ; Br et g in oppo s ite

‘

f y F a ir e
qfl i 0
ra ,
.
g ,
. .
, , ,
.
, .

o u tcr y to g ive an alar m ,

T o u te foi s n o fit oncqu e s a nn tu g in the othe r si d e wr on g s i d e ; g in ou c h g in
.
, ,
- -

r oi u s u a c e q u e to us l e s s ien s e u s s ent gagn é la d i r ect ly oppo s ite s howi n g the o r i gin of the G r e
ef j q
’
, .

mura i ll e p u i s s cor ie hor r i b l e m ent

,
”
Ra b ela i s ’
d upl ic ative g eg en ag a in st . .
,
.
 32 A GAT E . A G ISTME NT .

Th e el e m e n t gin sh ou ld h av e t h e same m e anin g Prov esf r ez da r to aflr ay a m od ific at i o n re n dered

.
'

,
‘

wi t h Bret kein W c q/n t h e b a ck as th e rel a t i on s

.
,
.
‘

, , in t hi s ca s e t h e m ore e a s y by th e rese m blan ce of th e

of pl ace ar e comm on ly e x pre ssed b y mean s of th e p arall el form s eda t eded , .

d iffere n t p arts of th e body Th e Bret h as a ls o . .

A g ee Aw r y ask e w . , .

Ieein e I ezn in p rec i sel y t h e s a m e se n se as gin ouc h A gh ast F o rm erl y spelt ag a z ed in c o nsequ ence
'

- -
c ,
-
.
,

u d i rectl y O ppos i te cezn ou ch Ieein b a c k to b a c k

I of a n erro n eo u s i m press i o n th a t th e fu n d a m e n tal
’ '

y t , , .

To tu r n aga in i s to t u r n ba ck to go ov er th e gr ou nd , , m ea n i ng of th e w ord was s et w a zn on a n object

g g z
'

a sec o n d t i m e wh e n ce ag a in is u sed to s i gn ify repe

, of a sto ni s h m e n t a n d h orror .

t i t i on repe ated acti o n

Fr n ch xcl im d th d il w rms
.
,
T he e e a e e ev as in a
[ T h e e arl i est for m s of thi s r ad i cal in bot h th e A ll th whol my to d g d him —H
,

e e ar s o a az e on vi
Teu to ni c an d th e S can d in av i an lang ages c o nta i n
. . .

a s ec o n d 9 w hich th e la tter reject in th e m oder n

, Th e ori g in of th e word is in real i ty to be tra ced
d ial ects Th us we h a v e th e C H G g ag a n gag en
. .
, , to th e feel ing s of a we a nd h orror whi c h a e a p t to r

a n d t h e I cel a n d i c
g eg n a d v g eg n a verb O ppress th e m in d wh e n depr i v ed of e x ter n a l d i strae
'

g eyzn ,
.
, , ,

m m e n u m i e n u m etc prep w h i le th e m od tio n an d le ad th e chi ld or th e u n ed uca ted person to

'

e
g g g g ,g g , , . .
, ,

er n Sw ed i s h h as g enom ig en om g envag and th e , ,

'

, people th e d ark n ess wi th gh osts an d m ak e soli t ude ,

D ani s h giemzem igzenn em den g z en n este ei H ence ,

'

,
’

v . th e c au se of i ndefin ite terr o r .

it s eem s t h a t th e 9 s a r e prob a bl y both r a d i ca l an d

’

th e th eory t h a t o n e of t h em is red pl i cat i ve is a u

,
Here will I dw ell a a p rt in g as
tful gro ve . Shep . C al .

m ere conj ectu re u n s upported b y evi d enc e , . No w th e E was te de sol ate u n c ult i vated vo i d .
, , , ,

Th ere is i ndeed an I cel a n d i c prep o s i ti on g in of ,

a ppe a rs in I t u n d er th e sh ap e of
g u a s to a n d in Fr
.
, .

ra re occu rre n ce bu t thi s is a la ter form an d t h ere , ,

u n der th a t of
g as t r g dte to l ay w a ste to d estr oy e , r,
, .

is a lso an in sep a rable i nt en s iv e p a rt i cl e g in o r g inn ,

G was t w aste wi ld desert D u wu est woes t v as
.
, , , .
, ,

whi c h may poss i bl y b e an oth er form of th e same tu s v a s ta t u s d es er t s et so did u s ob sc oen u s t rp i s

, , u , r , ,
u ,

root u s ed in th e s en se of t h e Germ a n d u m b a n d
,
squ al i d a s d efor mis ; woestlzeg d v a st i tas vastitu do
, , , ,

d u rch d c lza u s etc b ut of t hi s t h ere is n o proo f

,
ur ,
.
, . d e sol a tio K il T h u s we ar e led to t h e S c g o s ty
. . . u ,

I n a deed of g i ft of certa in la n d s in Si c i ly d a ted , w aste desola te dre a ry in con seq e n ce of e x te n t or

, , u

in 1 1 03 prin ted in th e A ppe n d ix to L Y s toi e de l i

,
’
r e m ptin es s ; th en a s lo n elin ess a nd d ar k n ess (whi c h
N orm an t p 3 2 7 —3 3 3 th e L at i n iter u m is u sed in
,
.
,
a c t s by re n der in g t h e lo n el in ess m ore c o m plet e
) ,

t h e sen se of ag a inst Item eamu s item m c ur su m :

“
im press th e m in d wi th fe eli ng s of in defi ni te h orror ,

a qu e a gain st t h e c rre n t u p stre am — M ] g ous tz e or g ou s tr ou s a cqu i res t h e s en s e of a w fu l

” '

,
u ,
. .
, , ,

A gat e L at a c ha tes Gr xmyg . .

,
. a r . full of th e pretern a tu ral fr i gh tful , .

[ Not wi th sta n d in g th e co nject u re of Boch ar t wh o ,

C l d m irk d g ti i th igh t
a an ous e s e n
der ives thi s w ord fro m a n or i e n tal roo t t h e state , u
,

Lo d ro rs th bl st y ont th e hi ght J mi n
a
,

e a a
,

. a es o .

men t of Pl iny N a t H i st X X X VII 1 0 th a t it ,

. . .
,

took its name fro m th e r i ver A c ha tes in Si c i ly in He obs r d e f th bl ck m

e ve f t t b clo n on o e a an s
’
ee o e ve ,

wh ose bed fi n e agates w ere fou nd is th e m o st prob

,
an d th t th bl ck m n voi w ho gh d g ti
a e a a
’
s ce as u an ous e .

,
Gl n ill in J m a v e a
ab l e e ty mol o gy a s t h e a n c i e n t cla ss i cal n a t i o n s w ere
.

m u ch in th e h ab i t of d i stin gu i shin g m in era ls by ge o Th e w ord n o w beco m es c on fo un d ed wi th ghostly ,

g r a p hi ca l des i g n a ti o n s Th us la is I
p y d z u s to u c h .
, /
'

,
th e a ssoc i a t i o n with whi c h h as prob ably led to th e
s to n e lap t s P a i s whi te m a rble lap z s Af ic a n u s in sert i o n of t h e h in g ha s tly it s elf as w ell a s a g ha s t
' '

,
r a , , r , .

S potted m a rble t h e A f r ic a n o of th e m oder n It a l i a n

, [ Th e S cotti s h g ou s ty is do btl e ss all i ed to th e u

m a rble w ork ers lap z s E gyp tiu s or S yenites th e red

-
,
'

,
D ani sh g u sten p alli d faded a nd in poet i ca l or fig , , , ,

g r a n ite of Sy e n e etc M ] ,
.
-
. u r at ive l a n g u a e d i s m al dre ary Thu s Paludan g
, , .

A ge Fro m L at eta t em t h e Prov h a s eta t

. .
-
, .
,
M tiller in a p a ss ag e c ited by M olb c ch
,

eda t ; 0 Fr ed ed ad ag e ea ge a ag e a
.
ge
.
, , , ,
.

H v ad so ger d u h os N a tt n e ,
h os d en k old e, d en gus tne
H ély es te it de g r nt a ed ed . Kin g 2 2 2 s . .
N at ?

Ki d ur erat Here den g us tn e N at is prec i sely th e g ous tze ni gh t

a tres t t ton d g -
u a a e . ,
'

of t h e S c o tt i s h poet Th e o nly obv i o u s s o u rce of

Ch n s on d R oland in D i e a e z . .

A é l ife ag e
, ,
. th e D a ni s h gu sten is th e O ld North ern g a str E ng ,

Th e for m edag e seems co n s tru cted by t h e ad d i tio n l i s h g ust or th e Pro v D an g u se a r aw chi lly ,
. .
, ,

of th e reg ul ar ter m in ation ag e to ed erron eou sly s ea bree z e I am i ncli ned to thin k g ou s ty a nd th e , ,
-
.

taken a s th e r a d i c a l sy llab le of eded or it may b e Engl i sh g us ty i de n t i cal for r aw g u sty nigh ts ar e , , ,

a s ubsequ e n t corr u pt ion of c a e ea i e

g g (fro m ae ta s pec ul i a rl y dre a ry M ] -
. .
,

by th e ad d i t ion of th e ter m in a t io n a ge to t h e tr u e A gistment Fro m L at fa cere to lie th e Fr . .

, , .

r adica l by th e in orga ni c in sertio n of a d a s in h ad g es zr to l i e ; wh e n ce g zste a lodg in g pl a ce to ’ ’ ’

, , , ,
 A GLE T . AIR . 33

lie do wn th e form of a h a re a xes

in ; gis te d u n e lievr e, fg e u r e a xes sic ken esse
’

fiea r e .
, ,

H ence a is ter , to giv e lod in

g to to t ak e in cattle and f eva r a n ag ewe
g g fi eu r e and in th e l i st ,

to feed ; and th e law term agistment th e profit of of verbs I Q UA K E as o n e doth e th a t is in an axes , , , .

cattle p as t u rin g o n th e land Ch e k e tra n slate s m p g in M atth vii i 1 4 1 5 by . er o . .

, ,

A glet Th e ta g of a poi nt i e of t h e lac e or a xes u sin g th e Gree k x in stea d of x or g u

. , . .
,
.

s t r i ng b y w hi c h differe n t p a rts of dre s s w ere for A nd J s s m in t P ters h en nd w hi m ooth e e u ca o e s, a sa s r

m erly tied up or fas te n ed togeth er Henc e any in l w l id d wn nd s i ck of y x and h to ched h e . a a o a e

a ess , e u r

s m all object h ang i ng l oose as a sp an le th e a n th ers b i y h n d nd y x l ft h tc °

a a °
a es e er , e
g
.

, ,

of a tu l i p or of g ras s t h e ca tk in s of a ha z el & c S ee A cce ss — M ] , ,

. .

Ju n ius Fr a ig u zllette dimin u t i ve of a zgu zfle a

. .
A id L at a cij uva r e a cij u tu m a dj uta r e to h e lp
'

,
' '

, . .
, ,
.

n eedle properly th e po in t fas te n ed on th e e n d of a Prov a cij u da r aj u da r a id a r Fr a ider to h elp

, .
, , , .
,
.

la ce for dr a w in g it t h ro u g h t h e e y el et h ole s ; th e n Ai d ecamp Fr a ide d a c a mp It aj u ta n te di . .

,
.

lik e E p oin t app li ed to th e lace itsel f

.
, c a m o an o fficer appo in ted to a s sist t h e
p g en er al in .
,

A go —A gone Her e th e in iti al a st and s for m il i ta r y ser v ice

. . .

th e O E g G g e th e au gm e n t of th e p a st p a rt ici
.
,
.
T o A il , AS eg lia n to p ain to g rieve to trouble . .
, , , ,

ple ; ag o a g on e fo r yg o gg one go n e a way p a ssed perh ap s fro m th e n otio n of prick in g ; eg le egla fes
, , , , , , ,

by l o ng ag o lo ng g o ne by , t u ca ar i sta c ard uu s Ly e wh e n ce a ils th e bea rd .

, , , ,

of corn ( Es s e x ) AS e le tro u bleso m e Goth ag lo

Fo r in wi h cas wimmen ha v swich e o w s c e g e s rr e
. .
, ,
.
,

W ha n th t h i h b n d ben from h m g affl i ct i o n tr i b u l a t i o n ag lu s diffic u lt a g is sh amefu l

a r us o s e a o . , , , , ,
.

K nigh t s T l T O Aim L at cestima r e to co n si der to rec k o n

’
a e . .
,
.
, ,
G o nd lok well to that stone a
to fi x at a c erta in po in t or r ate ; Prov es tima r t o
e

T y ll th third d y b e g n Halliwell
.
,
e a a o e
reck o n a destima r a desma r a z esma r a esma r to . .

, , , ,

A gog E x cited wi t h e x pect at ion j i gg in g wi th cal cu l ate to prep a re

. A son c olp a z esmat h e h as ,
“
,
”

e x c i te m e n t re ady to s ta rt in p u rs u i t of a n object of ca lc u l ated or aim ed h is blo w w ell — D ie z ; esma r

,

, ,

des i re L i ter al ly on th e j og or on th e sta rt fro m 0 Fr esmer to cal cula te to r ecko n

.
, L i ch e v a , . .
, ,

g ag syn o n ymo u s wi t h j og or s hag g og mir e a q uag l i er s de s ost a tre i s m i ll e es ma He reck o n s th e -

’ ”
, , ,

mir e Hal liw ell

. He i s all ag og to go — B ak er k ni gh ts of h is h o st a t 3 000 Ro m d e Rou ; esme
.
“
.
”
. . r,

S ix pr cio s s o ls d ll g g e
to u
p u rpose dete rm in e to o ffer to s tr ik e to aim or
u an a a o
, , ,
,
e v el a t C
,

T o d h thro gh thic k nd thin Jno G ilpin as

l u
otg r
a
. .
. . .

[ Th e fo llo w in g p assag e fro m D E sclot c ap c lxu n

’
.
, ,

T O A gr ed ge T o aggra v ate C h au cer S ee w ell i ll ustrate s th e c hange of m e aning fro m ces timo
. . .

Abridg e .
to a im S pe ak in g of th e sh ootin g of a Fre n ch .

T O A gr ee Fro m L a t gr a ms p le as in g a ccepta k ni gh t who was lying sic k in a ch u rch b y a S a ra

. .
, , , ,

b le ar e fo r m ed I t g rado Prov g r at 0 Fr g r et
, ce n arc h er thr o ug h a sm all apertu re h e say s :
.
,
.
,
. .
, , ,

Fr gr e wi ll ple asu re fav o ur ; and th e n ce It ag ra

.
’

, , , .

E l S q l xi j r m l lt j l y
dire to rece i ve k in dl y to ple as e Prov a gr ez a Fr y n p e e erra ue ve a ae a a ur a r sa e
'
, , ,
r,
q ll li d ri t l b s mpr s ri g it E m
, , , . .
’
tg q u e a a a evr a e ue e e e a ua r as a
ag éer to rece i ve w ith fa vo u r to
give on e s co n se n t pe h n li p o ri ti r r q
.
’
r
,
n l rr s E n o tr b n ngu, r o a a , ue o e a . e av a e
to t o agree Prov ag a da ble agreea ble S e e ll h sino aq lla f n ll q no h i p d l n dit
, . . r
, .
oe ,
ue e e a ue av a us o iu e

Gran t . mig d ampl EXX p lla be b llest m lo e e .

’ ‘ ’‘
a ar e sa a a, e a s a

A gu e A fe er com in g in period ica l fi t s or s ha m

v .
m l l t 3“ 1 E q n t l S y l o h ac be m t a d sp a a ,
’‘
ua o erra as a , v e e

l b o n b ll sta e tc
a tt a c k s fro m Fr a ig u s h a rp fievr e a ig ue ac ute rar a a a e ,
.

.
, , , ,

fe v er .
H er e th e fir s t t im e a sma occ u rs it is u sed in th e , ,

s en s e of c a lc u la te or co n s ider i t h e t hird i
It i s r m rk bl fac t th t th e L pch s when s ff rin g
a e a a e a ; n n
e a u e ,

—
,

fro m pro tr te d c d t ke f r nd g in sh rp ttacks

l ac s ta n coe it correspo
,
n
a d s to o u r
ev e a i m aM ] a ue a a .
,
.

Hook r Him l y n J nal A ir L at a er Gr 1p d o u btles s c o n t rac ted fro m

e , a a a our .
. .
'

,
. (1 1
,

S non f br g d e ther t h e h e a ve n s Gr
e 9 7 p t h e s k y or s o m et i m es
e e a u a , , . au 7
, ,

a ir as th e Ga el i c h a s a etha r th e a ir sky
V d t nh
’
l co t ts os es r e
a tha r
a s a .

, , , , ,

S i non q n fi evre ig v o s pr ss e les co tés pro n o u n ced ay ar aar W a wgr

u u
’
e a ue u e .
, ,
. .

[ I thin k a ir (or eir ) as so m etim es u sed b y O ld , ,

Th e c o nfinemen t to per i od ical fever i s a m oder n E n g l i s h w riters in th e se n se of ha ste pri de or ah , ,

restri ctio n fro m t h e tend en c y of langu ag e co n stan tly g er , is co n fou n ded by le xi cog ra ph ers with a very d i f
,

t o beco m e m ore spec i fic in its a pplic atio n fer ent w ord K os egar ten in W or terb u ch der Ni e . .
,

d c r d eu ts ch en S pr a ch e giv es air he
‘

ftig sch a rf; a n d

'

For R i chard l y s or s k a so e e e,
, , ,

O k n s p y d n t h C y t n e host
n ee s u ggests th at th e w ord may be a llied to th e AS
ra e e r s e
.

Thro gh h y g r d hy rt u
g e eorr e w ra t h fu l
s ac e a n O n th e R o m a n ce s i des ve w e ue rr , ,
.
,

H t ny d o t of h i g e R C o r d Li n 3 045
ur
h a v e th e Prove n cal a ir h au gh tin e s s i nsolen ce in
u s a u. -
. e c o . .

, , ,

[ P alsg ra ve in his vocab u la ry of n o u n s h a s ag u e d i g n at io n th e O ld Fre n c h a ir of th e sam e m e a n

, , , ,

VO L . I . 5
34 AIS LE . A L C OV E .

ing,
'

a i e, r '
v al ian t sp i rited , , an d
’
s a i er , r to be i rr i E nde v ond en de d o re a ker e s taen d e r .

ta ted :
W allewein . 93 68 .

M est o s l h li rs q 1i s ir s oit
u es C eva
S ee Ch e
a r Ch a re
ue e av
,
.

m I t s c hemhar e s hemba r e to o as i de
,

P d s i
as g r n t ei l d m ga i t a r
A k i a
b o a e ne g g
r ev o en
. .
, ,

C omme f ss oi nt l q i o nf n e t i t fro m ; s chimhiccio a cr an k l ing or c ooked win din g

c eu s u c es e a s es o en .
, r

D i t d G i l d A n gl 202 in a n d ou t ; s eder e a s chimhic io to s it crook ed u po n

e u .
’
. .
c ,

S i tres i e b ig -
a r e
’
es o o n e s legs as ta i l o rs do wi th th e legs ak i m bo as i t
ne
’
, , ,

N f c nt
e u, m is j ste
e anz a w ere asghemho a s ohembo as chenc io a slope as can c e
a , e e .
, , , ,
B noi t C h d D e d N orm II 2 142 1
, Gael c a m crook ed a w ry It a g ibbo croo k edl y
r . es u es e . . .

. .
, , .
, ,

E rr nt in t a h che l i q i t a r sy v ers Gr x p fi g croo k ed espec i ally a pp lied

’
y
‘
o a o
‘
-
a v sa u ce u u s a ra , . .
, ,

L p e tr i t hors a l nf nt l g te
an en a a to th e legs , Flor i o ’
e a
’
a e , . .

Etj r q j m i s l bi n n 1i f
u e ue a a
Al arm — Al aru m It a ll a rme to arms ! th e
nu e e or a .

.
’

D i t d G il d A gl 199
. .
,
’
e u n
ca ll to defe n ce o n b ei ng su rpr i s ed b y an en emy
. . .

Also t h e S pani sh a i a do angr y in di gn an t of all This id h r n s down wi th gr t n i nd sho t

r , , , sa , e u as ea a o se a u

whi c h la tter w ord s th e L a tin ir a is prob abl y th e in g h c o ld c ry in g i m h lp h lp c i ti n th as e u , a

’
ar e, e , e , ze s, e

root .
c tl i tak n by th e n my m w y t d f nc as e s e e e , co e a a o e e e .

E ir in a p assag e fro m R obert of Glo u ce ster r e

,
Ho ll n d s Pliny in R i ch rds on a
’
a .

ferr ed to in Coler i dge s Gloss a ria l Ind ex u n der a ir H ence E a la u m a rou sin g s i gnal of m arti a l m u si c
’
, , . r , ,

is m ore prob ably a lli ed to on e of th e w ords a bov e a su rpr i s e ; Fr a lla r mer to g iv e a n ala ru m u n to ; .
,

c ited th an to th e L atin a er to ro u se or affrigh t by an alar um Cotgr ; and

'

.
.

For th i s h ip p wi th gr t i c om tow d l d
as sc es
g e n er a lly to
e
a l a rm to e x c i te a ppre h e n s i o n
e r e
Th e ar on e
, ,
.

a l a ru m or la r u m of a c l oc k is a lo u d r i n gi n g s u d
In T m s e th i l th e world m s ch ld h m t t d
e, a s e a e u e e a s on e .
,

R ob of G p 5 1 d enl y let off for th e pu rpo s e of r o u s i ng o n e out of . . . .

Th e O ld D utch er r e is also a cog n ate wor d sleep .

Al as Fro m L at la ssus Prov las w e ar i ed

.

.
. .
, , ,
di nin c w rt 1 e co
w retch ed H enc e th e e x cla ma t i o n s L as ’ A i la s ’
a a erre,

E nde hi t I i g in v n ,
. . .

e s n r e ae
H ela s ! A h w retch ed m e ! A las !
.

R i t d V W ill ms v 28 3 4e naer e os , e ,
. .

Cl m d w d eo e end a es as L ! q ef r i
r oev m i t hit e err e, as u a a ? cu su ra z,

Hi n w nd e nimm m e k nae W t h wh t sh ll I do I m b tr y d !
er eer cre .
re c a a ,
as a e a e

Ibid 56 3 0 — M ] M i t g n g g do t
. v . . . ’
av a z ra au na

A il ! can p m d r t R yn d
’

Aisl e Th e s i d e d i v is i o n s of a c h u rch li k e w in g s
. ,
a s sa au c a u a . a ou ar .

o n e ith er s i d e of th e high er n ave Fr a isl a ile a Y h v g i n m gr t joy . . e, ,

ou a e ve e ea ,

win g fro m L at axilla a la .

,
Ah w r t h.
d m 1 how li ttle i t h l st d e c e e as a e .

B y a lik e a nalogy les a iles d a n e th e n o stri ls ; L ! t nt i p is s o pi e z, as a en a u u r ,

,
E t doi t st l l mé
les a iles d u n f o ét th e s k irt s of a fore s t
‘
e r e a ss e c a e
C otgr
’
r
n t i s n s str —
.
, .

m m R R
’

Q l e e e ua e a a e e a e
[ Th ere is n o dou bt t h at t h e tr u e ety m olo gy of
. . .

a is le is t h a t g iv en in th e te x t b u t th e w ord fro m Al ch emy Th e s c i e n ce of co n vert in g b as e m et

, , .

s i m il ar i ty of sou n d as w el l a s s ign ifica n ce wa s als i nto gold Ll id Gr pxn/

, xm S u id as ,
. . . a ua ueta .

ofte n confou n ded wi th both isle an d a fleg an d hen ce Ar ab a l—kimia wi tho u t n at i ve root in th a t l a ng uage , ,
.
,
.

in m odern L a t in in s u la an d a mbula tor iu m h a v e , Diez .

b een u sed for a is le S ee th e e x am ples in th e Glo s . Al c oh ol A r ab i c al hohl th e im p alp able po w der . , ,

s a ry of A rc hi tect u re 8 v a is le — M ] , of an t im o ny with whi ch th e O r i en tal s a dor n th e ir

. . . .
,

A it A small flat i slan d in a river fo r egot fro m e y elids a ny thin g redu ced to an i mp al p able po w der
. , , , ,

e e a n i sla n d
y ,
. t h e p u re su bst a n ce of a ny thi n g s ep a r a ted fro m th e

Aj ar O n cha r o n th e t ur n half O pe n fro m AS mo r e gro s s a p ure w ell r efin ed s p i ri t sp i ri ts of win e

. , , , .
,
-
, .

c eorr a n to t ur n ,
. T o a lc oholise to redu ce to an M p alp able po w der or , ,

Lik n e b ll d oi s
e as a mm ing nd r r u
to rect i fy voru
l a ti le sp ir i t B
es
a i le y
a a e
. .

Wh h h p i h rt on th e lt r
en e es c a sAl c ov e S p a lc oha a plac e in a r oom r a i led off
u a a e, . .
,

And h i by th e x wi th hi n ck wy h t
c a rr s to h old a bed of s tate ; henc e a h oll o w r ec ess in a
a s e e

G if th f h ed th dyn t hitti no t ri ch t
on e e or e
w all to h old a bed s i de bo ard & c ; Ara b a i g obba h
e e s . -
. .
-
, , ,
D V 46 1 5
v a u l t t en t Diez .
. .
,
.

,
. .

I C a brer a t h in k s t h e S p an i s h alc oba a n a t ive w ord

A n s cho t wy d e ch t lit l ch n o un s
[ e an e e on ar

P it th m
er sav y g bl w n e d b or n
A r ab iz
n
ed b y t h e Moor
a
s t h e r oo t be in g t h e L at cu
a an ar , .

T h s cho t I l y t
e d drew in w t in b y
c os hile anS a n t a Rosa g i ve s c ova as t h e Portu gu ese ar .

C hy n d fo r c ld th
v era o n w ll an ame for s ilo or g r a in cell a r whi ch t h e A r a bs c all
e s ess u as s a s n e . -
, ,
D v 202 24 S tr om S tin dmor s Beskr iv else I c x
ma mor r a
. . .
,
z .
, ,
. . .
,

Swi ss a cha aj ar S ta lder D u a en ha rr e aher r e say s

r, . . .
,
.
 A LDE R . ALI G H T . 35

T il d en en e n d r t T g m dS i d en af Rog S tuen , -
og u e ee a e C o n v er sel y a bi r d is sa i d to l i gh t u pon a tree
,

d b y gg
en , ltid n k ld t K f es all r S n g K mm r e saa a e a ao e e e e- a e .
wh e n it stop s its fl igh t and settli ng o n a bran ch , , ,

Her e hof e i s u sed for bed cha mber an d t h i s w ord

o -
.
o ff rs it self s t ead i ly to our v i e w li ke an obj ect su d
e ,

is by n o mea n s l i k el y to h a v e bee n tak e n fro m t h e d enly d i spl a y ed b y a r ay of l i g h t fal l i n g u pon it .

Ar ab i c S ee C ov e . .
He n ce to a light AS a lihta n to l i gh t o n an yt hi n g
,
.
, ,

Th e w ord was u se d in An glo S ax o n al s o at a - e sp ec i all y on t h e g ro u n d an d co n seq u e n tl y to de ,

per i od wh en it cou ld n ot h av e bee n borr o wed fro m scend fro m a ca rr i a g e fro m on h orseb a c k A s imi
,
.

th e Arabs fo in Arch bp Alfr i c s Vocab u l a ry N a t

,
r .
’
,
. lar meta phor obta in s in N e w Hol la nd wh ere th e _ ,

An t I p 2 5 we fi n d c b i cu lu m hed c af a v el
. . .
,
u ,
-
,
n a t i v e s e xpress seei ng or fi nd i n g an object by sa y
b ur .
”
M ] .
ing it m ak e s a ligh t .

Ald er . AS . a lr Prov E . . a ller , o wler G . elle , r H

W ll m nd Ho g ong g look t for d ck y y
e e a u o ou u , a e, a e .

erle D u. els SW . al ; Pol . ols z a , o szl yn a L at .

B l m k
e al i g h t d ck
e a Whi h d d in to En glish
u .
”
c ren er e

l
a rzus .
wo ld b W e don t
u e, ny d ck [don t lig ht
’
see a ny ] u
’
on a

M M redi th
Al d e rm an AS eald old ; ea ldor an elder a . .
, , ,
rs . e .

p are n t h e n ce a c hi ef a r u ler H u ndr ed es ea ldor a

, ,
.
, [ Th e ca s e s in whi c h t h e S ax o n verb alihta n to ,

r u ler o f a h un dred a cent ur io n ; ea ldo biscay an r- ,

a l i g h t o c c u r s ar e fe w a n d w e m u s t loo k t o t h e c og
, ,
,

ar c hbi s h op ; ea ldor ma n a m agistrate pr aefect u s -

, , ,
n a te l an guage s for i ll ustr at i o n s of its e tymol ogy .

pr in ceps .
In al l th e Gothi c d i al ect s th e n ou n light lumen and , , ,

A le AS eal e eala ealu aloth I cel at ; L i th

. .
, , ,
. . th e adject i ve light lev i s h av e a certa in re s e m bla n ce
, , ,

a las fro m an e qu iv al en t of G a el ol to dr in k ; a s an d in s o m e of t h e i r d er iv a tiv e s t h e y co in c ide e x

’

.
, ,

Boh e m p iwa beer fro m p iti to dr in k

.
, , ,
. ac t l
y t h,
o u h in m o s t cas e s p la i n ly d i st in u i s h ed in
g , g ,

A l ert L at er ig er e er ec tus It erg er e to r a i s e

. .
, , .
,
e i t h er th e vow e l or c o n s onan t al e le m e n t s of th e
u
p ; e r ta t h e s teep a sce
,
n t of a hi ll ; er ta s tra i gh t , ,
r a d i cal Th e rese m bl an ce bet w ee n th e S a xo n verb s
.

ere c t ; s ta r erta to stan d u p sta r a l er ta a ller ta to a lihta n to i llu m i n a t e an d a lihta n to a l i h t appe ar s

’

, , , , g , , ,

b e u p on o n e s guar d l it era lly to s t an d u po n an e m

’
,
to b e a cc i d ent al an d t h e w ords n e a rest corre spo n d
,
,

inen c e H en ce a lert on o n e s gu ar d br i sk l i vely ’

, , ,
ing to th e m in t h e T e u to n ic a nd S ca n d in a v ia n l an
.
,

ni mble uag es a r e ev i de n tl y der iv ed fro m d i ffere n t root s

. g .

In this pl c th prin ce fi ndin g h i r tt rs [ro ti rs] l t

a e e s u e u e a er
Th e m o st ob v i ou s e xp la n a tio n of a light w o uld b e
(as t h I t lie n y ) wiath th d
a i c of h i
s sa l i n t bro th r e a v e s va a e ,
th a t b y de sce n d in g fro m a ca rriag e or a h orse w e
t hi t mp ts t th D k of P rm —S i R g r
,

h e s en s ru e o e u e a a . r o e lighten t h e v ehicl e o r t h e an i mal j u st a s w e lighten

W illi m a 16 18 in Ri h
a s,
°
c
a vessel b d i sc h a r gin g t h e c a r g o A in th er e is
y g a
.
, .
,

To Al e gg e S ee A llay a c o nn ec tio n bet w ee n t h e n ot i o n of t h u s li htenin

. .
g g
Al em b ic L embic A st i ll I t la mbzcc o t h at u po n whi ch a w e i gh t re sts an d lifting th e
‘

. . . .
, ,

lemhicc o S p a la mhigue A ra b a l—
,
a n hi
.
g i t d o es n ot , . w e i gh t i tself a n d h en c e th e Ger ma n d en A nher
,

a ppe a r h ow ev er t h at th e w ord a dm i ts of ra dical

, ,
lichten a n d t h e D a n ish a t lette A nher en to lighten
, , ,

e x pl a n a t i o n in t h e l a t ter la n g u a e — D i e g z . for to lift th e a n cho r In these cases n o o n e do u bts

,
.
,

Al gates Fro m t h e N E gates w ay s I cel . . .

, . th a t t h e verbs ar e respectivel y fr o m th e a dject i ve s
a ta a p a t h S W a ta wa s treet A ll w a y s a t leicht a n d let bot h of whi c h s i gn ify levis a n d h a ve
g , g y ,
.
, ,
.
, , ,

all eve n ts in on e way or a n ot h er ,

. n o r ela tio n to t h e root li ht lu men
g Th e v er b , .

A lg t by sl i gh t o r b y i l a li ht a s a n in tr a n s it i v e h a s n o prec ise et m olo i

a es e v o en c e g , y g ,

Fro y to y r I win ll my di p ’
ear ea a s en c e . cal co r ela tiv e in t h e Got hi c d i alect s b u t t h e D an e s
r ,

Fri r T l a
’
s a e .
s ay indifi er ently j eg lo
,
'

flede hen d e af S a delen I

, ,

A lways it self is u sed in t h e N of E n gl a n d in th e . lifted h er fro m th e s a ddle a n d j g letted e hen de af ,

e

se n se of h o w ever n everth ele ss — Brock et S wa , . . S delen I lighted h er fro m t h e s addle

a , In thi s lat .

ates in s u c h a m an n er ter c ase th e p h r as e differs fro m ou r E n gl i s h a light

g ,
.
,

Al g e b r a Th e sc i e n ce of calcu l a t i o n by symbol s
. . fro m th e sad dle o nly in th e s u bstitu t i o n of a tra n s i
,

S p algebr a whi c h is also u sed in t h e se n se of sett in g

.
, t i e for an in tra n s i ti v e (perh ap s or i g in al ly r eflect
v

d i slocated or brok e n l i mbs s a i d to be from A r ab l , . a iv e) verb a n d in c h a n g in g th e g r amm a t i cal s bject

,
u

g a hr t h e p u tt in g to g et h er of brok e n t hin s t h o u h
, g g ,
of th e p r eposition S o wi th respect to th e D utc h .

th e c onn e xi o n in se n se is n ot v er y cle ar Die ieman d u it d en z ad el lig ten to lift o n e ou t of t h e

”
. z .
,

T O Alight L igh t T o li gh t on a thin g i s to

. . sa d d le to h elp on e d i sm o u n t it c a n h ardl y b edo ubted
, ,

c o me u po n it s u d d en l y l i k e a r a
y of l
x
i g h t s t r i ki n
g , th a t ligten th o gh u sed tra n s i t i v ely is c ogna te wi th
,
u ,

u po n so m e reflect in
g object a nd m a k in
g it con S p ic u , th e E n gl i s h to a lig ht an d th er e is n o q est io n th a t ,
u

ou s am i d t h e s u rro u n d in
g sh a do w . lig ten i s fro m th e a dj ec tiv e lig t levis ra th er t h an , ,

I hop by thi s tim th Lord m y h

e bl ss d y t e e a av e e e ou o
fro m th e n o u n licht l men or i ts correspo n din g a d ,
u ,

h a ve light po n s om of th ir shi p s u C rlyl s Cromw ll e e . a e

’
e ,
j ectiv e L igten i s u sed in man y oth er phr ases wh er e
.

2 , 3 84 . its o r i g i n is eq ually u n equ ivoca l a s ee n schip lig , ,

36 ALL . ALLEDGE .

ten ,
”
d i sch arge a ship ieman d de
to lighten or ,
why s i tten we see
T h omalin
A s w eren o erwen t wi th woe
be u r s ligten to lig hten o n e s p u rs e d en h oed lig
,
” ’
,
Upon s o fa i re m
v

we a orr o
ten , to ra i se th e h at d e h a n d lig ten to r aise th e
”
, ,
”
T h e joy o s time n w n ig h th f st u o e
,

a
ha n d .
Tha t h ll al gg thi s bitter bl st s a e e a ,

Wh e n th e bir d a lights or lights u pon a tree i t ,

“
And slak e th e winter we s or r o .

s top s its fl i gh t Th e c on n ec tion bet w ee n thi s n o

.
” Sh pherd s Calenda r e
’
.

t i o n an d e i th er l it er al s en se of light is n ot ver y ob I n th e same way t h e Sw ed h as wad r et lagg er s ig ;

' '

viou s b u t w e fi n d an a n alo go u s e x press i o n in I ce

,
w ark e n lagg er sig th e win d is la i d ; t h e p a i n a b ates
'

, .

l au d i e in whi c h th e verb a t letta fro m léttr l ev i s is

, , , , S o in Vi rgil ve n ti p osu ér e th e wi n d was l ai d
, , .

e mp l oy ed Th u s in Nj al a ed 1 7 7 2 p 6 1
If by y our a d r st f th r y h e
.
.
, .
,
rt , my ea e a e ou av
ig i f r e s inni tyrr nn pei kom Fliot hlie
’ ,
0 k lett
P t th wild w t rs in t his ro r l y th m
u e o e r u 1 s
u e a e a , a a e .

an d d i d not lighten ce a se or in ter m i t) t h e i r tr a vel

( T mp st e e .

t i ll th ey c ame to Fliotshlid Thi s u se of th e w or d . S o to a lla y thir st gr i ef & c , , .

i s v ery comm o n in Icel an d ic . Th e ot h er form co n fou n ded with a legge fro m ale c ,

Th e p h ras e to light u po n a thin g may be to , , ga n in th e m oder n a llay is th e old a ll gg e fr o m Fr ,

e , .

co m e s u d d en ly u po n it as th e b i rd doe s to th e , a llég er It a lle

, gg ia e L a t a lle ia r e to li h te n m i ti
.
g r ,
. v
, ,

bran c h on whic h it lights wh e n it ce a se s its flight , g a te ,tr a n q u i ll i se t h u s co m in

g r o u n d so e x actl y to
,

b u t it m u st be ad m itted t h a t th e an alo gy is n ot ver y t h e se n se of a lay fro m a lecg a n tha t it is i mposs i ble , ,

cl e a n — M ] . s o m et i m es to sa
y to whi c h of th e t w o or i g i n s th e
Al l Goth a lls I cel a llr ; AS ea ll N otwith
. . . . . w ord shou l d be referred .

s ta n d in g th e d o u b l e l I h a ve l o ng bee n in cl in ed to , L a t levis l ig h t e a s y g e n tle beco m e s in Prov

.
, , , , .

s u spect th a t it i s a der iv a tive fro m th e root .2 w e , , , leu w h en c e levia r leuj a to as s u a ge ; a llevia r a l ,

r,
,

oi a e
, y ever C ert
,
a in ly th e s ig nifi c a tion s of ev er
. lauj a r 0 Fr a lleg er to l i g h t en to as s u ag e prec i se
,
. .
’

, , ,

an d a ll ar e clo s el y rel a ted th e o n e i m p l yi ng c o n ti n ,

ly in th e s am e wa y t h a t fro m br evis a bbrevia r e ar e , ,

u an c e in ti me th e oth er co n tin u a n ce th r o u gho u t a n

, form ed Prov br eu a br euj ar Fr a hlrr eger O E .
, ,
.
’

,
.

e x te n ded s er i es or th e p ar ts of a mul tifar iou s ob ,

a hr e
gg e to ab r i d ge
, .

j e c t Th
. e s e n se of t h e or igin al te h o w e v er is n ot , ,
Q e m d n joi m l j m dolo r
u
’
o es e
’
eu es a .

al way s co n fin ed to co n t in u an ce in t i m e as i s d is
Q lle m donnat joi et m all g at m do l
’ ’
, u e e e e e a u eur .

t in c tly poi n t ed ou t b y I h r e Ur a r h or n et war s wa .

Rayn .

fa g ur t som ce gu l l saei Th e au r ox horn wa s as .

”
P D ie l j t m q t f ys
er u a cu a z
’
a u es a

fa i r a s if it w ere al l gold S o ae liu s all br i ght .

-
,
-
For G od s s ak li gh ten me t hi b rd n
’
e s u e .

w tid m oder n S W a ll tid all t i m e

-
,
AS a le each .
-

,
. .
, , S o in Ital i an ,

is prob abl y a lic e v er— l i k e i m p lyi ng th e a pp l i ca t i o n

-
, ,
F te lim in t dir m ss i accio ch llegg i i n ostri marti i
a os ae e es a
’
no r
of a pred i ca te to all th e memb er s of a ser i es I n
.

ev ery fo r m erl y ever ec he everil/

,
c for w r e wle t h ere
f , ,
-
,
that ou r tor m e nts may be a ss ua g ed or allayed , .

i s a repet i tio n of t h e ele m e n t s i gni fy in g co n tin u an ce .

S h e (O ld A g e ) wep eth th e tim th t h e h th w ted

e a s a as
But every an d a ll e x pres s fun damen t ally th e same A nd of
h er ol e v a n itie, d
ide a E very on e i n d i c a t e s a ll the in dividu a ls of a
. Th ta b ut aforn e h er s h e m ay s ee

seri es ; every ma n and all men ar e t h e sam e thing f t r som sm l s o r

I n th e u u e e a l ec u e,

T o l ggi h of h dolo r —R R
.

Th e Gr bl c wh ole appe ar s to spr i ng fro m a totally

. o
, ,
e n er er u . . .

d ifferen t con cept i o n . I t wo ld h ve bro ght my lif g in

u a u e a a ,

Alk ali Ar ab al ga li th e sal t of ash es

. D ie z
.
-
,
. .
For c rt s nly I d r w ll s in
e e ev e a e e a e

T h s i gh t only nd th s o r
In m oder n c h emi stry ge n er alised to e xpress all th o se e a e av u

A l gg id m h of my l n g o r
e R R uc a u
sal t s th a t n e u tr a l i se a c i d s
. . .

T O All ay, fo rmer ly w r itte n a llegge as to s ay wa s , In th e ori gin al ,

for merly to segge Tw o d istin ct words ar e c on

L e v i s n s pl
.
’
t l o d
o r a us , e u eur
fou n ded in th e mo d ern a llay t h e first of whi ch ,
S i m leg i t m do l r
’
a
’

eo en a u eu .

sho u ld p r op er ly b e w r i tte n wi t h a s in gl e l fro m ,

AS a lecg a n to lay do wn to p u t do wn s u ppress

.
, , , , T O A ll e d ge . Fr . A lleg uer , to to pro all ead g e,

t ran qu i ll i se S pe a king of W m R ufu s t h e S ax

. .
,
. d uce re a so n s evi d enc e , , or au th or i ty for th e proof
Chro n say s .
, of . C otg .

E ll n fol c b h t ea llan th
a a e n ih te t l gg
e e th e on a u r o a e enne, L at leg a r e to i n tr u st or as si g n u n to ; a lleg a r e to
.
, ,

hi b t h
s tim n w n
ro er a aera d ep u t e or co mm i s s i o n on e to se n d a m ess ag e to se , ,

tra n sl ated in R of Glou cester .

,
l i c it by messa ge Pet i t a me Raboniu s et ami ces.

allega t Rabon iu s as k s of me an d s e n ds fr i e n d s
”

H b h t G od d th t fol n b b t th t w this
.

e e e an a e a e es e a as

T o l gg ll l th r l w s th t y h ld w r b fore
a e e a u e a e a o e e e e
,

( to s u ppo r t hi s pet i t i o n ) H en c e it came to s i ni fy

g .
,

And bett r m k th n w r th th e h w y bor

e a e a e e su e as e .
to a dd u c e re ason s or wi t n e ss e s in su ppo rt of a n ar
 A LLE GIANC E . A LL OW . 37

gumen t Fro m th e lan gua ge of lawy ers probably

. ic et r ec ta line a a p r i mo occ up ants ; o da ls— ma dr
’

th e w ord cam e in to g e n eral u s e in E n glan d an d d omin u s allodialis, s tr ict e p r i mu s oc c up an s —H al .

Fran ce . d ors en .

J tin which th t h ted h i folie

us us a a s
D an . p a tr i moni a l e sta te T h e lan d ed
SW . odel, a .

Ans w r d n n ri gh t in h i j p ie e a o s a er e,
{
p r op r ie to rs of the Shet la n d I sl e s are s ti ll call ed u da l

And for h w ld h i lon ge tal br g e o s e a e e ler s a cco r d in g to S ir Wal te r Scott

, T h e Icel od a l . .
’

H e wold n on M rch t s T l
’
t itie ll g e auc or a e e e an a e
is al s o u s e d in the s en s e of ab a n d one d good s at leg
. .

Th i w ll l gg al nd by th g od p ll p n it
fy
' ’

r er o d a l to ab a n d on a thin
g to l e a ve it to b e
e e a e en so a e s e re ov c za
,
g , ,
N lite j d i c r q n q m
o P P u a e ue ua . . .

taken by the fi r s t occ u pie r I f M id L at a lod zs . . .

'

H er e we fin d a lledg e fro m L at a lleg a e s pel t and ,

. r ,
a lod u m is i d entica l with th e Ice l wo r d it exhi b it s .
,

pro no u n ced in th e s am e mann er as a llegge (th e m od a s in gul a r t r a n s po s ition of s y llabl e s Ihr e wo u ld .

fr o m AS a lec a n a n d t h ere is so l i ttle a cco u nt for allod iu m fr o m the compo u n d

er n a lla
y) g ,
.
, alld h a

d iffere n ce in m ea nin g bet wee n la yi ng do wn and ,

od h ol
”
m entione d in the Gothic la w s
, an a ncient ,

br in ging for ward re a son s th a t th e L a tin and S a xon ,

inhe r itan ce from a lldr ze t as ant iquitas and o da l
, , , ,
’

der i vative s w ere som et i m e s co n fo u n ded . inhe r ita nce as a llda vlnr a n a ncient fr ien d a lder
,
-
’

, ,

hcef d a pos s e ss ion of lon g s ta n d in g

, See Ihr e in v . .

A nd this noble duk e l yd

ek e a e e
0d
Full m ny nother kill nd seide
a a s , a
.

S h e h ad w ll des e v ed wre c k e Gower in R ich e r . .

[ Ih r e ppo se s the r oot of odel to b e ad a n d or
su , ,

a d p r i m arily m e an in g po ss e s s ion
, an d thi s is con ,

H er e aleyde is pla in l y to be u n derstood in th e s e n s e fi rm e d b y the le gal si g nifica tion of the wor d which , ,

of th e L a t a d eg a r a . . in s t r ictn e ss is a pr e s cr iptive titl e acqu ir e d by

,

A ll e gianc e S ee L iege . . thirty ye ar s con tin u o u s po ss e ss ion It wa s al so the

’
.

To All e viate S ee Al la y . . hi ghe s t tit l e kn own in Scan d in a vi an j ur i sp ru dence ,

All e y Fr a llee a w al k p a th p a s sa ge fro m al a n d the d o m ain of the c r own was sa i d to b e he ld

’

. .
, , , ,

ler , to go . by it Ex am p le s of its u se in thi s la tter s en s e wi ll

.

Al ligato r Th e Am erican cro cod i le fro m th e

. , b e fo u n d in H a r alld s S aga en s H arfagr a c vi in ,
. .
,

S p la ga rto a l i ard ; L at la cer ta In H a w k in s

.
,
z . .
’
the H eimskr in gla a n d in the S aga O lafs T ryggv a ,

voyage h e spe ak s of th es e u n der th e name of ala s on ar 0 1 3 9 7 ,

—M ] .
,
. .

g a r toes L a g a rto d as I n d ias th e ca y m an or S ou t h

.
, T O All ow T wo wo r d s s ee m he r e confo u n d e d ;
.

A m eri ca n all iga tor . 1 fr o m L at la u da r e to p r ai s e and 2 fr o m loc a r e

. .
, ,
.
,

Al l od ial A llod iu m in M id L a t was an e sta te

. , . .
, to place to let , .

h eld in absolu te posse ss i o n witho u t a fe ud al su peri or . F r om the L at la u s la n dt s was fo rme d P r ov .

,
'

, .

Bla ck sto n e Th e deriva ti o n h as bee n mu c h d i s . la us la u p ra i s e a pp r ov al a d vice

, , Hence la uz ar , , .
,

u te d a nd l i ttle l i h t h as bee n t h ro wn u pon i t b y a la uz a r 0 F r loer lou er a lou er to p rais e to a p

p , g , . .
, , , ,

t h e v ar i ou s gues se s of a n tiqu ar i a n s Th e w ord ap . p rove to reco mmen d In l i ke ma nne r the L a t la u

,
. .

pe ars as e arly as th e n int h ce n t ury under th e form s d o was u s e d for a pp ro b a tion an d a d vice .

a lod is a lo d us , a lod iu m a la ud u m a n d in Fr , a leu , , .

, L a ud o i git u r u t ab eo s uam filiam p rimogenita m
r a n c f r a n c a lou d r r a n c a leu l Th e
”
eta tis d u ci no s t ro c onj u g em I r eco mm en d
a leu
f f a n c a loi
, f j -
,
-
,
-
p E t ,
.

g e n er a l se n se is t h a t of an e s ta te h eld in a b sol te u v os ill u c ten d e r e p en itu s d isla u da mus —we dis ,

”

possess i o n Me as praed ium possessionis h er edita

.
“
s ua d e
y o u D u ca n e
g E.t l e ur d e ma n d a q u e i1 .

r iae h oe e s t ala du m n o s tr u m q ui est in

p ag e An d i
”
loozen t a fa i re et l i loér en t to u s qu e i1 d esc end is t
'

.
, , ,

g av en si — Ch arta a n
.
”
8 3 9 in D ue A la du m .
, .
“
u E t i1 1i d i r ent q u e j e 1i a vois loe bon con s ei l
’
.
9,

m e u m s i ve h aer c dita tem quam ded i t m ihi p ater m e u s -

Joinvi lle in Raynouar d In the same way in .

”
in die nu
p tiar u m mear um . Pa ter n ae h acr edita ti, En gl i s h :
qu a m n os tr a tes a lod iu m vel
p atrim o ni um v oca nt , T h i is th e sum of what I woul d h ve y e wei g h
s a ,

s e se c on t u lit It is ofte n O pp o sed to a fief . Haec

”
.
F irs t whethe y e ll w my whole devi e r a o s ,

a u te m fu er u nt ea — q u ae de a llodiis s ive p raediis in An d th ink it good fo me f th em for you r , or , ,

fe u du m commuta vit Adel a I t is tak e n for an es ” A n d if y e lik e it nd ll w it w ell a a o

Ferrex and Po c x in R i c hard son

.

rr
ta te free of d uti es H ab em us v in e ae ag ip en nu m . r
.

u n u m a llod ia liter immu n e m h oc est a b o mn i c en s fis ,

E s peci ally la u s was a pp lie d to the a pp r oba tion
e t v ica riac r ed h ibitione l i beru m Red dit ea te rra iven e u d a l l o r d to the a l ien a tion of a fe e d e
”
.
g b y a f
2 de n c ens fis c um an t e s e m per a lodiu m fu is set
. .
”
pen d in g u po n him and to the fine he r eceive d for ,

pe rm i s s ion to al ie n ate H oe d on um la uda mt

'

A D 1 07 8 .

Adam M ar ingotu s d e cuj u s feod o e ra t — D uc

. . .

”
I t ca n har dly be w h oll y distin ct from Icel oda l .
’

, ,
. .

whi c h is u sed in mu c h t h e same se n se all od i um , ,

F r o m si gni fyin g con sent to a g rant the wo rd ,

pr aed i u m h ered i ta riu m ; praedium h ered i came to b e appl ie d to the gra nt its elf Come s .
“

ta riu m ; o da l bor in n na t u s ad h ered i u m av itum sc i l conce ss it iis et la nd a mt te r r as et feu d a c o r u m ad

'
’
-
, ,
38 ALL O Y . AL O F T .

su a m fid elita tem e viti um F acta es t h aec et s r .

”
th t it be of th e s me colour th at th e fy e i
fy r e ty ll a a r s.

la a s s ive con c es s io in cla u s t r o S M ar ii D uc . .

”
-
.
T henne tak e him u t nd lete b y m k ele ; n d y h l l o , a a e s a

fy n d him w ll l g d f
e t fy le T henne ray e th e b e de
e a a or o
He r e we come ve ry n e a r the a pplic ation of a llow wy th y o n d m k e t h e p o yn t
. s r

k ny f ur harp e T henne e, a a S
a nc e to exp r e ss an a s s i g n m ent of a ce r ta in am o u nt
l y b y m g ay n — J li na Be ne
.

a a e h II I
a . u a r rs , . .

of m o n ey or g oo d s to a p a r tic u la r pe r so n or for a

speci a l p u r po s e .
C a pg rav e h a s d ay in a n u n co mmon s en s e , d e r ive d
“
A n d his a llowa n c e wa s a co n tin u al a llowa nc e no d o ub t fr om the d eb as e m ent a nd s u ppo s e d corr u p
g iven b y t h e k in g a d a i ly r a te for eve r y d ay all h is ,
tion of coin by the a dm ixtur e of i nfe r ior m eta l
life — 2 Kin g s
”
T h ei t w en t in to e h e on an d th e Sh amb r a1 b e
. .

o a c r e, ara
In thi s s e n s e howeve r to a llow is fr om th e L a t , , .
s i ne p d th do e
s er e e an d th n took o te a k ny f l
r , y d w it h a u a a e

loca r e to p la ce a lloea r e to a ppoi n t to a ce r ta in pla ce v en y m, an d s m et th e P in c e t wie Chr on i c le p 16 2

r s .
, , ,
. .
,

o r p u r po s e It a lleg a r e to p la ce to fix ; P r ov a lo
.
, , .
M .
]
g a r Fr loner a llou er to a ssi g n to p u t ou t to hir e
, .
, , , .
T O All ur e . To te mpt by the offer of a bait or

L e s ei g n eur peu t sa i i po ur sa r en te les b e tes pas t s r s u

ran te s s son fo n d e n c o e q ell e n app a tic n n en t on T O All y Fr a llier L a t lig a r e, to tie ; a lli a r e,
’ ’ ‘
ur s r u s r a s . . .
g
v al in a c e x q ui ont ll
as s , a s l dis tes b e te u C ou a ouees
’

es s s .
to tie to to u nite , .

t me d e N o m n die i n Rayn o d
u r a u ar .

Al man ac App ar ently fr o m the Ar ab ic b u t no .

,

T o a llow in r eken ing e — a lloco A llowa n c e . exp lan a tion is g iven u s fr om th a t lan g uag e .

al loc a c io — P r Pm W all on a lou wer d ep c ns er

. . . .
, . Almon d G r p yd l n; L at a myg d ala Wallac h . . a v a .
,
.

G r a ndg . mig d dle ma n d u le ; Sp a lmen d r a P r ov a mcm dola

,
.
,
.
,

Aga in as the s en s e s of L a t la u dar e an d a lloca re

,
. F r a ma n de It ma n d ala ma n dor la L a n gu e d a men
.
,
.
, ,
.

coal e sce d in Fr a lloa er and E allow the confu s ion lou a mello . .
, , .

s ee ms to h ave b een ca r r ie d b a ck into the con te mpo Alms A lmenry A umry G r l p mn fl . . . . s ee o ’

,

r a r y L a tin whe r e alloc a r e is u s e d in the s en s e of

, pr operly co mpas sio n atene ss then r el ief g iven to the ,

a pp r ove or a d mit ; essom a m alloc a bile a n a d mis si poo r

'

.
,

b le e x c u s e . T hi s b ein g an ec cl e si a stical exPr es smn p a sse d , ,

[ T h e ove r ru lin g of a po s ition or objection tak en d i r ect into the T eu tonic la n gu ag e s u n d er the fo rm
b y co u n s e l or the d e n yi n g of a m otion is exp r e ss e d of G a lmos en AS celmess e a lmes O E a lmess e
, , .
,
.
, ,
.
,

in la w L atin by the phr as e n on a lloca tur it is not a lmose Sc a wmou s a lms an d into the Ro ma n ce
-

, ,
.
,

a llowed — M ] . u n d e r the fo r m of P r ov a lmosn a F r a u mos n e .

,
.
,

Alloy T h e p r opo r tio n of b as e m et al mixe d with a umone Hence the F r a u mom er E a lmoner ‘ '

. . .
, .
,

o ld or s i l ve r in coi n ag e F r o m L a t lex the l a w a wmn er e an o ffice r who s e d u ty it is to d i s pen s e

g . .
, ,

or r u le b y which the co m po s ition of the m oney is al ms an d a lmon r

y a umey the pla ce whe r e the alms , , ,

ove r ne d It le a F r le i a loz U ar e g iven fr o m th e las t of w hi ch a ga in it s ee m s th a t

'

n us u is u c d e
g g ,
.
q q ,
.
,
.
,

n ar iu s c u d a tu r e t fia t a al leg em u n d ecim d e m a r io the old form a wmbr er e an al mone r mus t ha ve b een , ,

r um .
”
D u ca n g e In th e m inin g la n g uage of d e r ived . P r Pm When a w a y is u s e d with r ef . . .

Sp a in the te r m is a ppli e d to th e p r opo r tion of sil e r ence to the d i st r ib u tion of alms d ou b tles s two ,

v er fo u n d in the or e T h e ext r a ction for the d i stinct wo r d s a r e con fo u n d e d a lmomy a n d a mma ry

.
“
,

week was 7 5 0 car go s of cl e an or e a ver ag e ley or a mlny fr o m Fr a rmozr e L at a r ma ma a lma r la

' '

. .
, , , , ,

fr o m nin e to ten mar k s p er mo n ton with an in a c u p b o ar d T hi s la tte r wo r d in En glis h wa s sp e , .

”
c r e as ed p r opo r tion of gold T i m e s Jan 2 5 7 c ially a pp l ie d to a c u p boar d for k eepin g co ld a n d
.
-
,
.
,
.

F r o m si g ni fyin g the p ropor tio n of base meta l in br oken victuals Ba i l ey in v Amb r e A m mery .
, .
, ,

the coin the te rm a lloy was appl ie d to the bas e A umr y A men] a p a ntr y
,
Hall iwell T hen as .
,
. .

m etal it s elf an a u mr or r ecepta c l e for b r o k en vict ual s wo u ld

.
y
[ War kwo r th in his Chr on icl e u s e s d elay for a l occ u py a n i mpo r ta nt p la ce in the o ffice whe r e the
, ,

loy the p r efix de h a vin g he r e a p r iv a tive fo r ce

,
d a i ly d ol e of ch ar ity was d i spen se d the a ss oci a tion ,

s ee ms to h a ve l ed to the u s e of a u mr f or a mbry as
K y n g e E d ar d o c h a n ge d th e c oyn e of E n glon d e b y
u u / ,
,

whi h e h e h ad e g ete g etyn g e ; fo h e m ad e of an e olde if it we r e a contr action of a lmonry fro m which a s

c r r , ,

n oble a ry al l th e wh ic h wa c mma n dy d to g o f x s fa r as so un d is conce r ned it m i ght ve r y well h ave

,
s o u e o or .
,

n e e e t h e l tte t h e s me y oll e w p t vi ii d of l g
v r a r
a r i s en A n d vice ve r sa a lmon rg/ wa s so meti me s
a r as u . a e , .
,
a n d so w y ed vi ii d m o e b y d l y gc an d s mote b y m r ea n e
u s e d in the s en s e of a r ma r l u m a lma ma m a c u p
'
.

in to a n ew e p y nt e W k worth Ch oni cle p 4 , ,

r ar r . .

A lmon a mu m al mor letu m a lmemola a c u p

.
, , '

b o a rd
'
’
.
, ,

T h i s su gge s t s the etym o logy of the F r ench d elayer

’

bo a r d or s afe to s et u p b r ok en vict ual s to b e d i s t r i a ,

to d ilu te .
u ted a s alm s to the poo r Ba i ley See A m bry . . .

Jul i a n a Be r ner s e mploy s alloy for a nn ea l or tem [ T h e r oot her e d i s c u ss e d is evi d ently the s o ur ce
p er of a a mer e or a wmer e a p u r s e u s e d b y Ch au ce r an d , ,

Y e sh all p t th e q ell (n eedl e ) in au edde ch k ole othe r e ar ly w r ite r s a s the p ur s e containe d the small
uar r ar c ,
 AL O F T . AMAT E . 39

coin u sually given to b eggar s K osegar ten W or N or d o we fi n d him for w ar d t o b e s oun ded ;
’

.
,
B t w ith a c fty madn e s k eep s l f
te rb v A mba r e A n ba r e say s thi s wor d is u s ed i n u ra s a oo ,
. .
,
When we wo ld b in g h im on to some onfe ion
,
u r c ss
Livoni a in the s en s e of s peicher v orr ath sh au s O f his tru e s tate H a mlet , , .
-
.

an d r e ma r ks th a t H u el r e fe r s the wo r d to a
p
R u ss i an sou rc e — M ] Al p in e O f the n a t ur e of thin g s fo u n d in l o fty
. .

Aloft O n lef t u p in the air G lufl I sl lep t m o u nta in s fr o m the Alp s the hi ghe st mo u nta in s in
. ,
. .
,
.
, ,

O E llfl the a ir the sky

.
'

, ,
E u r ope G a el A lp a hei ght an e m inence a mou n
.
. .
, , ,

Al ong We mu st d i stin gu i s h a long AS a n dla ng ta in

. ,
.
,
.

G en tla ng en tla ng s la ng s S w cen da la ng s It lun g o

r. ,
Al tar
,
T h e fir e pl a ce on which sa cr ifice s we r e
, .
,
.
, .
-

Fr le long d e th r o ug h the l en gth of fro m a long i n ma d e to th e god s

.
,
L at a lta r e which Ihr e wo u ld , ,
. .
,

the s en s e of cau sa tion when s o me con s equ ence is expla in fr o m Icel eldr fir e an d a r or a m a he art h ;
,
.
, , , ,

s a i d to be a lon l a ce rt ain a g ent or e f or pe r h a p s AS em ear n a p la ce a s L a t lu c ern a

g f o o r on
g fo .
.
, , ,

fi cient p r incipl e . la ter n a a l a nte r n fr o m lu c er n leo/zt er n the pl a ce , ,

-
,
-
,

of a l i g ht
A l l t h i c oil i l ng o fy o — M id N D e m
s s o u r a
.

T o Al ter T o mak e s o m ethi n g othe r th a n wh at

. . . .

S ome said it was l ng n th e fi e makin g it is ; L at a lter a r e fro m a lter the othe r So G

o o r , .
, ,
. .

S ome said it w s l ng n th e blowin g a o o

an d er n to ch an g e fr o m wa ter the othe r ; a n d the
.

C no n Y eom n s T le a a
’
a
, , ,

L at muto fin d s a n o r i g in of l i k e n a tu r e in E sth on
.

. .

I n the form e r s en s e long is o r i g in al ly a n a djective mu a nothe r whence ma d uma ma u d ma to ch a n g e , , , ,

.

agr eei n g with the obj ect n ow g ove r ne d b y the p r ep Al ways AS eallne wceg ea lle wwga the whol e . .
, ,

osition along a s in AS a n d la ng ue deeg th r o u g h the

, way al to g ethe r thr o u gho u t
. T h e Se r vi a n s u se p a t , , ,
.
,

l on g d ay t h r o u g h t h e l en gth of the d ay
, In the way for the n umb e r of ti me s a thin g h appen s ; j eden .
,

la t te r it is the O S an d AS g ela ng owin g to in p a t once d va p ut twice & c

,
. .
, , , , ,
.

con s equ ence of from gelzng en to h a ppen to su cceed [ In l i k e ma nne r the D an e s say c eng a ng one
'

, , , .
, ,

M ir g ela ng u b i lo an d iu d a z ih m in fr io wo lta goin g for one time tr e g a ng e th r ee times So in , , ,

.

”
s in m al s d in s c al e
,
N otker It h appene d evi l to Swe d i sh N T M a tth xxvi 7 5 tr e r esor skal t d u
. .
,
. . . .
,
”
me th at I wo u ld b e my own lo r d not thy s er vant neka mig thr ee jou r ney s for th r ice s h al t tho u , , , , ,

evi l to me was al on g of this tha t & c d eny me an d in L u k e xviii 1 2 j ag fas tar tv a

, ,
.
,
.
,
“

”
r es or i veckone I fas t twice a week Ki li a n ,
.

Quad th t men bedon sc oldi a

a s c r i b e s to r eg se a jo u r ney the s en s e of m a el vice
Up to them alom h tigon Gode a
, , , ,

an d g ive s as e xemp lifi cat ion s

”
T h i thin help g l ng v ic em Een twee , ,
“
, ,

—
ar s a ea

M ann o g eh u il c o — H e1ia n d 8 3 44 d r
y r eg s en s e m.
e l b is t r M ] , ,
. , , , ,
e
.
”
.

A mal g am A p asty m ixtur e of m erc ury an d .

I t is with Almi ghty G od th a t is the h a ppeni n g of anothe r m etal fro m G r g mm a n e mo ll ient p rob ,
. a a
, ,

hel p to eve ry man It is alon g of Almi ghty G od ably a po ultice and th at from pa l
, to so ften ,
a ooo
, .

that & c AS set the is u r e lyf g ela ng — ou r D ie z

,
. .
“
,
”
.

life is alon g of thee it s p r in gs fr o m thee it is alon g Amanuensis L at fro m the hab it of the scr i b e
, , . .

of thee tha t we live Hii soh ton on h wom th a t or s ecr eta ry s i gning the d ocum ents he wr ote as we
“
.
,

u i r e d a lo n
”
ela ng wze r e they in g of whom th a t s ee in St P a ul s Epi s tle A ma n u fr o m
’ “
g q , . .

was who s e fa u l t it was fr om who m it h appene d the ha n d of so a nd so

, , Hence a ma nu s er ous wa s .

tha t th at wa s — Lye a sl a ve e mp loye d a s s ec r eta r y

.
.

After all the exp r e ssion long of or a long of may

, T o Amate T o con fo u n d s t u pe fy qu e ll . , ,
.

be s i mp ly the e qu iv al ent of F r s elon which is d e

Upo n th wall s th e P gan s old and youn g .
,
e a
r iv ed not as D ie z su
, gg e s ts fr o m con fu s io n w ith L a t
, S tood h us h ed an d s till m t d nd amazed
, .
,
a a e a .

secu n d u m b u t fr o m lon an d the p a r tic l e Fa i rf x in Bouc he

,g se c c , , a r .

so he r e thi s
0 F r a ma l er ma ter ma ttir to a b a te mo rti fy
.
, , . .
, , , , ,

Trop f oient mi x c ortoi ie es mak e fad e fr om ma t G ma lt d u ll spi r it l e ss fa int

e s
, ,
.
, , ,
.

A to te g en t l ne q e e ent u
It ma tte mad fooli s h ; Sp ma ta r to qu ench to
o cc u r .

F b et C o n te 1 160
.
, ,
.
, ,
a s,
slay
. . .

T hey d id b ette r c u r te sy to e ach a long of what But wh e n I ca me o t of s w oon in g u

they h ad ac co r d i n g to wha t they h ad

, An d h ad my wit and my feeli n g .
,

Al oof T o loaf or lufl in n autica l lan gu ag e is

.
I w all m t and wende full w ele
'

as a e

O f hl od e to ha ve lo t a full g r ete dele

to t ur n the ve ssel u p into the win d A loof then is s .

R R
.
, ,
17 3 7
to the w in d w ar d of on e and as a ve s s el to the win d
. . .

w a r d h a s it in h er choice eithe r to sai l a way or to In the o r ig in al Je fus mo ult v a in .

b e a r d own u po n the l eew ar d ve s s el a loof h as co me D e r ive d by D ie z fr o m the exp r e s s ion c laec/c mal e ,
-
,

to si gni fy ou t of d a n ge r in s afety fr o m ou t of r ea ch of a t che s s bu t the wo rd ma te h a s to o wi d e a cla s s of

, , .
,
40 AMAY . AM BER .

r el ation ship s to b e expla ine d fr om so r e str icted a a mbagt, ha n dicr aft ; a mbagts ma nn an ar ti sa n
a -
, .

s o ur ce G r p w in v a i n p g fool i s h L at f at Icel a mba tt a fe mal e sla ve It a mbas cz a r e (per '

‘
a n a r ul o . .
. .
, , , , .

u us in s ipi d foo l i s h
, f a l is c o to gr ow fa int or we ar y ;
, ,
hap s o ri gin ally to O pp r e ss with work) to t ro ubl e to , ,

at i o to we a r y b afi l e or con fu te r ieve ; a mbas cia a n u i sh d i s tr e s s s ho rtne s s of

f g , , ,
.
g g , , ,

T o Amay Amaz e I t s maga r e to d i sc ourag e

. . .
, ,

d i s pi r it ; Sp d es mager to d i sco u r a ge d e s pon d ; d es

.
, , A mb er It a mbr a Fr a mbr e MH G a mber
. .
, .
, .
,

maga r se to fa int ; O Por t a mag o fr i g ht ; P r ov . .

,
. timer Ar ab ic a n bar Sp Po r t a mba r a la mba r ,
. .
,

a la mbr e — D iez
, ,

es ma a r es ma z a r to t r o u b l e to fri ghten to gr ieve ;

g ,
'

, , , It is s in g ular th a t a sub s ta nce

. .

Fr s es ma zer to be s ad pen s ive as to nie d c ar efu l to

.
’
'

, , , , , co min g from so small a n u mb er of pl a ce s should

tak e tho u g ht C otg r E smay tho u ght ca r e ca r k
. .
, , ,
. h ave h ad so ma ny d i ffer ent n ame s L at sa c cz na m . .
'

Hence E a mag d isma y or s i mply mag .

, ,
. G r nh m p ; O G g lces a c co r d in g to T a citu s Ge rm
. ov .
, .

ber n stez n fro m its infl ammabl e n a tu r e Bohe m eis

’

y w t o n ell hi h ert w f ll w , .

Ber u as a c u s s as u oo,
tee
,

An d hi meny e ( tten dant ) o y di t ak t

s a s s r , s r , an d all a ma g id e .

Ch e au c r, Be y u r ,
2645 .
[ We l ear n fr o m Kohl, In s eln u. M ar sch en S chl es w .

Holstein s I II 2 4 7 th at in one of the No rth Frisic

, .
,
-

S o for u g o h t that B ryn c o d eth ir spek e er pray e u

d i al ects a mber is s ti ll calle d b y its a ncient n ame
H e my g h t i n n o wy se pas s full s o e h e gan to m y r a
In An glo S a xon it was calle d g loer s ap
,

g lces
.
,

Ib id 168 5
-
.
, , ,
. .

smel ting N a t Ant I 3 4 3 8 2 8 8

, T he S c a n din a
. . .
, , .

T he P rov esma ga r is u ni te d with E a ma z e by the

. .
, vi a n wo r d D an r a v Icel r ef s eems to sta n d q u ite
, .
, .
,

p r ovinci al Fr emeg er s etonn er Vo .

’ ’
-
al one an d h as b eco me o b s o l ete even
, in Swe d en ,

c ab d e Be r r i ; the s oft g an d z r ea d i ly in ter c h an g whe r e ber ns ten is u s ed in ste ad In O G agstez n '

. . .
,

ing a s in It p mg ione E p r ison It c ag in o E fr om a con fu s ion with g ag a t j et a n d with ag a t

'

. . .
,
.
, , , , ,

cous in , &c . ag ate was s o m etime s u s e d for a mber

, See Gr i mm .
,

Romance fo r ms ar e a ccor d in g to D ie z de W or terb v A g stezn

'

T he , , . . .

r ived fr o m th e Goth ma g a n to h a ve powe r to b e .

, , T he r e is no d o ub t th at the E u r ope a n a mber is
s tr on g with the nega tive p ar ticle dis Comp ar e
,
. d e r ive d fr o m th e Ar ab ic an ba r tho u g h this latt e r ,

D a n af magt a s woon word al way s me a n s a mbergr t s as a mber al so gener

'

.
.
, ,

See D i smay . al ly d oe s in the E ur ope a n liter at ur e of the Mi d dl e

A mb assad or Goth A nd ba fits a s er va nt a nd . .

, , Age s T h e co mmon Pe rs i a n n am e for a mber is
.

ba lztz s e r vice mini s tr y ; O H G a mbaht a m ini s te r ka r u ba or Ica r ba fr om lea k s t r a w a nd r a ba d a n to

'

.
, , , , , , , ,

or m ini s t ry ; a mp a kta n to mini s te r ; M od G a mp t ,

. .
, c ar r y off r e fer rin g of co ur s e to its p r operty of at
,

employm ent offi ce ,

. tr ac tin g li ght s ub sta nces T hi s n am e the O r ientals .

In Mi ddle L at a mbas cia a mba xz a or a mba c tza

' '

.
, , , intr o d u ce d into Sp a in an d c a r a be is fo u n d in many ,

was u s e d for b u s ine ss a nd p a rtic ular ly a ppl ie d to , ol d Sp ani sh au thor s a s well as in F r ench and ,

the b usines s of a nothe r person or m e ssag e co mm it , s o m e mo r e No r the r n w r iter s .

t ed to a nothe r an d hen c e the mo d e r n s en s e of em , T h e ol d e s t ex ampl e of the u se of a mber b y a

bassy It a mbas c za ta as the m e ssage s ent by a E u r ope an wr ite r a ppe ars to b e tha t cite d by Sopha
'

, .
,

r ul in g powe r t o the g ove r nm ent of an othe r s t ate ; cl e s Byz antin e Glo s sary fr om Con s ta ntin u s Por
, ,

a mba s sa d or the pe rs on wh o carr ie s su ch a me s sa g e D u n d e r a mba r a mbr a and

‘

,
. h
p y g ro en itu s u c an e
g .
, , ,

inu m alienu m extr a d o m i n i v olu n a mbr u m cite s s eve r al e x a mp l e s in s o m e of which

Q u i c u n q u e a s , ,

ta te m p r aesump ser it au t p er u n u m d iem au t p er , the wor d h as evi d ently the mo d e r n me anin g ; in

d uo s in a mba s cz a s ua — in his own b us ine s s other s e g fr om Joh an d e Ja n u a and fr om the
'
”
. .
, .
,
.
,

Lex Bu r gu n d in D ucange
. Si in d o minica a m . . Hi st T ran sl S Seb as ti ani as evi d ently tha t of
. . .
,

bas cz a fu e r it oc cu p a tu s — Lex S al
”
In anothe r a mberg r zs Jacqu e s d e Vitr y A D 1 2 40 c ite d by
' '

. . . .
.
, ,
”
e dition Si in j u ssione Reg i s fu er it oc cu p atu s
,
“
. Labor d e Notice d es E maux G lo ssa i r e u s e s a mber
, , ,

A mbas c ia ri to convey a me ss a g e E t a mbas ci ,

. i n the mo d e r n s en s e as d oe s al so Joinvi lle b ut , ,

a rz ex illorum p ar te q u od mi hi j u s su m fu er at
”
'

. M ar co Pol o A D 1 2 9 8 al so qu ote d by L abo rd e ,

. .
, ,

H incmar in D ue in the s en s e of a mberg rzs T h e s ame au thor g ive s

’

. . .

T he wo r d a mba ctu s is s a i d by Fe s t us to be G al lic : an e x t r ac t fr o m the Co mpte s r oy au x of 1 3 9 1 in ,

a mba c tus a p u d E n niu m l i n g u a Gallic a s e r v us ap w hi ch exp r e s s mention is ma d e of a mbr e gr iz and

“
,

p e lla t u r a n d C ae sa r
,
S pe akin g of the equ ite s in thi s is the e ar l ie s t ex ampl e I h ave met of tha t
Ga ul say s ci r cum se a mbactos clien tesqu e h a
, ,
“
, fo r m .In H ar p estraeng s L aegebog of th e thir ’
,

Hence Gr i mm expla in s the wo r d fr om bale t een th cent u r y p 5 1 the a ni mal o r i g in which is

”
b ent .
, , .
,

as ba cker s su ppo r te r s per s on s sta n d in

g a t one s b a ck as c r i b e d to a mber a n d the d e sc r iption of its s en
’
, , , ,

as Izen chma n a pe r s on s t a n d in s i bl e a n d m e d icin al p r op e r tie s s how th a t a mberg r ls

g a t one s ha u nch or
’ ’
, ,

si d e . is me ant an d the same ob s e r v a tion a ppl ie s to the

,

T h e notion of m a n ua l lab o ur is p r e s er ve d in D u . p as sag e in the 14 th chapter of E l Con d e L u canor ,

 AM BER . A MERCEMENT . 41

wher e a la mbre is men tione d as on e of the od orifer mbergrz s , permaceti r e fer ri n g them
mber ,
'

a a and s ,

ou s in g r e d ien ts in the a r tifici al c l a y which wa s p r e all to their t r u e o r i g in s and spec ify in g the m e d i ,

p ar e d for Q u een Romaguia to tr e ad Li k e exampl e s . cin al and othe r u s e s of e ach of them .

mi g ht b e cite d by s co r e s a n d in fa ct so excl us ive ly , ,

Altho ugh then spe r ma ceti h as b een u s e d as a
, ,

is the s i gnifi ca tion of a mbergrz s as c rib e d to a mba r me d icin e the sp erma c eti of the old mate r i a me d ica
'

in Po rtugu e s e th at in the gr e a t D iction ar y of th e is gene r ally a mbergr t s an d Shak e spe ar e s p a r ma cl

'
’
, ,

Po rt ug u e s e Ac ad e my publ i she d in 1 7 9 3 no othe r tg or p a rma c etz e 1 Hen ry IV I 3 mu s t p r o b ably b e

'

. .
, , , ,

me a nin g is g iven to tha t wo r d tho u g h a la mbr e is ,

u n d e rs tood a s r e fe r r in
g to this latte r su b s ta nce .
.

d efine d b y the co mm on En glis h me ani n g of a mber . Bu t in spite of the au tho r ity of S ir John H a w k in s ,

T h e wo rd is u s e d in Ge rma n an d in D a ni s h o n l y wh o sa y s V oyag e , S oc ) 7 3 : T h e fyn n es

, .
“

for a mberg r z s b e r n s tein an d ra v b ei n g e mp loye d i n a r e al s o e s tee me d for ma ny and su n d ry u s e s ; as is

'

tho s e la n g u age s r e spectively as the n am e of a mber . his sp a wn e for d ive r s p u r po s e s : thi s we co rru pt ly
G r i mm d efi n e s a mber or a mbr a ein wohl r ie c all p a rma c lttt e of the L a tine sp erma ceti it is ”
'
'

, , ,

c h en d es har z d a s eini g e mit u n r echt d em b e r n s tein s ti ll n ot ce r t a in th a t the commen ta to rs a r e r i ht in

g
s u mmar il y d i s po s in
”
ve rgl eichen M olbec h et slag s v ell u gte n d e h ar
, , g of thi s wo r d as a cor ru ption
pix a s tr a n ge ove r s i ght whe n it is so u nive r sally
,
”
,
of s er mac eti for the d roppin
p ,g of the s b e fo r e a n
k nown t h a t amb e rg r i s is an a ni mal p r od u ct not a , othe r co n son ant is ve ry u nco mmon in the An glici z in g
r e s in of fo r ei n wo r d s an d b e s i d e s Sh ak e spe ar e s l e ar ne d
’
.
g , ,

T h e two sub sta nce s we r e con sta ntly con fo u n d e d conte mpo r ar y Min shew in his Gu i d e into the
, ,

in n am e in the fifteenth an d sixte enth cent u r ie s , T on g u e s 1 6 1 7 d efine s p ar ma c etie con fe c tio O pti ma
, , , .

tho ugh someti m e s d i stin gu i s he d by d e scr iptive epi a civita te P a r mw ita d ict a au t a d u cibu s P a rmce ,

th ets .T h u s in the Ge rma n Re gi men S a nita tis ,

u s it a ta — M ] . .

1 4 8 4 in the ch apte r on the p l ag u e a mber n

, is ca l l e d , A mb ry, Aumbry, A umb er A s i d eb o ard or .

a mbra cl tr o ceti wh al e a mber Even te the c u pbo ar d top on which plate was d i splaye d S kin
( ) as l a a s ,
-
.
-

s eventeenth cent ur y tra ve ll e r s ve r y o ften u s e d a mber n er ; in who s e ti m e the wo r d was b ecomin

, g ob so ‘

for a mbergris ex a mp l e s of whi c h may b e fo u n d in

, l ete .

P ur ch as II 7 7 2 8 3 6 1 5 4 6 a nd in many othe r Fr a rmoz r e a c u pb o ar d Sp a r ma mo a lma r za

' ' '

. . . .
, , , , , , ,

p assag e s G almer a c u pb o ard M id L at a rma r z a a lma rl a

'

. . . . .
, , ,

A mber a n d a mbergr t s we r e con fo u n d e d not b e a che s t or c u pb o a r d e s peci ally for keepin g b ook s
'

, , ,

ca u s e of any r e s e mbla nce in s en s ibl e qu al itie s b u t whence a r ma r z a s th e monk in charg e of the b ooks
'

, ,

b ec a u s e both we r e su ppo s e d to be a b it u m en r i s in g of a m on a ste r y .

fro m the b otto m of the sea an d m o r e or l e ss ha r d P ur p u ram O p timam d e alma m l tollen s the
' ’

c
,

ene d by air an d su n and thi s i magin ary c ommu sau ru m et a lma r z u m c u m ej u s p er tinen t iis vi d el icet
'

, ,

l i b ri s ecc l e s i ae — D uc Bi bliotheca s ive ar ma

”
n it
y of o r i gin l ed to the as c r iption of the sam e
“
.
,
.

n a me to b oth See G or op Beca nu s G otod an ic a . .

, ,
r iu m v el a r c h iv u m b oc h ord G lo ss JE lfr ,
.
,3
. .

68 6 68 7, S ir T Br o w ne Vu lgar E rro r s 0 xxvi .

, , . . T h e wo r d was ve r y v ar io u sly w r itten in En gl i s h .

”
When the ani mal or i gin of a mberg ms wa s gene r A l mor iolu m an a l m e r y Picto r i al Vocab in
'

.
,

a lly r eco g nize d a new con fu s ion ar o s e an d

, the ,
Nation al An tiqu itie s A n d as the te rm was often .

n ame sp er ma c eti was n ow applie d both to a mbergr is a pp l ie d to a c u p boar d u s e d for k eepin g b r o ken me a t ,

an d to the o l e a g in o u s or s e b a ceo u s s ec r etion tak en of which al ms wo u ld ma in l y con s i s t it s ee ms to ,

fr om the he ad of the s pe rmaceti wh ale K osega r . ha ve contracte d a fallaciou s r efe r ence to the wo rd
ten q u ote s thi s p assag e from D er G ard e d er S u nt a lms an d th u s to b ecome co n fo u n d e d with a lmon ry
, ,

heit ca p 40
,
. the office whe r e alms we r e d i str i b u te d .

Unde da m ed e werp et d t meer 6 k stu cke at v n d r

r a a e T h e o r i g in al m ea nin g a cco rd i n g to D ie z is a , ,

da t i w l th ( perma c eti ) un de dr y flt d en d et u p che st in which arms we r e kept a r ma r za m r ep osi

'

a mbra , s a ra , s , , ,

d at l n t
a .

tor iu m armor u m Glo ss L ind enbr .

”
. .

T h e titl e of ch a p xvi ii b ook xxi of O lau s M ag . . . A mbu sh F r om It bos c o P r ov bas e a b u sh

. .
,
.
, ,

n u s Hi s to r i a d e Ge n t S e tent is D e s er m a te ceti wood thicket ; It l mbosc a r s z Pro v embosc a r Fr

'

p p
-
. .
, . .
, , ,
.
, ,

qu od A mbr a d icitu r et ej u s m edic in is and he quote s , embu s c her to go i n to a woo d g et into a thick et for
, ,

Pla tear iu s as as s e r tin g th a t a mbr a s it s pe r ma ceti ,

s he l te r then t o l ie in w a it set a n a mb u s h
, ,
.

A menabl e E as y to b e led or rul e d fr om Fr

”
id e st b al en ae Avicenn a as m a inta inin g the old, . , .

a men er to b r in g or l e a d u nto men er to l e ad to con

”
O pinion th a t it is ,
man atio fo rt i s in mar i b u t the
\
, , , , ,

d e s c r iption of the p rope r tie s of the s ub s ta nce show s d u ct See D e me a n

. .

th a t b oth O l au s M ag n u s and his au tho r itie s me a nt Amercement A merc iament A pecu ni ar y

. .

a mber r z s
g Kaempfe r A m oenita tes E xotic ae F as c
'

.
, ,
. pen alty i mpo s ed u pon o ffen d e rs a t the mer cy of the
I I I m i n u te ly d e s cr i b e s a mbr a g ris ea a nd su b al b ida
.
, , ,
cou r t : it d iffer s fro m a fi n e which is a pu ni shm ent ,

v ulgo s pe rma ceti d ictum b u t p rope rly d i stin gu i she s , c e r ta in a nd d ete rmine d by s o m e s ta t u te
,
Ba i l ey . .

VO L . I . 6
42 AM O UNT . AN . A ND .

In L aw Latin p om: in mlser zc or dl d was th u s to ,

'

o e I am u n to h ir e teyde
M e r eweth s r ,

Fo nd I h ou ld ok on e eve y vi e
b e p la ce d a t the mer cy of th e co u r t ; etr e mzs a
‘ '
r a s r r c

mer cl or titr e a mer et e to be am e r ce d and mis er i

' ’ Wh i h th t h e ha th ywi I we e to n i e
c a s , s r c .

, , ,
Squi e s P olog e r
’
r u .

c or d za wa s u s e d for a n arb it r a r y ex a ction

'

y .

0 s w ete an d wel b eloved po e de e s us r ,

C on c edimu s eti m eis d em abb ti et monac h i

a a s et c or u m
Th e e is a c o n eil d y e wol it he e
r u s , an r ,

s u c c es s orib u s q od s in t qu ieti d e omn ib us mi

u s er icordias
’

in Wh i c h tha t ri g h t thi n I wolde un to y saie ou .

Charte E d w I i n D ue 2 nd N n s T l e
’

p er petu u m . r . . .
u a .

A nd I w ere s o ap t to q rel as th ou ar t ny man s h o u l d u ar a

Et i nde co p lae ita b u n t ur , e t d e m b u s mls eric or
ra m co o ni b u y t h fee s i mple f my life for an h our and
e ha lf o
,

1 1 s li s — D u c
a
d iis et em en d a tionib u s d ebemu s ab r h ee o do . .
.

We fin d a n and a nd or s i mp ly a n for

When a par ty was thu s pla ce d a t the mer cy of the

pray thee La n ce nd thou s c est my boy b id
-
I , u a
co ur t it was the bu sine ss of afleer or s a ppointe d for
, him m k e h as te a .
,

t h at p u r po s e to fix the amo u nt of the ame rcem ent

Bu t a nd if th t w i c ked servan t s y in his h ear t &c
.

a a
See A fi eer .
, .

N ay n th o u da lliest t h e n I am thy f e
A mount F r om mont hi ll an d va l vall ey the ,
a , o .

. ,
Ben Jon son i n R i h ds on
, , ,
c ar
F r ench forme d a mont a nd a na l u pw ar d s a nd d own ,
.

w a r d s r espect ively whence monter to mou nt to r i s e , , , In the sam e s en se the O Swe d a n aen f aeflog er . .
,

u p an d a va ler to s en d d own
,
to s wallow Hence, ,
. if the c a ttl e e s cape ; whi l e om cen co r r e s pon d s ex
a mou n t is the su m total to which a n u mb e r of a c tly to ou r a n om fo rm e r ly o ; b ein
f g the ex a ct ,

charge s r i s e u p when a dd e d tog ether . r ep r e s enta tive of E T h e S w a n is al s o u se d . .

A mul et L at a mu letu m a b all or a nythi n g

. .
, in the s en s e of a n d s till get Ihr e , , .
-
.

wo rn ab ou t the pe r s on as a pr e ser vative or ch arm It is ext r emely d ifficul t to gu e ss a t the s en sibl e

aga in s t evi l F r om Ar ab ll a mala to car r y
. .
,
. i mag e which lie s at the r oot of the ob s cu r e s ignifi ca
T o Amuse T o g ive one s o methi n g to mus e on. , tio n s exp r e ss e d b y the p ar ticle s and conj u nction s ,

to occu py the tho u g hts to ente r ta in g ive chee r ful , , the mo s t ti me wor n r el ic s of lan g uag e ; b u t in the
-

occu p a tion For me rly al s o u se d as the s i mpl e mu se

.
, p r e s ent in sta nce it s eems th a t b oth s en s e and fo rm
to contempl a te e ar ne s tly fix the tho u ght s on ,
. m i ght well b e tak en fr o m the E even in the s en s e .
,

of contin u o u s u n b r ok en l evel , , .

H e e I p t my p en i n to th e ink h om and fell i n to a stron g

r u T h e poetic al contr ac tion of even into e en s how s ’

an d deep m m nt r evol v i n g in my m i n d w ith g eat p e

a us e e r r
,
h ow s u ch a r oot m i ght g ive r i s e to s u ch fo r ms as
p l exity t h e maz in g c ha n g e of ou affa irs
a Fleetwood in r .

R i ch a d onr s .
Icel enn O Swe d aen D an en d With r e spect to
.
,
. .
, . .

m ea nin g we s ti ll u s e even a s a conj u nction in c as e s

,

See to M us e . clo s ely co rr es pon d in g to the Swe d a n a nd D an .

, .

A ll T h e in d efinite ar ticl e , the p ur po r t of which

. en d . T hu s we h a ve Swe d sen n u tr an sla te d by .
-

is s i mpl y to in dica te in d ivi d ual ity It is the same . Ihr e c tiamnu m even now i e withou t a s en s i bl e
, , ,
. .

word with the n u mer al one, AS a n, and the d i ffe r . br e ak b etween the event in qu e s tion a nd now cen
ence in p r on u nci a tion h as a r i s en fr om the sli ghte r d oelc q u a mv is even tho u gh or a ltho ug h ; a n yet
, , , , ,
”
a ccent b ein g la i d u pon the wo rd when u s ed a s a n s ti ll contin u o u s ly ;
, he is s ti ll the r e he contin u es “
,

a r ticl e th a n when as a d efinite n u m e r al So in . the r e So in D a ni sh

. om d ette en d skul d s ske ,
-
,

Br eton the in d efi n ite ar ticl e h as b ecom e ca n whi l e

, , even if th a t sho u l d h appen ; en d ik/ce n e qu ide m , ,

the n u m e r al is u n a n D an een on e en a an . .
, , , ,
. not even then ; en d n u even now When one p rop ,
.

AI L — An d T he r e is no r a d ical d i stinction b e
. osition is mad e con d ition al on a nothe r the two ar e ,

t ween a n an d a nd ; wh ich ar e acci d ental modifica p ra c tic ally p u t u pon the same l eve l an d th u s the ,

tio n s of s pell in g ul ti mately app ropr i a te d to speci a l co n d ition al ity m ay fa i rly b e exp r e ss e d by even con
a pp l ic a tion s of the p ar ticl e . tr a cte d into a n or a n An alys in g in thi s poi n t of .

In our old e r w r ite rs it was not u nfr eq uent to make view the s entence ab ove qu ote d ,

u se of a n in the s en s e in which we now e m ploy a n d ,

N y n t h o u d all ies t t h e n I am thy foe
a ,
a , ,

and vice ve rs a a n d in the s en s e of a n or

Fir st a n for a nd .
it mu st b e interpr ete d N ay u n d e rstan d the s e p ropo , ,
,
s ition s as eq u al ly ce r tain tho u d a llies t he r e I am , ,

He nome w ith b ym f E ngelond g od k ny gt mony on o e

thy foe It d ep en d s u pon you whether the fi rs t is
.

A my d g ete pee
n nd m h e f lc th d w d e wende
r r a uc o u er ar to p rove a fa ct or no b u t the s econ d p r opo s ition h as ,

no n a , the sam e v al u e which you choo s e to g ive to the

S th t h
o a on e ome by yd h y fone ec ho
e s c s e s u,
forme r
An by l d b y m the e i ny gt n d a1 h y o t l o
.

ev e e r a a s s a s

A t h gt
n non mo we trong b tayl d — R G 3 19
o e a a r s
,

a e o . . .
,

.
It wi ll sub s equ ently be shown p rob abl e th a t the
conj u nction if is anothe r r e lic of the same wo rd .

Secon dly , and for or a n . O n the othe r han d p lacin g two thin g s s i d e by s i d e , ,
 ANCHO R . ANGER . 43

or on a l eve l
with e ach othe r ex , may b e us e d to o g ie s hithe r to p r opo s e d for thi s wo r d ar e ve r y pr ob ~

pr e s s tha t t h ey ar e to b e taken togethe r to b e ab l e a n d pe r h a p s t h a t which I now o ffe r is s ca r ce l y

,
,

t r e ate d in the sa m e ma nne r to form a s in gl e whol e ; ,

mo r e so .

an d thu s it is th a t th e same wo r d whi c h i mp l ie s T h e Icela n dic a r inn fire whence the D a ni sh a rn e , , ,

a r n es ted P r ov D an a a r a — a r s te a —
,

co n d ition al ity when ci r cu msta nce s show the u n cer . a n s te fir e p la ce .

-
, , ,
-

,
,

ta inty of the fi rs t c lau s e may b ecom e a copula tive s ee ms a pos s i bl e r oot for the fi r s t s yllab l e an d we ,
,

when t h e cir cu m st ance s of the s entence in d ica te may s u ppo s e ir on to b e the latte r e l e ment howeve r ,

s u ch a s i g nific ation .
d i sgu i s e d b y the old o r thogr a phy a n d th u s th e wo r d ,

An ch or L at a nefior a G r ayx p T he r e can

. .
,
. v a .
would corr e spo n d exa ctly to the F le mi s h br a n d ij ser -

b e no d o u b t th a t it is fr o m the r oot s i gni fyin g hook ,

in compo s ition T h e form a n dogs nrc d og s g iven .
,
-
,

which g ive s r i s e to the G r yx l g c ur ve d cr ook e d . a v o , ,

b y H al l iwell u n d e r a n dir on give s some su ppor t to ,

a xxw a n e lbow r ece s s co r ne r

v, yx g a v all ey y g
, ,
a o ,
c no ,
thi s s ugg e stion .

a s we ll i n g ; yxn yxw g a hoo k ; L a toa n u lus

g an
,
o o
‘

,
.
,
It is an inter e sting i llu str a tion of the infl u ence of
an gl e u n cu s a hoo k c roo k e d an d E book ha ng .
, ,
t ra d e in int r o d u cin g fo r ei g n te r ms th a t a n dir o n oc ,
, , , ,

a n le a fis h hoo k & c
g ,
-
, .
c ur s in the co mme r ci al r egulation s of Ca taloni a In .

the C ataloni a n T a r i ff of 1 4 9 1 p r i n te d in the Ca pi

Unco allig et h mo su Vi g a uc ora r r .
,

tols d els D r ets d e C ath alunya 1 63 5 folio 1 4 we

.

, , ,

A nch oret A he r mit G r xwpflmc on e wh o

. . . a va , fin d u n d e r th e he a d of O b r a fet a d e fe rr o 0 d e a ce r
, ,

h as r eti r e d fr o m the wo r ld ; fr o m xwp w to r e ava e , am o n g many othe r wo r ds s t ra n g e to the Penin su la r

tir e . d i al ects p ica sses ( picka xe s)

, ga n iu ets d e tal lar ,

An ch ovy It a n c ioe G r v L at
. Fr . a n c fiois , .
,
. a e n,
-
.

( k nive s
) loc es (loc k s
, ) s tr e s ( s ti rr u p s)
p an d en d e , ,

a ua a b a
p p g ( py )
a ,
a whence m i g ht a r i s e It (apj ,
.
r in s o c a va lls d e f oe all of which are expl a ine d b y
, ,

a cc iu a Pied S ic ll a n c iova G a nc iua the comme rce b etween En glan d an d the por t of
g )
u a
g en oe s , . .
,
. .

D ie z . Ba r ce lon a T ho u gh not ex actly in p la ce it may

.
,

Ancient L at a nte Pr ov a n tes It a n zi b e

. .
,
.
,
.
, n ot b e a m i s s he r e to ob s e r ve th a t the ety mo l o gy of

fo r e whence a n z ia no F r a n c ien a ncient b e lon g

, ,
.
, , s tirr up fr o m s tig e r ap a s tying or c lim bing r op e -
,
-
,

ing to fo r me r ti me s .
g iven b y A l fr ic is confi r me d a s to the fi r s t ,
a nd ,

A ncl e AS a n c leow G enlcel P r ob ably a

. .
,
. .
mad e d o ub tful as to the s econ d e l e ment by the L ow ,

p arallel formation with G r yx l n a l oop the knee . a v , , , Ge rma n fo r m s tg er opp en s ti rr u p s which occu rs in , ,

or b en d in g of the l eg ; an d fr o m th e s a m e r oot the Pi lg e rfah r t d es Ritte r s Ar n old von An .

ayxw the e lbow or b en din g of the a r m ; It a n ca

v,
, .
, 1 4 9 6 b is 1 4 9 9 fi r s t p r inte d a t C oln 1 8 6 0 p 1 1 8
, , ,
.
,

the ha u neh or b en d i n g of the hip ; O I I G a nc ha

,
.
, an d in which the ad ve r b O p p e upp e or up is evi , , ,

Bav a nlce (g enick) the b en din g of the n eck

.
, . d en tly the las t me mb e r of the wo r d S tir r up or .
,

An d See An . . on e of its Continental co gn a te s is mu ch mo r e p r o b ,

An diron O r i gin ally the i r on b ar s which su p

. ab ly th e s o u r ce of the P r ov es tr eup S p es tribo F r .
, .
,
.

po r te d the two e n d s of the lo gs on a w ood fir e . etr ier th an a ny of the r oot s su g ge s te d by D ie z and

'

AS br a n d a s en b r an d i r on But thi s co u ld neve r M ]

'

.
,
-
. othe r etymologi s ts . .

h ave b een co r r u pte d into an d i r on T h e M id L at . . . An ent Anen st In face of r eS p ec ting AS

. . ,
. .

h as a n d en a , a n dela , a n deda , a n d er a i Fr . la nd ier , ong ea n oppo s ite , f or a n ong ea n ove r aga in s t oppo , ,

gr a n d chenet d c cu i s in e — D iet Wallon T h e . .

s ite i n fr ont Sc f or ea nen t
, ,
T h e wo r d a n ent how
. .
,

F lem i s h wen d ij ser p r obably e x hi b it s the tru e ori-

eve r d oe s not s ee m to co me dir ectly fr o m the AS
,
.

g in fr o m wen den to t u r n ; wen d zj s er br a n d ej ser ong ea n It s how s a t l e a s t a no rthe r n in flu ence

- -
, , , , .

c r a teu t er iu m fe r r u m in f wer
q u o ve r u v ert itu r
, K il ,
.
, fr o m the I sl gieg n t S W g en t O ppo s ite g en t o
.
,
.
, , ,

i c the r a ck i n fr ont of the kitche n d ogs or a n di

. . -
ove r aga in st Hence on g en t a n ent a nd with the
.
, ,

r on s for s u ppo r tin g the S pit L a n d e G a ll l a n s s o co mmon l y a dd e d to p r epo s ition s (c o m p a n te

“
, . r, . .
,
,

d ie r L a t v er u t en t u m ite m h aec a n d on a
,
. C ath ol .
”
b e fo r e P r ov a n tes AS tog ea n es
,
. a n en tis ,
.
,
.

i c on A r m in D u e In m ode r n E n gl i h t h e te r m
. . s
“
A nen tis m en it is i mpo s s i bl e b u t not a n en tis
, ,

h as b een t r a n s fe r r e d to the m ove ab l e fi r e i r on s -

. G od .
”
W ic l iff Hence A nenst a s al o n g s t fr o m
-
.
,

[ T he r e can b e no d o u b t th a t the Mid L a t a n den a . .

, al on g w h i l s t fr o m whi l e a ga i n s t fr o m a ga in
, ,
.

etc the F r ench la ndier (0 F r a nd ier ) an d the

.
, . .
, A n ger Fo r me rly u s ed in the sen s e of t r o uble
. ,

E n gli h an d ir on ar e the same wo r d the Mid L at

s , . . to r m ent gr iev ance ,
.

fo ms b ei n g t e o ld e s t of all T h e e a r ly o tho g r a phy H e t h t ay h

r
h . r l yt f e a as ev r

of a n d ir on a s
given in the G lo s sa r y of Ar c h i tect u r e
, ,
M y n ot k n o w w ell th p op y té
a e r r ,

a n dir n e, a u n db r ns , ha wn dgrn es , ba wn dirgnz , Th gy na th e w e an h y t do me r rc c

g g an

dg or o nes , d oe snot s u gge st the wo r d ir on as a n el e T h t i c owp lyt to foule th y ld m

a s r o e.

B ce i 2 3 5 ru
me n t in the co mpo u nd an d wend —
. .
,
s er wo u l d h a r d ly
ij , S h me a

be L a ti n ize d a n dena In d eed none of the ety mol .

, From whom f le ng i I have h ad R R e a rs . . .
44 ANGLE . ANNEAL .

In th e o ri gin al ,
am e l or gla z e with the st uff n ell ur e on e par t
, ,

Par q ui j e fu s pui moul t g r év é

whe r eof is of fine s i l ve r two of coppe r an d thr ee , ,

of l e a d — C ot gr
s .

T hen as the E en a mel was . .

fo rme d fr o m F r ema iller it s ee ms p r ob abl e th a t

’
F r om the s en s e of opp r e ss ion or inj ur y the ex , ,
.

p r e ss ion was t r a n sfe r r e d to the feelin g s of r e s ent n eeler or neller was conve r te d b
’

a l i k e ad d ition
y
m ent n at ur ally ar o u s e d in the m i n d of the pe rson into enn eal a nnea l T o en am el esm ailler n eller
,
.
, ,
.

a ggr ieve d In the same way the wor d ha r m s ig

.
, Sher wood Afte r w ar d s the ter m was tr an sfe r r ed
.

n ifies inj ur y d am ag e in En gli sh a n d r e s entment

, , , ,
to the te mper in g of glas s in an en am ellin g fur n a ce .

an ger vexa tion in S we d i sh

, , . [ T h e only p r oper me a nin g of a nn ea l is to tem ,

T h e i d e a of inj ur y is v ery o fte n exp r e s s e d b y the , p er gl as s or m eta l by sl ow coo l in g so as to r e n d e r it ,

i mag e of p r e ss ur e as in the wo r d opp r ess or the l e s s b r ittl e a nd Bail ey s d efi n itio n a nd F u ll e r s u se ’ ’

, , , , ,

F r g r ever to b e ar he avy on on e Now the r oot of the wo r d ar e e r r oneo u s b eca u s e the r e is no

.
, .
pr o ,

an
g i s ve r y wi d e ly s p r e a d in the s en s e of co mp r e s ce s s b y which colo r in g matte r ca n b e mad e to go
s ion ti htne ss
g, G eng compr e ss ed s tr a it n ar r ow ;
. .
, , ,
qu ite thr ou gh gl as s except by mixi n g it with the 9’
,

L a t a ng er e t o s t r a in s t r angl e vex to r m ent ; a n

.
, , , ,
s i l ex pota s h l e ad & c
, in the o r i g in al fu s ion of the
, ,
.
,

g us tus n ar r ow ; a ng in a opp r e ss ion of the br e as t ;

, ,
mate r i al s in the m e l tin g pot A nn ea ling mi s tak en ly -
.
,

a n er a n u i sh s o r r ow vex a tion G xw to c om a pp l ie d to p a intin g la s s with r o un d co l o

g g , r y , , . a , g g rs or ,

p r e s s s tr ain stran gle whence m (as It p r ess e)

, , ,
a .
,
over layin g it with colo r e d glass is a n al ogo u s to en ,

a mellin
ne ar ; yx o to b e grieve d ; yx n wh a t c au s e s
a ao at , a ov , g a n d P alsgr a ve even u s e s it for gla zin g
,

p a in or gr ief . pottery with l e ad

Both phy s ical and met apho r ical s en se s a r e we ll
d evel ope d in the Ice l ; a ng r n ar r ow a nook or
I A KB a potte of e th e or s c h e lyk e w it h a c olou e EL r u r .

[Fr ] Je p lomme tc
.
, , .
, e .

co r ne r gr ie f pa in so rr ow ; a ng r a to to r ment to
, , , , ,

t r o ubl e ; hr a bba a ng a r cr ab s pincer s -

Hence a nn ea l in thi s s en se m i ght n aturally b e con
,
’
. , ,

T o An gl e T o fish w ith a r od an d line fr o m fo un d e d with en a mel a s bla ck e n am el mi ght for a

.
, , ,

AS a ng el a fish hook ; D u a nghel sn eer a nghel si mi lar r e ason with n iello an d ther e is m u ch con
.
,
-
.
-

, , ,

r oede a fi sh in , g l i n e fi s h in
g r od a n
g helen t o
-
a n gl e f us ion in the u s e of al l the s e te rm s in the hi s to ry of
,
-

, .

Ch au cer has a ng le hook showi n g tha t the p r ope r ar t -

,
.

m e a nin g of the wo r d a ng le was then l o st a n d b y a A ga in the p r oce ss e s of a n nea ling (tem pe rin g) , ,

fur the r con fu s ion it was sub s e qu en tly a pp lie d to the glass a nd metal s and of en a melling the m or co atin g , ,

r od . them with e as i ly fus i ble mate r i al s a s well as of ,

A fi sher next hi tremb lin g gl bears Pope a pp l yin

s g the m et al l ic n iello r e s embl e ea ch othe r in an e . .
,

r equ i r i n
g the expo s u r e of the object a nn ealed or ,
An guish L a t a ngu s tia a st ra it whence It en a melled or orn amente d with niello to a mo d e r a te
. .
, , .
, ,

a ng osc ia
(a s po s ci a fr o m po ste a) Fr a ng oisse E he a t for a con s i d e rabl e ti me and hence the te r m
, , .
, .
, ,

a ng u ish See An g er .
a pp r op r i ate l y b el on i n
.

g g to on e of the s e a r ts mi ht
g
T o An n eal A s ta i n in g and bakin g of glas s so b e popu larly tr an sfe rr e d to eithe r of the othe r s
.
, .

th a t the colo ur m ay go qu ite thr ou g h it Ba i ley In the ex ampl e cite d by Richa rd son fr om Gower . .

I t i mu c h pected n gli g f glas s (wh ic h an we eth a nele s ee ms ra ther to mea n glaze d than te mpe r e d
s sus a e n o s r ,

t o d y ei n g in g i n in d ape y ) e pec i lly of y ello w i lo s t an d the r e fo r e ten d s to s u ppo r t We dg wo od s theo r y

’
ra r r , s a s
, ,
i n o ag e as to th e pe fec tion th e eof F lle s Worthie b u t in asmu ch as a nnea lin in its only pr oper s en s e
ur r r u r
’
s
g
.

of Ke n t in R i c h ar d so n
, ,
”
is not a p r oce ss in the fin e ar ts bu t mu s t ha ve
.
, “
,

Co mmon ly r e fe r r e d to AS a n aela n onwla n to been known a t a ve r y e arly s ta g e of ar t to ever y .

, ,

k i n d le set on fir e li ght u p ; fr o m oela n to b ur n

, i r on work er as well a s glass maker it s ee ms m o s t
, , .
- -

Bu t the AS is a ve r y u n u su al sou r ce for the d esig

.
pr obabl e tha t the co mmon d erivation fro m AS .

n ation of a p r oce ss in any of the fi n e a r ts an d I a n azla n is the tr u e one I s ee no r e as on to d o ub t , .

thi n k it mo r e l i kely tha t the term wa s d e r ive d fr om th a t a n elgn or en elgn m eta lle or other lyk e in “
, , ,
”

the It n iello M id L at n ig ellu m a k in d of bla ck the Pr Pm m e a n s si mply a nn ealing in the o r d in ar y

.
, . .
, . .

en amel on gold or s i lve r T o or n am ent in thi s s en s e of temper in g for other wi s e a mo r e speci fi c .

,

m a nne r b ec am e in F r n eller or n eeler which s ee ms d e finition of th e wo rd wo uld h a ve b een i en

’
.
g g T hi s , . .

l oo s e ly to h ave b een a pp l ie d to en ame l lin g in en view of the q u e s tion is confirm ed by the fa ct tha t
g
e r al .
thi s pr oce s s is not known by a n am e cogn ate with
D u n e ban de d or n cellé
’

en a mel or with n iello to any of the Contine n ta l n a

’

A u x m n c h es et c l o l lée
tion s wh o w oul d certa in ly h a ve b een qu i te as li kely
a o u .

R R i n D iet E tym ,

as the En gl i s h to b o r r o w a d e s i g n a tio n for it fr o m

. . . .

Also w r itten n oiele n oele a n d in the L atin of the th a t so ur ce T he F r ench te rm for a nn ea l to tem
’ ’

, , .
,

pe r iod n igella tu s n ic ella tus N eller to v ar ni sh en p er is r ec u ir e the Ge rman a n la ssen which it may
, .
, , , , , , ,
 A NN O Y . ANT ICK .
45

be obs er ve d h as so me r e semblance to a nnea l It

,
. a n ge r offence inj u r y Pr ov enu ei enei T h e
, , .
, .

is s in gula r th at thi s m e a nin g is not a mon g tho s e P r ov s ay s D iez mu s t o r i g i n ally h a ve s a i d amo r s

.
, ,

a cr i b e d to a n las sen in G r i mm s W or ter bu ch tho u g h

s
’
,
m es en oi — a m o r mihi est in od io ; then t ak in g
’
,
”
,

iven othe Ge m n ction ie ene eu ois a s a no u n a mor s m es eu ois In th e O Venet ’

b l l di r al
g y a r r a a r s g , , . . .

a nd s peci al . d i al ect the L a t is r eta ine d u n al te r e d ;

, p l u te s o n t .

”
T h eop h il us wh o tr e a t s of p aintin g on glas s with a inodio equ ival ent to the It p iu ti son o a n oj a
, .
,

fus i bl e co lo rs u n d er the n am e of p ietu r a in vitr o “

a te in odio — a tua n a In a cco r d ance with ”
, , qj , .

a n d of n iello which he c a ll s n i ellu m e m pl oy s no

g , ,
thi s d e r iv a tion O F r enu ier was con s tr u ed with a . .

wo rd cogn a te with a nn eal or ena mel and he s tyl e s ,

da tive ; ic e st afa ir e a l r ei enu ia d
“ — Liv r e d es .
”

the a nn ea ling fur n ace c liban us r efr igerii — T h e . Roi s T h e fo r eg oin g d er iv ation s eems conclu s ive
.
,

O p h il u s ed of 1 8 43 pp 8 1 1 01 1 5 2
,
.
, .
, ,
. othe r wi s e th a t of Ki li a n wo uld h ave b een s atisfac
T h e o l d e s t e x amp l e of the L a tini z e d a n a mela tu s ,
to r y eno ugh fr o m n ood nee d co mp u l sion n oce ss i , , , ,

en am ell ed g iven by D uc ange is from a d ocu ment t a s lab o r d iffi cu lta s ; n ood e n o e in v itu s et ae r é
, , g, g , , , ,

in Rym e r of the year 1 42 9 b u t the wo r d occ u rs

, ,
in v ite m o l e s te gr av a te ; n ood e hebben se gr e fe r r e
, , , ,

in a li st of r el ic s d ate d A D 1 3 7 2 in the App to ae r e p a ti ; n oe en n o en officer e noce r e moles tu m

. .
,
.
g g g , , , ,

S m ith s e d ition of Bed e s Eccl Hi s t pp 7 4 1 7 4 2

’ ’
. . .
, ,
e s s e n oeg elic lc n oc iv u s molestu s in fen su s , , ,
.

7 43 . E na mel is fo u n d in Chau ce r ; and a nnea l ,

Anon AS on a n in on e j u giter contin u o s in e
. .
, , , ,

a nelid t il in the o ld e r W cl iflite text of Isa i a h xvi inte r m i s s io n e Lye ; at on e ti me i n a mom ent ;
g , y .
,

7 1 1 whe r e the la te r h a s ba leu n tij l the V u lga te

, ,
ever a n d a n on contin ually , .
, ,

mu r u s c oc ti la ter is Co ve r da le brg c/ewall and the , , ,

An swer AS a nds wa r ia n from a n d in oppo . .
, ,

mod e r n ve r s ion the co r r e s pon d in g He br ew K ir ,

s itio u an d swer ia n Goth s ua r a n to s we ar
, Icel , .
, . .

Har o s eth a nd K ir Bar e sh I n thi s p as sage then -

.
, ,
sva r a to a n s we r to en a e for
, g g It is r e mar kabl e , .

p r obably the o ld e s t in the lan g u ag e whe r e the wo rd tha t the L atin exp r e ss ion for a n s wer is fo rme d i n
occ urs it m ea n s s i mpl y b a ke d or fi r e d a n d cannot
, , ,
ex a ctly the sa m e way fr o m a ve rb sp ond er e signi ,

w itho u t so m e vio le n ce b e r e fe rr e d to n iello as its ,

fy ing to en ga g e for to a s su r e T h e s i mp l e r i d e a , .

of s pe ak i n
s o ur ce T h e co u p l et in the Roma n d e la Ro s e :
.
g i n r et u r n is d i s tinct ly e x p r e s s e d b y the
Goth a n da wa u r d G a n tnvor t AS a n dwg r d c ur
. .

ien o lée , .
, ,
S i es toit au c ol b r
r ent s i d e b s i d e with the s ynonym o u s a n d s wa r
D
’
un e bende d or neele ’ ’ ’

e, etc .
—R . R . 106 7 .
y .

A nt T h e we ll k nown in s ect cont ra c te d fr o m

.
-

is t ra n slate d Chau ce r : emmet lik e a u n t a p ar ent s s i ste r fr om L a t

’
by , , .

a mita .

An d w ith a be nd of o d tas ilc d

g l s
A nth em A d ivin e son g su n g by two oppo s ite
g o ld mil d
.
A n d kn ope s fi ne of a e .

choi r s or cho r us e s Ba i l ey L at a ntip hon ia . . .

He r e ce r t a i n ly the poet wo uld h ave u se d a nnea led

, , ,
Gr ng
.bw fr o m m oppo s ite a n d t wn voice
av veta , a
, ( o , .

h a d th a t b een then u n d e r stood to b e the En glis h F r a n tien n e AS a nte

.
fn whence a n them a s fr o m .
, ,

equ iv al e n t of in stead of e mpl oyin g a c om AS s tef n E s tem

.
,
. .

mon wo r d for en a melled E n a mellez is u s e d in an . [ In the AS a n tef n if the wo r d is to b e con s i d e r e d .

,

Anglo F r ench l i s t of jewels d a ted in the thi r d ye ar as a n ative co m po u n d of a n an d s tw n or s te en s te en

-

f f f ,

of He n r y V p ri nte d by H unte r in h is Hi sto r ic al

.
,
is u s e d not in the s en s e of s tem b u t of voice a nd th u s
, , ,

T r act A g inco ur t p 1 9
, E n a mel an d a n n ea l th u s
, . . in co m po sitio n a n te/n ex actly co rr e s pon d s to m c

a ppe ar to h a ve b een conte m po ran eo u sly e mp l oye d e b u t a s the d i s a ppe a r a nce of the s is not e as i ly
o vu a ,

in En glan d a t an early d a te a nd p r obably the tr u e ac co u nte d for a n te n is p r o bab ly a m e r e co r ru ption

, f ,

d i s ti n ction b etween the m tho ugh s o meti me s lo s t ,

of the G r ee k te rm — M ] . .

s i ght of b y n on p r o fe s s ion al w r i te r s was not on ly

-
, An tick — A ntique L at a nticus fr o m ante . . .
, ,

u n d e r st oo d b u t o b s e r ve d in the d i al ect of the ar ti

, b e fo r e a s p os tic us fr o m p os t b ehin d
, , , .

sa n s wh o p r acti s e d the s e p r oce s s e s L ab or d e Notice .

,
At the r eviv a l of ar t in the 1 4 th an d 1 5 th cen
d es E m a u x exp os es da n s l es Gal e r ie s d u Mu sé e d u t u r ie s the r eco gnize d mo d e l s of i m ita tion we r e
Lou vr e II p 2 8 4 a r ticl e E smai l d e Niellur e ci te s
,
. .
, ,
chiefly the r ema i n s of a ncient s cu lpt u r e l e ft as the ,

n um er ous ex amp le s of the u se of b oth wor d s an d l e ga cy of Ro ma n civi l i sa tion Hence the a ppl ica .

s o m eti m e s of the co n fu s ion of the m a n d it is notice ,

tion of the te rm a ntiqu e to wo r k of s culptu r e d or
a bl e th a t in one of the m of the ye a r 1 3 8 0 en n elée , , ,
n amen ta tion whi le in d ivid u al figur e s w r o u ght i n
,

s u
gg e s te d as a po ss i b l e fo r m by We dg w oo d a ct ually ,
i m ita tion or su ppo se d i m ita tion of the a ncient mod
occu r s — M ] . el s we r e c al l e d a n tiques as the o r i g in al s a r e a t the
, ,

T o Annoy It a nnoia r e Fr enn uyer to a nnoy

. .
,
.
, ,
p r e s ent d ay .

vex t r o u b le gr ieve afflict we ar y i r ke i mpor tu ne

, , , , , ,
A t th en te in g f th e p l y b efo e th e g te w s b i lded
e r o aa s r a a u a
ove r mu ch C otgr F r om in od io es t mihi in
. .
fo n t i n f emb o w ed w o k
u a g y l d w it h
o ti k w o k r en ra e an c e r s s,

o d io i t is h ate ful to me Hence Sp enogo en oj o

,
. .
, , th ld G od f w i n e
e o lled B h b i li g th w i n e wh i h
o ca ac c us r n e ,
c
46 ANT LER . APP O IN T .

by th e cond ui ts in th e eart h ran to th e people plen teo ly us Ap an age p whence . P r ov L at . a n is , b r e ad , .

with ed wh ite nd la et wine H ll Ch oni le in

r , ,
a c r . a
’
s r c s
p a na r ap a n a r to no ur i sh to s u ppo r t ; Fr ap a
, , , .

R i h d on
c ar s .

n a e a p r ovi s ion for a yo u n e r chi l d

g , g .

Aga in fr om the s ame a u tho r .

Ap art — Ap art ment F r 2. p a r t a si d e s ep a
. . .
, ,

A t th e neth e end w e e two b oad h es u pon th ee r r r ar c r

r a te A p a r tmen t s o methin g s e t a s i d e a s u ite of
.
, ,

an tik p ille e ll f g o ld b n i h ed s w g ed
rs , a nd g ave n
o ,
ur s ,
a ,
a r r oo ms s et as i d e for a s ep ar a te p u r po s e fin al ly a
p ,

u l
f l of g g i ll n d e p n
ar te s — n d ab ove th e
s a he w e e s r e a arc s r p l ie d to a s in gl e ch amb e r .

m de s ndr y tik
u n d devic e an es a s.
O r i g in a lly a mon k ey in g ene r al ; l atte r l y
a
A pe .

Bu t as it is e as ie r to p r o d u ce a ce rta in e ffect a pp l ie d to the ta i ll e ss s pecie s T o ap e to i mita te .

,

b y m o n s t r o u s an d ca r ic a t u r e r ep r e s enta tion s th a n b y g e s t ur e s fr o m the i mita tive h ab it s of m o n k ey s

, .

a i m in g a t the b e a u ti ful in a r t th e s cu lptu r e s by , App al Wholly u nconnecte d with p a le to which

.
,

which ou r me d i ev al bu i ldin g s we r e ad o r ned exe , it is o ften r e fe r r e d T o ca us e to p ull (see P all) to .

,

c uted b y s u ch s tone ma s on s as w e r e to b e h ad we r e -
,
d e ad en to t ak e a w a y or lo s e the vita l powe r s
, ,

chiefly of the for m e r cla ss an d an a nticle c am e to ,

whethe r thr o u gh age or su d d en te r r or ho rr o r or , ,

s i g nify a gr ote s qu e fi gur e s u ch as we s ee on the the like .

s po u t s or pinn a cl e s of ou r ca the d r al s . An old app a lled W i ght in Ch au cer is a man wh o , ,

S ome fet h th e origin of th i s prove b (h e looks as th e r

h as lo s t h is vi g o ur thr o ugh age .
c

devil ove Li ncoln ) fr om a to ne pi tu e of th e D evil whic h

r s c r
A g ievo di e e r e upon S eve s b ei ng pp ll d
us s as ca m ru a a e
doth o la tely did ove look Lin coln C oll ege S ely th e
r r . ur
w ith g o th t h e w
a e a as c o n s trai n ed t o k eep h i
s h mb e
,

s c a r
ar h ite c t in te nded it n o f the th an for an ordinar y n
.
,
c
—F ull er i n R i h ard on
ur r a
S to w Ch on i n R ,
r . .

ti lc ce . c s .

N ow fo t h e in s ide h e e g ro w s an oth er do b t wh eth er

r r u
And amon g oth er of h i famo s deed h e revived and s u s,

g ote s
r as th e I ta lia n
ca , tiq wo k s we ca ll it s, or an ue r a
,
q i c k ened g i n th e faith f C h i t th t i n some plac es f
u a a o r s ,
a o

his kin g dom was s ore pp ll d — F b i an i n R

, ,

sho ul d be received — R eli qu i ae W ottoni nae in di tto . a .

a a e . a .

T h e te r m was next tr an sfe rr e d to the g r ote s qu e App ar el F r om L at p a r equ al l i ke the M . .

, , ,
.

ch ar a cter s su ch as sa vag e s fau n s a nd d evi ls which

, , , ,
L at di min u tive p a r ic u lu s ga ve r i s e t o It p a r ecchio
.
, ,
.
,

we r e favou r ite subject s of i mit ation in ma squ e s and Sp p a r ej o F r p a r eil li k e Hence It ap p a r ecchi
.
,
.
, . .

a r e Sp a a r a r Pr ov
r eve l s . , p e j . a a r elha r F r
p a
pp a r eiller , .
,
.
,

T h t roome w ith pur e gold it all was ove l id

a r a
p r oper ly to join l i ke to li k e to fit to su it A pp a r eil , ,
.
,

W o gh t with w i ld nti k whi c h th ei follies p lay d e

r u a c es r
o u tfit pr ep ara tion hab i li ments
, D ie z , . .

In th e i h e metal they livi ng w e e S pencer

r c as r . .
A n d wh anne su m m en s eide n of t h e T em ple th at it w as

lid w it h ood to n e — Wi clif i n R i ch d on

T o d ance exp la i n e d by Ba i l ey to
the a n tic ks is
a
p a re g s s . ar s .

d a n ce afte r a n od d an d r i dic ulo us ma nne r or in E k e if h e pp ill his mete m o e delic io ly th a n n ede

a a ra e r us
,

a r i d ic ul o u s d r e s s l i k e a j a ck p u d d i n g T o go a n -
.
is . Parson s Tal e ’
.

t iqu elg in Sh ak e s pe a r t o g o i n s t ra n g e d i s gu i s e s
, ,
.
T hen l i k e F r ha biller or E d r es s the wo r d wa s .
, .
,

In mo d e r n lang uag e a ntic is a pp l ie d to ext ra vaga nt s peci all y a ppl ie d to c l othin g as the nece ss ar y p r ep ,

e t ur es s u ch as tho s e ad opte d b pe r s on s re a r ation for ever y k in d of a ction

g s y p
.
,

r e s enti n g the ch a r a c te r s c al l e d a ntics in a ncient T o App eal L at app eda r e Fr app eler to call . .
, .
, ,

mas qu e s .
to c all on on e for a s peci al p u rpo s e to c all for j u d g ,

Antl er F r a n dou id er s the b ranche s of a sta g s

. .
,
’
m ent to c al l on one for his d e fence i e to a c cu s e
, , . .

ho r n s ; b ut p rope rly a n d ou iller is the fi r s t b r a nch him of a c r i m e .

or b r ow a ntl e r s u r a n d ou iller the s e c on d

-
A s the
,
. Appl e AS wp l I sl ap al W ap al I r a vall
. .
,
.
,
.
, .
,

b r ow a ntl e r p r oject s fo r w a r d the wo r d h as b een d e

- Lith obolgs R u ss j a blolco
.
, . .

r ive d fr o m a n te b e fo r e b u t the exp la n a tion h a s not T o App o int T h e Fr p oint was u s e d in the . .

s en s e of con d ition m anne r ar r an g em ent — the or

, ,

b een sa ti sfa cto r i ly mad e ou t . , ,

Anvil Form e rly w r itten a nvilt or a nvild AS

. .
d er t r i m a rra y pl i ght ca s e t ak in g on e is in
, , , , , , .

a mbolt u a en beld a mbeld a bl ock C otgr E n p iteux p oin c t in piteo us ca s e ; h abiller

fi
a n lt P l D D . . .
, ,
.
,

to h amme r on per c u ter e villa n Glo ss Pe z ron en c c oin c t to d r e s s in thi s fa s hio n Ce n t N ou v

, .
p ,
. .

fi llist v erb e ras , O tfr ie d So L a t in cus incu dis . . .

, ,
N ou v A p ein c t a ptl y in goo d tim e in g oo d s e a
.
, , ,

fr o m in a n d c u d er e to s tr i k e ; G a mboss O H G s on ; r en dr e son a oinc t to t ak e h is fitte s t o

,
. .
p p p p or ,

a n a oz fr o m a n an d bos sen to s t r i ke t u n ity for ; qu a nd il l t e p oin c t when the p r ope r

p , , . ,

A ny AS cenig fro m a n on e and ig a termi

. .
, , , ,
ti m e cam e Hen c e app oinc t fitne ss O ppo r t un ity a
.
, , ,

n a tion equ ival ent to Goth cigs fr om ciga n to h ave .

, , .
thin g for one s p ur po s e afte r h is min d ; a n d ap ’
,

T h u s fr o m g a be a gi ft we alth g a beig s one h a vin g to n d fittin g p r ono u nce fitti n g) to d ete r

, , , , p oin c ter
( fi , ,

we al th r ich In l i ke mann er a ny is th a t which

, .
,
m ine o r d e r d ec r ee to fi n i s h a cont r ove r s y to a c
, , , ,

p ar tak e s of the n atu r e of one a small qua ntity a , ,

co rd ag r ee
, make a co mpo s ition b etween p ar tie s
, ,

few so me one one at th e l e as t

, , . to a ss i gn or gra nt ove r u nto C otg r . .
 APPRAISE . AR BIT ER .
47

T o App r aise . L a t p r etiu m, F r p r ice,

n a tive fr u i t from the Ro
. . pr ice a , borr owe d the n am e of a

v alu e app r ecier to rate e s tee m man s a nd ap r icot s u ppo s e d to b e fr o m the L atin
’

, , ,
p r i ze set a pri ce , , ,

on .C otgr T h e P I D la ven .
p r ce c ox b eca u s e the fru it r ipe n e d e a rl ie r th a n the
. . is u s e d b oth as E .
,

p r a is e to co mm en d an d a l s o as a
, pp r a is e to s et a co mm on pe ach with which it
,
w a s con fo u n d e d is , , ,

p rice on T o p r ais e in fa ct is on ly to exal t the p r ob ably a c as e of a ccommo dation fr om the O rienta l

.
, ,

pr ice or v alu e of a thin g to spe ak in commen da ba r /nth See Sophocl es s Glo ssar y s v p 6x ,
.
’

,
. . 7 r a uc tov.

M ] .

App reh end Appr entic e Appr ise L at . . . . Ap ron A cloth worn in fr ont for the p ro tec tion
.

r ehen der e to ca tch ho ld of ; a r eh en der e to s eize of the cl othe s b y co rr uption for n ap r on Sti l l
p pp , , , , .

a n d met a pho r ic a ll y to t a k e the m e a nin

g to u n d e r ,
c all e d n app ern in the N of E —Halliwell N a ,
. . .

stand to le ar n Fr app r en dr e app r is to l ear n ru n r b arm c l oth — P r o mpt Fr om O Fr

p o -
, . .
, , , , . . . .

whe n ce the E app r is e to mak e a thin g k no w n .

,
. n a er on p rope r l y the inten s itive of n a e a cl oth
p , p , ,

F r ap p r e ntis a l e a rne r on e taken for the p u rpo s e

.
,
as n ap kin is the d i min u tive N ap er on g r a n d e .
, ,

of l e ar nin
g a t ra d e . n appe Roq u e fo r t N ap er on is expla ine d b y
. .

T o Ap p ro ac h L at p r op e ne ar whence M . .
, ,
. H é c a r t a small cloth p u t u pon the ta bl e c loth d ur
,
-

L a t p r op ia r e app r op ia r e P r ov app r opj a r ap r op

.
, .
,
in g d inne r to p r e s e r ve it fr o m st a in s an d tak en
, ,

c ha r F r a
pp r ocher to dr a w ne ar
, .
a w ay b e fo r e d e ss e r t — D iet Ro u chi
D ie z ,
. . . .

App robation App rove Approver L at . . . .

A n d t h e e wit h to wep e -
r
r obus oo d r oba r e a r oba r e to d ee m oo d S h e m ad e and with h e n p n f ir an d wh ite y w sh
p g p , pp , g p ro , , , , r a ro e a

no u nce goo d F r app r over to a ppr ove allow fin d . .

, , ,
S h e wyp ed soft hir ey e n for te i th t sh e o tlas h r s a u .

g ood con s ent u n to

, C otgr . .
Chau cer Bery n P ol 3 1 , . r . .

Hence a n A pp r over in la w is on e wh o h as b een T h e lo s s or ad dition of a n initi al 7 2 to wo rd s is ve r y

pr ivy a n d con s entin g to a c ri m e bu t r eceive s par , co mm on a n d fr e qu ently we are u n able to sa y
,

d on in con s i d e r a tion of h is g ivi n g evi d ence ag ain s t whethe r the con s on a nt h a s b een lo s t or a d d e d .

his p r incip al .
T hu s we h a ve n a ug er a n d a ug er n ewt and ewte , ,

T h i s fal e th efc thi s sompn our q oth th e frer e

s u
or .
319, n a wl a n d a wl, n om
p ire a nd u mp ir e, and th e
, ,

H d lw y b n di r ed y t o h i h o n d
a a a e s s ,
sa me phenomenon is common in other E ur ope a n
T h t tellith h im all th e ecre th ey kne w
a s , la n g u ag e s .

F thei ac q ain ta n c e w n t c om e of n w
or
T h ey w orin h is pp i privily — F i T le
r u as o e
Ar biter — Arb itr ate T h e p r i mary s en s e of
a rov rs r ar s
’
a
. .

L a t a r biter is co m mon l y g iven a s a n eye witne ss

. .

-
.
,

Ap ricot Fo rme r ly ap ric oc k which is n ea r e r

. , fr o m whence th a t of an u m pi r e or j u d g e is su ppo s e d
the t r u e d e r iv a tion T hey we r e con s i d e re d b y the .
to b e d e r ive d as a witne s s s peci a lly call ed in for
,

Ro ma n s a k in d of pe ach a nd we r e c al le d p r cec oqua , , the p ur po se of d e te r minin g th e qu e s tion u n d er

or p r cec ocia fr o m thei r r ipenin g e ar lie r tha n the
, t r i al Bu t th e r e is no r eco gni z e d d e r iv a tion in
.

o r d i n ary pe ac h .
L atin w h ich wo uld acco unt for eithe r of the s e sig
M t rescu n t a u ta tc p coci i n tra tr igi n ta an nos re pe ta
aes r ae a r n ifi ca tion s T h e t r u e exp la n ation s ee ms affo rd e d
.

e t p i mo d enariis sin g ulis v en nd a ta — Pliny N H x v

r u .
,
. . . b y the Fin .

11 .
T he r e is a common ten d ency in an u nin fo rme d
Mar ti al e the pe a ch b ein g s ta te of s ociety to s ee k for the r e so lu tion of d o ub t
a llu d s to g raft e d on the
a p r icot , ful q u e s tion s of sufficient in te r e s t by the ca stin g of
lot s in s o me s h ape or othe r T h u s in L a tin sor s a
V i il a mater n is fu era mu s Praec oq u a ra mi s
.
,

N n c inu a d op tivis Pe i rs ca ca ra s u mus .

lot is taken i n the s en s e of a n o r a cl e a n d s or tileg us
, ,

is a s ooth saye r on e wh o g ive s o ra c le s or a n s we r s , ,

T hey we r e als o c all e d M a la A r men iac a a n d Pal u e s tion s b y the ca s tin g of l ot s a n d thi s d o u b t l e ss
q
ladiu s d e s c r i b e s the A rmen ia or P rcec oqu a as a is the o r i gin O f E s or c er er s or c ery Alba ni a n .
,
.
,

s pecie s of pe a ch D io sco r i d e s afte r s pe aki n g of .

, s hor t a lot s hor t dr a s ooth s aye r
, , Now one of the ,
.

p ea che s say s the s mal le r so r t ca l l e d Ar meni a n s in

, , ,
poi n ts u pon which the cu n n in g man of the p r e s ent
Gr p x
. a r e m o r e d i g e sti bl e
n auco ta , T h e wo rd was . d ay is mo s t fr eq u ently con su l te d is the fi n d in g of
als o w r itten in G r np x m or fi p xx whence the . e o cta e uco ta , l o s t p r oper ty and a d i s pu te u po n s u ch a s ubject
,

Ar ab Ba rbe/eon . N a nd No 2 7 3 M od G r . . . . . . a mon g a b a r ba r o u s peop l e wo ul d n a t u r ally b e r e

n
paucomctov . fe r r e d to one wh o wa s su ppo s e d to h a ve sup ern atu
[ T he pr icot
Pliny N H l
a , as we k now fr om , . . . r al me a n s of knowin g the t r u th T hu s the lotsman .

X V c 1 2 was intr o d u ce d into Ital y in the time of

. .
, or sooth s aye r wo u l d n a t ur ally b e c all e d in as a r biter

th a t w r ite r a nd the r e is no d o ub t tha t it c ame to

, or d oo ms— man Now we find in Fin a rp a a lot . .
, ,

Ro me fr om Armeni a It is now called ba r /oa k in . s ymb o l d ivi n in g r od or an y in s t r u ment of d ivin a

, ,

Pe rs i an and the same n ame is g iven to a s pecies of

,
tion a rp a mies (mics man ) sor tium d u cto r arb i
-
, , ,

pl um by the A rab s T he s e n ation s would not ha ve te r b a r io l a s a r elen a r wella to d eci d e by lot to

.
, p , , ,
48 ARBO UR . ARMS .

d ivine wa ta , ur or, aes ti mo, a r b it r or nt chea t er z - bos ewic ht, nt r og u e erz

ar c on j ic io, au g ; a rr a , an a rr a ,

ar wa aj ite r in r e c en sen d a a rwelo ar b itr i u m wu cher er an a r ra n t u sur e r

a , a rb , , , . So in E a r ch arra nt .
,

O pinio co nject u r a ; a rwa u s conject u ra aestim atio or no tor io u s an a r c h r ogu e a r ch tr a itor & c
, , , ,
-
,
-
,
.

arb it r ar i a It wi ll b e ob s e r ved in how l ar ge a p r o Ba i l ey

.
.

por tion of the s e c a se s the L at a r biter a nd its d e r iv Ar ch S ly mi s chievo u s G a rg b a d wick e d

. . ,
. .
, , ,

a tive s a r e u s e d in e x p la n ation of the Fin wo r d s mi s chievo u s pet ula nt ; ein a rger K na be an ar ch .

, ,

d e r ive d fr o m a rp a .
b oy D u erg mal u s mal ignu s an d al so callid us . .
, , , ,

Arbour F r om O E her ber e a pla ce for the cul v er su tus — Biglotton E in erg Ifin d u n m alin
. .
,
. .
,

t iv at ion of he r b s a p l e a su r e gr o u n d gar d en s ub se ,
en fa nt u n petit r u s e 0p een ergj e n it z ifu to plot
-
, , ,
’

.
,

qu ent ly co n fine d to d e si gn a te the bower or r ustic a t r ick D an a rr ig ill te mper ed ill n a t ur e d ; del . .
,
-
,
-

s he l te r which co mm on ly occ u pie d the m o s t con a r r i s te sn a vs a rr a nt t r ash t h e m o s t w r etched s t uff

g , ,
.

S p ic u ou s s it u ation in the gar d en a n d thu s the ety Icel a rg r la z y cowar dly and this is p r obably the .
, , ,

m ological r e fer ence to he r b s b ei n g no lon g e r a pp a r s o u r ce fr o m whence the b ad s i g nific a tion of the wo r d

ent the S pellin g was p r ob ably a ccommo da te d to the h as ar i s en Am on g w arlik e b arb ar i an s the r ep roa ch
,
.

notion of b ein g s he lter e d by t r ee s or s hrub s (a r bor ) of cow ar d ice was the mo st o ffen s ive th at could b e .

m a d e a nd the ch ar g e wa s fel t to incl ud e all the evil

T hi path s
,

th a t co uld b e sa i d of a man
I foll owid till it me b o g h t r u
.

TO ri g h t p l e n t h bi w l y w o g h t
M emen to D x F d lf qu od me e e i ne tem e t in ti
a. s au er r e r u ,
u er u e, ss r u
Whic h th t ben ch id w nd w ith t fi n ew a
l m d ixc i et v ul g ari ve b o A g v oca
a s, a
i
ur s
e r s,
,

r r a v er s
F e h ly t nid
.

r s ur
P l W nefi id au ar
T h e h e gg e al o th at y edin i n o mp
.

s c as

And clo id in all th e g ene h b s S i qu i s aliu m A g m p er fur o em c l m e it

r er er e, r a r a av r .

With S y mo was s et nd E gl t e ca r a L om b d L g i n D e a er ,
ar . e . u .

A n d h p in was th i h bi s a of n d all G r py g Sl ow s er r, r o a ,
. a o
‘
.

A is a p etty pa los r Archives G r px the cour t of a mag i str a te

r ur .
. . a etov,
,
Ch ce Flow er n d Leaf au
r ecept a c l e wher e the p ub l ic a cts we r e k ept
r,
T he
a .

I t g owy th i n a g d yn q od h e
r te rm wou ld thu s a ppe ar to b e connecte d with pxw
ar ,
u , a v
,

T h at G od m de h y msel e a
a r ul e r pxc g over n ment r u l e (pr in c ip atus) a n d
v
,
a , , ,

A m y d d es m n e b od y not with px g an cient F r om apx was for med

ari s ,
a ato , . etov

T h mo e ( oot ) i of t h at s tokk e
e r L at a r chivu m (as Ar g ive fr o m A py ) a r epo s ito ry
r s .
. a ot
,
H e te h ig h t e t h h b
for r eco r d s or p u b l ic d oc u m e n t s a n d he n ce in mod
r e er er

T hat it inne g oweth P P 2 3 3 1 r -

,

er n l a n g uag e s the te r m a r c hives is a pp l ie d to the

. . . . .

T h e wo r d is s till u s e d in its a ncient me an in g at r eco r d s the ms el ve s .

S hr ew sb ur y whe r e the d i ffe r e n t gu i lds h ave s ep a

, A r ea L a t a r ea a th r e shin g floor a b ar e p lot . .
,
-

r ate l itt l e p l e a su r e gar d en s with their summe r of g r o u n d a c o ur t y a r d

-
a n exte n t of fla t s u r fa ce , , .

hou s e s each within its own fence in the mi d s t of App l ie d in mod er n E to the n arr o w y a rd b etween ,
.

a n open fie ld o u t s i d e the town a n d ove r the

ga te of the u n d e r g r o u n d p ar t of a ho us e a n d the grou n d i n
-
,

on e of the s e g ar d en s is w r itten Shoemak e r s A r fr ont ’

.

A rm
”
b o ur . S a x ca rm L a t a r mus the sho u ld er j 01nt . .
,
.
,
-
,

T his la d y w alked ou tri gh t till h e mi gh t s ee h en te e speci all y of a b r u te tho ug h s ometi m es a pp lie d to er r ,

in to a fi ne c lo e b r it was of t ee wh o e b n h e
s ar o o m an
: r s s ra c s s .

i n te la ced eac h oth e th t it o ld e i t th trong e t vio

r r
A rm
a
s A r my c
L a t a r ma W a rf,G a e l a r m
u r s s e s s

l en c e of ey e i g h t — Ar cadia i n R ic h a d o n
. . .
, . .
,
s r s
a we a pon A s the a r m it s elf is the n at ur a l we a pon
-
. .

Arch A c ur ve d l ine p ar t of a ci r cl e a n ythin g of offe n ce it is po ss i bl e th a t the wo r d a r m in the

. , , ,

of a b owe d fo r m a s the a r ch of a b r i d g e , L at s en s e of we a pon may b e s i mp ly a n a pp l ica tion of . .

a r eas a bow which h as b een r e fe r r e d to W

, , g wgr eh the sam e wo rd a s the d e si gn a tio n of the b od i ly .
,

c u r ve d fr o m g wgr o to b en d
, ,
.

A l Ch F r om G r pe b eginn in g px to b e
‘
. F r o m the ve r b a r ma r e to ar m ar e for m e d the
. a , ,
a et v
, , ,

fi r st A px was u s e d in co mpo s ition to i n d i cate the p ar ticipi al nou n s It a r mata Sp a r ma d a Fr a r mee

. t
,
.
,
.
,
.
’

chie f or p r in cip al b ecom in g a r c h in the E n glish of whi ch the two for me r a r e confine d by c u stom to
,

ve r s ion as in a r ch bishop a r ch—

, a n el
g In G u n d e r a n a val expe d ition whi le the F r a r mee and ou r
-
,
. .
, ,
.
’

the form er z the p ar ticl e wa s exten d e d by an alogy a r my which is d er ive d fr om it a re a ppl ie d o n ly to

, , ,

to the hi g h dig nitie s of the e m pi r e a n d th u s joine d an a rm e d b od y of la n d for ce s tho u g h fo rm e r ly a ls o , ,

with wor d s n ot d e r ive d fr om Gr eek ; er z her z og u se d in the s e n s e of a n aval expe d ition -

,
.

ar ch d u k e ; er
-
Pf a lz the p ala tin a te O f the Rhine ;
z -

A L e ye s w h e n d t S ata lic
,

E r hammer er a r ch C h amb e r la in & c

z -
’
t as a a

Wh ann e they w e e wonn e an d i n th e g ete see

-
, , .

r r
It was then u s e d to exp r e ss e minence in evi l
,

I n m ny n oble me h ad h b e
’
, a a ar e e .

a cq u i r in g the s en s e of E a r r a nt e r z betr il er
g an . P ol Kn i g h t Tale -
, r .
’
s .
 ‘

.
AR Q UEBUS S . ARRAY . 49 '

Ar qu eb u ss . exampl e It . arc hibu so, affo rd in g an Ger ma n i n fle c tion en E en a rg en d r eg ein E rz be .

,

of a fo r ei g n wo r d alte r e d in o r d e r to s qu ar e with a tr iig er an ar r a nt r o gu e

, Br em W O r ter b . .

s u ppo s e d etym o lo gy It is co mmon ly d e r ive d fr om . [ It is by no m e a n s cl e ar th a t the r e is any con ,

0

a r ea a b ow as the on l y i mp l e m ent of a n a l o g o u s
, ,
n ec t ion b etween a rr a n t an d the Swi ss u r ig as u s e d ,

e ffect b e for e the invention of fir e arm s an d ba s e -

, ,
in the ph r as e u rig es wetter bu t u r ig is p r ob ably ,
‘

pier ce d hollo w But D ie z h a we ll ob s e r ve d h ow

,
. s all ie d to the Swe d i s h gr which occu r s b oth as a ,

inco n gru ou s a n exp r e ssion a holl ow bow or pie r ce d no u n and as an adjective and in n um e rou s d er iv ,

b ow wo uld b e a n d the tr u e d e r ivation is the D u

,
. a tive s a n d co m po u n d s T h e r a dic al n otion s ee ms .

ha eclc— bugse ha eclc busse p rope rly a gu n fi r e d fr o m

,
-

,
to b e con fusion phy s ical or mental wi ld i rre g
, , , ,

a r e s t fr o m ha eclc the hoo k or fo rk e d r e s t on which

, ,
u la r a ction T h u s g r och d a m a whi r l win d of d us t
.
, ,

it is su ppo r te d an d busse G bilehse a fir e ar m , ,

.
,
-
.
gr i h uf vud et d e l i r io u s a tt gr a to whir l or d r i ft
, , , ,

F r om haeclce bus se it b ecam e ha r gne bas s an d in It of s now or d u s t gr v ad er w r itten a l so u rv ad er wi n d

’ '

-
.
, , , ,

a r c hibu so or a r c ebug ia a s if fr o m a r ce a bo w In , ,
. with d ri ftin g snow a lso a fl as h of li ghtnin g So , ,
.
,
”
Scotch it wa s c alle d a hag but of cr eche Fr a r gue . of the d e l i r i u m of feve r : S b tala r h a n i f eberg r a .
,

bus 2. cr ec —Ja mie son T h us he s pe ak s i n feve r i sh d el i r i um

’
. . T e gn é r s .

[ T h e etymo lo gy of a r quebuss fr o m a r c e and ba s e Axel .

was fi r s t p r opo s e d b y Polydor e V e rg i l in 1 II c 1 1 . . .

, T h e fo rm a r we in Kyn g A lis a u n d er fa vo r s the s up
, ,

of his t r e a ti s e D c Re r um I n v en to r ib u s the fi r s t e d i , po sition of the d e r iv ation of thi s wo r d fro m a root

tion of whi c h a ppe ar e d in 1 4 9 9 T h e s u gge s tion . te r min atin g in a g utt ur al T h e en d in g a n t appe a rs .

of Min shew tha t the n am e was t ak en fr o m the

, to b e d u e to a con fu s ion of e r we with err a nt .

c ur ve d fo r m of the b r eech h a s b een ad opte d by s o m e In Richar d Coe r d e Lion Web e r v ol II v , ,

. . .

mil itar y w r ite r s b u t the d e r iv a tion in the text is the

, 3 8 2 1 we r ea d
, F r en sch e men ar n e r we an d ,
”
mo s t p r ob ab le al tho u g h the u su al d e s c r iption of the
, feyn te In the G lo s sar y it is sa i d tha t thi s line
.
,

ol d h a c kb u t d oe s not s ee m to a pp ly to the wo rd as o u ght to s ta n d : Fr en sch e men a r na rwe T hi s ,0

.

u s e d b y Ar no ld v on H a rff A D 1 4 9 6—9 9 p 1 0 ,
. .
,
. . d oe s not a ppe ar to b e the co rr ection of a typo g ra ph
D ae b ij s ton t eyn e ru n de l de O fi t wen s te ek en ad e en a
‘

z r r r ,
ical e rr o r b u t a conjectur al e men da tion I f so it
, .
,

da r i n g lad e n w e n i in d t w n t ic h k efi en h i h is d o u b t fu l whethe r the s u gg e s tion is we ll fo u n d e d

‘

e a re v er z e z u er a c en
,

bu n di e m n v mb m c h t k e en so d a t ma n al mail moec h t
s se a oe r , for the context r equ i r e s the s en s e of ti m i d cow ar d ly .
,
drij o amen lo c hie en M ]
z s ss s ss . .

T h e mo s t fr eq u e n t old u s e of the wo r d is a s a n
T o Arr aign In the L a tin of the Mi ddle A g e s
. , inten s ive of cow ar d T hi s p r ob ably is the p r i ma r y .

r a tion es was the te r m for the p l e a d in g s in a s u it ; m e a n in g of a r we which the P r Pm expl a in s by , . .

r a tion es exer c er e or a d r at iones s ta r e to p l e ad ; mit

”
, , fer efu lle . M ] .

ter e or p on er e a d r a tiones or a rr a tiena r e ( whence , To Arr ay It a rr eda r e to p r epar e or d i spo se

. .
,

in 0 F r a rr a isonn er a r esn er a r eg n ier a r r a ig n er )

. .
, , , , b e fo r e h a n d to g et r e a d y
-
A rr ed a r e u n a c a sa to
,
.
,

to a rr a ig n i e to call on e to a cco u n t to r equ i r e

,
. .
, fu rni s h a ho u s e ; u n o v as ce l lo to eq u ip a s hip ,
.

h im to p l e a d to p la ce h im u n d e r acc u sa tion
, In .
A rr ede ho u s ehold fur nit u r e r i ggi n g of a S hip a n d
, , ,

l i k e manne r wa s fo r me d d er a tion a r e to c l e ar on e , in the pl ur a l a rr ed i a ppa r el ra i ment as clothin g is , , ,

of the a cc u sa tion to d er a ig n to j u s ti fy to r e fute , , , . the equ ipm ent u nive r sal ly n ece s s ary O Fr a r . . .

Arr ant Me r e d own r i ght tho r ou gh b u t on ly

. , , , r e er a rr eer to d i s po s e s et in o r d e r p r ep a r e fit o u t
g ,
’

, , , ,
.

u s e d i n a b a d s en s e a s a n a r r a nt foo l thie f kn a ve , , ,
. T h e S i mpl e ve r b is n ot exta nt i n Ita li an b u t is p re ,
”
An erraunt u sur e r P P Swi ss u r c h u rchig . . .
, , , s e r ve d to us in the Ice l r eida the fun d a menta l .
,

u ri
g ,
p u r e u n m ixe d ,
St al d e r Goth a ir/ens good . . .
, , m e a n in g of which s ee ms to b e to p u s h fo r w a r d s to ,

s o u n d ; a ir hn itha g en u inene s s O H G er cha n g en ,

.
, lay out T h u s ha n n r eid ir n u s ver dit he wie ld s a
.
, ,

u in e AS eer cn a n sta n Icel ia rlen a steinn a p r e

.
-
.
-
, s wo rd ; h a n n r eid ir f r a m ma t he b r in g s ou t foo d ; ,

cion s stone Swi s s u r e n u r ig tho r o ug hly b ad

.
, , , , ha nn r eidir n u f elt he b r i n gs fo r w a r d s m oney p a y s , ,
”
ab a n d one d E s is t u rig es wette r
. when it b oth , d own m oney ; h a nn r ei dir til r u mit he p r ep ar e s the ,

r a in s a n d s now s . b ed ; ha n n r eid ir hey a h es tin em — h e c a rr ie s h ay

[ F r o m App to E ng e d itio n ] T h e ab ove r e fe r

. . on a ho rs e S hip in r eid d i at la n di the Shi p wa s
.
,

e nc es ar e I b e l ieve e r r o n eo us
,
T h e co nn exion is in ,
.
b o rne to la n d ; h a n n r eidir s ig upp d G a d he r e s t s ,

all p r ob ab i l ity with the fo r m s m entione d u n d e r Ar ch . u pon G od S w r eda to p r ep ar e to set in o r d e r to

. .
, , ,

G a rg b a d of its kin d g r ea t ex ag ger ate d ; ein

.
, , , a rra n g e Red a ett sleepp to eq u ip a ve ss e l ; r eda
.
,

a r er S c helm an ar ch r o g u e AS ti m i d evi l ma t s e r vi r d es met s r ed a til midd ag en to p r ep ar e

‘

ea r
g , g . .
, , , , ,

w r etche d ; O E e rwe a rr a nt Cole r i dg e Glo ss

.
,
.
-
, . d inne r T h e sam e wo r d is p r e s e r ve d in the S c otch
.
,

I n d ex . to r ed to r ed up to p u t in o r d e r to d r e ss ; to r ed
, , ,

N ow t h ou s ei s t h e i th e b e te k ny gh t s s the r oa d to cl e ar the wa y ,
Jam ie son . .

And tho art as w cow d A li a nd er 3 340u er e ar . s u . .

T h e m e anin g of the L a t p a r e p a r at u s s ee ms to .
, ,

T h e te rm in a tion a nt is p r ob ably fr o m the L ow h a ve b een d eveloped on a n a n alogo u s pla n T he .

VO L . I. 7
50 ARRE S T . ART ILLERY .

fu n dament al me anin g the s i mpl e p a r e s ee ms to of If the etym ology p ropo sed by D ie z is the tr u e
b e to lay ou t to p u s h fo r w ard s T h u s s ep a r e is to
,
. on e i t is s in ul a r th a t the C a s ti l i a n Sp a ni s h wo r d
, g
l ay thin g s b y the m s e l ve s ; c omp a r e to p la ce the m , sho u ld b e g ene rall y w r itten W ith t in s te a d of d an d ,

s ide b y s i d e r e a r e to l a the m ou t b e fo r eh a n d ; s ti ll mo r e so th a t no su ch co mpo u n d a s da r sen a a h

p p y ,

a n d the It p a r a r e t o w ar d off
. See C u rr y ,
. . is u s e d in the E as t a t p r e s ent In T urki sh it is .
,

[ If ap p a r el (see tha t wo r d) a n d its Continent al al w ay s W r itten a nd p rono u nce d ter s a n eor ter s kha n e

r ela te d wo r d s a r e d e r ive d fr o m p a r the r e wo ul d , the E gypti an Ar abs u se the sam e fo r m a n d D ella ,

b e the sam e ar g um ent for r e fe rr in g the ve r b p a r e V alle Let I V s 9 say s :

,
. . .
,

to the same r oo t an d the wo r d s ep a r e which me an s , ,

to d i sjoin to u n m a tch fin ds a mo r e sa ti sfa cto r y ex

D i co n o an c h e ter s Cha ne, c oe i easa di scu di , e s
’
in ten d e
, ,
p er a r sena le .

plan ation in thi s etym ology th a n in th e p r im ary

m e a nin g as c r i b e d b y We dg woo d to p a r e —M ] . . In the e arl ie s t ex ampl e s of the u se of the wor d ,

L a t r es ta r e to r e ma in b ehin d to
”
T o Ar r est . .
, , it si g nifie s not a pla ce of wo rk b u t a she d a c ov , ,

s ta n d s ti ll It a rr esta r e F r a rr ester to b r ing on e

. .
,
.
, e r e d S hip ho u se or coll ection of s hip hou s e s T hu s
-
,
-
.
,

to s ta n d to s eize h is pe r s on
,
. in Ra mon M untan er c xxxvi ,
.

T o Ar r ive M id L a t a dr ip a r e to co m e to
. . .
, E p uix ell en dre e to ts s s d n xi en V le n c i a a e a ras a es , a a ,

sho r e fr o m r ip a b a n k s ho r e
, then g ene r ali s e d It
, , ,
. c om en T orto sa e a Bar c elon q e l e g alee s es tig e en
,
a, u s u ss

a rr iv a r e Sp a rr iba r F r a rr iver to a r r ive

. D ie z . . .
a c ub e t r .

, , ,

Ar row Icel or gen a urv a an ar r ow ; er va r A n d in L a s C asas e a cco u nt of the fi r s t voy ag e of

'
’
-
. .
, .
,

n a r m i s si l e s p r ob ab ly fr o m thei r whirr ing th r o u gh

, , Columbu s Na v arr ete I 7 2 , ,
.

”
the air ; O rva r n a r flu go h v inan di yfir h aufu t thei m
'

, H al lo un alm adi a 6 c no a 3* 3“ v rad deb j o d e un a

a a a a a

th e ar r ow s flew whi z zin g ove r thei r hea ds S ag a . t

a a ra z an 6 m d h e h a d madera y c b ierta d c g n de e
a ra a a c e u ra

S v err is p 2 6 . Icel O rr e a g r ou s e or gor cock

. . .
, , ,
hoj as d e pal ma po mane q e i el s ol n i el ag ua l e podi n r ra u u a

fr o m the w hir r in g s ou n d of h is fli ght S W hu r r a . .

h ac er dano .

to W hi r l hu rl , .
Hence it would s eem th at an a r sen al wa s o ri g i ,

F or the d e r iv a tion fr om the whi rr in g s o u n d of it s n ally a b u i ld in g e r ecte d for the shelte r a n d pr ote o
fli ght com par e It f r ec cia an ar r ow with F r f risse tion of ve ss els an d mu nition s of wa r a n d n ot a p la ce
.
, , .
,

ment d u n tr a it the whi z z in g s o u n d of a fly in g of l ab o r a nd co n s equ entl y th a t the d e r iv a tio n g iven

’
, , , ,

a rr ow .C ot .
by D ell a Val l e is p r o b ab ly the tr u e on e M ] . .

A r s en al It a r za n a d a r s ena ta r z a n a a d ock
. .
A rt T h e exe r ci s e of sk i ll or invention in the
, , , .

yar d p la ce of n a v al s to r e s an d o u tfit d o ck Sp
, p r o d u ction of so me mater i al object or i n tellect u al ,
. .

a ta r a z a n a a ta r a z a n a l a d ock cove r e d s he d ove r a

, e ffect ; the r ule s and m etho d of well d oin g a thin g ;
, ,

r ope w al k
-
F r om the Ar ab ic d dr ga na h pla ce of
.
Sk i ll contr iv ance c unnin g , , ,
.

‘
wo rk . D i ez 0 Fr a r s enac ; Ar ab da r sen aa h
.
A r t an d p a r t when a pe r s on is b oth the contr ive r
. . .
-
, ,

a te l ie r magas in, Roqu e fo r t .

of a c r i m e a nd tak e s p ar t in the exec u tion b u t c om .
,

O p or tet ad illi (n a igii) c ons erv tionem i n lo cu m p er

us mo u ly in the ne ga tive n either a r t n or p a r t
v F r om
a ,
.

trahi coop e t m q ui lo r uu b i dic t m c on e ,at n avi g

the L a t n ec a r tifex nec p a r ticep s neither contr iver
c u s, u s rv ur .
,

i m Ar ena v u l gariter ap pell tur

u ,
s S anu t us i n D ue n or p a r t ak e r
a . .
.

[ T h e ol d etymolo gy of a r s en al arx n a v al i s tho ugh Art ich ok e V enet a r tic iec e Sp a lc ac hef a , , . . .

certainly plau s i bl e is pr ob ab ly err oneo u s a nd mo s t Ar ab a l c ha r schuf a It c a r c ief a

,
D ie z , .
-
. . .

lin gu i s ts ar e now a gr ee d in tr e a ti n g the wo r d as O r i Articl e L a t a r tic u lus dimin u tive of a r tus a . .

, ,

ental In spite O f the s tr an g e co rr u ption s of Moo r

. joint a s ep ar ate el em ent or m emb er of an ythin g , ,

ish p r ope r n ame s b y the Sp a ni ar d s Ar a b ic wo r d s a n in s ta nt of ti me a s in gl e m e mb e r of a s ente n ce , , ,

which h a ve b ecom e g ene r ally n a t ur ali zed in E u r ope fo r m e r ly a pp l ie d to a ny p ar t of speech as tu m es t , , ,

ar e co mmon l y fo u n d in Sp a ni s h in fo r ms ne ar e s t to Fo r ce ll ini
) b u t u l ti ma te l y confi n e d to the
q u is ue
q ( ,

thei r o r i g in al or thogra phy a n a tu ral r e sul t of the p a r ticle s the an d a n the e ffect of W hi c h is to d esig ,

l on g r e s i d ence O f the Moor s in the Penin s ula n ate on e p ar tic ular in d ivi d ual of the specie s m en
T he .

old e s t Spani sh an d Por t ug u e s e forms of the wor d tion ed or to S how th a t the as s e r tion a pp l ie s t o s o m e ,

are a ta r a z a n a a ta r a z a na l and ta r a ca n a A r sen al is one in d ivi d u a l an d not to the ki n d a t la r g e

, ,
.
,
.

sa i d b
y C ab r e r a to h a ve b een int r o d uce d fr o m Venice A rt ic u l at e Sep ar a te d i n to d i s tinct m e mb e r s ; .

into Sp ain a fine s d el S i glo , b u t d a r a ga na s peci ally a ppl ie d to the speech of man .

occ u r s m a ny tim e s in Ara gone s e d ocuments of the A rtill ery We find i n Mi d d l e L a tin the te rm .

fo ur teenth century p ub l i s he d by Ca p ma ny a r a z a n a a r s an d the d e r iv a tive a r tificiu m a pp l ie d in g en , , ,

in one of the thi r teenth centu ry a nd D ucange say s e r al to the i mple ment with which a n ythi n g is d one , ,

th a t p n l nc was a ppl ie d to the ar mam entar i u m and spec i ally to the i mpl e ment s of wa r on the
a o va “
,

C on sta ntin op ol ita nu m l o ng e anteq u am T ur ci C on sam e p r i n cip l e th a t the G r nnx my the equ iv al en t
,
. a ,

s ta ntin O p olim r i s e to the wo r d ma c hin a

”
p erv e n iss en t o f th e L a t a rs
ga ve . a .
, ,
 ART ILLE RY . AS KA N C E .

m a c hin e, a n d which the wo r d engin e on is d e r ive d teem ou o nem prata nem dinh eiros nem j oyas
N om r , , , ,

n em o tr co s s d t lh y enom al g u c o
u as q e u a ar e ar a, s as u sas u
fr o m the L a t ing en iu m a contr iv a n ce .
,
. T hu s a
fa em c m
z pedr deq e s e ap oveitam em l g r d e
o as as , u r u a
s ta t u te of the ye ar 1 3 5 2 en a ct s : c u ite ll os .
-
M .
]
Q od n u u lla pe on rs a — s it au sa v en ari in n emo ib r us c on
As co mp a r i son of the G dialects s how s
. T he
— a r tes
.

s u lu m — su b po n p e a erd en d i , s eu in t men ta
s ru cu m
tha t as is a cont ra ction fro m a ll se AS ea lls wa -

q ib —D
.

u us fi eret v en at io p raedic ta u c an g e .
G a ls o a ls as ( S eh iilz e S ch meller) O F r i s a lsa
.

.
, , , , . .
,

a rti cia libus

C um magni s b omb ar dis p lur imis div er s is fi a ls e a ls as a a s e as
( R i h h ofer
) A l u ch wir
“
et .
c t s a
, , , , .

D ue ”
.

ve rg e b en u n s er n s chu ldig e r n a s we a ls o fo r g ive ,

F r om ee m s to h a ve b een fo r me d the F r ve rb
a rs s .
ou r d e b to r s S ch m eller A ls o s ic omn in o ta l it er
. .
, , , ,

a r tiller in th e g e n e r a l s e n s e of exe r ci s in g a h an di
”
, ita Ki li an
, Fr is a ls a
g ra te b ote a ls a .G .
,
.

cr aft or pe rfo rm i n g Sk i ll e d wo rk s ub s equ ently ap

, , e b en s o gr o ss e b u s s e a ls a s g r e a t a fin e as ; F r i s ,
”
.

pli e d to the ma n u fa ctu r in g or s u pplyi n g with m u ni ‘6

e ls e e
g r ae t a ls a lsoe
gr a e t e n d e e lsee lytich a ls ,
”
,
”

tion s of war In te s ti mony of the m o r e g e n e r al

.
a s gr e a t a n d a s s mall a s a ls oe o fte a ls a s o ften ,
9,

s en s e we fin d a r tilia r ia an d thence th e m od e r n Fr ,
.
as

a telier a wo r k s hop , In O E we o ften fin d . a s l for a ls o.

Q od eligant ur d
u e es h omi nes qu i ad ant c m O th
uo l g al v u d war d th t h ad ic valour
S ch y r E a s

e lali a d i it n d m omn e
v s a tili i x u nt s t m p nn s ar a r as e er ce e ar e a e W dede and Jh ne S tew t l
as o ar a s ua ,

ru m . S ta t A D 1 3 60 in D e
. . .
,
u . An d Jh ne th e S O W lli l w ith th a
o s a s

And th y l of th c omp ny
o r a s ar a .

T he wo r d is ppl ied
a to the s en s e of i mp l ements Bru c e, x ii . 7 95 .

in g ene ral by Rym e r .

d w d th t d y w ld n oc h t ta
S c h ir E ar a a a

H i ot s c mo b t G ib H p ar ur u
ec em et oc to di cos a g en ti u nu m cal icem a g en te m
e
ar r,
D r r u

u n m par vu m tin tinn b l m p r o mi a &c et om n es alias

s

a u u
,

ss
,
T h t m n h eld l W ith o ty n pe
a e a s u r

O fl h i e t te h d on t h a t d y
u ,
.
, ‘

s a a
ib i c o mpeten te s
s a
till i
,

A ll h le S eh ir E d war di y
ar a r as s .

a s ar ra .

A r tidement, is g iven b y Roq u e fo rt

a r tillerie, in Bru c e, xii . 7 82 .

the s en s e of i mp l e m ent, fu r nit ur e , e q u ip m e n t , as i e W hom men he ld a s withou t equ al of h is s ta

. .

W e ll a s in str ument of wa r .
tio n .

Te r s o
b mb ar d e
s gr oss w— cu m aliis a r tilia riis et ins ira
So in Ge r ma n ein s olche r a ls er ist s u ch a , , ,
”

mentis , d e u b us er an t q i one ati inn r u mera b il es carr i .

—M S .
on e as he is S c hm eller In exp r e s sion s l i ke a s
. .

A D 14 8 2 ,
. D ue. in .
gr ea t a s W he r e two as co rr e s pon d to e a ch othe r the
, ,

A s ta t ute of E d war d II S how s wh a t was u n d e r .

Ge r man s r ende r the fi r s t by s o the s eco n d by als ,

s tood b y a r ti lle ry in th a t d ay
in O E the fi rs t was c o mmon ly w r itten a ls the sec
.
,

on d as ,
I te m o din tum es t q od it nr a till t r q ui fac i t u s u us ar a e a
Th i w a er
b li tas e
a s ll a co , g itt s la n
are pi ulas c t lia
os , r s, sa a ,
c eas , s c ,
a To We i w t r s a er c u mmy n a ls n er
arma n e c e ia p o garn i ionib s sarcas tr m r z us oru .
A s on oth y r h al ff their fay is w er .

When Jon ath a n in the Book of S amu el has d on e Bru c e, x iv . 102 .

with h is b ow and arr ow s it is sa i d A n d Jo n a tha n O f ll th t g rete tre ou e th at eve r h e biwan

, , a a s r

a ve h is a r tillery to the lad an d sa i d G O ca rr y A l ba e was h i towe e Job th e p ow e m an s r s r as er

g
.
, ,

the m to the city .

” R B u nn e . r .

[ In A r nold von H artf s Pi lge rfah r t p 2 1 7 is thi s Bu t thi s is p r ob ably on ly b ecau s e th e s econ d a s
’
.
, ,
,
p a s s ag e h a vin g l e s s e m phas i s u pon i t th a n the fi r s t bo r e ,

D e i nn e o c h ey n sc h o en e
a t l u s t n t i n d d es h er t m o r e cont r a ctio n j u s t as we h a ve s ee n in the c o r r e
a r a a re u
g ,

zogen t w e en mit ka m e en g o d n tli c h mb des e s on d in F r i s i a n expr e s s ion s th a t the fi r s t a s is ren

a r ze rer a r
p g
r ar r e v

t l
a r a a rey g l s eirt e o
d e r e d by e ls ee the s econ d by a ls In othe r ca s e s
.

.
,

T h e G l o s s ar y d efine s a r tz ier er beg en s c hiltz e b u t the F r i s i a n e x p r e s s ion is j u s t the conve r s e of the , ,

a s fi r e a r m s h ad now b e c o m e co m m on it ma m e G F r i s a ls a long e s a G s o la ng e a ls a s l o n
y an g
-
. .
= .
, ,

h a c kb u t te c r s or othe r s ol d ie r s ar m e d with s o me S im
, as F r i s a sa fi r s a G so weit a ls a s far as F r i s . .
, .

ilar we a pon r s a i n so fa r as
. als a
fi .

It h as b een su gg e ste d and not witho u t pla u s i b i lity A sh 1 T h e t r ee

,
AS cess I sl askr , . . . .
,
. .

tha t a r tillery is der ive d fr om the Ita l i a n a r tig lio 2 D us t Goth a z g e AS as ea I sl a sha ES ,
. . .
, .
,
. .

L a t a rticu lu s the talo n c la w or we a pon of a b i r d or tho n a sh r e fus e d u n g

.
, , , ,
.
, , .

b e as t of p r ey . T o A sk AS a csia n a sc ia n I sl aeshia G hei . .

, ,
.
, .

Az ur ara Ch ro n ica d o D e s cobr i mento e Co n qu i s ta s chen

,
.

d e G u in é p 3 7 7 u s e s a r telha rg a in the s e n s e of
, .
,
Ask ance A sk aunt Pe rh a p s the co n nexion . .

v alu abl e O bject s d e l ic a te or sk i lful wo rkman ship ,

with sc a nt s c a nty m ay b e i llu stra te d by comp ar i s on , ,
52 ASKEW . AS SEM BLE .

with It . sca r s o t i k e ob liqu ely ; co

g lier e sca r s o, to s r As sassin H as hish is the n am e of an intoxica t .

s c a r s o s ca r ce s c a n ty s ti n y D u s ch a er s a r a zo r ; ing d r u g p r ep ar e d fr o m he mp in u se a mon g t h e
, g , ,
. .
,

s chaer s a c her en
f to s h a ve c l o se ; s c ha er s c l o se , , ,
n a tive s of the E a s t Hence Arab Haschi s chi n .
“ ”
,

s tin y h ar d ly T h f n d m ent l i d e i th a t of a n am e g iven to the m e mb e r s of a s e c t i n S yr i a

g e, u a a a s .

s ki mmin g t ra n s ve r s e ly al on
g a s u r fa ce a n d s o mov ,
wh o wo u n d thems e lve s u p by d o s e s of hashish to
in g clo s e to it as O ppo s e d to s tr i kin g it d i r ect then ,
pe rfor m a t all r i sk the o r d er s of thei r Lor d kn o w n ,

th ro ugh the notion of clo s e n e ss exp r e s s in g tightn e ss , a s the Shei k or O ld M an of the Mo u n t ai n As , .

s ca ntin e ss w a n t It sc hia n c io a th w ar t a cr o ss
,
. .
, , , the mu r d e r of his enemie s wou l d be the mo s t dr e a d e d
of the s e b ehe s t s the n a me of A ss as s in wa s
ag ain s t the g ra in s c a n z a r e s ca ns a r e to t ur n a s i d e , , , g iven to ,

s l ip as i d e w al k b
y c a ns a r e to b alk a voi d b y g oi n g
, , ,
one commi ss io n e d to pe rfo r m a mu rd er ; as s as sin a
as i d e or a sl ope to s tep a s i d e — F lor i 0 Pe r h a p s , . . tion a m u r d e r pe rfo r me d by one lyin g in w a it for
,

fr o m c a n to a s i d e Pied m bes c a n t p er bes c a n s

, . .
, , tha t speci al pu rpo se — D iez D e S acy M em d e . . .

as lope the p r efix bes s i gn i fyin g inequ al ity ir regu l I n s titu t , 1 8 1 8

’

, .
,

lar ity It is however wo rth r emark in g th a t the r e

. To Assay L at er ig er e to exam ine to p r ove . .
, ,

is a n u m e r o u s cl a s s of fo r ms r e la te d to s o m e of the by ex a mi n a tion ; f annu lis fe r r ei s ad c ert u m po n d us ‘

”
fo r e g oin g i n the sam e way as It c a mbia r e to c a n . e xac tis p r o n u mm o u t un tu r i r on r in g s p r oved of a ,

gia r e to ch a n g e , T hu s It as chembo p a r all e l with . .

,
c e r ta in wei g ht Caesar Hence exagiu m a p r oo f ; . .
, ,

a s chen c io a sla n t a s c hembr a r e or E to s c a mble with exa iu m s olid i a p r oo f shi lli n

, , , .
, g g , .

It a schinc ia r e to go a w r y ; E t o s ca mp (to s ca mp
.
, .

h is wo r k to d o i t in an in su fficient su pe r fici a l man D e p on d erib u s q oq e u u , ut fra u s p e n itu s am p u te tur , a

with m
,

nty i r e ss
,
n ob i s ag a n tur exag ia (p roof s pe i men c s ) q u as s i ne fr a u de
n er
) s ca n t ;
, s hri i
p g n s ca ( s a d o f d ,
d eb en t c u s tod iri .
—D u c .

when out too sho rt or n a rr ow for the pe r son H al

liwell) with s hin ching (shin ch to g ive s ca nt m e as
, ,
F r o m exag iu m was fo r med th e It sagg zo a p r oof .
'

, ,

u r e — H all tr i al s a mp le t a s t e of a ny t h i ng ; a ss a gg z a r e to p r ov e
'

) T o thi s m o d ific a tion mu s t b e r e .

, , , ,

fe rr e d G r x pfi g c r ook e d Cel tic c a m cr ook e d t ry ta st e w h enc e F r essayer to try an d E ass a

. o a o , , , , , , y .
, , .
,

a wr y and p r ob ably Ice l s lea mmr

, sho r t .
,
. ess ay M u r D i ss 2 7 p 7 6 6
. . .
, . .

A sk ew Aw r y G r m r L a t s c wvu s p r op
. . . ( a te , .
,
T o A ssembl e T h e o r i gin of L at s imu l to . .
,

e rly obliqu e then l eft on the le ft h an d ; Icel sheifr , , .

, g e th er a t o nce is p r ob ab ly th e ra d i ca l s a m ve r y
, , ,

D an shi ev G scheef . Pe rh ap s r e la ted to sha ve

,
. .
,
wi dely s pr ead in th e s e n s e of sam e s elf F r om ,
.

fr o m the notion of ski mm i n g the s u r fa ce ( s ee s imu l in s imul wer e fo r m ed It in s z eme F r en s emble

’

. .
, , , ,

Askan ce) an d pr ob ably co nn ecte d with G r x hn g , . o a vo ,

toget h er ; a ssembler to dr a w tog et h er s assembler , ,
’

u nequ al O b l iqu e x h g di s to r te d
, ( m m x h w ,
a o o , ,
a o
,
o a ev ,
to m eet or floc k together ; w h ence E a ss emble I n . .

to s cr a pe ? ) G s c hiel o bl iq u e s chielen to s q u int ; .

, , ,
th e T eu to ni c b ra n c h of la ng uag e we h a v e Go t h .

D u s chu in s O b l iq u e ; E s qu in t ; Ice l sha clor ob

.
, . .
,
s a ma , th e sam e s a ma n a , s a mmatlz, A S . s a mod , to
l iq u e .
g eth er i ,
. e . to th e sam e pla ce ; te s omn e, toget h er ;
T o A S p ir e — Asp ir at e sa m m a n , somm a n s a mmla , s a mlca , D
‘

SW
'

L at asp ir a r e to p an t . . .
,
. an . s a mle,

a fte r to p r eten d to fr o m s ir a r e to b r e a the

, p T he , ,
. s a nlce, G . ver s a mmeln , to c oll ec t to , a s s em ble . In
L a t asp ir a r e is also u s e d for the stron g b r ea thi n g
. OE a ssemble was oft en
. u se d in th e s p ec i al s en s e of

e mploye d in p r ono uncing the lette r h thence c alle d ,

joi ning in ba ttle .

the asp ir a te a ter m et y mologically u nconnecte d with ,

By G arb ame a s semblyd t h ai ;
the sp iritus asp er of the L a tin g r ammar i an s .
Th ar e was ard fy c h ting as h Ih d ar e s ay .

A ss L a t as in u s G es el P ol os ie l
. .
, .
,
. . W y n town in Jam .

T o Assail Assaul t L at s a lir e to l e a p to .

-
. .
, ,
Th b the th e fy s t
an a r rowtis ry c h t th ar e
s p r in
g ; F r s a illir to sally to l e a p ; ass a illir to .
, , , A t th at mble wen a ss e c ust war . Ibid .

as sa i l to s et u po n whence a ss a ult as sa i l in
, g or s et , ,
A n d in ol d Ita lian we fin d sembia g lz a
'

in t h e s a me
tin g u po n .

A ssart A cle ar e d place in a wood F r essa r t

. . .
,
s en s e .

M id L a t . . exa r tu m, ess a r tu m, as s a r tu m, s a r ta m .
“
La v a ra tta er a fo r n i ta . N on poteo a s io p at re
”
d ar e N on p oteo es s er e a la s embia
g lz a
'

succ u r so
— quando
. .

E s sa rta v ul g o dic u n tu r fores tae, n em ora, v el

I n th e L a ti n tran sla tio n c onflic tu i i nte r es se me q u i
d u meta q u aelibe t su c c id un t ur , uib u s q su c c is is et r ad ic itus
Hi s t Ro m: Fr agm in M ura to r i
,

b at
ev uls is te
rra su b v er titu r e t exc olit ur .
-
L ib . S ea c c h . in
. . . .

D ue . [ I s s a mo in th e followi ng p as sage fr o m D a mpi er

, ,

a n ativ e wo r d or h a d th e p e op l e of Mi n d an a o bo r
Et q i q id i n toto t ito io L u c u e rr r a u s s in iac o d ir u p t u m et
,

x ti p t m t q od v lg o d i it Ch t A r ow ed it fr o m ea rl i er E ngl i s h vi s ito rs ?
e s r a u es u u c ur er s a rs . ar . . D .

1 19 6 i n D , ue .

T h y wo ld lw y b p i in g th E n gli h de l i ng
e u a a s e ra s e s as c ar
F r o m ex s a -
r itu m, g ru bb ed u
p . D iez . L at . sa r th t th E n g li h d M i d i w e e ll
a e T h i th y
s an n a na a n s r a on e
,

. s e
i
r r e, s a r r e
,
i to hoe, to weed .
exp t b y p ttin g t h ei t w fo e fi g
res lo e togeth e
u d r o r -
n ers c s r , an
 A S SE S S . AT .
53

saying th t th E ngli h and M inda n a e s aian s were m sa o, sa mo,

T O A ss o il . To ac qu it . L at . a s olver e,b to loo se
tha t i al l n D mp i s, Vyg o e . a er s
’
o a es , 1 7 08 I 3 59 ,
. . M .
] fro m 0 Fr . . a bsolver , a bs oiller as soiller . Roqu e
,

T O A sses s . T h e L at . as sid er e, a s s es s u m, to s it fo r t .

d ow n, wa s u s ed in Mi dd le L a t in . an ac tive s en s e [ T he
o tio n b et ween a bsolver e a nd a ssoil is
c nn e c

to to i mpo se ta lll a m in F r c o n fi rm ed by th e u s e whi c h Wy c l i ffe a n d L a n lan d e

'

for s et, a tax ; a ss i der e .

g
as s eoz r
'

la ta zfle, to
’

fix a c er a n am u n t i o t u po n eac h mak e of as s oil a n d soi l in th e sen s e of s olve .

i nd ivi d ual .

wh om spak S mpson Y sh al pu p e to yow a d ow

To a r os
,

Pr ov is u m es t g en erali er t q d uo p rse d ic ta q d g im ua ra es a to s w ord th e w hi h if y e gl n to me &c ; X X X fo

u , c so e ,
.
’‘ ’‘ ’‘
r

h oe m o do as sid eat ur et collig atu r .

— M th P i A D a . ar s , . . s th e if y e m w n n t
o
yl &c o e o a sso e, .

A n d t h ey m ig h ten n t b i t h e d y s
1 23 2 yl n th e p opos i o r a so a r
—J d g e xi 12 1 3 1 5
.

c ioun u s v
q odlib t f
.

m militare m tun e ad 40 sol

.
, , .

E t f uit u e oed u as s ess u .

D ue . L o d wh sh l w ony e in th i wones
r , o a ,

A n d w ith t hy n e h oly ein te s s,

A ss et s . I n l egal la ng ua ge, funds for th e s a t ar e O e t n in tl y n h ly h ille
r r s e i e o s ?
isfa c tion of c er t ai n d ema nd s Co mmo nly d er iv ed . Th i k th D vid s as e a

fr om Fr . a sse , z bu t in OE it was commonly w r itt en

.
A n d D v id il th it h ym lf &c a a ss o e se , .

a sset z / .
Pie s Plo g h m n v 18 28 —18 3 2 — M ] r u a , . . .

A nd if it s u ffi c e not for ass eth .

—I ’
. P l wm o an, p 94 . .
T O A ssu ag e F r om L at su a vis s w e et ag ree . .
, ,

a bl e Pr ov s u a a s w eet agreeabl e s oft tr an qu i l ;

Pil t willi g t m k
. .

tb t th p ple l ft to h em
, , , ,
A nd a n o a e asee o e eo e

Bara bb Wi lif M k 15
as . c ar .
0 Fr s oei, s ou ef , s w ee t s oft g en tle P r ov ass u a n
. .
, , .

z ar a ss u a va r a s s ua via r to a pp ease to c a l m to
A d th g h th t li him by , , , , ,
h p n ou on ea e s a e
s oft en H ence 0 Fr as soua g er to s often to allay
Y t v h ll m k hi i h e ne er s a a e s r c e s se ,
.
,
. .
, , ,

an s w er i ng to a ss u a via r as a ll eg er to a llevia r e ’

A t/ nto hi g din R R
ss e z u s r ee es s . . .

’
, ,

a br e er to a bbr evia r e a r e er to a
’

g r a via r e s ou la er
g g gg g , ,
M ak e a c eetlze
(mak n
y K) satisfac io
s eethe
to s ellev ia r e.
.
,

Pr P m . Now t h en .
, r i s e a nd
go fo r th e a n d sp ekyn g
— M ais mou l t m l omg tur e R R
’

d o a s eethe to thy s erv au n tis Wic lifle ; sa tis fa e g ” as soua ea

‘
. .

ser vi s t u i s — V ul ga t e T h er efo r e I s wo re to th e t r an sl a t ed by C h au c er “
.
,

how s of H el i t h a t th e wi ck edness of his how s s h all

N w s oftenin g w ith th e oint men t o
n ot be d oo n a s cel la be f or e with slai n sacrific is a nd
.

g ift is — Wi .
”
cl i f I n th e Vu lga t e ea zetu r
p A s s
ytlz T o A. s ton is h — A sto u n d S ton y F r eston ,
'

.
, . . . .

S it/2e to m ak e c o mp en sa tio n to sa ti s fy
,
I h a ve n er to a s ton i s h ama z e dau nt ; al s o to s tan nie b e , .
, , , ,

n J un i u s v u mme or d u l l th e s en s e s of — C o t r
”
ott m h ear t s s ite on h im L T h e fo rm
’

g e n y y e i n
g .
, . . .

sytlze G ael s ietla s ith p ea c e qu i etn ess r est from as ton ish s h ow s t h a t estonnir mu s t al so h a v e b een in
. .
, , , ,

war r ec on c i l i a tio n ; s l tl ncb c al m p a c ify as su a g e u se A c c o r di ng to D i e z fr o m L a t a tton a r e a ttoni

'

. .
, , , , , , ,

r ec o n c i l e W bedd t ran qu i llity b ed d u to pa c ify ; tum (st r engthened to exton a r e) to t h u nd er at to

. .
, , , , ,

P ol Boh em syt syty sa ti sfi ed full ; Bo h em sytitz s t u n to s t u p efy So in E t h u nd er s truck is u sed '

-
. .
.
, , , .
, , .

to sati s fy . for a hi g h d egr ee of a ston i s h ment Bu t p r ob a bly .

T h e L a t s ail s en o ugh I cel s wift s cel ti r ec on c il

. th e r oot ton in a ttonitu s is u sed r a th er as th e r ep r e
,
.
, ,

iat io s ce ttr r econ c ilia tu s c ont entu s c on sen tien s ; s e n ta tiv e of a lo u d ov er pow er i ng s o und in g eneral
, , , , ,

s ed ia s a t u r a r e , G s att full sati sfi ed — are do ub t tha n sp ec i ally of thu nder T hu s we h a v e d in a

.
, , ,
.
,

le ss all fun da men tally r ela t ed lo u d c o n ti nu ed n oi s e din t a b l ow to d u n to make .

, ,

T O A ssev er ate L at a ssever a r e to affi rm ea r a n i mpo r t u n at e n oi s e ; d u nt

. a b lo w or s t r o k e ; to
.
, ,

n es tly to ma i n ta i n ; fr o m s ever us
, s er io us earn es t d u nt to c o n fu se by n oi se to s tu pify — H a ll iw ell , , .
, , . .

So p er sever a r e to co n ti n u e ear nes t in th e a tta i n men t A S s tun ia n to s tr i ke to st un to m ake s t upi d with

,
.
, , ,

of a n obj e c t to p ers e v er e , n oi s e ; s tu n t s tu p ifi ed foo l i s h ; G er s ta u n en

. to b e , ,
.
,

As s iz e — A ssiz es F r om ass id er e was formed in th e c on d ition of on e s tu nn ed

. . .

0 F r as s ir e to s et wh en c e a ssis s et s ea t ed s et
. .
, At Icel a t D an a d e qu ivalen t to E to b efor e
, , , ,
. .
,
.
,
.
,

tl ed ; a ss z s e a set r at e a ta x ; ass zz e of b r ead th e a v er b a t s eg ia to s ay ; L at a d to ; S a ns er a d lzi

' '

. .
, , , , , , , ,

settl ed r at e for th e sal e of b r ea d ; als o a s et d a u po n

y
.

wh enc e c our d as szz e a c o u r t to b e h eld on a s et [ D o u bts h av e b een ra i s ed wh eth er we can p r op

'
’
,

d ay E as s izes . e rl y sa y with m o s t bio gra phi c al d i c tio na r i es C h a u cer

.
, ,
,

w a s bo r n a t Lo n do n or w h et h e r in Lo n d o n is th e
B l li o n o tr
a p osu im s q i in b li iis
v s is s in gu li
s os u u a v su s , ,

m en ib po n t n m di m q ui d ic it A i in q o o nly p r op er mo d e of expr es sion

s us ne u u e ur ss s za
'

u .

o m n e il li q i l m o m f i n t ec ipi n t j
s u
s m c a T h e p r i mar y mea n i n g of a t s eems to b e by n ea r
re ac e r e us uu .

, , ,
Ch ar ta Philip A g t A D 1 190 in D e an d in r efer enc e to p er s o n s to with or a fter a v er b
u us . . .
, u .

, , , ,

A sszsa in It is u s ed for a s ettled p a tt er n of d r es s f r om or of,t h u s c o rr espo nd i ng

'

of h ear i ng or a sk i n g
.
, ,

an d is t h e o r i g i n of E size a s ett le d c ut or make mo r e or l ess clo sely to th e Ge r man bei th e L a ti n

.
, .
,
54 AT .

a d or a F r en c h re
u d , a nd s or c li ez S u ch a t th eas 11 1 1 0 E r odes u ua s a n Jer u s a lem ; mu 5 thar
p p .
, .
,
.
,

l ea s t is its fo r c e in Ul p h ilas
, Th u s M atth ix 9 s ie the eng il g od es a n N a z a r ethburg a nd gen erally .
,
. .
, , ,

s ita n d a n a t mota i s itti n a t th e r ec e ipt of c u s to m ; in c o n s t r uc tio n s w h er e th e m o d er n E n l i s h emp loy s

g , g
M a rk i 3 3 vas a t da u r a a t th e d oo r ; Ma rk ii 2 in A t is n ot u s ed in th e H eli an d wit h th e na mes
.
, ,
.
, .

ui a mos ted u n 7 2 27 1 a t d a u r a fo un d n o r oo m a bou t of tow ns b u t we fi n d with v e rb s of r es t a n th ema

g .
, , , , ,

or n ea r t h e d oo r ; M ar k ii 3 ema n a t imma u u ihe a n thema hu se a t or in th e tem p l e th e ho u s e

, j ab
g .
, , , , , , , ,

t h ey c ome u n to h im Ma rk iii 9 ci skip Iza ba ip visa a nd a t min u mu hils a t them u u iha en di a t them .
, , ,

a t imma t h a t a s h ip s h o ul d w a it on or n ea r h im ;
,
burg a t ir o h er ten a t or in my h ou se th e t em ple , , , ,

Ma rk vi 3 j a b n iu s in d sois t7j us is her a t a ns is a nd th e c ity t h ei r h ea r ts an d a t a d on tha r a bon in all

.
, , , , ,

a r e n ot h is s i te r s h er e with u s Jo h n viii 2 6 [ ) atei t r o ubles H en c e in th e O ld S a x o n th e la ngu age

s .
, .
, ,

b a ns id a a t imma which I ha v e h ea rd of [f r om] mo s t c lo s ely a ll i ed to A ngl o S a x o n t h es e p r epos i

,
-
,

h im . tio n s w er e n ot clea rly dis ti ng u i s h e d an d it a ppear s ,

Th er e is I b eli ev e no ca se in Ulp hilas wh er e a t e qu ally d i ffi c u lt to di s cr i mi n a te sati sfac to r ily b e tw een

, ,

is u sed d i r ec t ly with th e p r op er n am e o f a p l ac e th e a a n a n d et of th e O ld F r isic , , ,

.

th o ug h in M a rk vii 3 1 we ha v e qa m a t ma r ein I n A n glo S a x on t h o u g h p a r ti c u lar w r iter s p r efer

.
,
-
,

a leila ie c a me to th e S ea of G al i le e T h e p r e po s i t h f n oth e r o f th e p r epo s itio n s a t a t or

g , e u s e o o e o r .
, ,

tion d it is c ommonly u s ed for to after a v erb o f m o on in b efo r e th e n am es of pla c es t h ey ar e in gen , , ,

tio n b u t in is s o meti mes empl oy ed for to as w ell as e r al em ploy ed a lmo s t i n di ffer en tly T h us in th e
, ,
.

for in to an d th e s u b s t an tiv e v er b a nd a ll ot h er s im Intr od u c tio n to Bed e s E c cl Hi st Ki ng A lfred s ’ ’

. .
, , ,

plyi ng r est or position take in b efor e th e names of t r an sla tion mid d a m br odru m d a r e cyric ea n wt
, ,

pla c es . L in d esfa r en a with th e b r eth r en of th e c h u r c h a t ,

I n I c ela nd i c a t whi c h in many c a s es is u sed in , L in d es fa rn e ; al so 1 IV titl e to c 2 P u tta f or

, , . . .
,

t er ch an g eably with a p r ob a b ly an ot h er fo r m of th e D a mia no aet H r af ec eas tr e to bis c eop wa s g eh a lg od

, ,

sa me wo r d is oft en e mp loy ed wit h th e en itiv e of P tt w o n c a t e d bi sh op in th e pla c e of D a mi an

, g u a as c se r , ,

th e n am e of a p er s o n ho u se or s o m e e qu iv al e nt a t Ro c h es t er ; titl e to c 5 s in od e 6 e g ewor d en wces

,
.
,

wo r d b ei ng u n d er s too d pr ec i sely as we say in E n g aet IIeor tfeor da sy no d tha t was ho ld en a t H artfo rd

, ,
.

l i sh a t M r Joh nso n s an d v ery fr eq uently with th e So in th e D e S an c ti s in A n gl i a s ep u l tis K lip ste in s

’ ’
.
, ,

d a tiv e of t h e name of a p la c e after v er b s bot h of A n al ec t a I 1 6 8 1 69 T honn e r es teth S t A ethelbriht , ,

.
, ,
.

r es t a n d motio n Thu s in Y ngl inga S aga 0 1 4 wt th a m biscop s tole wt IIer efor d a a t H er efo rd ;
.
, ,
.
,
’
-
’

I H eimskringla 1 7 p d va r Fr idf r ddi a t H lea ru T honn e r esteth S t A ethelber t on thdm mynstr e wt

.
, ,
’
, .

F r id fr od was t h en a t L ei r e Y S c 3 3 A d ils d o a t Beor cing a n

’

T honn e r es teth S t D u n st on us A r c e
’

. . .
, .
,

@p s blu m A d il s d i ed a t U p sa l ; S H akona r S A i n u s wt Ca n twa r a byr ig

’

, ag a bi s c eo
p a n d t u
g us t ,
. .

g o d , .
, [
a c 3 2 I H eim sk 1 6 0 E l m er ) eir [come n or d r.
O n t h e ot h er
. h a n d in th
, e s a m e fr a gme n t p 1 6 8 , ,
.
,

a t H a lcon a r b ello an d w h en t h ey c a me r arr iv ed

[
’

o , ] n u r e s teth o n L e
g e cea s tr e i n L e i c es t er ; p 1 69 thonne ,
.
,

n o r t h w ar d s to or a t H akon ar h el la r es teth S t E a lhmu n d on N or thwor thig e . . .

T h e p r epo s itio n d whi c h a s I ha v e sai d is p r ob I n th e A n glo S axo n Go s p els on is u s ed m o r e fr e

, , ,
-
,

ab l y to b e r egar d ed as an oth er fo rm of a t is em qu ently th an eet b efo r e th e n ames of p la c es ; in th e , ,

pl oy ed in th e sa m e way a nd thoug h i in is often S a xo n C h r o n i cl e they ar e employ ed in d i ffer ently , , , ,

.

u sed b efo r e th e da tiv e of th e n a me of a p l a ce a L a nglan d e in Pi er s P lo u g h ma n mo s t fr e qu en tl y h as ,

oc c u r s h a rd ly less fr equ en tly in th e same c o nn ec tio n a t ; Chau c er a pp ea rs to m ake n o di s ti nc tio n b etween .

Thu s Nj ala c 6 Rii tr r eid d H a u slc ullz sta d i Rut th e pr epo s ition s in qu es tio n th e Mo r te d A r th u r p r e
, ,
.
, ,
’

r od e at
[ to ] H au skullsta d ; Nj ala c 9 9 Iza nn bio d fer s at C a pg r av e an d P ecock u se a t a s oft en a s in
’
.
, , ,

S d ms tod u m h e l iv ed a t S amstad K nytling a S aga a s d o al s o th e E n gl i s h tr an sla tion s of th e Bibl e

, .
, ,

0 1 1 0 S vein n kom m g r va r [ ) a i Roiskeld u Kin g e x c ept th e au th o r iz ed v er s io n w h i c h h a s in often er

’ ’

.
, , ,

Sw eyn was th en in Roeskild e ; H a ral lds S aga ens t h an a t I n sh o r t so fa r as usage go es th e a u thor .

, ,

H ar fag ra c 2 9 I H e imsk 1 06 G u thor mr her tog i ity for a t is q u ite a s s tr o n g as th a t for in a nd u po n

,
.
, . .
, ,
’

v a r d s ottd a u dr i T u n s ber i D uk e G u t tor m d i ed of p r ecedent alo ne we can n ot es ta b li s h a d i sti n ctio n

g , ,

s i c kn ess in T un sb er b etw een them in thi s p a r ti c ular appl i catio n Some

g .
,
.

I n fac t in Iceland i c th es e p r epos ition s w h en in

, p er s on s p r efer in in sp eaki ng of a g r ea t c ity a t with , ,

d ica tive of r es t or po s itio n a r e u s ed almo s t ind iffer r efe r enc e to a n i ns i gn ifi c an t bo r o u g h a n d wo u ld s ay

, ,

en t ly a s ma , y be s een by a p ass ag e in V a tns d aela C h au c er wa s bo rn in Lo nd o n S h akes p ea re a t St ra t ,

S aga w h er e t he whole thr ee d tit and i ar e em fo r d—

, u po n A vo n a n d ety mo l o gi cally t h er e s eem s to
, , , ,
-
, , ,

ploy ed in a s i n gl e p er io d : Jokull b id 6 Tungu be some fo und a tion for t h i s d i sti nc tio n b u t p ra c ti , ,

S m id r d S mid s tb fium p é r i r H a fur spié bid a t N au c ally it wo u ld b e w ell to empl oy a t w h en n o s t r i c t

, ,

ta b ti i bat h eitir mi Un d i r fell

'
”
, V a tn sd aela c 2 7 p r ec i s ion of lo c al ity is a i med a t in wh en we wi s h
.
,
. .
, ,

I n th e O ld S a xo n of th e H eli an d a n in o c c ur s to fix th e p lac e with topo r a phi ca l e x ac t nes s of li m it

g , , ,

with th e subs tan tiv e v er b b efo r e th e names of tow n s or b o undary T h u s th e sessio ns of P ar l i amen t are ,
.
,
 A T ONE . A T T IRE . 55

’
hold en a t Lond on F leet Str eet is in Lo nd on ; th e ,
- fa st en on , to beg i n a qu ar r el . S a tta cher is a l s o
s ea t of th e A m er i can g ov ern men t is a t Wa s h i n g to n s am e sen s e s a ttac her a, to c oap e, sc u ffle ,
’

,
u sed in th e
P enn syl vani a A v en u e is in Was h i ng ton T h e dis ra pp l e fi g h t wit h C otg r
- .
g ,
. .

t in c tion wo u ld b e s omewha t a nal o g o us to t h a t b e It A tta c a r nu c h io d o to fa st en a n a i l ;

. la ,

tw een th e F r enc h a and d a ns tho ug h p erh ap s l es s u er r a to c o mm en ce wa r ; l a b a tta gli a to en

, g , ,

s tr o ngl y mar ke d .
ge in b a ttl e i1 fuo c o to s et on fi r e a tta c ca r si ,

i1 fu o c o to ca t c h fi r e di p a r o le to q uar rel
d n P is ; mais afait
.
,
Vi a P i n e s ignifi e p as i
vr e ar s v vr e a s ar
,

c on id e r P ari
s c omm e u n poin t oi l on s
re s t fi xé pour i
’ ’
cs T o a tta ch on e in legal lang u ag e is to lay hold , ,

viv e C es t lor q e lo lie n e t p as con ide é c omm e u n of on e to a pp r e h en d h im u n d er a c h ar g e of c r i mi

’ ’
r s u u s s r
—
.
,

p oin t m i c
, omm e ua s pac q e l on dit d n La v e x h es e, u
’
a s . au , n al ity I n l i ke m a n n er we say
. to fa st en a qu ar
D ic t d e D if d e l L n g u e Fran cai e s v 2
s M ]
a a s 1.
r el ou on e to pi c k a qu ar r el with on e
. . .
. .
,
.
,

A t on e T o b r in g a t on e to r ec o nc i le an d t h en c e
. , , T o A ttain F r a tta in d r e fr o m L at ta ng er e to
. .
,
.
,

to s uffer th e p a i n s of w h a t ev er sac r ifi c e is n ecessar y tou c h a tting er e to r eac h to

,
I n th e sa me way , .
,

to b r i n g ab o u t a r ec o n c i l i a tio n . d es tr a in d r e to d i s t ra i n fr o m d is tr ing er e
, , .

I f g en tilmen or oth er of th t c ont r ei a

A tt ain d er — A tt aint F r a tta in dr e ( 0 F r
. . . . .

We e w th sh e wolde b ing n h m at n a tta in der — Ro qu ef

r ro ,
r e e o , ) to r eac h or a tt a i n u n to h it , ,

S o wi e n d ripe word e h add e sh e

s a s .
or s t r i k e in r eac hi n g to ov er tak e b r i n g to p as s , , ,
Cha u c er in Ric h .

als o to a tta i n t or c o n vi c t al s o to ac c u s e or c h ar g e ,

O n e G od on e Medi to (th at is to , y ad v oca te in te a r sa , ,

r with — Cotgr T h e i n s titution of a j u d i c i al ac c u .

ce so n t n m nt m ke ) betw een G od n d man

sa tio n is c o mp ar ed to th e p u r su it of a n en emy ; th e
s or r, a a o e e -
a r ,
a .

Tyndall in Ric h .

p r o c eed i ngs a re c alled a s u it Fr p ou rs u ite en j uge .

,

L od I t h e e divi ion twix t my Lord an d C as sie men t an d th e ag en c y of th e p la i n ti ff is exp r e ssed

’ ’
9
. s r s
,
D A mo t nh ppy one ; I wo ld d o m c h
es . s u a u u
by th e v erb p r os equ i to p u r s u e I n followi ng ou t , .

T tt n th em for th lov e I bear to C i

’
a o e e as s o .

th e me ta pho r t h e c o n d u c t of th e s u it to a s u c c es s fu l
O th ello .

i s su e in th e c on vi c tio n of th e a c c u s ed is exp r ess ed

Y e w itl ss galla n ts I be h rew y o h ts
e ,
s ur ear
by th e v erb a tting er e F r a tt a in d r e w h i c h s i gn ifies
Th at t u h d i d twix t gr eing p t
.
’ , ,
se s c s c or a e ar s
th e a pp r eh en s io n of th e obj ec t of a c h as e
“ Whic h nev e can b e set t n m t m e r a o e en or .
.

Bp H ll in Ric h . a .

Q ue m fu gien tem d ic tu s Raimun d us a t inxit.

So toite to joi n in on e
on e, to un
H en c e th e F r a tta in te d u n e cau se th e ga i n of a
, .
.
’

D v id ith th e ric h f lk th a t emb ced n and n d s u it ; a c ta in d r e l e m eflait to fix th e c h a r ge of a

’

a sa al l o ra e o e en ,

h ir h erte to t reas our of thi w o ld h all sl ep e in th e s lep in g c r im e u po n on e to p r ov e a c r i me

s r Ca r p A ta in s
s
, . .

of d et h Cha ce in Ri h u r c
d u fe t c o n vi c t ed of th e fa c t c a u g ht by it h a vi n g it
. .

, , ,

P u t to g et h er a n d onyd con tinu u s ; p u t to g eth er b r o u gh t ho me to on e Roqu ef

, . .

bu t n ot onyd c on tiguu s P r Pm , T O A tt emp t L at ten ta r e to en d ea vo u r 0 Fr

.
-
. . . .
, . .

T h e i d ea of r ec o n c i li a tio n is e xp r ess ed in th e ten ter temter temp ter to try to en d ea vo ur , , , , .

same wa
y in Fr A ttir e 0 F r a tou r a ttou r a F r en c h h oo d
‘

.
. . .
, , ,

al s o a n y k i n d of tir e or a ttir e for a wo ma n s h ead

’
.

I1 ot ami et n em is s a
D a mois elle d a tou r th e w a iti n g wo m an th a t u ses to
’
-

O son t i1 tot a n m i r -
u s .
,

d s or a tti r e h e r m i s t r es s C a tir e woma n

F blia u x et C on tes 1 18 1 r e s o tga
r
,
. .

’
.
, .

A ttou r e tir ed a tti r ed d r ess ed t r i m med a d o r n ed , , , , , .

[ T h e F ard le of F a c ion s a pplies a ton e to th e s ti ll A ttou rn er to a tti r e d eck d r es s A ttou rn eu r on e , , ,

.
,

s t an d or c essa tio n of a b a ttl e : t h a t w a its in th e c h amb er to d ress h is mas ter or his

Th e b ttayl are tt n d by th e women of m os te n m i t res s
os a cs a o e o au
s .

c ien t g F w h en th y b on c men in to th e midd le

a e . or T h e o r i g in a l s en se of a ttir ing was th a t of p r e
e e es o

e m on g th m 1 e t h e b ttail e d nl y et h
’‘
par i n g or g e ttin g r ead y for a c er ta i n pu rpo se from
a e so e c eas .
,
P dl e of F ac ion 15 5 5 f lio F iiii b
ar
p i t 3 00 s,
th e n otio n of t u r n i n g tow a r d s it by a s i m i la r t ra i n
, o .
,
re r n ,
.

T h e r esemb la nc e b e tw een a ton e an d th e G er man of t h o u g h t to t h a t by w h i c h th e s en se of d r es s c loth ,

~

S iihn e D a n i s h f or son e b oth in fo r m a nd t h eol o g i c a l in g is d er iv ed fr om d ir ec ting to a c er t a i n en d p r e

, , , ,

mean i ng is s t r ik i n g b u t p r ob abl y a cc i den ta l

, M ] p ar i n g for i t cl ot h i ng b ei ng th e mo s t u n iv er sall y
, . . ,

T O A tt ac h A tta c k T h ese wo r d s t h o u gh n ece s s a ry of al l p r ep a r a tio n s

. . ,
.

n ow d i s ti n c t ar e both d er iv e d fr om th e It a ttac
, H e tt i d h im t o b ttle wit h fol c t h t h h ad .
a re a a e .

c a r e to fas t en to h a n o r i i n all y a pp a r en tl y to ta ck R B n ne in Ric h

, g g , ,
. ru , .

or fa s ten wit h a s mall n a i l or poi n t Ven et ta c a r e What d e th e k ing of F n c e ti h im g ood n i . .

o s ra a res av e .

Pied m ta c he to fas t en Ibid

’
. .
, .

H en ce in Fr th e d o u ble fo rm a tta cher to t ie to .

T o b n k ov e th e son d p lank e th i v er k t , , , a r s e o as ,

fas ten to sti ck to a tt ac h an d a tta quer p r op erly to

, , A l Will iam th eon s u ld g o h e s tomb l d a t a n y le
, , s er e a
56 A T T IT U D E . A VA S T .

In to th e waise tham fr h e tombl ed top J udge was te r med a u ditor and

o o v r ta ile e , su it at l aw . T he ,
H is k ny g h te ti u p h im ly ft a n d did h im ett
th e t er m wa s in p ar ti c u lar a pp l i ed to p ers o n s com a
s re .

R G 70
m i s s io n ed to i n qu i r e i n to a ny s p ec i al ma tt er
. .

T he
.

i e set h im to r i ght s
. . T h e c h an ge fro m a tou r to term was th en a ppl i ed to th e n otar i es o r o ffi c er s
.

a ttir e is s i ng ul a r b u t we fin d th em u s ed wit h ap , a ppoi n t ed to a u t h enti ca te al l l e al a c ts to h ea r th e

g ,

p ar en t i nd i ffe ren c e d es i r es of th e p a r ti es a n d to ta k e th em d ow n in
.
,

By h e t i o b ig h t a n d h n e r a
w
re s
r iti n
g ; a l so to
r
th e p ar ti es wit n es s i n
g s
a d eede
.

M en m ig h t pe c v e w ll nd s n e T est es su nt h uj u s r ei vi so r es et au d ito r es & c

r e e a e , .

S h e w n ot of Relig i n as H oe v id er un t et a u d ieru nt i s ti & c ou D u ca nge

,
,
.
”
.

N o n 11 I m k m en i n
’
r
A t th e p r es en t d a y th e t erm is c o n fi ned to th e
a e c ou

N of be n f t or ro or o res our ,
i n v esti a tio n of a c c o u n t s th e ex am i n a tio n and allow
,

O f b o h e n ith er of h er i h tt r c R R ,
e g r c a our .
-
. .
,

a n c e of whi c h is t ermed th e a u d it th e p ar ti es ex am
Ric h e ty n obl v e t
,
a r, e s ur e ,

Bel ob e o ic h p el e — e r Polit S on gs i ni n
u r
g th e a u ditor s
e ur
, .

A u ger
. . .

A n i mpl em en t for d r i ll i ng hol es by . ,

0 F r A tir er a ttir er a tir ier aj u st er c o n v en i r

. .
, t urni ng r ou nd a c entr e whi c h is stea d i ed aga i ns t th e
, , , ,

ac c o r d er o m er d ecorer p ar er p r ep arer d i spo ser pit of th e s tomac h Fo r mer ly w ritten n a ug er D u

, , , , , , . .
,

r egler Roqu efo r t

.
eve her
g n ev egh er
.
I n ca ses l i ke t h ese w h i c h a r e ,
.
,

A tt itu d e Po stur e of b o dy It a tto fr om L at v ery n umer ou s in lan gu age it is i mpo ss ible p r i ma

. . .
, .
,

a er e a c tn m ac t a c tio n po s t ur e ; It a ttitu din e fa c i e to say wh eth er an n h as b een a d d ed in th e on e

g , , , ,
.
,

p r o mptn ess d i spositio n to ac t and also s i mply pos case or lo st in th e ot h er I n th e presen t c as e th e

, , .

tur e a ttitu d e
,
.
fo rm w ith a n i n iti al 7 2 is u ndou bt ed ly th e o rigi nal .

A ttorn ey M L a t a ttor n a tu s one p u t in th e A S n af g a r n af bor T h e fo r c e of th e elem ent

. . .
, .
-
,
-
.

tu r n or p l a c e of a n ot h er on e a ppoi n t ed to ex ec u t e s expl a i n ed fr o m th e Fi nn i s h n ap a a n a v el
na
f i , , ,

a n o ffi ce on b eh al f of a n oth e r a n d h e n ce th e mi ddl e of an yt h i n g c en t r e of a c ir .
, ,

L i t ne e t c il q i p d e n t j ti e es t t ne p r
a or
’

s c l e a xi s of a w h eel
u ar I n c o mpo s itio n it si gn ifi es
va us c a or
’

ou ,
.

au c n en E c h eq ier o
u n A si p p uiv e et po u r evol u tion a s fr o m me r en th e s ea mer en n ap a
u e ss se our a ours r ur , ,
-
,
,

d ef nd
e s dr oit e J Munic ip le N o m an no um in whi r lpool ; fr om r a uta i r on n ap a r a u ta th e i r o n
re a ur . us a r r ,
, ,
-
,
D uc ng a e
s t em on whi c h th e U pp er mi ll s to n e r es t s a nd t ur n s
.

A ub urn Wr itten al so a br on A ppl i ed o nly to ma a n n ap a th e ax i s of th e ear th Wit h ka ir a a

. . -
,
.
,

th e c ol o u r of t h e h a i r b o rer th e e qu iv al en t of A S g a r it fo r ms n ap a ka ir a
.
,
.
,
-
,

P er h ap s fr om th e r edd i sh br own c olou r of a yo ung exa c tly c o rr espon d i ng to th e c ommon E n ame of .

wi l d d u ck 0 F r ha lbr a n a lbr a n S p ha lbr ent th e tool a centr e bit a pi er c er a cti ng by th e r ev ol u

. . .
,
.
, ,
-

a lbr en t a lbr a n a wi ld d u c k in its fi r s t y ear or w h en

, , tion of th e tool r ou n d a fixed a xi s or c entr e L ap ,
. .

m o ul ti n g a t eal or po c h a r d th e las t of w h i c h is n ap e na v el c en t r e a x l e
, , , , ,
.

c o n s pi cu o u s for a b r i g h t c h esn u t h ea d an d n ec k T h e oth er elem en t of th e wo r d c o rr espond i ng to .

,

F r a lbr enn er to h un t th e yo u n g wi ld d u ck or th e th e Fin ka ir a A S g a r is i den ti cal with th e E g or e

.
, .
,
.
,
.
,

old on e wh en s h e mo u l t s Fr o m halber en te L ed u in th e s ense of b ei n g go red by a b ull i e pi er c ed .

-
,
. .
,

c h a t ; G ha lb en te t h e p l otu s anomal i e s A d b h i ho A S a r a j a v el i n a r a an a n ular

p e y s rn s g g g
-
. -
, . . .
, , ,

lung With th e Lon d on pou l ter ers a po ch ar d is poi n t of la nd

.
,
.

c all ed a h alf bi r d -
.
A u gh t o r O u gh t Som et h i ng ; as n a ught or .

It mus t b e r ememb er ed tha t s por ti ng o c c u pi e d a n ought n ot h i ng A S d wiht O H G eo wiht ; mod ,

. .
-
,
.
-

m u c h m or e i mpo r tan t p la ce in th e tho ug ht s of ou r er n G icht fr o m (2 G a iu ev er an d wicht Goth .

,
.
, , ,
.

a n c e s to r s t h a n with o u r se l v e s and th ey w er e r o w a i h ts a thi n g S ee Whit

p , ,
. .

por tio n ally b ett er ac qua i n t ed with th e b ea st s of A u nt L a t a mita A s i m i lar c o n t r a c tion ta k es . . .

c h ase It is c er ta i n th a t th e a sp ec t of th e bi r d was pla ce in emmet a n t

.
,
.

s u ffi c i en tl y fam i li ar wit h t h e F r en c h to g iv e r i s e to T O A vail 1 T o b e of s er vic e F r v a loir to . . . .

,

th e m e ta pho r ha llebr en e h ea vy l oo k i n g d r oo pi n g as b e wo r t h ; L a t va ler e to b e well in h eal th to b e

'
-
.
, , , ,

a mo u l ti ng d u ck or a r agg ed h a w k C otgr , ab l e to b e wo r t h . .
,
.

[ T h e ex amp les of th e u se of a mber to d en o te th e 2 T o A v a i l or A v al e to low er T o va il his fla g .

,
.
,

c ol o r of t h e h a i r c it ed b Ri c h d o t t h to l ow h i fl F r a va l d own w a rd s a mon t et
y a r s n s u
gg es e e r s a g . .
, ,

po s s ibi lity t h a t a u bu rn may b e a cor r u ption of th a t a va l tow ar d s th e hi ll an d tow a rds th e v ale u p wa r d s , ,

wo rd M ]
. .
a nd d ow n w ar d s H enc e a va ler pr op er ly to let d own .
, ,

A u d ienc e — A u d it I n th e la w l anguag e of to l ow er n ow u sed in th e s en se of s w allo wi ng

.
,
.

th e m i d d le a g es a u dir e wa s s p ec i ally a li e d t o t h e A v a s t A n a u ti cal exp r es s io n for h o ld s t0

p
pp . , ,

s o l emn h ear i n
g of a c o u r t of j us ti ce w h en c e a u d i s ta y A va st talking c ea s e ta l ki n g ! It ba s ta r e to , . .
,

en tia was fr e q u en t ly u s ed as s n o nymo u s with j u d ffi b t ’ eno u h ! c ea se ! Br et bas ta bas tout

y g s u c e ; a s a g . .
, ,

m en t c o u r t of j usti ce & c an d e v en in th e s en se of to sa ti s fy p rovi d e for su ffi ce

, , .
, , ,
.
 A VA UNT . A VERA GE .

A v aun t . Bego ne Fr . a va nt, befor e en a va n t ! a r i sm g fro m go ods thr ow n ov erboa rd A lti er i ; an

e qu al d i st r ib u tio n of th e l o ss a mo n
fo rw ar d s ! g th e s hipp ers .

A v en ue . ppr o ac h to a plac e ;
Fr . a venue, th e a H en c e fi n ally in th e mo der n sense of th e t erm
, , ,

L a t a d a nd ven ir e to c o me
. A pp l i ed in E to th e . an a ver ag e is a n e qu al d i s t r i b u tio n of wh a t ev er in e
, .

d ou bl e r ow of tr e es by wh i c h th e a pp r o ac h to a qu ali ti es ther e may b e amo ng all th e i nd ivi d uals of

ho u se of d i sti n ctio n was formerly marked . a s er i es a n d th en th e v al u e of th e in d ivi d ual so
,

T O A ver A v er F r a v er er to ma i n tain a s tru e c o m p en sa t ed T h e o r i g i n of a v er age in th e la tter

’
.
. . .
, ,

s en s e b ecame mu c h o b sc ur ed wh en b
fr o m L at veru s t r u e .
, .
y th e p r ac ti ce
A ver A b eas t of th e p low
. T h e F r a voir . . of a ssu ran c e t h e n a u ti c al a v er a e c a m e to s i n ify a
g g
r o m haber e to h a v e
f w s Sp a ber w c o n tr i b u tio n mad e b i n d e p en d en t i n s ur er s to c om
( ) as el l a ,
h as .
, y
u s ed in th e s en s e of g oo d s po s se s s io n s mon ey , ,
. p en sa t e for l o sses a t sea i n stead of a c ontr ibu tion ,

T his in M id L a t b eca me a v er a or a ver ia . .

,
. by tho se wh o r ec e iv ed th ei r goo d s s a fe to mak e ,

T x til p ac ti n e q od sal is c o p o ib us s ui s et
a a o r i et u v r r a ve s g oo d th e lo s s of tho s e who s e w ares wer e th r ow n
equi et
s mi c m pac e reced e en t — A D 1 16 6 in D e
ar s u r . . .
,
u .
ov erbo a rd for th e general safety .

[ T h e d er iv a tio n of a v er ag e fr o m G haf er ei I S .

In i t m s n c t m l oc m v enimu s c m A
s u a n os tr o
u u u veras s
i mp r ob abl e b ec ause th e la tt er wor d d o es n ot o c c ur
.
,

Ch t Bi p A D 8 19 ar . s . . . .
,

in a n y of th e ol d S can d i navi a n or T eu to n i c s ea c o d es -
,
E t in to to q n t u m Rex A d lfon ua ten t d e eg e N a n d is of r ecen t i n t r o d u c tio n i n to t h e G othic l an
e su s e r a v arrae

m elio et c m s o p op io
r u q nt um ol erit c t p ote it
u r r a vere, ua v u r .

H en ce th e Ro man ce natio ns wh o h av e
H oved en, in D ue .
guag es .
, ,

u sed a ver a e or a t l ea s t a v a ria for s ix c en t u r i e s

g , , ,

A verii, A ver ia , was

th en appli ed to c attle in
or c o u ld n ot h a v e b o r row ed fro m t h e G er man s or

g en er a l as th e p r i n c ip al po sse ss io n in ea rly ti mes

, .
S c an d i n avi an s a wor d whi c h tho se tr ib es d id not
H c pl it m d il tion c m n on ec ip it p pte r
o ac u i i e a r ro a ver a ,
. .
th em selv e s po s sess G ar n et t s suggestion th a t th e .
’

anim l ia m ta ac diu d tin e n tur in l

a u , a e a c us .
wo r d o r i gi n ally mean t ha r bor d u es agr ees b etter -

Reg iam M aj es ta tc m .
with th e ea rl i es t ex am p les of its u s e bu t on th at ,

by
S i c om e j eo a le a u m ome m es be rb its a cam p es te r , h on su ppo s itio n i t s h o u l d b e d er iv ed n ot fr o m ha
, f s ea , , ,

b
mes oeufs 2. ar er la err e et i1 ec is m es a vers
‘

t o t .
b u t fro m ho f n I cel ha ven E n g ha vr e F r h arb o r
,
.
, , , , .
,
.

Littl t e on .

T h e o nl y t erm whi c h giv es hi s to r i c al s u ppo r t to

We h ve
t h en b ea s ts of th e
a a ver ia c a r r uc az,
'
th e t h eo ry t h a t a ver ag e is a S c an d in a vi an wo r d is
plo u g h a nd th e wo r d a ver s fi nal ly c ame to b e c on haf n a r t oll (h o f n toll ) h ar bo r fee s po r t c h ar ges
, , ,
-
,
-
,

fi ned to th e s i gn ific a tion of c art h o r s es -

. w h i c h I ha v e met in bu t a s i ngle i n s ta n c e n amely in , ,

A v er age 1 A ver a g e wa s th e d u ty wo rk d o n e
. . G r agas Um sc ip a mepferb c ap
, A llir menu
-
,
.
“

for th e lo r d with th e a ver s or d r au g h t ca tt le of th e , ,

s c o l o gi ald a h a n a r toll n ema
f A l l m en sh al l , ,

t enan t .S c ien d um est qu od u nu mqu od q ue a ver a p ay h a r b o r fees e x c ept & c

-
If thi s is th e sou r c e
, , .

u m ms t iv al e fier i d eb e t i nt er H okd a of a ver a g e th e d er iv a tio n p r opo s ed b W woo

g i y e t gu la m , y e d g d
”
A ugu s ti Sp el man in D u e
. . is of c o u r s e err o n e o us
, , .

2 A ver age fr o m th e G h af er ei is a tota lly d if

.
, .
,
T h e e a r l i es t i n st a nc e I h a v e ob ser v ed of th e u se of
for en t wo r d from th e fo r egoi ng T h e p r i mitive . th e wo r d we a r e c o n s i d e r i n g is in th e A ss i s es d e
mean i ng of haf er ei seems to b e s ea d amag e d amag e -
,
Jer u salem I p 7 7 ed K au sler 1 8 3 9 in c xlv
, . .
,
.
, ,
. .
,

s u ffe r ed on th e c o n v ey an c e of g oo d s b
y s ea fro m ,
A s s i ses d e la ba i ss e Co u r t :
th e S ca n d i n avi a n h af , ha v t h e O p en s ea poi nti ng to
E t s ac h s q e c el i v er q u i es t g te ne d eit e t e on t e
, ,
e u u a e s r c
th e s ho res of th e Bal ti c wh er e so man y of ou r na u
f ta n t c ome ii c o ta o c es i
,
or s ova r es .
ti ca l t er m s too k t h ei r r i se for th e or i gi n of th e wo r d , .

T h i s in F r b eca me a va r is d eca y of w a r es or m er
. O r a cc o r d i ng to a n oth er t ext :
, ,

c h an d is e l eak ag e of wi n e s a l s o th e c h ar ges of t h e
, ,
Et c h i s q e elui q u i e t g e te n e d oit es t e c on te fo s sa e u s s r r
c a r r i a g e or m eas u r i n g t h e r eof Cotgr a va rie
tant com ii c o sta o to te e ies
.
,
u u s s s a va r .

d amag e s uffer ed by a v es s el or g ood s fr o m th e

d ep ar t ur e to th e r et u rn i n to po rt — D i c t Etym T h e old V en e ti an v er s io n g iv e s a s th e e qu iva l ent . . . ,

JlI a rch a n d is e a va r ic es dam a ged g oo d s Bu t w h en of a veries da tii et sp es e an d th e mean i ng p lai nly is

’

, .
, ,
\
oo d s we r e th rown ov er bo a r d for th e s afe ty of t h e a c c o m p a n yi n g c h ar g es of a ll s o r t s d u ties i n cl u d e d
g .
, ,

v es sel it was an o bviou s equ ity to d ivi d e th e lo ss I n th e Co n su lad o d el M ar whi c h d a tes fr om ab ou t

, ,

a mo ng s t t h o s e wh o p r ofit ed by th e sac r ifi c e H ence th e mi d dle of th e thi rt een t h c ent u ry thi s wo r d o cc urs .

,

haf er ei wa s a pp l i ed to th e mo n ey p a i d by tho s e wh o se v er al ti mes T h u s in c 5 9 e d of C a p ma n y . .

,
.
,

r ec e iv e th e i r
g oo d s s af e to i n d emn ify tho s e who se 1 7 9 l p 3 0 :
, ,
.

g ood s h a v e b een th r ow n ov erbo a rd in a s to r m E l e c i a p ot p n d d e q as c n me ca der p enyo qu e .

’
s r v e re u u r ra
K iittn er .
b e li v alega lo n olit e l e i xi b e d ls p rson e s om s a ver es , a e e r c

It A va r ia c alculatio n an d d i st r i bu tio n of th e l o ss d ls al tr s e d e pelegrin e d e marin e e d e tota pers ona

.
, e e ,
s, rs ,

VO L . I. 8
58 A VERA GE .

que d eia don ar milit 6 a ver ies . Ed

of con tri bu tion for mariti me l o ss or i nj u ry
eu en s e donar los l ogu er s th e s en se
é les i en p esen i d l a tol i d e l n u
a ver es r c a is in a tran slatio n of th e C od e of O ler o n p r i n t ed in
e c r ar a a .

I n thi s c a s e a ver ies m u s t m ean d u ty or s o me oth er th e A pp end ix to th e C ostumb M ar d e Bar cel ona , . .
,

know n a n d r eg ular c h a r ge b ec au s e t h er e c o u l d b e fro m a man u sc r ipt of th e y ear 1 4 3 6

,
ix p 3 4 ,
. . .

n o p r evio u s e s ti ma te of a p l edg e to m ee t s o n u oer Th es e au th o r iti es a nd oth ers t h a t m i ght be c ited ,

ta in a thi ng a s d ama ge at sea to t h e sam e p u r po se ar e n ot eas i ly r ec o nc i lab le with

.
,

I n c 1 1 1 p 2 4 7 w h er e it is twi c e u s ed th e t h e suppo s ition t h a t a ver age is d er iv ed e ith er fr o m

.
,
.
, ,

m ean i ng a pp ear s to b e t h e same tho u g h C a pmany haf or fr o m h bf n an d th ere is g ood gr o u n d to , , ,

m i s ta k i n g t h e sen s e of th e wor d h a s p l a c e d t h i s b eliev e th a t S anta Ro sa is r i ght in c o nj ec t ur i ng t h at

,

c h a pt er amo n g t h o s e r eferr i n g to l o s s by t h r owi n g a va r ia an d th e O r i en tal a va n ia ar e th e sa me wo r d

,

oo d s ov er bo a r d g it in n o n e of w h i c h d o es a va r ie tho u h he
g g iv es n o r easo n s for t h i s opi n io n
g , , .

o c cu r or i nd eed in a ny c h a pt er t r ea ti ng of d ama ge
,
A n a va nia is a n i mpo s itio n by th e g ov ernmen t or
a t s ea T h e s ame r emark a pp li es to th e c or r e
. its o ffi c er s u pon fo r ei gn mer ch an ts or ot h er s A va nia .

s p on din g c h apt er s in L a s P a r tid a s w h i c h pr ovi d e is v ery fr eq u en tly met with in th e nar r a tiv es of old
,

for th e a ppo r tio nm en t of lo ss an d d a mage a t s ea b u t t r a v ell er s and m er c h a n ts in th e E as t in th e sen s e , ,

do n ot u s e a va ria or any c ognat e wo r d of a r bit ra r y ex ac tio n an d t h er e is a l o n

g hi sto r y of .
,

I n th e t r ea ty of 1 3 2 3 b etw een Jau m e II of th ese i mpo s itio n s in th e Life of S ir D u dl ey No r th .

.

A rag on a n d th e Ki n g of T u n i s se c iv Ca pman y A a va niet a p l ur al fo rm is n ow in pop u lar u s e in ,

. .
, , ,

IV 8 3 it is p r ovi d e d r es p ec ti ng good s s ecr etly Syr i a to expr es s gov er nmen t ex ac tio ns th e s i ng ular
.
, , ,

l an d e d in th e T un i s i a n t er r i to r y by s u bj ec ts of th e si g n ifyi ng a id help j u st a s ben evolen ce in th e fi s c al , , ,

Ki ng of A r a gon qu en p agas lo d r et é les a ver ies dia lec t of E ur op ean governmen t s someti mes mean t
,
’

q u e p a g ar s en d en en e n o al s
’ ”
T h e wo r d ca n a c o mp u l s o r y t a x I n d eed in a d ecr ee of th e
. .
,

h er e mean on ly du ty or p er h ap s fine i m po sed by Con s eller s and Pr oh omen s of Bar c elona r ec ited in
, , ,

th e g ov er n men t . a n O r di n an c e of D on Jaume II A D 1 3 1 5 ev en .
,
. .
,

I n th e Pr ivi l eg io s d e Val en c i a fol io 1 7 0 b in a s o h u mb le a wo r d as a lmog n a a lms is a pp l i ed to a n , , , ,

r oy al o r d i na nc e of 1 3 9 8 in L a ti n a ver ia is u s ed in e xt r ao r d i n ary i mpo s t levi ed by th e c ity

, , g ov er nmen t
th e sen se of o ffi c i al d u es o r fees an d in an oth er of to d efray th e e xp en ses of a naval ar mamen t aga i n s t
, ,

t h e y ea r 1 48 0 in C a ta lan fo lio 2 1 3 a a ver ies is th e Moor s

, , ,

emp l oy ed in t h e sam e sen s e a ver ies s a la ris e d es

I n D ei n omin e ,
O d on amen t q e h an f t l os C on ll s ,
. r u e se er
”
p es es 2: lo P oh m n d l C i ta t d B c elona b e l lm g ’
.
s r o e s e a u e ar so r a o na

I n a n O r d i na n c e of th e P r io r an d Co n s uls of th e q i e o d on d a fe m d a c n t l os en mi h d la F
’

u s r a a r ar a o ra e c s e e,

Ca sa d e la Con tr ata c io n d e Burgo s d ated 1 5 1 1 e a d efeniment d l n a eg ants e d e tota l te a , ,

e s v , a rr .

C os tu mb M a r d e Bar c elona A p p 5 8 a ver ias is

. .
,
C apm n y II
.
7 7 80
,
a ,
.
, .

r ep eat ed ly u se d for d u ti es an d in n o ot h er sen s e T urk i s h di ctio na r i es g iv e on e or t wo oth er wo rds

,
.

S ee a ls o s ee xviii an d xix of O r di n a nc es of 1 5 5 4
. . s i mi la r to a va n ia th e e ty m o l o gy of whi c h is d o u bt
.
, ,

p 1 7 2 same v ol ful a nd M ou ra dj a d O h sson Tableau d e l E mp ire

’ ’
.
,
.
, ,

I n th e D r ets d e C a th a lunya C a pito l s d e Co r t d e O th oma n VII 2 3 9 d efi nes a va r iz a tax of fi ve , ,

.
,

1 5 8 5 c 4 4 it is p r ovid ed th a t
,
.
, hu n d red a sp ers p a i d by ev ery qu art er in T urki s h
,

LO r ec pto d le h i d e le c é p iti n q e f la c iti es

e r e s a uer es s os o s u a .

R g i C ort y l o
e a c ept o,
d ls l is d el D o t d l re r It is n ot c er ta i n th at a ver ag e in th e mer c anti le
e s a ar s c ors e a ,

Re l A d i n tia d e q a ata o
a u e en ll i n ten g t u r tc
s en s e of r a ta b le c o n t r ib u tio n or in its pop u la r a c
s us au a , s e u s, e .

I n th e Re portor i g en eral d el s F u r s d e Val en c i a c ep ta t ion of a r it h me ti c al mean h as a n y c o n n e c tio n , ,

1 6 08 p 2 6 0 t h er e is i n d ex ed a d e c r ee t h a t a ver ies with th e wo r d we ar e c o n s i d er i n g

,
.
,
It seem s r at h er .

s h all n ot b e p a i d twi c e to o ffi c i al p er so n s a nd r ef to be fro m M id L a t a dver a r e or a ver a re to es ti ,

. .
,

eren ce is ma d e to a p r ovi s io n for th e p ay men t of m a t e a sc er t a i n to mak e j u s t or e q u al to a ppo r tio n , , , ,

a ver ies to th e s c a ls a n d t h e r e semb l an c e b etw een a dver a tio a n d a va r ia

p r oc u r a d or s
fi .

I n fac t a v er ia as m ay b e s een by th e Sp an i s h is v ery p r ob ably p u r ely acc id en t al whi le a ver agg io

, , , ,

a n d C a t ala n d i c tio n ar i es s ti ll r et a i n s in t h o se l an a ver a g e wo uld b e r eg ula r ly fo r med fr o m a ver a tio .

,

m o n oth e r m ean i n s t h at of d u ty or oth er B u t if we rej ec t t h i s l as t d er iv a tio n we m u s t r e

g gu a e s a g , g , ,

c o n t r ib u tio n i mpo sed by s u p er io r a utho r ity me mb e r t h a t in m aki ng u p th e a c c o un t s on g oo d s in .

T h e G ragas an d ot h er No r t h ern c o d es c o n tai n t h e h a nd s of a su p er c ar go or fa c to r all c o s t s an d ,

p r ovi sio ns for ap po r tioni ng th e lo ss by throwi ng c h ar ges w h eth er for fr ei ght d u ti es c o mmi s s ion s or , , , ,

oo d ov e b o d oth e d m e a t s ea b u t in c o n t r ib u tio n s for d a ma g e a t sea wo u l d b e g r o u p e d

g s r ar or r a a
g , , ,

n o n e of t h em e x c ep t t h o s e of r ecen t d a te is an
, y
to g e t h er a n d t h ey m i g h t v ery n a t u r a lly t ake t h ei r
, ,

s u c h wo r d as h a er ei a ver ie or a vera e to b e fo u n d n er al n ame fr o m th e mo s t c o n st a n t of t h em

f g , g e , , , ,

a n d th e fi r s t u n e qu ivo c al e x am pl e w h i c h I h a v e nam ely th e d u ties a nd fees or a va n ies p ai d a t th e , ,

b een able to find in Sp an i s h of th e u se of a veria in po r t of en tr y b u t wh en th e sy s t em of co nt ribu tio n ,

 A VOI D . A WA R D . 59

for mar iti me l o s ses was t i h ed on a gen erally es abl s v el o with i n th e E language of a wo r d agr ee
p m ent .

r e c o g n iz ed b as i s th es e c o n tr ib u tio n s a s th e h ea vi es t
, ,
in g s o c l o sely in s o un d an d mean i ng with L a t evita r e .
,

of all th e ch ar ges migh t a pp r op ri ate to th ems el v es b u t in c a s es of t h i s k i n d it wi ll I b e

’

,
Fr eviter.
,
~

t h e n ame w h i c h ha d b een as s i g n ed to th e w h o le an d , l i e v e o ft en b e fo un d t h a t th e L a tin wo r d o nl y ex

,

t h e obvio u s etym ol ogy of a dver a tio es ti ma tio n j u s t , ,

h ibits a p re vio u s e x ampl e of th e same l i ne of d ev el
a ppo r tio nm en t wo u l d fa c i l it at e t h e c h an e of mean O p m en t fr o m on e o r i g i n al r oot I c annot b ut beli ev e
, g .

ing a n d of fo rm . t h a t th e r ad i ca l mean i n g of L a t vita r e is to g iv e a .

T h e a pp l i c a tio n of th e te rm to dama ged g oo d s as ,

wide berth to to lea v e a n empty s p a c e b etw e en one ,

ma r c ha n dis es a va ric es wo u ld r eadily follo w as th e s el f a nd t h e obj ec t F r vu ide vid e empty w a ste

’
. .
, , , , , ,

d es i gna tion of a r ti cl es th e lo s s u pon whi ch h a d v as t wi d e free fr om n ot c u mb er ed or tr o ubled

, , ,

b een es ti mat ed or a ppo r tioned among th e s h ipp er s with — C otgr T o s h oot wid e of th e mar k is to .

by th e sa me v essel O ne ot h er po s s ible e ty mo lo gy
. m i s s to a voi d th e mar k ; O H G wit empty ; witi
, .
, ,

may b e n oti c ed Sp ec i al impo st s levi ed on par ti en

. v a c u ita s G r aff . .

la r o c ca s ion s a r e c alled in Sp a n i s h a r bitr ios a wo r d , A v o ir d a p o is e T h e o r d i n ar y measur e of

- -
.

to w h i c h a va ria offers a c er ta i n an alogy in form w ei g ht 0 F r a voir s d e p ois goo d s tha t s ell b y

. . .
,

a n d a p r ec i s e c oin c i d enc e in m ean i n g b u t a r bitr io , w ei g h t a nd n ot by m easurement .

s eem s m o r e p rob a b ly a t r a n sla tio n of th e A r a bi c T O A VO W A v o u ch Und er th e feu dal system

. . ,

a va n ia t h a n th e s o u r c e of a va r ia C ed ula d el . wh en th e ri g h t of a ten an t was i mp ugned h e h ad to

Re y D on Jay m e II en l a q u al c onfirma c i erto s . c al l u po n h is l o r d to c o m e fo r w ar d s an d d e fen d h is

a r bitrios q u e h abi a i mp u esto l a Ci u d a d d e Ba rc el o n a r ig h t T h i s in th e La tin of th e ti me was called

.

p ara los gas to s d e u na e s q u a d ra q u e ar mab a c o nt ra a d voc a r e, Fr . v ou c her a g a r a n tie, to vou ch or call to

los Mo r o s C a p ma n y I I 7 7 — M ]
.
”
,
. . . w a rran t T h en . as th e ca lli n
g on a n i n d ivi d u al as
T o A v o id P rop erly to ma ke void or empty to
.
, lo rd of th e fee to d efen d t h e r i ght of th e t en an t
make of n o n e effec t . i n vo lv ed th e a d mi s sio n of a ll th e d uti es i mpl i ed in
A n d w h t if s mm e of h em b ley d n n t wh er th e
a u e v e o ,
fe u d al ten ancy it wa s a n a c t j ealo u sly looked after ,

u n be l e e v f h em h at h
o id d th e f it h of G od Go d f
a vo e e ? or by th e lo r d s an d a dvoca r e or th e e qu iv alen t Fr , , .

bede Wi lif -
c
a vou er to a vo w ca me to s i g nify th e a d m i ss io n b
y a
. .

, ,

S hall th e i r unb el i ef m ake th e faith of God with t en an t of a c er t ain p er so n a s feu dal sup er io r .

ou t effec t ? T o a void a c on tr a c t to make it voi d , , Nihil b eo s e ten e e in feod o a t q oq o modo alio d

a r u u u a vo
a nd h en c e to es c a p e fr o m th e c o n s e q u en c es o f it .
b l
ca a Ch on A D 1296 I ta ta m n q od dic t s Epis
. r . . . . e u u

in legal p h ra s e wa s to n o t os C om ites
”
T o c o n fes s a n d a voi d , ,
c p o t c
us e o e s i n os et c e
su o c es s r s u su c s s r es s r

ad mit s o me fac t a lleg ed by th e ad v er sa ry a n d t h e n Flan d i q ui p o t mpo e f e int

r ae i ind ig e in t a x ilio r e r u r ,
s u r u ,
,
d bit n c li m d om in m s l em p ot r n t d
to mak e it of n o n e effe c t by s howi ng t h a t it d o es
a voca ,
e a u u e c u ar e u a voc a re .

Ch ta A D 1250 D nec d t f e it t b g en is
ar . . . o a voc a us u r u ur s
n ot b ea r u po n th e c as e .
—S ta t L o is l H tin 1 3 15 — Until h e shall be
n t
os c r . . u e u . .

ac k n owled g d as o r b R g n o c en d o se p ofi
T e ll me y ou r fa y th d e y o ou beleev e th at t h e re is a liv g e u ur es s . ec o s u r

t n d ab il lis a ta n q ua m a s p e i rib s se t en e s
,
b
in g G od th t a is m ig h ty to p u n is h is h en em ie s ? I f y ou
e o e u r o u er eu a

b eleev e it, s ay u n to m e, ca n d vi e for to a vo de h s

ip i d m ad
s s ea d prou t in q ib dam partib s Gal li
e voca n o, u us u ~

y ou e s g y
ca n i lg ite d ic it
s vu d C on c il L g d n A D
ar r ur a vouer . u u
ven g eanc B n s in R
e ar e
. . . .

A p e sonis lai i ta n qua m a s p e io ib s ea q ab

.

127 4 . r c s u r r u u a:

H ere th e wor d may b e i n terp r eted e ith er way : E lesia tenent d nt se tene e — A D 1 3 15 in
cc a voua es r . .
,

C an you d e vi s e to mak e voi d his v eng ea n c e or to D ue .

e sca p e h is v en g ean c e s h owi n c l r ly t h e t r a n s i Fi n ally with so me gramma ti cal c onfus io n L a t

g ea , , , .

tion to th e mod ern mean i ng S 0 in th e followin g . a d voc a r e a nd E a vow or a vou ch came to b e u se d

,
.
,

p as sag es fr o m Mi lto n : in th e sen s e of p er fo rm i n g th e p a r t of th e vou chee

or p er s o n c alled on to d efen d th e r i g h t i mp u g n e d
N ot difiid en t of th ee d o I d issuad e .

Thy b n f a se ce ro m my sig h t b t to u a void

T o j u stify a thi ng al r e ad y d o n e to ma i n t a i n or j u s ,
,

T h e t tempt it a s el f in ten de d by o f ur ee .
t ify to a ffi rm r eso lu t ely or bo ldly to as ser t
,
Ba i ,

l ey .

To a void was al s o u sed as Fr . vu id er , vider la I c ou l d

ma is on, Piedm . v oid e
’

to clea r ou t fro m a
na c a, With b d power weep h im fr m my s igh t
ar efac e s o ,

hou se to ma ke
,
it empty to qu it to keep a w ay from
A nd
, ,
b id my w ill h it Macbeth a vouc . .

a p l a ce
E t p ae d ic ti V i c ec o mites ad voca t p reedic tu m a tta c h ion
.

r a
A nno H VII it wa en c ted t ha t al l S cot dwelling amentum j u tum eo q od &c — L ib A l b 406
. . s a s
s u .

with in E n gland nd W le hould id th eal m with in

.
, . .

a a s s a vo e r

4 0 da y s of p c lam tion made — Ra tal in R

ro a
A wait T o w a it ti ll so methin g h a pp en s
. s
S ee
,
.

. .

A id t h ee fi en d w h t tel st th ou me of s ppin g Wa it Wall on a wa iti to w a tc h wa iti to look

’
vo , i e
,
a u ? . .
.
,
.
, , .

B g on k eep c lear of me
A war d T h e p r i mitiv e s en s e of wa r d is s h ow n
e e, .

It is s i ngula r tha t we sho uld thu s witn ess th e d e in th e It g u a r da r e F r r eg a r der to look II en c e .

,
.
, .
60 A WK .

P r ov Fr eswa r der (an sw er i ng in for m to E a wa r d ) I a m ama z ed I am terrifi ed ; ogn ter ror ; .

, a g ir , ,

og n a to t e rr ify ; o n a r —
. .
,

to i n sp ec t goo ds and i n c i d en tally to p ro noun ce , , g m a l thr eats ; G r yn won , , , . e ,

th em goo d and market ab le eswa r deur an i n sp ec to r d er y n y i ya to wo nd er a t, to b e an g r y ; D a n ,

.
,
a ao at a
,
a o t, .

H ecar t a v e c h as ti semen t c o r r ec tio n awe fear d i sc ip l i n e , , , .

.
, ,

A n a w ar d is acc o r di ng ly in th e fi r s t pla ce th e A t s taa e u n d er een s a v e — to st and in a we of “

”
tak i ng a ma tt er i n to c o n sid er a tion a nd p r o no un c i ng on e A t hold e i straeng a ve to keep a s tr i c t h and “
,

j u dgmen t u pon it b u t in la ter t i m es th e d es i gnation ov er

,
.

h as b een t r a ns fer r ed e x cl u s iv ely to t h e c o n sequ en t I sl ag i d i s c ip l i ne Goth ag is fear ; oga n to .

,
. .
, ,

j u dgmen t . fea r ; in agj a n ogj a n to thr eat en t er rify Ga el , , , . .

I n l i ke mann er in OE th e v erb to look is v er y ag h fear a s to n i s hm en t a we . S ee Ugly , , , . .

often fou nd in th e sen s e of c on s i der a tio n d el ib er a [ S ca ndin avi an etymolog i s ts h a v e s u gges t ed a p os ,

tio n d et er mi n ation a w ar d d ec i s ion s ib le c o nn ec tio n b etw e en th e I cel w ili r t er r ibl e

, , , g g . .
, ,

Wh en Wi ll i am R u fu s was in diffi cul ti es with his cegishj almr th e fear i n spi r i ng h elmet of F afn ir an d ,
-
,

b r ot h er Rob er t a bou t th e p a rtitio n of th e Con qu er th e d ivi n e A ly g of th e Gr ec i an mythology iy m p

,
’

t
‘

,
u
’

or s i n h er itan ce h e d et er mi n ed to to e Ki ng ew ) u t if t is d er iv e d fr o m
’

g o ,
t h l s é b
ga w b t y l i t) n ? or e v r a t, a
‘

of F r a n c e to s u b mit th e ma t ter to his a wa r d He tf th e r e s emb lan c e c a nn ot w ell b e oth er t h an acc i . a ,

s ay s n P et er L an toft p 8 6 ent al ]
( i g ) d M ,
. . .

T h e f e m I c m n t w ite t y w o
r or a h e ed
o e
A
o
w h a p e T o d i sm a y ; p r op erly to t ak e a w ay
a o ur u
. ,

T h e l ond es t h t we h av n omen to w h m th ey s h all b e

a th e b r ea th with a s to n i sh men t to s tan d in br ea t h l es s
e o ,

leu ed , a sto n i s h men t .

A n d at yo j g em en t I w ill ta nd an d d
ur u s o

With th i tha t it b e c t ( n ded ) th e t if b itu n u s t o u

Ah m
e y d g o ip n we d t h en th e p e
s r e u
ear ss ,
a s re a ,

y o yo
.

P hilip aid blith ly n d n t hi m eng

s e a
D pl
se
d s d wo d my w its
s es s
wh p
ers
ee ur a r s a a e .

M oth e H bb n Bo c h e
,

Till e I ng lond to th e le g y e l b on th pe s
,

c r ,
r es ,
d ar
tal i
s, er r ,
r u ar
’
s e u r .

A n d as kid if th ei w il d ta n d to t h er l kg ng W c hwafl a gu st ; Lit h kwap a s br eath ; Goth

s o .
. .
; , .

— wher e lookin g is u sed ex a c tly in th e s en s e of th e af hvapj a n I c el kefi a to c h oke to s uffo ca te Got h , .

, , .

mod er n a w ar d .
f p
a hv a n a n I c el ka n a
f to b e c hok ed ; S w quaf ,
.
, .
,

T h ese s en s es of l ook ar e w ell ex emp l ifi ed in a c hoki ng O pp r es s iv e ,

.

p a ss age from R G p 5 6 7 . .
A Wk —A wk war d
. . P er vert ed p er v er se indi . . , ,

r ec t l eft h a n d ed u n skilful
T o c h es e ix wi s e m en h ii l k d t h e e
-
.
, ,
s o e e r

Th e bish op n d th e b on s th e wises t th t t h e e
r e s a W I f thi n ig h wrac k t pon th e sea
r e ar a r as or s u ,

we e A n d twice b y wkw d w in d f om E n gl n d s ban k

’
r a ar r a
A n d bot h ii m ig h t c d i t h t h ii t h e leg at e to oka c or D o v e ba ck ag in n to my n ativ e c lim
, a , r a u e?
A n d S i H n y of Almain e ig h t n d l w t o l k
r e r r a 2 H en VI
a oo . .

T h let th o kin g
o m n i g e t h e T iwe d y so e a s a

N x t bef e A ll H ll w tide h is c o ncil bisai

e or a o
Ind i r ec t u n favou r a ble win d T o r i n g th e b ells a wk
as u ,
,
.

Bi h p s an d Abbot n d P i
s o t h e eto s a is to r i n g t h em b ac k w a r d s
r or s r ,
.

E le an d B on nd Kni gh tes l o
r s ar s a
Th ey w ith
a s
wkw d j d g m n t p t th e c h ief p in t of g d
,

Th at hii w e e at N th mpt n t o h ar an d t stond

r or a
lines in o twa d th in g
o e
in th e c h oic e f m e t
a
nd
e
a ar u e u o o

T o th e t ki g of th e tw elv e of th e ta te of th e lon de
s u r s, as o a s, a
a n
of th e oul — Ud al in R
es s
n eg l c t t h o e t h ing s t h t b
.

e s a e s . .

—to th e a w ar d or d et er mina tio n of th ese t wel v e

T ha t w hi h we in G eek ca ll p that i to y on .

p c r a tc r e ov, s sa ,

Th e e it w s di peopled th e edic t I wis

r a s th e wk o l eft h n d t h ey y in L tin ini t m a r a , sa a s s ru .

T h t was t h e b n of K enin gwo th t h t w s 10 ! t hi

a a r ,
Hollan d Plin y in R
a a s , .

Th t th e e n e houl d of hig h m en d e h e ited be non

a r s s r e

Th t h ad ih old e g e th Kin g b t th e E l of L ic tre one ;

a a T h e wor d s e ems fo r med fr o m th e Ic el aj , L a t
e u r e e . .

A tha t all th e th ere h ad g en all h o lon d ab E o s i gn ifyi ng d evi atio n er r o r t h e fi n al k

‘

c o
fi f o a r , ,
.
, , ,
O th e h o h eirs t h at d d e w e e b u t t h a t t h e Kin g in h is b e i n an a dj ec tiv al t er m i n a tio n
r r e r
Th u s Ic el af g a ta
g , -

han d
. .
, ,

i ter d ev iu m div or t ium a

f kr okr di v er ti c u l um a -

It hul de to an term t h t th ere il k d w a o e as ,

, , ,

s i d e wa f i n v er su s s i n i s t er ; o u
Fv y
i e ea om e a n d m
so e fo
r s ev er u p his tresp as y ; o u r
g ur , f g j fl i
e ri a
.
, , ,

flat fi sh with ey es on th e left s i d e ; o f ug n efni - -

,
A we F ea r d r ead r ev er enc e a nd then tr an s a n ame giv en fr om an tip h ras i s ; of ug or d v erb um
. , , , -
,
ferr ed to th e ca u s e of fear a ssu mi ng th e significa obliqu um i mp er ti n en s ofi en sum ; o a r ab su r dita s ; ‘

,
fg , , ,
tion of ang er d i sc ipl i n e ch a sti semen t a to c h ang e d eg en er a te S a wi i n s i d e ou t
f f
'

, o g
, W g
.

, ,
. .
, ,

B th fi ers s er v an t ( Una s L ion ) f ll of kin g ly w

u er a v er se d i s in cl i n e d a wk wa r d u n sk i lful ; af wig ha n d
’
u a , , ,
-

A n d h ig h dis d in e w h enas h i s e ain e da m e a t h e b ac k of t h e h an d

, D an a vet c r ooked p r ep os
s ov r . .
, ,
So d ly ha ndled by h foe h e aw
ru e
t er ous p er v er se er s ,
,
.

With g ping j ws full g edy at h im came

a a r
G a b in c ompo s ition i ndi ca tes th e c on tr ary or .

A S eg e og a eg is a fear dr ead
.
, Ic el aegir t err i n ega tion ; a bg r un d aby s s b ottomless pit ; a bg ott
, , , . .
, , , ,

bl e ; ceg ia to b e a n obj ec t of won d er or fea r ; mer fal se

,
god ; a bhold u n ki nd ; a blernen to u nl earn ; , ,
 A WL . A WNIN G . 61

c a er g la ube, fals e beli ef ; a ber p ap st, a erb -

kon ig ,
'

fal se pa wlin h ung ov er any p art of a ship It sho uld b e .

pop e false ki ng I n a ben i n s i d e out

,
S ch m eller .
, . . ob ser v ed t h a t many of ou r sea t er ms ar e of Low
I n F lemi s h we see t h e p a s sa ge tow ar d s th e u or w G erman ori gi n A w n i ng is r i gh tly t r ac ed by th e
.

of a wk ; a ue s a g he ab s u r d a n ar r a tio s ermo ab s onu s ; , ,

Rev J D a vi es to th e P l D ha venung fr o m haven
. . . .
, ,

a u e g a en a u e ha nghen & c a u er g heloove p er v er t ed

, ,
.
,
a pl a c e wh er e on e is s h el t er e d fr o m wi n d an d r a i n ,

s h el ter as in th e l e e of a b u i ld i n
b eli ef su p er s titio n ; a uer ha nds au er ha n ds (a s S W g or b u sh C om
- -
.
, , , .

a wig h a n d)
f m an u a v er s a p r aep os ter a ; a ver r ec h t
-
, ,
-
, p a re D an a vn e a wn an d with res p ec t to th e l o ss
.
,

over r ec ht con tr ar iu s r ec to r ae o s ter u s s i n i st er ; of t h e i n iti al h whi c h is v e ry u n u s u al in a T eu to n i c

p p
-
, , , ,

a u wiis a u er wiis fool i s h ma d

,
-
, ,
. d er iv a tio n E a ver ag e D an ha ver i
,
. T h e c o n t ra c t e d , . .

T h e d i ffer en t G fo r ms ar e v er y n u m ero u s ; O H G . . fo rms ha venj e ha a vj e expl a in th e E hove s h elt er

, , .
, .

a ba h a ba h av e r s u s
,
p er v er su s s i n i s ter ; P r ov G
, , ,
. . H al f il er h ebbe ik ha a vj e h e r e a m I in s h elter
.
,
.

a bic h, a bec h, wechi (a lles abich t, bechig , wwech, Br em Wo r t So in E we s p eak of hoving u n

'

a a . . .

thu t er a wec hi, h e d o es ev er ythi n g a wkly) , afi ig , d er th e sho re .

k an d a g a i n wbs c h, ap is c h, e sch, v e r
a
f k, f fl
a t a i , . p O ne pas ed by th e plain e
d ay as h e for e s
k eh r t , li nki sc h , li nk , an d in Net h er land i sh , a ves, a e s ,
f With w ear y pa b e f aw y e p id e s e, ar a s

obliqu u s ; a af sch a ef sch a af sc helgk aver sus p r e , , , , A c o pl ( emin g w ll to be h i tw ine )

u e se e s a

pos ter ns c on tra riu s — E l ,

.
Whic h h d lose nde a fo es t s id e ove c u r r

A s if t h ey la y in w ait or el e th em elv d id h id e
D i efen b ac h wo uld u n i te with th e fo r egoi ng th e s s es .
,

r Q in R
A S a woh OS a v a k Pr ov E a huk) a w ry . . .

. . .
.
, , ,

w r ongfully whi c h u n do ub t ed ly it is n ot easy to , [ T h er e is ti al ly th e same obj ec tion to thi s

su b s tan

sep ar a t e fr o m O H G a ba h W e s ho uld t h en h av e . . e tym o l o gy as to th a t d i s c u s s ed in a p r ec edi n g n ot e ,

to look on A S a woh as form ed fr o m th e p r ep a b af n am ely t h a t ha ven u n t h ou gh it m eans

. .
, , , g in P 1 D . .
,

a u wit h an adj ec tiv al t er mi n a tio n a nd fr o m t h en c e

, , g en er ally a s h elt er wa s n e v er u sed in t h a t lan guage ,

mu s t su ppo s e th e A S woh wog b en d i ng er r o r .

, , , , in th e s p ec ifi c sen s e of a wn ing and it is n ot p r ob ,

w r on g to be d er iv ed a ltoget h er lo si n g s i gh t of th e
, , a b l e t h a t t h e E ngl i s h wo uld a d opt a L ow G er man -

rad i c al p ar t of th e wo r d Wgr ca n woh to wo rk .

, gen er i c ter m to exp r ess th e sp ec ies of a t h in g whi c h
i niqu ity ; wohdom unj u st j u dgmen t ; wohf oted e , , we h a v e no r eas o n to b el i ev e th a t t h ey bo r r ow ed
c r oo ked foot ed T h er e is a s i mi la r d i ffi cu l ty with
-
. fr o m th e Low Ge rmans .

r e s pec t to Got h ibuks r etro ad e whi c h D i efen b a c h Wh at ev er may b e th e r oot of th e M id L a t

g .
, , . .

als o r eg a r d s as an e q u iv a l en t fo rm whi le h e s o me , a u v a n n a a u ven tu s F r a u ven t ( s e e D uc a n g e s v )

, ,
.
, ,
. .

w h a t arb it rar i ly rej ec t s th e S la vo n i c op a k aw r y , , they seem to be th e sam e wo r d as a wning an d th e ,

c r o ss w ay s wr ong Boh em p a biti to twi s t Pol

, , .
, ,
. F r en c h is a mu c h m or e obvio u s an d fami li ar s ou rc e
O a cz n
p g w r on
g p er v er t ed ; c o n nec ti ng th e S la vo n i c
, , of d er iv a tio n th an t h e L ow G er ma n .

fo r ms with F in L ap p a ha E sth on p a hha b a d . .

,
.
, , T h e O ld C a ta lan wo r d va n oue in Sp ba n ova a ,
.
,

a hhem c o mp wo rs e l eft h a n d ool i n s i d e

p ( ) p a hho
p , , ,
-
, c ov e r l et is po ss i bly cog n a t e a n d th e fo llowi n g p a s
, ,

o u tw ar d s on th e left on th e w rong s i de Co mpare

, , . sa ge fr o m th e C on q u es ta d e Va l en c i a by Ki ng D on

Boh em p a Eiti se to d ecl i n e to r efu s e with L ap

.
, , , . Jaume s how s how it mi ght ac qu i r e th e s ense of
p a ha stallet to r efu se L at ter g iv er sa r i ; O H G a ba a wn ing
-
. .
, , .

h on av er sa r i ab omin ar i with E s th on p a ha meleg a

E barraq
.
, , ,
n os al a nit p er la s erena faem u es d e ta p its e
(m eel m i nd
) ga a i n s t o n e s wi ll L a
p p a ha k u n ,
’

, .
,
va noues ( ns i p or ta u en
wi lli ng d i s ob ed i ent ,
.
C nqo . d e V al 1 5 1 5 , folio. A . iiii, 10 .

T h e a d ditio n of th e p ar ti cl e g e giv e s r i se to P r ov .

E ga wk th e left h and g a wky an a wk ward per son

.
, , , ,
Bu t thi s p r ob ably an acc i d en tal r esemblanc e
is mo st ,

Fr g a u che l eft h a n d a w kw ar d un sk i lful

.
, I n th e , ,
. b eca u se en va nn u m (ob vio u sl y th e sam e wo r d a s
sa me wa y c o r r es po nd i n g to fo r ms l i ke a is ch cebs c h a u va n n a t h o u g h n ot in D u ca n ge) wa s con temp or a
'

p , , ,

th e G h a s g abis ch g awis ch i n v er t e d l eft ha n d ed n eou sly u sed in Va l en c i a in t h e sen s e of a p r oj ec t

' '

. r
, , , ,

e in wo r t g abis c h n e h men ing c ov er ed por c h or v er a n da

”
to u nd er s ta n d on e p er ,
.

v er sel y to ta k e it a w kly , A s i mi lar m o d ifi c a tion . A n O r d i n an ce of Ki ng Ja u me II d a t ed in 1 3 2 1 .

, ,

a pp ea r s in E g a by an a w k w a r d p er s o n c o rr es po nd .
, ,
p r ovid es t h at en va nn a s h all not exten d over mor e
in g to g a wkg a s G g abisch to F g a u che S ee D ie ,
.
'

. . t h a n on e fou r th of th e wi d t h of th e str eet an d a ,

fenb a ch v I buks ,
. . l a ter d e cr ee by M ar ia Qu een of A r ago n o r da i n s , ,

A wl I cel a lr G a hle D u els e Fr a lesn e It

. . .
,
.
,
.
,
. t h a t en u a nn a qu e in vulga ri n un c up an tu r bar ada ts
”
lesin a . s iv e e xid es d omoru m (in an oth er s en t en ce c al led

A wn . ythi ng th e b ea r d A scal e or h u sk of an ,
en a n ta men ta ) m i ght b e r emov ed by th e c ity a u th or i

of c o rn I sl og n agn ir c h aff s t ra w mote ; D an

. .
, , , ,
. ti es a s en cr oac h m ent s u pon th e pu bl i c str eets S ee .

a vn e Gr x n c h aff ; E sth on a gg a n c h aff . a v , .

, . P r iv V al LXVII b and CXCIV b T h es e en
. . .
,
. .

A wn ing A wning (s ea t erm) a sa i l or tar . ,

va n n a or v er an d a s
,
w er e p er man en t a wnings and , ,
62 A WNIN G . A Z U RE .

I hav e no d o ub t th a t th e t wo wo r d s ar e i d enti cal .

an d p ivily p ri th
r i

tille th e d me pas s e a
S ee Bal lus ter .
,

and s es ith on h ir s e te ,
I n m o s t of th e wh er e th e v er b hove o cc u r s
c ases , with hi pl m e r s ofte u s

as i t d o es v er y fr eq u en tly in th e p r o s e Mo r t e d A r th t h e ey en
’

nd h
a ove r

thur and oth er old E ngl i s h books it mean s s i m ply ,

t h at s h h e l id e e u a ,

an d w ith h ir p k eve r eth h em , &c

to w a it to loite r A p ers o n w a iti ng in th e op en a ir c or s .

P S I p 3 93
.
,
PO 1 an d on g s,
n a t urall y seeks th e s h el ter of t r ees or ot h er c ov er
. . . . .

an d h en c e th e mean i ng of shelt er is p r ob ab ly a s ec Bu t thi s is so far as I am a w ar e a

, , sol it ar y i n s t an c e ,

ond ary on e an d th e v er b to have qu it e u nr ela t ed to

,
an d c er ta i nl y c o n t r a r y to es ta b l i s h ed u sag e M ] . .

th e su ppo sed P l D r oot . . . A ye is u sed in two s en s e s :

T h e A nglo S a xo n hof ho u se d w elli ng G hoj , is
-
, , ,
. 1 Ev er al way s as in t h e exp ressio n for ev er
.
, ,

pr ob ably th e r oot of hovel but n ot of hovg n whi c h a nd aye ; an d

, ,

might s eem to mean to b r oo d ov er in th e po em on ,

2 . A s an af r fi mativ e par ti cle sy nony mo u s , with
th e d epo s itio n of Ri c hard PO 1 Po ems an d .
g ea a nd yes .

Songs I 3 8 8,
. T h e p r i m itiv e i mag e seems to con s i s t in th e n o tio n
of c o n ti nuan c e, d ur a tion , e xp r es s ed in Got h by th e .

Ry th so th e h nd
oot a iv A ivs ti me age th e wor ld ; us a ivj a n to
e e eg le, r .
, , ,
-
,

T h e ey e e of h em ll r
o u tla s t ; d a a iua in d ivin for ev e r ; u i in a iv a
a e,
, ,
h as teth h im in h v t n ia iv n ev er
ar es
L a t aevu m w tas G r m al w a y s ; . .
-
. a a ct,
, , ,
t o h g h is b y d d i ov n r s,

an d b eri eth him lf be ely m an a g e

se
O H G 60 i0
s
G j e e v er a l w ay s ; ai ,
. .
,
.
, ,

to br ed en h em fi eedr in &c A S d va a 0 Sw ed ce a ll ev er
‘

. . .
, . .
, , ,

T h e p as sag e fr o m th e n otio n of c on ti nu an ce en ,

But thou g h th e mo st ob vio us i n t er p r eta tio n of hovg n d uran ce to th at of a s sev er a tio n may b e e x empl ifi ed , ,

in t h is p assage wou l d b e to b r ood ov er yet it is n ot by th e u s e of th e G j e j a j e u n d j e for ev er and

, , .
, ,

th e t r u e one for th e v er se in D eu t xxxii 1 1 c it ed

, e v er ; von j e her fr o m all ti m e ; wer ha t es j e g es e
. .
, ,

by W ay in P r Pm vo ce hovgn of whi c h t h i s is a hen wh o h as ever seen it D a s is t j e wahr that is

. .
, ,
.
,

par ap h r as e an d w h i c h r ead s in th e earli er Wycliff c er ta i nly t ru e ; es ist j e n icht r echt it is ce r tainly

, , ,

ite v er s io n A s a n egle forth c lep yng e h is b ryd d is not r i g ht ; E s kann j a einen ir r en e v er y one may
, ,
”
to flee and on h em houn e is in th e la t er v er s ion b e mi s taken ; T hu t es d och j a n icht by no means
, , , , ,
”
fl eyn g e on h em a n d in th e V u lga t e su p er c os d o it I n th e same way th e Ita li an g ia ; non g ia “
, , .
,

v ol itan s
”
co rr espo n d i ng t o t h e a utho r iz ed tr ansla
, c ert ainl y n ot F r om this u se of th e wor d to i mply .

tion flutter eth ov er t h em

,
“ ”
t he u nb r o ken an d u n iv e r sal a pp l i ca tio n of a p r opo
.

I n th e Pr Pm we fin d : hovg n yfi wat er or sition it b ec a me ad op ted to st a n d by i ts elf as an

“ ’
. .
, ,

oth er lyc ou r e S up er na to hovgfi yfi th e eyr e as affir ma tiv e an sw er e qu ivalen t to c er ta i nly ev en so

.
’
, , , , ,

b yr dys (as b rydd ys or skyis (c lou ds ) or oth er ly ke

, j u st so I n lik e mann er th e L at etia m h ad th e , , . .

K hovu n in eyir e as byrdys or aske s P ) sup erv olo for c e of c er tainly yes i nd eed yes
.
, ,
.
, , ,
.

I n F r i s i an as in E ngli s h a r e two fo rms a e li ke

”
h ovgri on ho rs an d a ly dyfi s ir oc ino
’ ’
s up erv olito
‘
-
.
, , , , , , ,

all of w h i c h mean i ng s e x cl u d e th e n otio n of s h el t er a e c o mi ng n ea rer to th e o r i g i n al r oot a iv a n d ea

g .
, , ,

T h e tr u e an al o g y is wit h I c el a t he fia to lift E c o rr e spo n d i ng to G j e j a A S g ea E g ea I n yes

.
, , . .
, ,
.
,
. .

to hea ve t h e v er b h a vi ng a re fl exiv e fo r ce
,
I mu s t we ha v e th e r emai n s of an affi x s e or si whi c h in .
, , ,

how e ver ad mit t h at in an oth er p ass age in th e po em A S was also a d d ed to th e n egativ e g ivi n g nese no
, .
, , ,

l as t c it ed hove s i gn ifi es to br ood as w ell as j es e yes .

, .

than cometh 3“ if 1 A z u r e It a zz urr o a zz u olo

’‘
Sp Po rt a z ul . .
,
. . .

F r o m P er s la z u r wh enc e la is la z uli th e s a pp h i r e
anoth p o d pa t i h p ,
.
c e er r u r r ,
,

an d p ecy th to th e n es t r 0f th e a nc i en ts D i ez ,
. .
 BA BBLE . BA CHELOR .
63

B .

T o Babbl e n ukki, a d o ll of r a H u ng i bunc h

’

. Fr . ba biller , D u. ba belen , bebelen , gs ; . ba b, a sk e n or

c on fun d er e v erb a b la t er ar e garr i r e G r fi fiai w ,

of thr ead a u
p op p e a
,
of fla x or . a e o
, d o ll D . .
, b unc h
K il . F r o m ba ba ba r ep r esen ti ng th e i nar ti cul at e tow a d oll ; Boh em p up a n e x cr escen c e p up en a
, , , , .
, , ,

a tt em pt s of a c h i ld a t t a l k i n g S ee Bab e b u d p ap ek a na v el ; Pol p up ka p up ecz ka a d oll a

. .
, , .
, , ,

O n th e s am e p r i n c ip l e a v er b of th e s am e mea n ba by .

ing wit h ba bble wa s fo r m ed on th e s yllab le ma T h e G ael h as ma b ba b ma ba n ba ba n a t as sel . .

, , , ,

or bob a n d th es e v er y wo r d s b ec o me in W th e
ft ly ad own
, .

A nd t sa so

A n d eid my b y le e s
wo r d for s on d o u btl e s s th r o u h th e n otio n of a
v g ,

A n d o I b bl d on my bed s b aby a I n th e E mop ma b (ma b to d r e ss negl i

e e es , . .
, ,

T h ey b o gh te m e l pe g en t ly
r u H al l iw el l) t h ey h a v e th e o r i g i nal sen se of
as e

O n th i m te e I m ig h t s
a b u n d le of r a s
a r
w h i le th e d i mi n u tiv e mopp et is
g
l n full lon g — P P
,
M a nte e
u sed as a t e r m of e n d ea r men t to a c hi ld a little mo
. .

p ,

H enc e to mu mble to c h e w wit h gums and lip s in p et ex ac tly a s th e H ung ba ba m p u p a d el i c i ae

’

.
, , , ,

whi ch s en se th e D u ba bbelen is al s o u sed m c ae

. .

Bab e T h e s i mp les t ar ti c ulatio n s a n d tho s e T h e It p op p a v u lg E bu bby Swi s s babbi th e

'

. . .
. , , , ,

whi c h ar e r ead i es t c aught by th e i nfa nt mo u th ar e b r ea st mu st th en b e r efer r ed to th e n otio n of pr o , ,

th e syl la bl es fo rmed by th e vow el a with th e p r i t u b er a n ce c h ar a c t er i s ti c of a b u n c h or b u n dle a nd ,

ma r y c o n s o nan t s of t h e l a bi al a nd d en tal c l as s e s mu s t b e cl as s ed with th e E bob a l u m p H un g ba b

’

. .
, , , ,

e s p ec i al ly th e fo rm er ; ma ba a n a da ta O ut a b u n c h of t h r ea d & c B o h em u e x c r es c en c e ;
p , p p
, , , , .
, .
, .
,

of th es e t h er efo r e is v er y gener ally fo rmed th e D u p op p e abov e men tioned S ee Boy

, , .
, . .

l i mit ed vo cabula r y r eq u i r ed a t th e ea rl i e s t p er io d Bab oon , Bab er— l ip p ed F r o m ba th e sou n d . ,

of i nfa nt l ife c o mp r i s i n g th e n am es for fa th er

,
m a d e by th e c o lli s io n of th e l ip s a r e fo rmed P r ov , , , .

moth er i n fan t b r eas t food

, T h u s in th e n u r s ery G bapp e th e c hop s or mo u t h F r ba bin es th e l a rg e
, ,
. .
,
.
,

la n g u age of t h e No r man E n gl i sh p ap a ma mma l ip s of a b ea s t ; Sp bef o th e lip of a h o r s e a p er , ,

.
, ,

ba ba a r e t h e fa th er m ot h er a nd i n fa n t r es p ec tively
, son with lar g e l ip s a nd for a l i ke r ea s o n th e OE
, , , , .

th e two la tt er of w h i c h p as s i nto ma mmy an d ba bby ba ber lipp ed h a vi ng la rge l ip s ,

-
,
.

ba by ba be w h i le th e la s t with a n a sal fo rms t h e It

, , H en c e al so d o u b tless It ba buin o F r ba bou in E
, , . .
, .
, .

ba mbin o . ba boon a n a ni mal w h o s e la r g e l ip s fo r m a s t r i king ,

I n S a xo n E n gl i s h fa t h er is d a da d a d dy da d fea tu re of h is fac e wh en c o mpa r ed wit h ma n w h om , , , , ,

an s w er i n to t h e G oth tt to H b w h i n s o me d egr e e r es emb les

g a a as
p pa a e re e .
, ,
.

a bba .
Bac h el or A pp a r ent ly fr o m a C elti c r oot W . . .

L a t ma mma is a pp l i e d to th e b r east th e n am e ba c hg en a boy bac hg enes a yo u ng g i rl fr o m ba ch

.
, , , , , ,

of whi c h in E p ap L a t p ap illa agr ees wit h th e l ittle a n d p r ob ably g en i to b e bo r n w h e n c e g en eth

,
.
,
.
, , , , ,

n ame for fa th er P ap a was in L ati n t h e wo r d with g en a ith a gi rl a d aught er

. F r om ba ch a r e for med , , .

w h i c h i n fan t s d eman ded foo d wh enc e E p ap th e d i mi n u tiv e s ba c hes a l ittle d ar l i ng ba chiggn a

, . .
, , ,

I n th e sa m e wa y it m a y b e c o nc l ud ed fr o m th e v ery l ittle thi n g .

Got h d a ddia n to giv e su ck tha t th e b r ea s t wa s in

.
, Wh ether th e r oot g en i b e r eally c o nc er ned in th e
,

tha t l angu ag e c a lled da d a agr ee i ng with th e pr ov matter or no t h er e can b e l ittle d o ubt th at th e C el

, .
,

Sw ed d a d da n u r se Swi s s d odo mot h er O II G tic bac hes or ba chg en is th e o r i g i n of th e Fr ba c elle

.
, , , , .
, , .
,

d ed d i v ulg E n g did dy titty th e b r eas t I c el totta

,
. . ba c elote ba chele ba c helette a yo u ng g i r l s er v an t
, , .
, , , , , ,

to s u c k . a pp re n ti c e ; ba celler to mak e l ov e to s er v e as ap , ,

It mus t h e c o nfes sed tha t a d i ffer en t o ri g i n fr om p r en ti c e to c ommenc e a st u d y ; ba celer ie yo u th ; , ,

th e fo r eg oi ng is s u gge s t ed by t h e OE u se of th e ba chelag e a pp r en ti ces hip ar t an d s t u dy of c h iv a lr y .

, , .

wo r d ba be or ba by in th e s en s e of a d oll Fr p oup ee H e nce by a sec o n d ar y fo r ma tion ba cheler ba chela r d . .

’

, , ,

a b a bi e a p u pp et or b ab l e a l so t h e fla x of a di s t aff
, ba chelier yo u n g m an a spi r an t to kn i g h thoo d ap p r en
, .
, , ,

C otgr It p epp a r d a su cki ng g i r l als o a c h i ld s ti ce to a rms or sc i en c es A ba chelor of a r ts is a

. .
, ,
’
.

playi ng b aby or pu pp e t P up a p upp a a c h i ld s yo u ng m an a d mitt ed to th e d egr ee of app r en ti c e or

.
, ,
’

pl ayi ng b a by p u ppy or p u pp et to pl ay withal, s t u d en t of a r t s b u t n ot yet a mas t er ,

I n o r d i na r y .
,
.

F lo r io . E it h a s c ome to si gn ify a n u n ma rr i ed man Pr ov . . .

W e mu s t r ememb er th a t th e p r i mar y fo rm of a ba ca la r ba cha llier wa s u sed of th e yo u n g s t u d ent , , ,

d oll is a b u ndl e of r ag s F r i s d oc k a l ittle b u n dl e you n g soldi er yo u ng u nmarr i ed man T h en as

. .
, , ,
.
,

as of t h r ead s tr a w & c a l s o a d o ll ; G d ocke a in th e ca s e of man y ot h er wo r d s s i g nifyi n g b oy or

, ,
.
, .
,

b u n dle a sk ei n a c h i l d s p u pp e t b a by or d o ll yo u th it is a ppl i ed to a s er v an t or on e in a s ubor d i

’

, , , ,
.
,

K iittn er E s th on n uk a kn ob b u n c h d o ll ; Fin
. . n a t e c o n d itio n
, , ,
. .
64 BA CK . BA D GE .

V os e tu r ni n g a w ay seems d i sti n ctly trac eable bu t at t h i s

mi n fes etz p er to tz lanzar
’
, ,
V s o c om s enb et e mi c om ba ca la r
poi n t we b ec ome i n vol v ed in a labyr i n th of wor ds .

i n d i cated u n d er th e wo r d A w k w ar d n w h i ch th e
Y ou nd I mad e our l v es p ai d am n g all
a y o as ( se r )
se
i
o u
,

same fun da men ta l n otio n of p er v er s io n is e xp r ess e d

Lo d nd I
r ,
a v n t o quir e as s er a r s .

by app ar en t d er iva tives fr om th e pr ep a b aj ; with .

,

Ay tan n dura batalha an a dj ec tiv al

ca t erm i natio n ug ig & c I find i t , , , .

N fay gr n dan i en talh os

i mpo ss ible to draw th e li n e d i sti nc tly b etw een th e
a s rv a,

P n n n m n bacal a a va a ar
two
.

A s lon g a th e b tt le las ts th e s er v an ts d o u s gr eat d am

s a
B a c k , 2 A s ec o n d mean i n
g of B a c k is a b r e w .

a g e m ny
,
bac h el o goe robbin g — R yn
a a e r s v at or l a r g e op en tu b for c on ta i n i ng b ee r
r s .
T he
a .
’
,
.

wor d is wi d ely sp r ea d in th e s ense of a wi de op en

Wher e th e b ach elo r is class ed among the sir v entalh a v essel Br et ba c a bo at ; Pr ba c a flat wi d e ferry . .
,
.
,

or v al eta i ll e It h as n oth i n g to do with th e po sses bo a t ; D u back a t r o u gh bowl ma n ger c i ster n

. .
, , , , ,

s ion of a ba cele or c er ta i n po r tio n of lan d as ex , ba si n of a fou nta i n flat bottom ed boa t bod y of a , ,
-
,

plain ed by D i ez . w agon pit a t th e t h ea t r e D an bakke a t r ay Of ,

.
,
.

T h e fun c tio n s of a kn i ght w er e c o mp lete wh en thi s th e I t bac in o is th e d im i nu tiv e wh en c e E .

,
.

h e r o de a t th e h ea d of his r etain er s a ssemb led un d er ba sin ba son ; It bac in etto a ba c inet or b aso n ,
.
, ,

h is b ann er whi ch wa s exp r essed by th e t er m lev er s ha p ed h elm et

,
“
.

Bac k gammon F ro m th e fo r egoi ng D an ba kke

”
b an n i er e So l ong as h e was u nable to take thi s
. . .

s t ep eith er fr o m i n su ffi c i en t ag e or
, pov er ty h e (al so bakke bor d) a t r ay a nd g a mmen a game may ,
-
, , , ,

wo uld b e c o n s i d er ed o nly a s an a ppr enti c e in c hi v d o ub tles s b e exp la i n ed th e gam e of Ba c k g a mmon -

,

al r y an d was c a lled a kn ight ba c helor j u s t as t h e

,
w h i c h is c on spi cu o u sly a tr ay g a me a game p lay e d ,
-
,

ou ter b arr i s t er was on ly an a pp r en ti c e at th e law on a tra y s h a p e d bo ar d alt h o u gh th e wo rd d o es n ot ,

-
,

wh a t ev er h is a g e mi g h t b e T h e ba c c a la rii of th e ac t u ally a pp ear in th e D an dic tion ar i es

. It is ex . .

s o u th of F r an c e an d n o r th of Sp a i n s eem qu it e c eed ingl y l i k el y to h a v e c o m e d ow n to us fr o m ou r

u n c o nn ec te d Th ey w er e th e ten ant s of a lar ger No rthern an cesto r s wh o d evoted mu c h of t h ei r lo ng

.
,

ki n d of far m c alled bac cala r ia w er e r ecko ned a s wi nt er e v en i ng s to ga mes of ta b l es

, ,
.

ru s tici a n d wer e bo un d to c er t a i n d u ty wo r k for

, T o make or leav e a blot a t Backga mmo n is to
t h ei r lor d T her e is no app earan ce in th e pas sages u n c over on e of yo ur m en to lea ve it l i able to be
.
,

c it ed of t h ei r h a vi n h ad a n m i l itar y c h ar a c t er t k xp r ess io n n ot expl i ca b l e by th e E sen s e

g y a e n a n e ,
.

wh at ev er O ne wo uld su sp ec t t h a t th e wo r d m i ght of th e wo r d b lot

. Bu t t h e S W blott D a n blot is . .
,
.
,

b e of Bas qu e o r i g i n n ak ed expo s e d ; blotte s ig

. to e x po s e o nes elf ; S W , , .

Bac k , 1 Ic el ba k Lith p a kala T h e p ar t of g or a blott a t Bac kgammo n to mak e an ex po s e d

. . . .
, ,

th e bo d y oppo s ite to th e fa c e t ur n ed a w ay fr o m th e poi nt to m ake a blot , ,

.

fac e T h e r oot s eems pr eser ved in Boh em p a eiti Bac k et I n th e N of E a c o al h od fr o m ba ck

’
-
. . . . .
, , ,

to twi st ; P ol p a cz gt‘se to w ar p (of w ood ) to b en d in th e sen se of a W i d e open v es sel ; Ro uc h i bac a

.
, , ,

ou t of sha p e wsp ak wr o ng b ackwar d s i n s i d e ou t c a r bon , H ecar t T h e F r ba guet is a t ub or

, , . . .

w ar ds ; p akosc malice spit e p er v er s ity ; op a k th e p ail

‘
, , , , .

wr ong way a wr y c r o ss op a cz ng w r o ng p er v erted ;

, , Bacon 0 F r ba c on ; bac qu ier a sty fed h og ; , , . . .
,
-

R uss op ako na op ako w ro ng ; p aki in c ompo s ition O D u ba ecke ba cke a p ig ; ba ecken vleesch ba c ek
.
, , ,
. .
, ,
-
,

e qu iv a len t t o L at r e a ga i n ; p a ki bu itie r eg en er a vlees c h po r k b a c o n

.
, Po r t ba c or o a little p ig D u -

, , ,
. .
, . .

tion So in E to g iv e a t h i ng ba ck is to g ive it baggele bigg e bigg he a p ig ; ba eckelen ba gghelen

. .
, , , , ,

ag a i n to g iv e it in th e oppo s it e d i r ec tio n to th a t in
, v igg hen to p ig to p r od u c e yo u ng — K il Pi ed , ,
. .

w h i c h it was fo r merly g iv en and wit h us too th e big a a sow , ,

.

wor d is frequ ently u sed in th e mo r al s ense of p er Bad G bbse D u boos malu s p r av u s per ver . .
'

,
.
, , ,

v erte d b ad ,
. su s mal ign u s P er s bud b a d Unc o nn ec ted I be ,
. .
,
.
,

A bac kf r ien d is a p er v er t ed fr i en d one wh o d o es l i ev e with Got h ba a ths ta s t eles s i n s ipi d , ,

.
, , .

i nj ur y u nd er th e c ov er of fr i ends h ip ; to ba ck bite is Bad g e A di sti nc tiv e mark of o ffi ce or ser vi ce -

.

to s p e ak evi l of on e ; to ba ck slid e to sli d e ou t of wo r n c o nspi c uo u sly on th e d ress o ften th e c o a t of -

, ,

th e r i ght p a th to fa ll i n to err o r Ic el bak r ad ud ur ar ms of th e pr i nc ip al u nder w h o m th e p er son w ear

, .
-
,

ill c o u ns elled ; ba k bor d th e left h an d s i d e of th e ing th e b a d ge is p la c ed

- -

,
D u bu sse s ta dt wa p en
- . .
,
-

ship E sth on p ahha p ool th e ba c k s id e wr o ng sp in th er mo ni le q u o d in h u mer i s ta bella rii e t ca d u

. .
, , ,

s id e ; a bb a b a d il l di po d F i n L h t f t — K il B a g e or ba gg e of a r my s
p s s e ; a
p p a a c e a o r es e r u n
-
. .
, , . .
,

b ad ; O H G a ba h a ba h ap a h ap u h a v er s u s p er
. b anid iu m —
, Pr Pm ,
P er h ap s th e earli es t i n t ro
. , ,
. .

v er su s s i n i ster ; a ba bou aver sar i abominar i ; Got h d uc tio n of a b adge would b e th e r ed c ro s s se w ed on

, , ,
.

ibu ks b a ck w a r d s
, T o t h i s ext en t th e c onn ec tio n th ei r s hould ers by th e cr usa d ers as a to ken of th ei r
.

with a r oot ba k ba h p ak p a h si gnifyi ng twi sti ng , , , , ,

 BA D GER . BA FFLE . 65

But breas t a blood y cross h e wore

on h is , French has bafouer to h oo d wink d ece ive b affle , , , ,
T h e dear e mbla n ce f hi s b n t L o d r se o a se r ,
disgr a ce h a n d l e b a sely in ter m s g iv e repro a chfu l
F wh o e sw et ake that g l ious b dg h e wore
or s e s or a e
, ,

word s u nto ; befi er to d eceive mock or g ull with

.

E Q , , ,

fa ir wor ds — Cotgr Of th ese the for mer may be

. .

mer e dic eba n tur ( say s D uc an g e ) q ui ad

.

C ru c em as su
a ct u al ly b orrowe d fro m the E ba u l which see m s
s a cr a be lla p r ofec t ur i C ru c is s y mbolu m
p alliis s u is a s s ueba nt
f .
,

e t affi g eb an t in s ig nu m v otiv ae illi n s ex ed itionis

p h an c i .
-
to h ave b een appl ie d to a d efinite mod e of d isg ra cin g
a u d ien te s talia eloquia p rotin us in dex tra fece r e C ru c es a ma n in dic a te d b
, y H al l as in u se amon g the Scots .

A nd r hermore th e e lo bad th e h eraul d to say to his

fu t r

T he o ss then was in th e fi r st in
s i gn of th e cr , ,
mas ter that if h e fo hi p art k p t n ot h i ap pointm nt
, r s e s e ,

s t an c e a s s um en tum
, a pa tc h
“
b ot c h or bo dge
” then h e was cont nt th t th e Scots shoul d b fi l h im whi ch
e a a
‘

u ,

boetsen i n t er polar e o r n a r e a ng botche ba d e

, , ,
is a grea t r p roac h mong th e Scots and is u sed when a
e a ,
, g , ,
.
, .

man is op enly p rj r d n d th n they m k of h im n e u e a e a e a

,
K il . G ba tz ba tz e botzen a d ab or lu m p of som e
.
, , , im g e p ainte d re ers ed with t h e h e ls u p w rd with his
a v e a ,

t h i ng s oft a coa r se p atc h S an der s ; Bav p ats chen

, .
, name wond erin g cry in g and blowin g ou t of [on ] him with
, ,
’
2

to stri ke with s omething flat as th e h an d to d abble , ,

horns in th e most d esp iteful m nn r they n In token a e ca .

or p a d dle in t h e wet G bat zen to d abb le to . .

th t h e is to be exiled th e company of all good creatur es
a .

, ,

patc h — S an d er s T h e rad i cal n otio n of p a tc h .

, A g ain , in th e F .
Q .

ba dg e wi ll thu s be s om ethi ng fas ten ed on as a da b

, ,

of mud th r ow n a ai n s t a w al l a n d s ti ck i n
g g th er e .
F irst h his b rd did she oull y shent
ea av e and f ,

H ence we find ba dged used by Shakesp ear e in th e Th n f om h im r ft his shi ld

e r e an d it r en ers t e ,
’
v

A n d b lotte d o t his rm s with fal sh ood b l nt u a e

s en s e of d ab b l ed
,

A n d hi ms elf b fl ld a nd his armes u nherst

.

a u , ,

A nd bro k e h is sword in tw yn and all his armo ur s p erst

Th eir h an ds an d fac es were all b dged with blood a .
a .

Now the S o h a s ba u clz ba uglz ba a ch (c guttu M beth ac .

.
, ,

Bad ger T h i s wo r d is u s ed in two s en s es ral) rep u lsive to the ta ste b ad sorry in effec tiv e A
.
, , , , ,
.

a pp ar en tly d i s ti n c t viz in that of a c o r n d ealer ba u ch trad es man a s orry tra d es ma n

, . -
, ,

or ca rr i er on e wh o bo u ht u o n in t h m k t Witho t esta te
g , p c r e a r e u

for th e p urpo s e of sell i ng it in ot h er plac es ; a n d A y ou th thou gh sp ru n g from kin g s look s b gh and b late , ,
au .

s ec o n dly a s th e n am e of th e q u a d r u p ed s o c alled
,
Rams y in J m .
a a .

N ow we h a v e in F r bla d ier a c om d eal er (mar Be au ty b u t b o u nty s bu t b a u ch Be au ty w itho u t

.
,
-
’
.

c h an d d e g ra i n q u i a pp r ovi s io nn e l es m a r c hé s a oo d ness is g oo d for noth in g

g .

d os d e m ul et s — H é ca r t) th e d i mi n u tiv e of whi c h To ba u chle ba c/ale bas hle is then to d istort to

, , , , , ,

( ac c o r d in
g to th e a nalo gy of bled ier bla ier b elo ng i ng m isu se ; to ba u c lzle shoon to tre ad the m a wry ; a , , ,

to c orn bla ir ie terr e de bla ir ie c o rn c o un try) wo uld ba u c/zle a n old shoe w h atever is treated with con
, , , , ,

b e bla ir ea u th e a c t ual d es i g na tio n of th e q u ad ru p ed te m pt or d eris ion

, .

ba dger in th e same lang uage w h i c h wo uld t h u s One wh o is s et u p as th e butt of a co mpany or a

,

s i gn ify a l ittl e c o rn d ealer in al lu s io n d o u bt les s to la u ghin g s tock is s a i d to be ma de a ba u clzle of ; to

-
,
-

s o me of th e h a bit s of th a t an i ma l with wh i c h th e ba uc lzle to tre a t conte mpt u o u sly to v ili fy ,

.
, ,

s p rea d of c ul tiv atio n ha s m ad e u s l ittl e fam i l i a r

W allac e lay s till q h ill forty d y i was gayn
.

u a s
Bu t furth er th er e can b e little d o ub t t h a t E
A n d fy e to r bot p e an c e aw h e n y n
, .

v a u ,
r s a
ba dger wh eth er in th e sen s e of a c o rn d ea ler or of
, B tt ill till h aifi as th ir p omy s w mai d
-
a a
‘

a r s as .
,

th e q u adr u p ed is d i rec tly d es cen d ed fr o m th e F r , H e girt d isp l y a g in his b n r b raid ; . a a a e

bla d ier th e c o r r u pt pr o nu n c i a tio n of w h i c h in a nal Ra p ifly t E d w d y ch t g r etly e of th is thin g

‘

re ar r ,
, ,
B w h ll hi ll b l w t on th at f ls kin g
o
gy w ith s old ier sel er
g s od g er wo u l d b e blu ,d g ;er y y,
t s ey o
,
a c s ,
e u a

A s a ty ran d t uru d bak and t uk his gait

a n d t h o u g h th e o mi ss io n of th e l in s u c h a c as e is
.

a s om ewh a t u n fa mi l i ar c h an e t m n y i t If this p ss e b e co m p a re d with the e x tra ct fro m

g y e a n s a n c es a a g ,

may be giv en of syn o nym s d ifierin g o nl y in th e H all it will b e seen tha t the affront p u t b y Wall a ce
’

p r eserv a tion (or i n ser tion a s th e cas e may b e) or on the kin g s se al in token of his h av ing b rok en his ’

omi ss ion of an I after an i n iti al b or p T h u s D u word wa s a n ex ample of the p ra ctice which Hal l . .

bafi en and blafi en to b ar k p a veien and p la v eien to tells u s wa s u se d in Scotla n d u n d er the n am e of

‘ ‘

, ,

pa v e ; p a ttij n a n d p la ttij n a ska it or p a tt en buts e baflu llzng th e gu ttu ra l c lz b ein g represented in

’ '

, ,

a n d bluts e a bru i s e boi l E batch or blotch ba ber En glish by an f ; a s in m any other ca s e s The G
, , .
,
. .

lip p ed P P an d bla bber lip p ed h a vi ng la rg e u n

, .
.
, h as baf el bof el p of el syn onym ou s with Sc ba uc lzle
-
, , , ,
.

i y ip t f o m spoi e oo s ref se tr sh — K n ; v er ba eln to

f
g a n l l s ; f gg
a ed ir ed r
f gg
la e d F r be tt e a n d , l d g d ,
u a iitt , .
, ,
. .
,

blette b eet s ; Ber ri ba tte d e pl u i e a p el ti ng s how er make a bafel of to ba u c /zle S an d ers The ori gin '

. .
, , , ,

of r ain S c a bla d o w eet ,
Ro u c hi basser Fr bla s as well of the S o as of the G term is I b elieve
.
’
, , . . .
, ,

s er to fomen t
, . the interjection F augh ! Ba w ! Pah ! Pooh ! Fr ,
.

T o Baffle Former ly w r itten bafi ul T h e Bah ! Pooah ! Sp Baf ! all of which are r epr esen
'

. . .

VO L . I .
9
66 BA G . BAG GAGE .

tation s of th e s t ron g ex spiration a cco mpanied by No s comp sons p

u o ar it a e q es eulx l d isme
traic tié fa v c u c a
d ons n t il n dr p n co u ss ins en b n q i rs et
b y which we instincti v ely que ev e
a proj ection of th e lips
o e, e a , e a u e
,
,
en a utr es telles bag ues — I b i d xxx ii
d efen d o u rsel v es a ga inst a b ad s m ell a nd ar e c ons e
. . .

qu ently in the first instan ce expressive of physica l [ A1 1

etymolog ic al connection b etween 0 Fr ba . .

d is gu st a nd then of conte mpt ,

.
g u es an d the Icel ba ug r is b y no me a ns i mpro b ab le
.
,

b u t it is not cle a r th a t bag u es and b a a e a r e d if

g g
Bufi a ,
‘
s isin g blast
th e d e p of th e mou th that we c ll
a
fere n t form s of the s am e word The Fr bagag e
shirp in g — W y in C h y rp a v. .
. .

formerly was a n d the Sp bag aj e still is u se d in the

.

, .
,

Hence a lso Port bafo b re a th ; Prov O Sp bafa .

, . . .
, sense of b e a st or carri a ge of b u rd en Thu s Bra n .

m ockery jest ; Sp befa r It bqfi a r e to jeer ; Fr

‘

,
.
, .
,
.
tome Hommes Il l u stres etc Life of S ancerre qu ot
, , .
, ,

befiier to mock Fro m the notion of mockin g to th a t

,
.
ing a c apitu l ation s ays ,

of fr u stra tin g the efforts of a ny on e in which the E

It m q l d ic t si e r comte et s es g ns po rront sortir
.
, e ue e u
, e u
bafi le is now u s e d is an e a sy transition as sho wn in , , d e l vill e lib r ment et a c l s u ite d e le r i es rm s t
a e ve a u v , a e e

other insta nces ; Sp bu r la r to mock s coff g ib e b g s sa es e t to t c e q ils p ou rront charg er e t p orter

’
.
a ue uv , u u
, , , ,

al so to fr u stra te one s v iews d estroy one s hop es

’
,
’
.
sur leurs b g g etc a a
‘
es , .

Neu mann .
Here bag u es an d bag ages ar e pl ainly d istin guishe d .

The Sp bef a r to j eer mak e a lip l au gh a t ; also

.
, , , S a lv a d efines bag aj e
(of h orses) mo v e the l i p s an d ca tch a t the ch a in of
the b it wou l d look l i ke a d eri va tion fro m befo the stia d e carg a Llamas e tamb ien a i l mism c rg a
L a be . s a a a
, ,
y el conj unto d e bestias carg d q e sirv e en ej ército a as u uh .

lip of a horse a nd the s u pposition is s u pporte d b y

the Genoese f a bef e to pou t mak e a mo u th at , , , But
the a ppl ic ation of this wor d to the a n i ma l is
p oint the lip s a t on e Fr fa ir e la lipp e b u t there ,
. probably a d eri v a tive sense the con v eya nce t akin g ,

is no real rep ugn ancy in these d eriv a tions the word , the d esi gn ation of the thin g con v eye d T h e A ra . .

befo b ein g itsel f d eri v ed from a represent ation of g on ese pro vinci a l bag a d efin e d by the d iction a ri e s ,

the so un d mad e by an exspiration throu g h the pro

La c rdue a 6 sog a c on t n y s egu ran
q ue se a a a las c ar g a s
j ec ted lips .

qu e ll ev a n lo s ma chos i otras c ab aller as

1
’

i
Bag The etymolo gy of th is wor d is perplexe d
,

by si m i larity to form s prob ably h a vin g no tru e an d w hi ch al so si gnifies a knot in a cor d or rope ,

rel ation to it ; W ba tch a bu rd en a load ; Bret .

, , .
sugg ests a pro b able etymolo gy of bag a e as the
g g ,

bea c h bee lz b u n dle b u rd en lo ad and fi gu ratively

’
,
’
, , , , , ,
n am e of a p acka g e b o u n d with a bag a or cord a s is ,

d ifficu lty ; 0 Fr bag ues goo d s ; vie s i b ag u es s a u . .

,
common in all co untries wh ere b e a sts of b u rd en a re
ves ,
with li fe and property ; Icel baggi a lo ad a .
, ,
u se d This d eriv ation fin d s su pport in the O Fr
. . .

b u n dl e bogg u ll a b u n d le v erb ba u er which oc c u rs in the fra ment of G ilion

'

, ,
.
g , g
The tru e connexion is w ith Ga el ba lg bolg bag .
, , ,
d e T ra signyes pu b lishe d by Se r r u re p 2 08 , .

a le a ther b ag w a llet qu iver b elly b lis ter ; Goth , , , , .

Il fi nt tro ss er et b g
s re l e r trésor et ri chess es s
u a uer u ur

ba lgs a l e athern cas e a skin ; G balg the skin of

, ,
.
, ch e lx e t m ul es c h am eoul x et d rom ad air es
v au ,
.

an a ni mal strippe d off whole h u sk peel ; Lomb , , .

an d on p 2 09 .

ba g a a wine skin See Belly Bu lg e Baggag e

,
.
, , .

Bagg age Fr bag ag e from 0 Fr bag ues . . .

Ap res q ilz ent b g e le r b g
ce u
’
eur a u
’

u a ues , etc .

, .
,

g oo d s si g nifyin g the
,
collect ive g oo d s of a n a r my ,
So in a n Ord in a nce of C h arles of
,
Bu rg u n dy , Anno
an d not the colle c tive bag s or p a ckag es as we a r e ,
147 3 cite d by C a rpentier
,

inclined a t first to su ppose

remi ere fois cha cun trouss er
.

A la p a, bag uera , et se a rm ra e
The ori gin is the Icel ba ug r AS beag a rin g of .
, .
,
d e m enues p iec es .

si l ver or gold which was u sed as a type of v al ue a , ,

rin g b ein g the s implest a nd mo st convenient form in In th ese ex amples tr ous ser an d bag u er seem to ,

which the precio u s metals co ul d b e mad e up or me an respecti v ely to fol d or roll u p an d to cor d , , , ,

worn . the p ackag es constit u tin g the baggage These p a s .

AS beak ggfa a g iver of j ewels a munificent

.
-
s ag e s will recall to every Orienta l tra veller the cor d
, ,

reward er Fro m the D a nes d o ub tl ess it p as se d into

. in g of the l u gg ag e wh ich is one of the m ost impor ,

Fran ce givin g ri se to the Fr bag ue a v a luable an d

, ta nt am on g the prep ara t ion s for a march and as the .
, , ,

fin al ly a portable pos s e ssion of any kin d word bagg age c ame into u se at a p eriod when in .
,

E u rope as well as in the E a st a l most al l person a l

Un ri ch e et p iss nt homme q ui — entr e se ri ches b g u a w
s a ues
, ,

l a e a nd c amp eq u ip a g e wa s tr a nsporte d u pon

e t inn mer b l es trésors e t n it p l s enr ic h y d n belle u
gg g ’ -
u a s e o u u e

fille .C nt N o N o II-
e . b e as ts of b u r d en a n d of co u rse cor d e d this d eri v a
uv . uv . .
, , ,

E n l fi n monta n a ch mbre et illec prep ara et ord on

a
tion which e
is propose
s
d by Diez tho u g h he h as not
a
, ,

n l b
es et j oy lx q ell
a ai t ttains et mis d ehors
ues
s u pport e d it b y cita tions see m s a s n a t u ral as th a t
’
,
a g au u e av a

p o u r f s toie o n ameou r x Ib i d 0 r s o f p a cka g e fro m the ver b

eu to p a ck .
-
. .
.
 BAIL . BAL C ONY . 67

In d eed p ac kag e which is a comp aratively mo d ern

, ,
rier ad va nced gate of a c ity pali ssad e b arricad e
, , ,
.

word is v ery p robab ly i d entical with ba ggag e an d

, , Roq u efort It is prob ab ly the s am e word a s p alin g
.

the s ub stit u tion of p for b is too common to cre ate or p al e Fr ba lzs es finger— posts posts stu ck u p in
'

. .
, ,

an
y dif fic u lty B a a s i nifies fu rther
g g the b.ol l of
, ,
a ri v er to ma rk the p a ssa e
g Be lle b a rri ere .
,

H é car t ; Ba le poste r etr a u ch emen t r evemr a s es

'

fla x an d it is p ossi b le th a t in the sense of a rope or

, , ,

cord it may h av e tak en its n a me fro m tha t of a char b ales to ret u rn to one s post at th e game of p u ss in
,
’
,

ac t er is t ic p a rt of the ve g eta b le fro m which it was the corner or crick et Hence the ba lls at cricket
, .
,

ma n u fa ct ure d M ] . .
p roperly the wic ket s the ms el ves b u t now the l ittle ,

B ail Balm . The L a t baj u la s a b e a rer .

, , sticks a t th e top .

was a pplie d in l ater ti mes to a n u rse viz as ca rryin g ,

. Bait See Ab et . .

the chil d abo u t M id L at baj ula It bdlia Next . . .

,
. . B aiz e C o arse woollen cloth Formerly bages
. . .

it wa s ap plie d to the t u tor or governor of the chil D u ba cy ba a z Fr b age

'

. . .
, ,

d ren pro bab ly in the fi rs t insta nce to the foster

, T O B ak e T o d ress or coo k by d ry h e at ; to .

father . cook in an oven Bohem p ek he a t ; p eka p ecg to . .

, ,
’

Alii b j li i e erv li el nutritores — qu ia c ons e e

a u s u v u v b ak e ro a st & c
, p ec an oven ;
p ec en e ro a st me a t ;
,
.
, ,

ri t n t i e fi lio et familias d ominorum — Vitalis d e Reb

. .
, ,

eka r a b aker ; Pol

p iec a s to v e p iec to b ak e to
’

a u r r s . .

p , .
, , ,

Ara gon in D can ge . u .

ro a st to p arc h to bu rn p ieczg wo a b a tch an oven
, , , ,

Whe n the child u n d er the ca re of the Baj ul u s full ; p ieka r z a b aker , . .

was of roy al ran k the t u tor b eca m e a ma n of g re a t ,

Isl baka to wa rm ; K ong u r ba ka de s ier m d elld
.
,
’

consequ ence a nd the p y s fi k c was one of the ,

e a
‘
a o the Kin g w a rme d himself a t the fir e —H eimskr . .

chief officers of sta te a t C on s ta ntinople . Prov E to beak beke to b ask to wa rm oneself ;

. .
, , ,

The n a m e was also a pplie d to the t u tor of a wom D u z z g ba ker en Pl D ba ckem to w ar m onesel f
'

. . . .
, ,

a n or a minor Thu s the hu sba n d b eca me the Baj . G blilzen to he at s emmeln b alzen to toast b rea d ;
.
, ,
'

u lu s u xoms a n d the n a m e was g ra d u a ll y exten d e d kr a nke g lz ed er bd /zen to fo ment a li mb H olz bci/zen

' ' ’

, , .
,

to a ny one who too k c a re of the ri gh ts or person of to b e a th woo d to he at woo d for the p u rpose of mak ,

a nother In this sense is to b e u n d erstoo d the ord i

. ing it s et in a certa in form Gr B ca lefacer e . . o,
,

n a ry E express ion of g i v in g ba il the p erson wh o

.
, L a t Baj ee w a rm b a ths
. See Bath , The root is . .

i v es b a il b ein g s u p pose d to h a ve the c u sto d y of h im co mmon to the Finnish cla ss of l an gua g es L ap

g . .

whom h e b ails Fro m baj u las was formed It ba t lo a kes to melt w ith h e a t ;
'

ak aka he a t a kes tet

. .
, p p , p , p , ,

Fr ba il ba zlli E ba il ba ilzfll
'

ba lz vo ( baj ulz v us ) to b e hot to ba sk ; p a ketet to hea t mak e hot

' '

.
.
, , , , , , .

The ba il ar e persons who constit ut e the mselves t u [ Ba rb o u r in The Br u ce u se s ba ke precisely as the

, ,

tors of the person ch a rge d a nd en gag e to p ro d uce , Icel a n d ers d o the verb a t baka
h im when requ ire d .

A th a i ner war appr oc h and

n d as
— Usa tic i
,

T tor s
u e v el baj ul i r espon d c an t p ro p u p illis .
A n In g lis man tha t l y b k d
e , a e an

Barc inon enc es in D ue .

Him be a fy s aid till his fe &c r, r, .

B ru ce b X I V v 3 2 5—7 — M .
]
rec homm ron
. . .
, .
’
E t 1e r oi l a u e en s on ag e et ls d u e s on ba
c omme ba il d elle ’
. Ch on r . Fla n d r in D. ue .

Bal an ce L a t la nx a d ish the s ca le of a b al

. .
, ,

Et m itto ill
m m eam terram et m eu m
u m (fi l iu m ) et omn e a nce bila nx th e impl e m ent for wei g hin g co mp os ed
, ,

honorem et meos v iros qu ae D eu s m ihi d ed it in baj ulza d e '

of two d ishes or sc a l es h an g in g fro m a b e a m s u

p
D eo et d e s u is s an c tis &c Ut sint in ba g olza m D ei et d e
'

orte the m i dd le It bila nc za Sp ba la n za

'

,
.

p d in
S an c ta Mari a, &c — Testament Reg is Arragon A D
. . .
, ,

Pro v ba la n s ba la nza Fr ba la nce

. . . . .

109 9, in D ue .
.
, ,
. .

The chan ge from ?) to a may b e thro ugh the in

The Fr ba iller to h an d o v er fro m baj u la r e in
.
, , , flu enc e of the secon d a or it m ay b e fro m a fa lse ,

th e sense of mak in g one a b a il or k eeper of the re ference to the 0 Fr ba ler ba lozer Venet bala r e
'

. . .
, , ,

thin g h an d ed over g i v in g it into his ba il or control , . to move u p a nd d own to see sa w ,

-
.

Fin ally every on e to whom power wa s intr u ste d

, B al c on y B arb ic an Fro m the Persi an ba.
-
.

to exe cu te not on his own b eh alf wa s ca lle d a ba il la kha neh u pper ch a mb er An open chamb er over
, .

tf baj ulzu s or ba llivus fro m the re g ent of the em the ga te in the P ersi a n ca rav a nserais it still ca lled
'

, ,

pire (as we find in the ca se of Henry of Flan d ers : b y th a t n am e a ccord in g to Rich The term wa s ,
.

Principes b arones e t milites exer c it u s m e i mperii

,
then appli ed to the proj ectin g pl atfor m fro m which
Balliv u m eleg er u n t ) to the h u mb l e b a ili ff in h u s ”
s u ch a ch a mb er loo k e d d own u pon the o u ts id e .

b a n d ry wh o h as the ca re of a fa r m or the o fficer , As this b a lcony o v er the ga tewa y is precisely th e

wh o exec u tes the wri ts of a sh e ri ff . position of the ba r bic a n in a c a stle w a ll it is prob ,

B ail , 2 Ba il is also u se d in the sense of p ost or

. ab le tha t the l a tter n am e in M id L a t ba r ba c a n a ,
. .
,

ba r The ba ils were the ad v ance d posts set u p ou t

. is only a nother corr uptio n of the s ame word which
si d e the sol i d d efences of a town Fr ba ille bar . .
, g ive s u s ba lc ony If we co mp are the v a rio us mod e s .
68 BALD . BA L E .

of wr itin g the word fro m wh ence our b elfry is d e white mark on the face Th us the Fin p alias . .
,

rive d a nd especi ally the two belfr edum ber tef r edu m
, , , ,
ba l d is i d entifie d with Gr fi h og (p l ms; b ald fa ce d
, . a , a -

we sh all find nothin g sta rtlin g in the conversion of h a ving a white stre ak on the fa ce — D u blesse a . .
,

ba la kha neh into ba r ba c a na by persons by whom -

b la ze on the forehea d a b al d foreh ea d bles b al d , , ,
.

the ele ments of the word were not u n d ersto od . K il Ga el ball a spot or m ark ; Bret ba l a white
. .
, .
,

A ba rb ica n was a d efence b e fore a ga te ori gin ally , ,

mark on a n a ni mal s fa ce or the ani mal itsel f ’
, ,

d o ub tless a m ere projectin g win d ow fro m whence

,
whence the common n am e Ball for a c a rt horse in -

the entrance co ul d be d efen d e d or the persons a p , En gl an d A s the co mm on word for a ma rk of thi s

.

p r oac h ing s ubm itte d to inspection the wor d b ein g ,

kind is in E bla ze S w bla esa D a n blis the t e rm .
, .
,
.
,

prob ably b ro ught from the E a st b y the C ru sad ers . ba l in the s a me sense m ay prob ab ly b e i d entica l
, ,

Ba lcony is a mu ch l ater intro d u ction a n d h as a ccord , w ith Icel ba l a b la ze a funer al pile . G u d m the , , . .

ing ly b etter preserve d the tr u e form of the ori g in al . white mark on a dark gro un d b ein g co mp ared to a
[ A b a lc ony in th e E u rope a n sense of the term
, , fl am e G ael maol b al d ; ma ola n a b eacon Fin
,
.
, . . .

is certa inly n ot an Open cha mb er over a gate ” “

, p alla a to b u rn p a le b u rnin g p alia s b al d
, A ba ld , , , ,
.

a n d I am a w a re of n o a u thority for a ssi g nin g s u ch he ad is remar kabl e as smooth and shinin g .

a position to a ba r bloa n The b alc ony is everywhere /

.

His h ead was ba lled , and shon e as any las s Ch c r

g au e
a pl a t form on the o u tsi d e of a win d ow
.
”
.

as Rich
“
,

a r d son d efines it a n d the b a r bic a n except so meti m es , , B ald er d ash Id le senseless ta l k ; to b alder to . , ,

in old n av al ar chitect u re is a l w ays a n o u twork a u se co arse lan g uag e Halliwell W bald or d d z to '

-
, , . . .
,

t ete d e pont a l unette or a hornwork to cover the

, b abb le pra te or talk i dl y
, D u ba lder en to b a wl
,
. .
, ,

entr an ce to a c as tle an a ntemu r ale a s the M id L at , ,

. . m ak e an o u tcry to ro a r s ai d of the roa r of ca n , ,

wri te rs expl a in it a nd bu ilt su b sta nti ally on the , non cry of an elephant & c ; bold eren buld er en
, ,
.
, ,

sa m e l e v el a s the gate or b ri d g e it cover s Della . b l atera re d eb a c ch ar i m in a ri,

Kil Icel ba ldr a , .
-
. .
,

V a lle Pers ia Letter a IV s ays :

, ,
.
, b l a tera re D an b a ldr e to mak e a lo u d noise a s
,
.
, ,

In m o l cortil 3“ 3“ t f bb ri c ta com n p i
ez z a e s a a a e u a c
thu n d er the rollin g of a w agg on & c ; al so to scol d
, , .
,

col st na pa di m g lio lo g g i p rche ttorno c p rt

za, 0 er r e a, e a a e a
to mak e a d ist u rb a nce The fin al syll ab le seems to .

d t tt l p rte lt d t rr q nto e lto n

a u e e a mo c h, a a a e a ua a u uo , e express a contin ua tion of the s am e i d e a ; prov D an . .

i si s c nd p p in s c lini cop rt solo d i s pr l ‘

das k ch atter ta l k ; d ov d a sk ch atter fit to d e a ve

'

v a e e er a , e e a 0 a co -
, , ,
t tt 3“ 3“ it 3? G li chi m no b l h e c ioe c
e o . a a a ac an , asa
on e Bav d a tsc b noi s e of a blow with the O p en
p erche sono lto etc
. .

di sop r
,
a, a
h an d ; d ats chen to cl a p sma ck ta ttle ; Ga e l ba lla r t
.
, ‘

.
, , , ,

He a dd s th a t they were u se d a s reception roo ms noisy b oa stin g cl amou r ; ba lla r ta z ck balla r d a zck a
' '

-
, , , ,

sleepin g ap artments & c , . loud noise sho u tin g hooti ng The s am e ter min a
, , . r

The me anin g of the Persi a n word therefore , ,

tion in li ke manner expre sses contin ua nce of noise
affor d s little co u nten a nce to We d g woo d s d eri v a tion
’
in p la ba r ta l c k a contin u e d noise of w a ves g ently ,

of ba lc on none wh a te v er to th a t of ba r bic a n a n d b e a tin g on the shore u nintelli g i b le t a l k ; c lap a r ta z c/z

'

y , , , ,

with respect to the fo rm er wor d I am inclin ed to ,

a cl a ppin g or fl a ppin g of win g s Fro m the s am e .

a g ree with the writer of a n a rticle i n the Atl a ntic a n a lo gy wh ich ca u ses so many wor d s expressi v e of
,

Monthly wh o pre fers the etymology which Wedg

, the pl a shin g or motion of wa ter to b e applie d to
wood s ob se r v a tions on Ba l k s u ggest
’
M ] .
-
. rapi d or confu sed t al kin g ba lder d a sh is u se d to ,

B ald Formerly written ba lled ba llz d whence

. ,
'

,
si gni fy w ashy d rin k we ak liqu or , .

Richa rd son expl ains it as if it si gnifie d mad e ro u n d B al e 1 Grie f tro u b le sorrow AS bealo gen
. .
, , . .
, .

a n d s mooth li k e a ba ll The root howev er is too .

, ,
bea lwes to r ment d estr u ction wick e d ness ; Goth
, , , .

w id ely spre ad for s u ch a n explan a tion Finn bal va mes et wicked ness ; ba l v ez ns torm ent ; Ic el bol
' ' ‘

- -
. .
, , .
,

E s th on p a lj as n ak e d b are b al d ; L ap p uolj as b a re
.
, , , .
,
ca l a mity m isery D u ba l— d aed malefac tu m malefi
,
.
, ,

of trees ; D an bwld et u n fledged .

, . c iu m Pol bol a che p a in ; bolec Bohem boletz to
. .
, , , .
'

Besi d es si gnifyin g v oi d of h a ir b ald is u s ed in , a il to a che to g rie v e

,
bola wy sic k ill , W ba ll a , ,
. .
,

the sense of h a v in g a white ma rk on the face as in ,

plagu e a pestilence Perh a ps Icel bola a bub b l e
,
. .
, ,

the ca se of the common si gn of the ba ld f a c ed stag ,

b lister a b o il m ay exhi b it the ori gin a l d e v elop ment
, ,

an d the bal d c ool a b l a ck b ir d with a conspic u o u s

-
, of the si g nific a tion a boil or b la in b ein g ta ke n a s ,

excrescence of white skin abo v e its b e ak G blass , .

'

the type of sickness p a in and ev il in g enera l , , .

en te bliis s Izu kn a lso the b a ld kite or b u zza rd Fr R uss bolya t to b e ill to grieve ; bolyal ckka a ’
- -
, , , . . .
, , ,

cheval bellef a ce — N or dfoss in v blas ty Ba ld . .

'

. pu stu le .

fa c ed white face d, Ha lliwell The re al i d entity

-
. . 2 A p a cka g e of g oo d s
. S w bal It balla Fr . . . .

of the word ba ld in the two sens e s is witnesse d balle bal a b all or p ack i e goo d s p acke d up in to a
, , ,
. .

b y the a n a lo g y of the Sl av onic l an g u a ge s Pol . . rou n d or comp a ct mas s S ee Ba ll . .

Boh em lysy b al d m ark e d wit h a white stre ak ;

.
, , T o B al e out water S w ba lj a D an ba lls . .
,
.
,

Pol lysin a Bohe m lysyn a a b al d p a te a nd a lso a D u ba a lz e Bret ba l ; G a el b a lla n a p a il or tub ;

'

. .
, , , .
,
. .
,
 BALK . BALL . 69

G ba lge a wash in g tub p erhap s from ba lg a skin wor d for both is th e same it is tru e b ut the Ice
.
,
-

, , , , ,

a w a ter sk in b ein g the e a rli est ve s sel for h ol d in g

- la ud ie bdlkr a p a rtition or d iv is ion which W edg , ,

woo d su pposes to corre spon d to E ba lk a ri dg e is .

, ,

Hence D an balle D u ba alt en to e mp ty ou t w a ter not neces sa rily h a rdl y even p rob ably id entica l with
'

.
,
.
, , ,

with a bowl or p a il to b al e out In lik e manner Icel bi alki a b ea m

,
.
.
,
.

Fr bac queter in the s ame s en se from ba c qu et a

.
,
Aga in with the cl umsy implements of prim itive , , ,

p a il .
ag ric u lt u re ba lks in plo u hin
g g m u st h a ve b een very ,

T O Bal k To balk is to pa ss over in plow in g to frequ ent and they d ou btless h ad a cqu ire d a n ame
. , ,

lea v e a thin g un acco mplishe d to d is appoint ski p b efore la n d b ec ame v al u ab le eno u gh to nee d to b e
, ,

e v er .
mark e d by re gu l a r bo u n d aries an d h ence the sense ,

F o so w ell n o m an h lt th e p lo w
r
T hat it n b lk th other while
of p a rtition is a la ter m e a n in
a g of ba lk th a n th a t of
e a e a cci d enta l omission which is possi bly the rad ic al
, ,

N e o w ell ca n n o m n afi le
s me a nin g of the word
His tong e th t s omty me in j ap e
H im m ay s m li g ht word u es ea pe
a There is however a more .
, ,
a
famili a r root fro m which the wor d is prob ab ly d e
o Gow er in R rived n amely tha t discu sse u n er
o r
Bu l g e Ba lk
. .

d d , , .

A ba lk then is the sep ar ation b e tween one di in plo u ghin g is in Prov D an bu lk ev id ently the
, , , . .
, ,

v is ion of a thi n
g a n d a nother the p a rtition over s a m e wor d a s the P l D b ult a hillock
, a n d b oth . .
, ,

which you mu st skip in p a ssin g fro m one d i v ision to word s ar e u se d al so to si gnify a l u mp or clod w h ich ,

the other and s p eci a lly a ri d g e of green sw a rd le ft i s precisely the rad ical notion of ba lk n amely a
, , ,

b y d esi g n b etween d i fferent occ u p ancies in a co mmon la r g e lu m p or clo d of g ro u n d u nb ro k en by the

fiel d . H a l liwell Ice l balkr the d i vision b etween plo ugh The PI D bol t a h u mmock in a low
.
, ,
. . .
,

the sta lls in a cow ho u se S w ba lka to p artition me ad ow is d oub tless another form of the s a me root
-
. .
, , ,

off a nd the i d e a of b ul in or swellin ro n d e d pro m i

.
g g g u ,

n en c e a ppe a rs to b e the pri mary m e a nin

T his third th e m erry D iaz ome we c ll g of all a ,

A bord er c ity thes two coasts remo in g thi s n umero u s a n d w id ely d i ffu se d family of word s
e v , .

Whi ch li ke b lk with hi c b ild d w ll a a T h e form s deboys ckatas ca rve d or en g r a ve d a nd

s ros s - u e a ,
, ,
D isp rts th e t erms of anger n d of lo in g
a a
debuxa tus d esi gne d in D uca n g e the la tter e v i d ent ly
v .

Fl t her in R e
c
.
, , ,

id entic al with the mo d ern Sp clibaj o g ive so m e .

,

Then a s it a ppe ars fro m the rese mb la nce in co u nten a nce to the s u pposition of G énin th a t the
, , ,

sh ape to a b al k in a plo u g he d fi e l d the te r m is Fr bois O Fr bos i s the root of eba uc/zer b ut , .

,
. .
,
’

a pplie d to a hewn b e a m S w ba lk D a n bz wlke

'

D ie z s d eri v a tion which re fers these words a s wel l

’
. .
, , , , ,

Pic a rd ba uq u e a nd in French for the l i k e re as on as the Ita li a n bozzo etc to a co mmon ori g in with
.
, , ,
.
,

the m o d ern bosse a h u mp lump or projection is at

’

to a co u rse of b rick s ba uc ke ; eba uc ker to ro u g h , , , , , ,

hew to h ew into the form of a b e a m The ba lks l e ast as probab le as the v ie w t aken in the text
,
. .

a r e th e b e a ms of which the roof is co m o se d Most etym olo g ists I th in k will fi nd it m ore d if

p .
, ,

ficu l t to b elie v e th a n to d o ub t th a t b alk is id en ti ,

“
,
His owen han d th n mad e lad d ers three ca l with It v a lc a r e va lic a r e va r c a r e to p a ss over
a ”

T c lim b n b y t h e r n g es f t h e talk e
o e
Unto th e t ubbe hon g in g in th b lk
.
, , , ,
a o s s
a n d the L a tin v a r ic a r e to stri d e wil l b e a ccepte d a s
C hau cer
s e a es . .
, ,

the so u rce of the Ita li a n v erb which so ne a rly cor

A h ay loft is prov inci ally ter me d t/ze ba lks
-
respon d s to it u nti l stron ger e v i d ence is p ro d uce d ,

( H al liwell
) b eca u se s it ua te d a mon g
, the r a fters th a n yet ap p ea rs in b eh alf of the Gothic b alk . .

H ence a lso prob ab ly the Ita l ba lc o or p a lc o a s ca f M ] .

, ,
.

fol d ; a lo ft lik e erection s u pporte d u pon bea ms

-
Ball B al l ad — B all et It ba lla r e to da nce . .
-
. . .
, ,

We c annot d ou b t th at ba lk is i d ent ical with It fro m the more genera l notion o f m o v in g u p and .

va lc a r e va lic a r e v a r c a r e to p as s o v er which Diez

, , d own M id L a t b a lla r e h u c e t illu c inclin a re
, , . . .
, ,

wou l d d eri v e from L at va r ic a r e to stri d e ; b u t it v a cilla re . Ug utio in D u e Venet ba la r e to rock,

. . .
, ,

is pl a in th a t b a lk c a nnot be d eriv e d fro m v a lea r e to s ee — saw O Fr ba ler ba loier to w a v e to mo v e , . . .

, , , ,

while the Ita lia n wor d mi ght e a sily ha v e a risen to stir ; ba ler d es ma ins pl a u d ere ma nib us ( D iet ,
.

fro m a Gothic so u rce Etym ) as to da nce wa s plau d e re pe dibu s

. . .

[ Be ams for ho u ses were in u se an d mu st h av e

J b n o f t cok s ( k ex o re d ) no rosi u
,
o u e a r e a
h ad a n ame lon g b efore the plo u g h was in v e nte d
Q ui au vent se to rn et b l i
, ,
u e a o e .

a n d it is therefore an inversion of the n a t u ra l or d er

of d eri v ation to s u ppose th a t ba lk a b e a m wa s s o It ba lla r e to sh ake or j og to da nce Hence ba llo , ,

.
, ,
.
, ,

c alled b ec a u se it rese mb le d a n u nplo u ghe d ri d ge a d ance a ba ll Ba lla ta a d a nce also a son g s un g , ,

.
, ,

nor in d ee d is there any su ch res emb la nce b etween in d ancin g (perh aps in the inter val of d a ncin g) a ,

the two obj ec ts tha t the one is li kely in a ny cas e to b alla d Fr ba llet a s cene ac te d in da n cin g t he , ,
. .
, ,

ha ve g iven n ame to th e oth er The Anglo S axon ba llet of the the atres .
-
.
70 BALL . BALLAST .

prob ably an old C eltic word Bret baJea

’

It is . .
,
h a ps wor d for wor d an Ord in ance of th e ye ar
n ot ,

to wal k ba le the a c t of w al kin g or move m ent of 1 4 5 4 write the wor d ba r la s t a form which a ccor d
’

, , , , , ,

on e wh o w al ks .
in g to the r u l e s of D a nish orthoepy ca n h a r d ly b e ,

Ball — B all oon . B al l ot It ba lla p a lla .

-
. .
, ,
a corr u ption of ba la s t
g .

Sp ba la Fr ba lle a b all of which ba floon is the

.
,
.
, ,
The context of th e pa ss age in th e D a nsk Soret
a u ment a tive b ll t a little b all the d i m in u tive ab ove referre d to in whi c h the wor d occ u rs in the
g a o , , ,
.
,

Another form of the d i min u tive g i v es Fr p elotte a .

, p a rticip ial form le a ves the me a nin g d isp u t ab le and
, ,

h a n d b all p eloton a cl u e of thre ad & c ; E p ellet a

-

, , ,
. .
, it may si g n ify ba llas ted h av in g t ak en in ballas t or , , ,

small b all . possib ly l a d en h av in g t ak en in c ar go

, ,

With It p afla mu st b e cl asse d L a t p ila a ball

. .
, , Kommer Schiff til S tad en B ro eller L a ndf st at s chibbe z s e e

a n d its d im p ilula a pill Nor c an we sep arate the g oo d s u p d s ch ll e s ch ifl om b l tid e om fore li g g er

‘

. . , a u s a r as r, s
, , ,

forms with the vowel o ; Sp bola a b a ll a b owl v d leg g e c c g itfu e ru m d en, so m v p s c hibb e v il . 10 .
.
, , ,

Fr bou le a ball and th e d im b ou let a b u llet ; D u

.
, , .
,
. If a vessel comes to the city wh a rf to u nl a d e a ny -
,

bol bell e a glob e or sphere a n d speci ally the he a d ;

, , ,
ship which is ba lla sted [ or perh aps l a d en ] a nd lies ,

bolleken c apit u l um ; bol bolleken the b u lb of a n

, , ,
in the way shal l move ou t an d g i v e pl ac e to the
,

onion ; p olle p ol p olleken the he ad or top of any , , ,

ship which wishes to u nl ad e It sho u l d b e a dd ed .

thin g . th a t op skibe is a lso equ ivoca l a s it sign ifies both to ,

skip g o od s
B all ast D an bag les t The first syllabl e of this
. .
-
.
(by li ghterag e) an d to u n ship or d is , ,

word h as g i v en a g r eat d e al of tro ub le It is e x . ch a rg e The l atter is h ere d o ub tless the tru e

.

pl a ine d ba ck by Ad el u n g b ec au se a s he s ays the , , , ,

m e a nin g .

b all as t is p u t in the hin d e r p ar t of the ship But . Bu t it is mu ch more pro bab le th a t in this insta nce
the hol d is n ever ca lled the b a c k of the ship The . the me anin g of ba r la stid is the ord in a ry on e of h av
tru e expl an a tion is g i v en by the Pro v D an bag lees . .
-

,
ing ta k en in ba llas t an d b ein g ther efore in a con d i ,

the b a ck loa d or comp a ra ti v ely worthless lo a d on e

-

,
tion to m ove ou t into the stream with s afety an d ,

b rin gs b a ck fro m a pl a ce with an e m pty w aggon . this op inion is confirme d by t wo p a ss ag es in a n O r

When a ship d ischarge s if it fails to ob ta in a retu rn ,
d in anc e of Kin g Don Jau me I of Ar agon of th e .
,

ca rg o it is force d to t ak e in stones or s an d to pre

, ,
ye a r 1 2 5 8 C a pmany II 2 4 , , . .

serve equ ilibrium This is the b a ck lo a d or ba lla s t .

-
, D omi n s n is c j libet v el ligni et n u tae atqu e mari
u av u us ,
a

of a ship an d hence the n am e h as b een exten d ed to

, n ar ii eoru n d e m n on dimittant v el d es emp ar en t n avi m vel

the a d d ition of he av y ma teri als pl a ce d a t th e b ottom li g num 3* q o s q e m rc s omn s 3* 3“ sint d i u u u e e e s

of a n or d in a ry ca rg o to k eep the b a l a nce

c ri ca tas in terra et quo s q e ip s n is v el li gn m sit
a , u u a av u

I
.

sa on ta et o m ej ta
a r a . .

T hewhol am nt carri d by th e c n l lines in 18 54 Shal l not le a ve the ship u nti l th e oo d s a r e dis

e ou e a a

was l ss th n e tons n d th is was chi fly carri ed a

a a
g e s
—
b k l d ing fo w ant of other fr ei g ht
ac oa — R eport Penn ylv
,
chr
a r g e d a n d the ship ba llas ted
,
& c the tak in g in
s .
, ,
.
,

R 18 54 of b a lla s t or he a v y frei ht i mm e d i ately a fter the

. .
Ba lla s t inu tilis sarcin a Kil
g
v essel was li g htene d b
y d isch a rg ing b ein g necess a ry
,
for h er s a fety There is a nother provision to the . . .

[ This etymolo gy tho u gh very pl a u si ble is I s am e effect i n X the word there b ein g written
, , ,
.
,

thin k u nso u n d It is not tr u e a s a g enera l r u le saor r ata inste ad of saona ta which in

,
. is prob , , , , ,

tha t ho m ew ard boun d ships s a il witho ut c a rg o or in ab ly a m isprint for saor rata Neith er for m is in
-

,
.

ballas t m ore freq u ently th a n o u tw a rd b o u n d a nd D uc a ng e or C a rp enti er b u t the wor d is e v i d ently

,
-
, ,

therefore ba ck loa ding is not a n appropri a te d esi gn a fro m the L at s abu rra a nd its me anin g see ms to b e
-
.
,

tion for the hea vy material which is e mploye d to cle a r C a p ma ny however u n d erstan d s it to si gni fy .
, ,

d isch a rg e d of b a ll a st an d tr a nsl a tes it des las tr a a as

”
ste ad y s ea goin g vessels -
.
,
’
,

The word is of recent intro d u ction into all the which i s certa inly an erroneo u s interpreta tion .

l an g u ages which u s e it a nd the secon d elem ent in The form beballa stet which I ha ve not m et w ith
, ,

the co mpo u n d la st h as b een t aken with o u t d ispu te elsewhere occu rs in the Pl D te x t of th e See
‘

. .
, , , , ,

to b e the Gothic la st b u rd en a wor d Teu tonic in Recht of Fre d eric II A D 1 5 6 1 Westph alen , ,
.
, . .
, ,

ori gin tho ugh i t h as b een intro du ce d into the Ice IV col 1 8 3 3 in a p rov ision correspon d in g to th a t
,
. .
,

l au d ie a s well a s the mo d ern Swe d ish an d D an j u st cite d an d which it serves to expl a in

, ,

ish The D a nish form bag la s t is qu i te mo d ern and

.
N een Bo sman s ch l si c k s ched n n symen s chip per , s a e va ,

may h av e ori g in a te d in a confu sion with ba g lws wenn d t S chip in d en H v en kahm n is ehr id t is g elo ,
a a e , s

b a ck lo a d in g set n d afitac k el t un d wed e iimb b b ll t t

-
A l l the ol d er a u thorities a s Pe d er .
,
u ,
r e a as e .

s en 1 5 1 0 the O res u n d T a ri ff of 1 5 5 8 the G amm el Pa lsgr av e gi ves ba las t of a sch yp pe Fr lestag e 9,

,

D ansk S eret printe d in the 6 th vol u m

.
, , , ,

e of the N y bu t the wor d is not c o mmon in e a rly En glish writ ers

, .

D a nsk Ma ga in fro m a man u script of th e s ixteenth S a bu rr a is expl a ined by la s tag e in the Pictori al V o
z

cent ury an d H v itfe ld t 1 65 2 p 8 5 9 citin g b u t per c abulary in N at Ant I 2 7 5 and Richa rd son s first
, , ,
.
, ,
. . .
,
’
 BALLAST . BAM BOO Z LE . 7 1
l

exampl e of ba lla st is from H ackluyt We find .

,
n ishes a prob able explan at ion of the u se of ba lla s t
t h en neither in the D anish and En glish ori gin al
,
in th e dialect of c iv il en gineering for filling in with ,

forms of ba lla st nor i n the appropri a te sense of the ,

smal l stones and g ra v el — M ] . .

word any s u pport for the d eriv ation bag la st ba ck

,
-
,
B all a ster Fr ba lla str es ba llister s (corru ptly
. .
,

l oa d in g a n d the ori g in an d me a nin g of the first syl

, ba n n ister s when pl a ce d as g ua rd to a sta irca se) little ,

l able still re ma ins u nexpl a ine d . rou n d and short pilla rs r an ke d on the o u tsi d e of ,

An anonymo u s contri bu tor A D J in De Jager s ,

. .
’
cloisters te r ra ces galle ries & c
, C otg r S a i d to ,
‘

, . .

N ieu w A r ch ief I 4 7 9 proposes a new expl an a tion

, .
,
b e fro m ba la us tia the flower of the p o meg ra n a te , ,

of the first ele ment of the wor d Ba lg in Nether . the ca lyx of which h a s a d o ub le c u rvat u re si mil a r to
l a nd ish is the e qu i v a lent of bu ik the h ull or hol d of ,
th a t in which b al u s te rs a r e commonly mad e But .

a shi
p a n d the writer in q u estion s u ppose s ba lla s t
, su ch rows of small p i ll a rs were d o ub tles s in u s e
to b e the l a d in g whether of v a l uab le c a rg o or m ere
, b efore th a t p artic u la r for m wa s gi v en to the m The .

he av y rubbish which i s pl a ce d in the hol d of the, Sp ba r a uste fro m ba r a or va r a a r od see m s the

.
, , ,

vessel In s u pport of this O pinion w h ich i s not

.
,
origin al form of the wor d of which ba la us tr e (an d ,

h a tily to b e r ejecte d h e cites two in sta nces of the

s
, thence the Fr ballas tr e) is a corru ption a n a logo u s .
,

form ba lg las t one fro m a n old d rama C rispyn en

, , to wh a t is seen in It ber tesc a ba ltr es c a a b a ttle .
, ,

C r isp iaa n the other fro m Ja n V os a writer of the

, , m ent ; L a t a r tica Venet oltrig a a nettle
.
,
.
,
.

s eventeenth cent u ry Were these au thorities two . Sp b a r a n da r a ilin g aro u n d alta rs fonts b al con ies
.
, , , ,

cent u ries ol d er they wo u ld b e al most d ecis ive b u t

, , & c ; ba r a n da a o s eries of b a l u sters b al u strad e ;
.
’
, ,

they a r e too mo d e r n to be so consi d ered Ten Kate .

, ba ra ndilla a smal l b a l ustrad e s mal l ra ilin g
, ,
.

A enleid in g II 1 4 3 a fter d efinin g b oke bev ke bu ik

, .
, , , , [ The Sp ba r a n d a or r ather ba r a n da olo a p ar ti
.
, ,

venter al v u s n av is c on ca v itas gives as d eri v ati v e s

, , , c ip ial for m see m s to b e the so u rce of th e En glis h
,

over b uiken an d ver bu iken onera re ventre m s ab u r v er a n da which the d iction a ries tre a t a s of Orient a l
, , ,

rare These v erb s ar e I b el ie v e n ot now cu rrent

.
, , ori gin In O ld C a t al an th e correspon d in g b a r a n d a t
.
,

in D utch a t le a st in a ny su ch sense a n d I a m not

, , was u se d in th e precise sense which we now give to
su re whether s aburr a r e i s u se d in this d efinit ion fi ver a n d a a n d not si mply in th a t of a ra ilin g S ee
g ,
.

u r a tiv el
y w ith re ference to the h u ma n stom ac h or , a p a ss a g e cite d from th e Priv V al en tiaz in my .
,

with the l ite ral m e anin g to ba lla s t Pl au tu s u ses , . note on the word Awnin g .

the p articiple of s a bur r a r e in the sen se of cramme d

w ith food a nd Ben Jonson E v ery M a n ou t of his E nuan na q u e in vu l g ri a n u n c u p antu r ba r d d ats si v e ex
, ,
i s
d e d omoru m
H u mor Third So u n d in g h as : when his b elly is
.

“
, ,

well ballac t and his b r a in ri gge d a little

’

, Bu t if .
”
If however ver a n da c a n b e shown to b e an E a st
, ,

ver ba iken h ad in D u tch t h e liter al m e a nin ern wor d it will f ollow th a t th e O ld C atala n ba r a n
g of ba l ,

la s ting a ship it wo uld stron gly confir m the d eriv a da t Sp ba r a n aa ba r a n d a d o were more prob ab ly
’
, ,
.
, ,

tion of balla s t fro m balg F u rther rese a rch in the . ta ke n fro m it th a n d erive d from b a r a or m m .

Gothic liter a tu re of the sixteenth centu ry w ill p rob M ].

a b ly en ab le u s to d e c i d e the u estion B al m , Bal sam Fr ba u me from L at bals a

q .
. .
,
.

As I ha ve ob serve d it h a s b een ta ken for gr an te d , mu m Gr fi l y ,

a fr ag ra nt g u m
. a oa ov
, .

th at the fin al syll ab l e la s t is the Gothic la st b u rd en , , Baltic The Ba ltic sea ma re Ba lticum In 0

. ,
. .

b u t lest la s tag e la str e etc a re a s ol d in the R0

, , ,
.
, S w calle d Beelt as two of th e entra nces a r e stil l
.
,

mance a s ba lla st in the Gothic la n gu ag es an d the

, , calle d the Gre at an d Little Bel t The au thorities .

Me d iterrane a n n a vi ga tors a r e by no m e a ns lik ely a r e not ag ree d a s to the g ro u n d s on which the n a m e

to hav e b orrowe d a word of thi s sort fro m the is giv en .

North It is worth noticin g as a c u rio u s a nd sug

.
T O Bam To m ak e fun of a person A ba m . .
,

g es tiv e an a logy th a t in Sp a n ish la s tr e si g nifi e s not

, , a false tale or je e r Br et ba mein to ench a nt d e . .
, ,

only ba lla s t bu t al so the w a ste stone from a qu a rry : c eive en d or m ir p a r d es contes

,
Ba mou r en ch an .
,

Pie d ra tosc a a nch a y d e po c o gru eso q u e est a en

, , ter sorce r e r d ecei v er
, ,
.

la su p erficie d e la c a ntera la c ua l no es s prop osito , T O B am b oozl e, to d ecei v e mak e fun of a p er ,

”
p ara l ab r a rse This p recisely d escri b es th e mate
.
son .

ri al genera lly u sed for ba llas t a nd this or som e a llie d ,

root may b e the so u rce of the secon d e lement of the Th r e e are a s et of llows they call banterers fe a nd ba m
b ooz lers that p l y s ch tri cks — Arb thnot in R
a u u .

word we ar e consi d erin g The Ita li an las tr ar e a

.

.
,

cogn ate word is d efine d metter nell a n ave a s u olo

, Sc . bu mba z ed, p u zzle d a stonished , .

l e merc a nz ie a g u is a di l a stre to stow mercha n ,

”

d ise on shipboa r d layer b Bumba zed th e g u d eman g lowr ed a wee

y la yer li k e p a vin g , ,
Sy n h nt th W ll c
e e e a a e
’
by t h e h an ;
sl ab s an d in the S icili an d i a lect we h a ve ba la ta
, , It s h it
’
b n n e, ca n e a e b ut h e !
l a s tra la pi d e In a ny e v en t the Sp anish la s tre fur
, .
, T h e gud e wi fe on h er kn ees h ad fa u n .
— Ja mi eson .
7 2 BA N . BA N D .

Perha ps fro m bu m to h um an d D u ba ese n d elirare , ,

.
,
ba n don, at his own d iscretion OE ba ndon
. . was
to confuse with noise ; ver ba esen s tup efa c er e se d in the s ame sense ,
u . See Ab a n don .

a t tonitu m r edd c r e Or ba mboo le may b e a mixt ure .

O n cq es P cell d e p a ig e z
u u e ra

of ba rn a n d th e D u v er ba es en N e t d im t l b d n q e j i ’ ’ ’
. . u a er e an o u a ,

T O Ban To pro cl aim comman d forb i d d e C a j i d e m n p ere co g i e

’
r a o u

D e f ire ami et d etre imé —R R

. , , ,
’
a a e.
no u nce c u rse ,
.
. .

The pri miti v e me anin g of the word see ms to Never ma i d en of hi g h b irth h ad s uch power or
ha v e b een to s ummons to the a rmy In the c om fre ed o m of lo v in g as I h av e . .

m encemen t of the fe ud a l ti m es all male inh ab ita nts

L es saig es avait et les fols
were in genera l requ ire d to g ive person al a tten da nce C omm n ém nt a n b d n — R R u e so an o . . .

when the kin g pl a nte d his ba nner in the field a nd ,

sent ro un d a notice tha t his s ubjects were s ummone d Tr ansl a te d b y C haucer ,

to jo in h im aga inst the ene my

Gr t loos h th Largesse n d great pris .

ea a a e,

H e as ky t of th e Kyn g Fo both th e wis e fo lk nd n wis r a u e

T il h v e th e a ward of hi b ata y l
a v Were Wholl y t h b nd n b ght s ,
o er a o rou ,

Q uh a t thai w r w ld it as y le
ev er a e a sa ,

Th t h e an d his s ld ha e l w y s
a i e were b ro ugh t u n d er her power or co mma n d
u v a a . . .

Q uh n th at th e kin g ld B n e y B an d , 1 Tha t with wh ich a nythin g is b ou n d

su a a re ra s .
. .

W yn t n v 1 9 1 5 AS ba n d Goth ba n di Fr ba nde It ba n d a Fro m ou ,

. . .

. . .
.
, , , .

Now this ca llin g ou t of the p u b lic force wa s c alle d the verb to bind Goth bin da n ba n d ba n d un Spe ,
.
, ,
.

b a n n ir e in kos tem ba nnir e in exer cita m p op u lu m in c ially a pplie d to a n arrow s trip of cloth or si mil a r
, ,

kostem c onvoc a r e ba n nir e exe cita m in Fr ba n ir m a teri a l for b in d in g or s w a thin g

, ,
hence a stripe or
r , .

l ou s t ; AS theod sc ip e a t a ba n n a n
’
. In L ay amon stre ak of d i fferent colou r or ma terial In I t ba n d a . . .

we consta ntly find the ex p ression he ba nn ede his the term is a pp l ie d to the strip of a nythin g lyin g on ,

fer de he assemb l ed his host The expression seems the e dg e or shore a co as t si d e region G ba n de
, .
, , , . .
,

to a rise fro m Ba nn in the sense of stan d a r d flag bord e r ma rg in , , ,

.

ensi g n (see Banner) The ra isin g of the Kin g s B an d , 2 t o B an d y In the next pl a ce Ba n d

.
’
. .

b anner ma rk e d the p l ace of a sse mb ly a nd the pri m is applie d to a tr oop of sol diers a n u mb er of per , ,

itiv e me a nin g of b a nn ir e wa s to c al l the peop le to sons a s soci a te d for som e common p u rpose It Sp . . .

the Ba nn or stan d a rd The term wa s then a pplie d b a n da Fr ba n de There is so m e d o ub t how thi s

.
,
. .

to s u mmonsin g on any other p u b lic occa sion and si gnifica tion h as ari s en It s ee ms ho we v er to h a ve ,
.

thence to any procl a mation whether by way of in b een d eveloped in the Romance l a n g uag es a nd , ,

j u nction or forb i dd al ca nnot b e explained s imply as a b od y of person s

.

bound together for a certai n end It h as p l ausi bly

S i q is legib in tilitate m R gi s si e in h ste (to th e b e e n d ed uced from M id L at ba nnu m or ba n d a m
.

u us u e v o

host o rmy ) si e in eliq m u tilitatem b it f it

r a v r ua a nn us uer
. .
,

—L eg Rip u
,

e tc . . ar .
the sta n d ar d or b anner which form s the r al lyin g
point of a co mp any of soldi ers
xili m S i en ardi d e toto regno B gun
.

E x c it um in er au u s ur

di b i p it F d i — S i q is m armis ba n Band s s y s M
ae p
a nn re g raec e re e ar us u cu
tori D iss 26 tun e (in th e 9 th c en
.

u a ur a
ni tu s f erit et n on M g A D 8 13
.
, , ,
en e it C ap itul C
u v
tury ) nunc p b at leg io a b nd h e es t v xill o
r . . ar . a . . . .

u a ur a a, o e .

S e il a en i t q e l Roy ch
v s h t t b ni contre les
u e e v auc a a os a

e nn emis d e la Croix — A ss is s d Jerus l m .

So in Swiss fa hn e a co mp any fro m fa hn e th e en
e e a e . , , , ,

s ig n or ba nner Sp b a n d er a is a lso u se d in b oth

Fe ce b d i h t g enerale per t tto l r gno — John senses Fr ens ei n e the colo u rs u n d er which
. .
’
an re os e u e .

V i ll ni in D ca nge
a u .
g a . .
,

b an d or comp any of footm en serve a lso the b an d or ,

I n li ke m anner we fi nd b a nn ir e a d p la c ita a d mol co mp a ny itself — Cotgr ,

. .

en d in u m & c s u mmonin g to serv e a t the Lord s But if this were the tru e d eriv a t ion it wo ul d be a ’
.
, ,

co u r ts to b rin g corn to b e g ro u n d a t his mill & c s in gula r ch an ge to the feminin e g en d er in Ba n da

, , . .

Thu s the wor d acq uire d the sense of proc l amation The re al cou rs e of d e v el opm ent I b eli e v e to be as ,

exta nt in Sp an d It ba nde a nd in E ba nns of mar seen i n Sp ba n da s id e then p a rty faction t h ose

. .
, . .
, , , ,

ri ng e In a S peci al sense the term was a pplied to who si d e to g ether (ban d e p a rti l i g u e — Tab o ada )
.
, , .

the p ub lic d en u nc ia tion by eccl esi astica l a u thority ; Ba n dea r to form p a rties to u n ite with a b an d It , , . .

S w ba nn exco mmunic a tion ; ba nn lysa to excom

.
, ban da r e to si d e or to ba n d y ( Florio) to ban dy -

, , ,

m u nica te (lys a to p ub lish ; ba nn a to repro v e to b ein ex l a ine d in the other p art of the d ict ion a ry
) , g p , , ,

ta ke one to ta sk to chi d e to c u rse E to ba n , to foll ow a fa ction To ba ndy te ner d a a lc uno

, , . . .
, ,

In Fr b a n d on the si gnifica tion was so mewha t sostener i1 p a rtito d alc u n o — T orr iano
.
’
. .

further d e v elope d p assin g on fro m procl ama tion ,

Unn mbered as th e s an d s u
to co mman d p ermission power a uthority A son
, O f B arca or Gy re ne s to rri d soil
, , .
’
,
 BANDITTI . BANK . 73

L i d t id with w rring wind s

ev e o s e a ,
an d p ois e sl ay wit h wha ck Co mp ar e al s o L at lced er e to
, .

Th ir li ght r wing s — Mi lt n in R
.
,
e e o
h u r t with illzd er e c ollz der e to s tr i ke
' '
. .

, , , .

King s h war h w th y id th m l
ad nd m k
ne ed be e o e s e e s e ves , a a e
T O Ban g A n i mita tion of th e so un d of a b lo w
. .

them sel es of a fac ti on o p rty fo le g es within th

v as r a ,
r a u e T h u s we s p eak of a thi n g fal l i n g b an g ! u pon on e .

state e e er p erni ci o s to m n rchy — B con in R

ar v u o a . a . T o ba ng th e d oo r to sh u t it wit h a lo ud n oi se , .

Fr to join in le a g u e with others a gainst

ba n der , ac n a b ng With m n y tifl thw k m y a a s
‘

, a a ,

H H d b tree nd ld i n ng
.

C otgr se re u nir s as socier se join d re

. Roq u e c a ’o o dib as ar ra r ra . u r .

,
.
, ,

fort I t is in th is sense that the word i s u se d by

. S w bang s tir t umul t ; m ed b uller och b ang .
, ,
“ ”
,

Ro meo .
t u mu ltu ou sly ; bangas to make a s ti r ; ba nka to ’

, ,

D raw Ben oglio b eat d wn their w eap ons v kn o ck to p ummel . o : , .

,

Gentl m n fo sh me f rb r this o tr gee e , T h e ad ditio n of a n i n iti al 3 g iv es S c s a ng a

r a , o
p ea u a , .
,
T ib al t Merc tio th e Prin ce x p r ssly ha th sp r i n
g ; E sp a nk to sla p with th e op en h and to d o
, u , e e .
,
Forb i dd en b ndyi g in Verona str eets a t h in
a n
,

g with vio lenc e a s to go alon g a t a sp a nking

.

The prince h ad forb i dd en fa ction fi ghtin g Sp ba n p a c e . .

.

d ea r to ca b al to fo m ent fa ctions follow a p a rty

, ,
T h e S u su a lan gu ag e of th e W of A fr i ca h as ,
. , .
,

The n am e of ha ndy is g i v en in En glish to a gam e ba ng ba ng to d r iv e in a nai l , .

in which the pl ay e rs a r e divi d e d into two s id es e ac h T O Ban ish Ban dit F r o m M id L at ba n ,

.
-
. . .

'

n z r e ba n d ar e
'

of which tries to d r i v e a woo d en b a l l with b ent to p r o cl a i m d en o u nc e was fo r med , , , ,

th e 0 F r c o mpo u n d f or ba nn ir ba nn ir e or a s to
stick s in opposi te directions ( f )
.
. .
-
,

p u b li cly o r d er one ou t of th e r ealm and th e s i m ple ,

Th od i ac is th e line th e shootin g stars
e z
ba nn z r was u sed in th e sam e s en se wh en c e E: ,
'

Whi ch in an ey bri ght nin g s m to f ll

.
,
e ev e ee a
ba n ish ,

A e nothin g b t th e b lls th y los e t h ndy

.

r u a e a a .

F r o m th e s ame v er b t h e It p ar ti c iple ba n d zto '

B r wer L ingua in R e ,
. .
.

s i gn ifi es o n e d en o u n ced or p r o cl a i m ed u t u n d er
p ,

Fr ba n der to d ri v e the b all from si d e to si d e a t th e b an of th e law a nd h e nce in th e same way tha t

.
, , ,

Tennis Hence the expr ession of b a n dyin g word s E outla w came to si gnify a r obb er It ba n dz m ao
.
,
.
,
.
' '

retortin g in l an guag e li k e pl ayers sen d in g the b all qu i r ed th e l i ke si g n ifi ca tio n F or ba n m ta s is u sed in .

'

fro m si d e to si d e a t ba n dy or tennis Diez wo u l d th e L eges Rip u ar in th e s en s e of a pi ra t e D i ez . . . . .

expl ain Sp ba n dea r Pro v ba n d eia r in the sense T h e wo r d is in B so mu c h a sso c i a te d wit h th e n o

.
,
.
, .

of w a v in g li ke a b a nner in the win d tio n of a ba n d of r obber s t h a t we a r e i n cli ned to .

,

u n d er s ta n d it as s i nifyi n
g g p er so n s ba n ded to e t h e r
L o e tan d ar d d es tz contra l v ent ba n i n s
s s s r sa g ’
o a
.

[ Th e Mid L a t a ba nn a tzo b an i s h men t for a y ear

.
'

. .
, ,

Bu t it is cert a in th a t the Sp ba n dea r in on e of its d e d u c ed by s o me fr o m a nn us s u gge st s a po s s ib l e .

, ,

senses a t le ast is fro m ba n d a a si d e to tra v erse ety mo logy for ba nzs/z M ]

’

. .
, , ,

to penetr ate fro m si d e to si d e Another m eanin g Bank — Benc h T h e la tt er fo r m h a s c o me to . .

i e n b T a b o d a is b ri mb ler seco er n u s fr o m A S been c e th e

“
fo r mer fr o m F r ba n c a
g v
y a a u p ar u ,
.
, .
,

b ra nle reitere to sh a ke b a ck w a rd s a n d forw a r d s to b en c h b ank s ea t ; ba n c a o s a ble a s a n d b a n k

”
,
It , , ,
’
,
-
. .

swin g to a n d fro fro m si d e to s i d e ba n c o p a n c a a b en c h a t a b le a c o u n t er

, Ba n ize .
, , , , .
,

B an d itt i S e e Ba nish . a d es k Vo ca b d c Va ud . . . .

Ba n ting A l a rg e d og kept for a g uard a n d

.
B t n ath eless I to ok unto our d me ,

th erefore tie d up a ba n d—
u a
d og D u ba n d h an d ca nis , Yo w ife t hom e th e m e g ld g in . .
-

, ur a sa o a a

v inc u lis a ss u e tu s et c a nis p ec u ar iu s p as to r alis , Upon y b h — h wot it w ll t in , . ou r enc s e e c er a

By c erta in tok en s t hat I c n h e tel] a re .

T O B an d y See Ba n d 2 .
S h,
ipm n Tal
.
a
’
s e .

B an d y Ban dy leg s ar e crooke d leg s

. Fr H en c e It ba nc o wa s u sed g en er ally for a m er . . .

ba n der a n a r c to b en d a b ow & c ; ba n d e b ent as c han t s c o u n ti n g ho u s e or p la c e of b u s i n es s w h e nc e

’ ’
-
, ,
.
, ,

a b ow . th e mod E Ba nk a pp l i ed to t h e p la c e of b u si n ess . .

B an e Goth ba nj a a b low a wou n d ; O H G of a d eal er in mo n e y W h en a man b ec o mes nu

. .
, , . .

ba n a d eath b lo w ; M id H G ba ne d estru ction ; ab le to keep his engagemen ts h is c r edit is spoken of

,
-
. .
, ,

AS ba n a mu rd er er Icel ba na to sl ay ba n a sott a s c ra c ked or b r oken a nd h is b ank or pl ace of bu s i

.
, . .
, ,
-

, ,

d e a th sickness b a n a s ar d e a th wo u n d & c ben a n e ss b e i n g b r ok en u p h e b ec o mes a ba nk r a t It

p
- - -
, , ,
.
, , , . .

d e a th wo u n d now a whe al
-
R eferr ed by D iefen ba nc a r otta ba n c a f a llita a b an kr u pt mer c h an t on e
, .
-
,
-
, ,

ba c h to the root ba ng a b low ; Icel ba ng a ba n ka t h a t h ath br oken his c r e dit ; fr om L a t r ap ing br o

,
.
, ,
.
,

to strik e So the v erb s chlag en which in G sig ni ken

.
, . .

fi e s to stri ke b e com es in E to s lay Icel dr ep a to

, G ba nk a b en ch s tool s h o al b ank of a r iv er. . .
,
.
, , , , ,

sl ay s eems i d entic al with E d r a b to b e a t ; veg a to stra t u m of ea r t h Th e Icel ha s two fo rms of the

, .
, ,
. .

VO L . I . 10
7 4 BA NNER . BA R BA ROU S .

wo rd beckr a b en c h r ai sed seat and bakkz b

‘

a ank ,
—b u t h
if t is ba nter ing , as th ey call it, b e so despic ble a a
, , , , ,
thing &c —S wift in R
s ho r e fog b an k b a c k of a kn ife l ead i n g u s to i n fer
. .
-
,
, , ,

a d er iv atio n fr o m th e ba c k ta ken as type o f a g ent l e , Bantl in g hi ld in s w a dd li ng clot h es fr om . A c ,

e l ev a tio n Th us D or s um was appli ed in Lati n to

. th e ba n ds in whi c h it is w r a pp e d I n Icel r eifling r . .
,

a s a nd — ba nk ; dors u m j ug i t h e s lop e of a h ill a , , from r eifa to w ra p I n a si mi lar m ann er are ,

.

r i s in
g ba nk . fo rmed yea r ling a n ani mal a y ear old n estling a , , ,

Bann er T h e wo r d Ban or Ban d was u sed by

.
you ng bi r d s ti ll in th e n e s t & c , .

th e Lo mb ar d s in th e s en s e of ban n er s ta n d a rd ,
. Bar A r od of an y r i g i d su b s tan ce It ba rr a
. . .
,

Fr ba rr e a nd wit h a n i n iti al 3 It s ba rr a O H G
V xill q od B P
. .
, , ,
.

m a nd u m appella n t au l us D iac onu s in

sm
e u u
a rr o S w s a rr e E a r a b ea m or lo n
g po l e of
.

p s
D ue .
, p .
,
.
,

wood T h e mean i ng seems in th e fir s t i ns ta nc e a

.

I n th e sa me place is quot ed fr om th e S eolias t on b ra n c h ; C elti c ba r su mmit top then b ra n c h es , , , .

G r ego r y N a z ian z en : Br et ba rr ou g wez b ra n ch es of a t r ee (g wez en a

.
-
, ,

t ree) G ael ba rr a ck br anc h es b r ushwoo d H ence

. .
, , .

Pwnatovg B d ma b A rn
'
T v
-
a ov s va
p n ap a a
yva Kat av a ra
Fr ba rr er to b ar or s top th e way as with a b a r to
,
Qm» m fln‘uara
.

g ina Kaila
’
,
KL Kat an
h i n d er ; ba rr iér e a bar r i er or s toppage ; ba rr ea a
.

, ,

Hen c e It ba n d zer a Fr ba n n iere E ba nner

.
'

,
.
,
. . th e b a r a t whic h a c ri mi nal a pp ear s in a c o ur t of
T h e o r i g i n is in all p roba bi l ity Goth ba n d vo .
, j usti ce and fr om whi c h th e ba rr ister a ddr esses th e
,

ba n d va a si g n to ken an i n ti ma tio n m a d e by ben d

, , , c o ur t

ing th e h ead or h an d I c el ben da to b end to heck . .

, , Barb 1 T h e ba r b of a n arr ow is th e b ear d
. .

on ; ba nd a to m ak e s i gn s ; ba n d a b en d t m anu an
'

, , l i ke j a g on th e h ead of a n a rr ow di r ec ted b a ckw a r d s

n u er e Th e o ri g in al obj ec t of a stan dar d is to s er ve
. for th e p ur po s e of hind er i n g th e w ea po n fr o m b ei ng
as a ma r k or s ig n for th e t r oop t o r ally r o u n d an d , dr a w n ou t of a wo u nd L at ba r ba F r ba r be a . .
, .
,

it was ac c or d i ngly v ery generally kn own by a n ame b ea r d F les ch e ba r belee a b ear d e d or b ar b e d a r

.
’

h avi ng tha t si g nifi catio n Ic el merkt L a t szg nu m . .

'

,
.
'

, r ow — C otgr .

Gr . O H G keri p a u cba n a wa r b eac o n or .

-
,
-
2 . F r Ba r be, o si gn ifi ed a Bar b ar y
. E . Ba r b, al s

war s i gnal F r ensezg n e a s i gn or token a s w ell a s ho r se G Ba r ba r 0 Fr Ba r ba r e —L ed u ch a t

'

.
, . .
,
. . . .

a n ens i gn or b a nn er ; P r ov s enh s enbal a si gn ; .

, , 3 Th e t er m ba r b was a ls o a pp l i ed to th e t r a p
.

b a n n er
'

s en bal s enhez r a , ,
.
pi ng s of a ho rs e p r ob ably c o rr u pted fr om Fr ba r de ,
.
,

A c c o r d i ng to D i e z th e It ba n d ier a is d eriv ed fro m .

a s n o c or r es po n di ng t er m a pp ea r s in oth er lan
ba n da a b an d or s t r ip of cl ot h a nd h e wo u l d s eem
, ,
g uag es B ar d é ba r bed or t r appe d as a g r ea t h o rs e
.
,
.

to d er ive Goth ba n d r a a si gn fr o m th e s am e sour ce .

, , , C o tgr .

th e en s i g n of a t r oop b ei n g t ak en a s typ e of a s i gn Barb ar ou s . Th e o r i g i nal i mpor t of th e Gr .

in g en er a l w h i c h is s u r ely in d i r ec t oppo s ition to Bapfiapoc ba r ba r a s , is to d esi g n a t e who s e

'

, , L at . on e

th e n a t ur al o r d er of th e s i g nifi catio n Be si d es it .
l angu ag e we d o n ot u nd er s and t . Th u s O vi d ,
s p e ak

mus t b e by no m ean s as s umed t h a t th e ear li es t ki nd ing of hi mself in Pon tu s , sa ys ,

o f en s i gn wo ul d b e a flag or s t r ea mer It is qu ite

q
.

Barb ar u s hic eg o su m u ia n on in tellig or u lli

as l i kely th a t a s c u lpt ur e d sy mbo l su c h as t h e R0
.

m a n E a gl e wo ul d fir s t b e tak en for t h at p u r po s e
,
p eak i n g a fo r ei gn langu ag e T h en . G r Bapfiapooo vog
. , s .

Bann er et F r ba nn er et A knigh t ba nn er et was . as th e G r eek s a n d Ro man s a tta i n e d a h i g h er p itch

. .

a hi g h er c l a ss of kn i g h t in fer io r to a b ar o n of c ivi l iz atio n t h a n th e r es t of t h e a n c i e n t wo rl d

p r ivi , , ,

l eg ed to r a i s e t h e ir own b a n ner in th e fi eld e it h er in t h e wo r d ca me to s i g n ify r u d e u n c ivi liz ed c r u el , , , .

vi r t ue of th e n umbe r of t h ei r r eti nu e or from h av T h e or i g i n of th e wo rd is a n i mita tio n of th e c on ,

ing d i s ti ng u i s h ed t h ems el v es in b a ttle fus ed s o u nd of voi c es by a r ep etitio n of th e syllab le .

ba r ba r in th e sa me way in wh i c h th e b r o ken s o u nd ,
Q ui ta n t e n t n b ilita tis t o m q ilibe t exilli
,
aa ra o u e ru u v

g a d e
ut in ig
ern ib — L if of P hilip A g
s t in D
of w a v es of wi nd a n d e v en of voi c es is r e pr ese n t
us . e u us . uc .
, ,

ed by a rep etitio n of th e a nal o g o u s sy llab le mu r , ,

T h ey w er e c alled in th e La ti n of th e p er io d v ex ma r W e sp eak of th e mur m ur of th e w a v es or of .

,

illa rii mi l it es ba nn a r ii ba n n er a rz z ba nn er etz

' ' '

, a c r ow d of p eop le ta lki ng , It may b e r em arked , . .

,

Bann ister S ee Ball u s ter . i ndeed t h at t h e n oi se of voi c es is c o ns t an tly r ep r e .

,

Ban qu et It ba n chetto dim of ba nc o a bench s ented by th e same wo rd a s t h e s o u nd m ad e by th e

. .
, .
,

or t ab l e ; h en c e a r e p as t a b an q u et mov emen t of wat er T hu s t h e I c el skola as w el l

, .
. .
,

T 0 Banter T o moc k or j eer one . a s tkwcetta a r e eac h u sed in th e sen se bot h of w as h .

,

ing or s p las hing an d of tal ki ng T h e E twa ttle

Wh n wit h th y m ix t e f ill y it i b t c lling w h i c h wa s for mer ly u s ed in th e sen s e of ta ttle as
. .
,
e a an ur o ra er , s u a

it b t n d th
a n er , a w k i d n T h i p lite w d f th ir e or s o e s o or o e s
,

h
.

w fi b w d f m th b llie in White F i th n
ast rs o rr o w
e ell a s t h e m
ro
o d e r n twa a ldle to t
e
a l k m u c a nd fool i s h
u s r a rs , e ,

f ll m ng th e f tm n
e a o nd t l t r eti d to t h e pe da n ts
oo ly se em fr eq u en ta tiv e fo rms of S w twcetta to w ash
e , a a as re ,
.
, .
 BA R BEL . BA RG A IN . 75

G . wasc ben, to yllable t attle . I n l i ke man n er th e s su c h ho us es a re c ov ered with Ba r delle a bar

as .
,

ba r or bor is u sed in th e fo rmatio n of wo r d s i n t en d d elle th e qu i lted or c an v a ss sa d d le w h er e with c olts

,

ed to r e p r es en t t h e s o u n d m a d e by th e m ov em en t of a r e b ac ked C otg r Sp ba r d a c opi ng of s tr aw

. . .
,

wa t er or th e i ndi s ti n c t n oi se of ta lki ng T h e v er b . or b ru s hwoo d for th e p r ote c tio n of a m u d w a ll ;

ba rr elen s i g nifi es in D u to b u bb l e or s p r i ng u p a nd .
, a lba r d a a p a ck s addle b r o a d sl i c e of b a c o n with
,
-
,

in F la n d er s to v oc ifer a t e to make a n o u t c r y ; Sp ,
. w h i c h fow ls ar e cov er ed when th ey ar e r o asted ;
bor bota r bor bolla r to boi l or b u bble u p ; ba r bulla
, , , a lba r dilla small p a ck sad d le
, c opi ng bor d er of a -
, ,

a t u mu lt u o u s as semb ly ; Po r t bor bn l/za r to b ubb l e .

, gar d en b ed T h e gen er al n otio n s eems th a t of a
.

or boi l ; It bor bo lio a r u mb l i n g

g u p r o ar
. qu arr el ; , , , co v er i n
g or p r otec tio n a n d if th e wo r d b e fr o m a ,

ba r bnglia r e to s t a mmer s t u tt er S p eak c o nfu s ed ly

, , ,
. Gothi c so u r c e we sho uld r efer it to Ic el ba r d b r i m .
, ,

Fr ba r boter to toi l d a bb le in th e mud mu mb le

.
, , , , sk i r t bor d er a la a xi lla
, H a l t ba r d th e flap of a
, ,
.
-

m u tter ; ba r beloter to mu tte r : ,

hat s kia lkla r ba r d th e e dge of a s hi eld ; I wa l— -
ba r d , ,

th e la y e r s of wh al eb o n e th a t h ang fr o m th e r oof of
S ain te d ame ! c omme i1 b bote ar

a wh ale s m o u th But Sp a lba r da looks l ik e an

’
il barb l te e o . .

S es mots ta n t q on n y en te n d rien ! A r a bi c d er iv a tio n ; A r ab a l ba r da alz saddle c l oth

’ ’ ’
u .
- - .
,

D iet E tym . .

D i ez .

Ba r beter to gru nt mu tt er murmu r ; ba r boter to

, , , , Bar e Expo sed to vi ew O p en u n cov er ed u n
. , , ,

mu mb le or mu tter wo r d s al s o to w allow l i ke a seeth , q ual ifi ed G ba a r ba r I c el ber ; G ba a r es g eld

. .
, ,
. .
,

ing p ot — C otg r
-
T h e s yllabl e ba r s eem s in th e .
r ea d y m o n e y F r o m ba r en to b ear ac c or d i ng to
.
, ,

s a me way to b e ta ken as th e r e p r ese nt a tiv e of so u n d S c hw en k b ecau s e wh a t is bor n e is mad e c on spic u

,

c o n v eyi n g n o m ean i ng in F r ba r ag ou in g ibb er , .

, ou s . It mu st b e ad mitted th a t th e Ic el ber a is u sed .

ish j a rg on
, an
y r u d e g ib bl e
ga bb l
, e or b a r b ar o u s -
in s ev eral i d io ma ti c exp r ess ion s whi c h wo uld s eem to ,

s p e ec h C otgr W e may al s o q u ot e G r BpBv

.
”
. . o o o, c o u n t enanc e th e fo r eg oi n g d er iv a tio n T h a r ba r a .
,

to ru mble bo i l grumb le ( Low ndes M od G r L ex )

, , , . . .
t h er e it s tand s u p is p lai n to s ee I I on u m ba r st ,
.

Por t bor bor inka a s ho u ti ng of m en

.
, .
kon u ng r i d r a u ma th e k i n g a pp ea r ed to h im in a ,

Barb e] A r iv er fish h a vi n g a b ea rd at th e c or
. d r ea m T h e E bea r is u s ed s o me w h a t in th e sa me
. .

n er s of th e mo u th F r ba r bel ba r bea u C otg r . .

,
. .
s en s e in t h e e xp r es s io n to bea r witn ess to ma ke it ,

Barber F r ba r bier one wh o d r es s es th e b ea rd

. .
,
.
m an ifes t to p r es s it on th e s en ses of th e au d i en c e
,
.

Barb erry A s h r u b b ea r i ng ac i d b err i es P r ov . . .

T h e o r i g i n may p er h a p s b e p r e s er v ed in th e F r i s .

F r ba r belin —D i c t Ety m
. Bar baryn fr u te ba r
. . .
-
, ba ria to c ry a l o u d ba er c lear
,
W iar da ; ba ria to , , ,

bea m t r ee ba r ba r is
,
Pr Pm ,
. . .
ca ll on e to j u s ti c e ba r e ac cu satio n co m pla i n t , ,
.

Barbic an S ee Ba lc o ny
‘

. .
Bar g ain 0 F r ba rg u ign er to ch atier b ar ga i n
. . .
, , ,

Bar d 1 W ba r d d ; Br e t ba r z th e n ame of
. . . .
, or mo r e p r op er l y ( s a y s C otg r ) to w ra ngle h aggl e .
, ,

th e po et s of th e a nc i en t C elts w h o s e o ffi c e it was , b r a bb le in th e maki n g of a b arga i n T h e p r op er .

t o s i n g th e p r a i s es of t he g r ea t a n d wa r li k e a n d , m ea n i ng of th e wo r d is c o n t es t d eb at e an d it was , ,

h y mn s to th e go d s .
fr equ en tly u s ed in OE a nd S e in th e s ense of fi ght . .
,

sk i rm i s h
Bard us G allic e ca n a t to r ap p ell a t u r q ui v iroru m for tium
.

lau d es ca n it . F t es u s in D iet . E ty m .

A n d mon ty my s is c e ai al y h th w d
Bapdor [rev bywyr a c Kat n or mal S t bo Ih ra
A n d ba rga ne a t t h e b arrais s al , h d
wo d th
. .
,

A nd un air fay is oft an d s la .

E t Bar i d quid m fortia vir oru m illu s tr iu m fac ta h eroic is

e Barbo ur in Ja m .

c om p os ita v ers ib u s c u m d ul c ib u s ly ras m od ulis c a n titAr u n t

d b tt tho
.

H a l u g ein g la n , a al u u s p or ten d is ,
L u ca n, h
1
Q d h A h w d
.

uo my fat er n c ises , for as eill k en is ,

Henc e in po eti c lan gua ge Bar d is u sed for po et .
H or s is a re d res s it for th e ba rg a ne fel e s y is ,
2 Sp ba r da ho r s e a r m o ur c ov er i ng th e fro nt W er e a nd d eb ait r s t edis s ignify is thy .

V
. .
, ,
D in Jam
b ac k an d fl anks A ppli e d in E a lso to th e o r na
,
. .
. . .

m e n ta l t r a ppi ngs of ho r s es on o c cas io n s of s ta t e .

We h a v e s e en u n d er B a r ba r ous th a t th e s y l la b le

Wh n imm d i t ly n th th p t m in th f
e e a e o e o er ar ca e e or e
ba r wa s u s e d in th e c o n s tr uc tio n of wo r d s e xpr es s
eigh t k ig h t dy m d th i b
n d b d f th i
s rea ar e , e r as s es an ar s o e r ing t h e c o n fu s ed n oi s e of voi c es s o u n d i n g i nd i s ti n c t ,

h gr
or s es tin mb id d with f h d vic f b m
een sa e ro er e r es e es o ra e it h e r f r o m th e l a n
g g
u a e n ot b e i n g u n d e r s too d or ,

bl b h
e f fi n g ld
us io l y w
es g h t p wd od ll e o c ur us r ou , o er e a
fr o m d i s tanc e or s i mu l tan eou s u tteranc e H en c e it
v — H ll in R
.

h a s a c q u i r ed th e c h a r a c t er of a r oot s i g n ifyi ng c on
o er . a .

Fr ba r des , b ar b es
. tr appi ngs for hor ses of s er or fus ion c o n test d i spu t e g ivi n g r i s e to It ba r ufi a
, , ,
.
,

vi c e or of sho w Ba r d er to b arb e or t r ap ho r se s
.
, ,
fr ay alter c ation d i sp u t e ; P r ov ba r a l/za t ro ub le
, ,
.
, ,

a l s o to bi nd o r tie ac r o s s Ba r d e a lo n g s addle for .

, d i s p u t e ; Po r t ba a l/i a Sp ba r aj a r to s hu ffl e eu
. r r, .
, ,

an ass or mul e m a d e o nl y of c o a r s e c a n v as s s t uffe d ,

ta ngle p u t to c on fu s ion d i sp u t e qu arr el ; It s ba
, , ,
.

with flock s Ba r d ea u a s hi ngle or small bo ar d r a lia r e to p ut to r o u t ; Po r t ba r af u n da Sp ba ra ‘

g
. .
.
,
.
, , ,
7 6 BA RGE . BA RON .

ba n d a , t umul t, o f io n d i so r d er Po r t ba r af u sta r c n us .
,
n ag lz, a l i mp e t,
h ell of th e same c on i cal shap ea s
,

to s tr iv e s t r u ggle ; It ba r a tta st r ife s qu abb le d is

,
.
, , ,
wit h b a r n a c les G ael ba ir n ea cb b a rn acl es lim . .
, ,

p u te ; ba r a r e to c h ea t ba ra tta r e to r o ut to c h eat, , , , ,
p et s ; W br enig l i mp et s
.
, .

a ls o to e x c h a n g e to c h op wh en c e E ba r ter It ba , ,
.
,
. Bar n acl es Sp ect ac les also i r ons p u t on th e
.
,

r a t ier e a d e ce iv er c oz en er c h e at ; E ba r r a try a .
,
n o ses of ho rs es to m ak e t h em s t a nd q u i et Ba i le y . .
, , ,

t er m a pp li ed to di ffer en t ki nd s of frau d ulen t pr o P r obably th e fi rs t of t h ese mean i ngs is th e o r i g i nal .

c ee d ing ; ba r r etor on e w h o s ti rs u p s t r ife N or is ,

. Li mo us in bou rg n a to s qu i nny h alf sh u t th e eye , , ,

t h e r oot c o n fi n ed to th e Roma nc e to ng u es ; Lith . look th r o u g h th e c o r ner of th e eye Wa llo n boir g m .

,

ba r ti to s c o ld ; ba r nis st r ife q u a r r el ; I c el ba r a tta

, , ,
.
,
to l oo k t h r o ugh one eye in a i m i ng L ang bor ni . .
,

s t r ife c o n te s t ; ba r d a g i b a ttl e
, ,
.
bli n d ; bor n ikel on e wh o sees wit h di ffi c ul ty who , ,

A s F r ba r ag ou in is u s e d to r ep r esen t th e c on h alf sh u t s hi s eyes h as w eak eyes ; ber niques s p ec , ,

t ael es — Vo ca b d e Berr i A s t h ese w er e o r i g i

.

fus e d s o u n d of p eop le s p ea ki ng a lang u age n ot nu . . .

n a lly mad e to ho ld on by pi nc hi n
d e rs tood by th e b ear e r th e v er b ba rg u ig ner s i gn ifi es , g t h e n o s e th e ,

to w r a n gle h a gg le c h ad er b a r g a i n ,
Cot ,
'

,
. . t erm mi g h t n a tu r ally b e a ppl i ed to a h or se s twit c h ’
.

Bar g e — Bar k 1 Th es e wo r d s s eem mer e . .

I n li ke mann er I s h o ul d b e i n cl i ned to expla i n th e
v ar i eti es of p ro n un c i a tion of a t er m c o mmon to all It br ig lia a b r i dle who s e or i gi n is u nknow n fr om
.
, , ,

t h e Ro man c e as w ell as T e u to n i c a n d S can di n a vi a n G br illen sp ec ta cles Ca mu s ber n ac

.
, Vo ca b in .
, .
-
.

to ng u es Pr ov ba rc a ba rj a O F r ba rge D u
. .
, . . .
,
. N atio n al A n tiqu iti es .

ba r s ie 0 S W ba r s a bo a t b elon gi ng to a l a r g er
,
. .
,
[ T h e m ean i n g of s p ec t ac les is n ot as si g n ed to ba r
s h ip .
n a c les by t h e P r P m Mi n s h e w Phi llip s H all iw el l. .
, , , ,

o r Ri c h ar d s o n an d it m u s t b e p r es um e d to b e al to
B ca t q
ar c n eta n v i c omme c i a d l itt
es u ae po ta t u a s r a us r . ,

I ido e in R yn N en m q n t p d
s r a b j . au s ar ua a er u sa ar a .
g e t h e r a m o d er n u s e of th e wo r d
(w h i c h its elf is as ,

Ibid S ig d let taka tua kip b ta ba k

. ur r o k ll s -
a er r er er a a old a t leas t a s th e t h i r t een th c en t u ry
) un les s s o me ,
t hin — Ih e r .
ea rl y a u t h o r ity c an b e p r o d u c ed for it Joi nvi lle is I .
,

T h e o r i g i n is p r ob a b ly th e I c el ba r ki th e th r o a t .
, ,
b el i ev e th e fi r s t au thor wh o emp loys ba r na c les and as
, ,

th en t h e bow s or p r ow of a s h ip p ec t us n avi s a n d , ,
h e a pp lies it to a s p ec i es of tor tu r e by c omp r es s io n ,

h en c e p r ob ab ly (by a m eta p h o r a s in th e c ase of p rac ti s ed by th e S a ra c en s it is p r ob ably a n O ri en tal ,

L a t p up p is) ba r kr c ame to b e a pp l i ed to th e enti r e

. wo r d It is ext r emely d o u btful w h et h er sp ec tacles
.

sh ip . w er e kn own in th e ti me of Joi n vi lle an d th e s up ,

‘

Bark 2 T h e o u t er r i n d of a t ree ; any h ar d

. . po sed o r i g in al r esembl an c e b etw een th e ba r nac les or
c r u s t g r owi ng ov er an yt h i n
”
g I c el bbrkr a t ba r ka . .
'

,
“
i r o n s p ut on th e noses of ho rs es a nd s p ec tac les
to sk i n ov er ba r ka n di ast r i ngent ,
. d o es n ot e xi st b e c a u s e th e ea r li es t s p ec ta c le s w e r e
,

T O Bark A S beor c a n fr o m a n i mit a tion of th e

. .
,
s i n gl e gl a sses l i ke th e m o d er n e e g la ss
,y It is p os -
.

s o un d H en ce p r obably I c el ba r ki th e thr o a t
. . . s ib l e i n d eed t h a t ba r n a c les as a n am e for S p e c ta c l es
, , , ,
,

Barl ey T h e Got h a dj ba r iz eins i nd i ca t es a

. . . was t ak en fr o m th e i r on i mpl emen t abov e men
n o u n ba ris b a r ley ; A S ber e
, T h e E ba r leg seems
, . . . tion ed b u t it see ms m o r e n a t u r a l to c o nn ec t it
, ,

d er iv ed fr om W ba r llgs w h i c h m i gh t b e expla i n ed .
,
t h r ou gh th e Fr ber niqu es with O F r beric le besic le.
,
. .
, ,

b r ea d pla nt fr om ba r a b r ea d a nd llgs a p lan t

-
, , , ,
. v er ic le T h e l att er fo r m is th e earl i es t c it ed in th e
.

Bar m 1 Yeas t th e s li m y s u b st an c e fo rm ed in
. .
,
sen se of s p ec ta c l es by L abo r d e Noti c e d es E ma u x , ,

th e b r e wi n g of b eer A S bearm G ber m S w . .

, .
, .
titl e beric le II 1 6 3 A D 1 3 7 2 , Po ur u n v er ic le
.
,
. .

ber ma D a n baer me th e d r eg s of oil wi ne b eer

. .
, , , . en c er n é en m an i er e d e lu n e tte T h e e ty mo n of .

2 A lap bo som
.
S ee Br i m , . . beric le h a s b een gen er ally s u ppo sed to b e beryll us ,

Barn A S ber er n beer n c ommo nly exp l a i n ed

. .
, ,
b ery l u se d both as th e name of a p r ec io us ston e a nd
,

fr om bere bar ley an d ern a p lace a r ec ept acle for

, , , ,
of a fin e t r an sp a r en t glass b u t th e fo rm ver ic le ,

b a rley or c or n as brac es er n a b ak i ng pla c e or ov e n ,

-

, seem s to i n di c a t e t h a t th e wo r d is a dim i nu tiv e fro m

,

libtes er n a la n t er n
-

(Ihr e v ar n ) But p r obably

, . . . . t h e L a ti n vitr u m whi le s o me of its u s es poi n t to ,

ber er n is mer ely a m i ssp ell i n g an d t h e wo r d is s im , r id er e a s its r oot F u st er qu otes a s ta n z a fr o m .

p ly t h e Br e t bein a h ea p
A c er v u s bern ; G 1
.
, .
, .
Ja i me Ber t ran a Valenc i a n po et of the early p a r t ,

C or nub Z eu s s So I cel kla di a h ea p a s tack

. . .
,
of th e s ixt e en th c ent u r y in whic h veric le is u sed for ,
, ,

kla d a a b a r n , D u ba erm ber m a h ea p ; berm . .

, ,
m i rr o r
b oys m e ta faen i — K il Sw a b ba a rn ba r n h ay
,
— V os P S
. . .
, , ’

lo ft c o r n sh ed b a rn gr an r iora , d aq u ella enes a

, Pr ov D an ba a r ing ba a r en
-

, .

Q ui sou lo vericle
. .
, , .

ba a r m a lo ad so mu c h a s a man c a n bea r or c ar r y
, ,

a t o nc e .
T he p r esen t mea n i ngs of th e wor d in Ca talan ar e a
Barn acl e A c o n i c al s h ell fi x ed t o the r o c ks.
s t eel m ir ro r a n d a s m all c ry s ta l r ec e pt ac l e for th e
,

wit h i n th e w as h of th e tid e N a med fr o m th e cap .

ho s t whi c h is p la c ed withi n th e mon s tra nc e
, M ] . .

l i ke s ha pe of th e s h ell M an x bag rn a ca p ; ba r .
, Bar on It ba r on e Sp va r on P rov ba r (a ce
. .
,
.
, . .
 BA RONE T . BA RRA GA N . 77

ba r d) , 0 F r ber (ace bar on ) , Fr ba r on

. O ri g i
. . . .
sayl e of a s h ipp e , or su c h lik e tuff . s . D rei tur propri e cas a

n a ll y ma n, h u s b an d Pr ov Lo b ar n on es c r eat . .
illa p is ca toru m j xt m u a ar e .

a c k is t h e n of r ec en t i n t r o d u c tio n i n to
”
r l a fe mna m a s l a femn a er lo b a r d T h e m an Ba r r E ng
p e p .
, ,

wa s t for th e wom an b u t th e wo man for l i s h a nd a s it h as b een v er y lo ng in u s e in all th e

n ot c r ea ed , ,

th e ma n H en ce m anly c o urageo u s I n th e se n se Rom an c e lan gu ages it is c e rta i n th a t we d id not

.
, .
,

of man in t h e L eg Rip ,
. tak e it d i r ec tly fr om th e C elti c
. .

T h e ear l i e s t ex a mp les g iven by C a r p en ti er ar e of

Tam baronem quam f min m B m l femin m e a aru ve a
th e y ea r s 1 3 1 9 a n d 1 3 8 1 b u t th e u s e of it is o lder
. .

L eg A lam
.
,
. .

T h u s in th e P r ivi leg i a Va l en ti as in a n O r d i n an ce , ,

I n th e S al i c L a w it s i gn ifi es fr ee bo r n in th e c a pit of Ki n
g D on Ja u me 1 d at ed in 1 2 4 9 gr a nti ng c er .
,

a l a r i c s of C h ar l es t h e Ba ld ba r on es ar e t h e n ob l e s t a i n l i cen se s to th e i nhabit an ts of a n ew town or ,

or v as s a ls of th e c r ow n r a t h er s u b u r b fo u n d ed n ea r th e r ec en t ly c o n qu er ed
.
,

Baro g v i et a th en ticu s vir — Joh n d e G arl n dia

,
ra s u
Moor i s h c ity of Va len c i a we fi nd : ,
a ,
,

A D 1040
C onc ed im s v obi u niv e s is et s in gu lis h ab ent ib u b
. . .

u s r s a rra

I n ou r own la w it wa s u s ed for marr i ed man Ba r on q iv e p t ua t l oea d te min ta ad d ifi c nd m infra ua s s a au e r a e a u

,
m m v ille n ov e m i V al enti etc ur u ar s ae,
a nd emme man a n d wife
f
.

.
,

W e h a v e n ot m u c h l i g h t on th e p r ec i s e fo r ma tio n A l s o in th e C on qu es ta d e Valen c i a by Ki ng D on ,

of t h e wo r d whi c h wo u ld s eem to b e ra d i c al ly th e
,
Jau me wh o d i ed in 1 2 7 6 p re fix ed to th e Pr iv Val , ,
.
,

same wit h L a t v ir Got h va ir A S . wer W g wr , e d itio n of 1 5 1 5 fo l io A

. iiii p u l t b in a p a ssage
,
.
, .
, ,
.
,
. . .

Gael f ea r a man .
, . c it ed in m
y n ot e on A w n i n g

Bar on et T h e feu d al t enan t s n ext b e low th e

E
.

n o al n it p e l se ena f em b q d e ta p its e s a r a r a a rr a ues va

d egr ee of a b ar o n w er e c a lled ba r on etti ba r on a li
no es ti ns p o ta en
, ,
u r u .

ba r on c u li ba r on celli b u t as th e s a me c las s of te n a nt s
, ,

w e r e al s o t erme d ba n ner ets th e two n ame s fro m So in B d E s clot abo u t A D 1 3 00 c 1 4 6

, ,
.
’

,
. .
,
.
,

t h e i r r esemb la nce w er e so meti mes c o n fo u n d ed a nd ,

E m e en f c h a les b q ,
es r o a ra ues
in sev e ra l i n st a n c es w h er e ba r on etti is wr itt e n in
.

t h e p r i n t e d c opi es Sp el ma n fo u nd ba nner eti in th e ,

A nd in Ram o n M u nta n er abo u t 1 3 3 0 c xl vi ed , ,
.
,
.

MS r olls of Pa r li amen t Sti ll h e s how s c o n clu of 1 5 6 2

. . ,

s ivel
y by ear ly ex a m p l es
, t h a t ba r on ettu s is n ot a
S i q ta n ta n e feu v eni q n l a c i t t d e l ortosa n o p d ia
,
r ue u a
' ‘
o
m er e c o r r u ptio n of ba n n er etus b u t wa s u sed in th e c b e an s f y n b q 0 , d f ta n q n m t i n a r ,
e e a rra ues , cas es e us e ue e o .

s e n s e of a l e s s er Ba r o n .

E sc olano I I is tor ia d e V alen c i a 1 6 1 1 emp l oy s th e

B nc l
aru — a b onet — u us Nominal e of th e 1 5 th C ent wo r d in th e p r ec i se s en se las t iv en by Mi n s h e w
ar . .
, , ,

in N t A n t iq
a . .
g

E 1 p blo 5“ it n o e a mas q e n a g reg aeion d e b u v a

It was n ot u nti l th e ti me of James I that t h e ba r —C 01 2 7 1
ue r ar

y c h ocas d e pes
.

do r ac as ca res
on ets w er e es t a b l i s h e d as a fo r mal o rd er in th e
. . .

sta t e . Ba r r ac a wa s als o u sed in It aly an d Po r tugal a t

Barr ac k O r i g i n ally a b ut ma d e of th e b r an ch a v er y ea rly p er io d T h e Sp a n i a r d s Po r tu g ues e
. .
, ,

e s o f t r ee s G a el ba r r a cb b r u shwood b ra nch es a n d Ita l i an s a r e mu c h mo r e l ik ely to h a v e t aken

. .
, , ,

wh en c e ba r ra cha d a h u t or b oot h ,
t h i s wo r d fr o m th e O r i e n ta ls t h an fr o m the I ri s h or
.

ot h er Cel ti c t rib es and we find a sa ti sfa c to ry e ty mo n ,

Bef e th e g te s of Bari h e l d g ed in mi
or a ble h t or in th e P er s i an ba r a n ir fr o m ba r a n r a i n d efi n ed
o a sera u
g
-

b
a rrac k c mp d of d y branc h es an d t hatc h d with t w by Ri h
o os e r e
a s h ed
s ra
, , ,

c a rd s o n P e r s i a n a n d A r ab D ict
.
, “
G ibbon
.
,
.
,

b u i lt for s h elter aga i ns t r ai n or in ba r kha na k a

.

” -
“
, ,

It sh o uld b e ob s er v ed t h at wh en ev er s old i er s t en t or cloth str e tc h ed u po n poles u n d er w h i c h g oo d s ,

’

”
b a rrac k s a r e m en tio n e d th e wo r d is a l w a y s u sed in a n d b a gg age a r e k ept fr o m r a i n
,
M ] . .

th e p l u r al n u mb er poi n ti ng to a ti m e w h en th e sol ,
Barrag an A c o a rse k i nd of l i n en c loth Ba . .

d i er s l o d g i n gs w e r e a c o ll ec tion of h u t s ra ant D u t c h g rog er a n C otg r I r i s h ba r r a c k

’
g . ,
. .
,

[ Ri c h a r d s o n ob s e r v es t h a t t h i s wo r d is n o t fo u n d tow ; M a n x ba r r a
g k to w th e s h o r t s of lin t “c lot/z , , ,
\
in ou r ea rly l exi c o gr a p h er s a n d h e c it es for it n o ma d e of tow Cr eg een ,
”
. .

ol d er a u t h o r ity t h an Swi ft Mi n sh e w d oes n ot con [ I n n o d i c tio na r y of a ny mo d er n d i al ec t w h i c h I

. ,

t a i n th e E n gl i s h ba r r a c k b u t in th e Sp E n g vo c a b h a v e b een a ble to c on su l t is ba r r ag a n or ba rr a ca n
,
. . ,

u lar y a t th e en d of th e fi r s t e ditio n of h is G u i d e d efi ned as lin en or tow c l oth b u t a l wa y s in t er m s ,

i n to th e To ngu es 1 6 1 7 we find th e Sp an i s h ba r r a c a whi c h i mply tha t th e m a t er i al is c o ar se woo l or h a i r

, ,
.

t h u s d efi n e d : Th i s wor d or a v er y s i mi la r b ut p r ob ably u nal ,

M ilit i t g i l m ex v elis
s u u ca b
ur o u is onf et m A l i e d on e is v er y wi d ely d i ffus ed
se r
and
as
a s a pp ea r s
c e u .
, , ,

so l d ie
u ten t or a boot h or suc h lik e t h in g mad e of th e
’
r s fro m S an ta Ro sa was u sed as ear ly a s th e y ear
, ,
78 BA RRA T RY . BA R T H .

tho ugh D ucange s oldes t ex ample ba rr ac a nns Barr ow 2 A mo u nd ith er o th

’
8 9 2, , , . . e of s t n es or e ar

is fr o m St Be rna r d in th e tw elfth c en t u r y
. M any ,
. ov er th e g ra v es of w a r r io rs a n d n obles ,
e s p ec i ally

G er man fo rms of a wo r d a pp a rently co g na te c u r , t h o se ki lled in b a tt le a s the b a r r ow a t D u nma il ,

r en t in t h e Mi d d le A g es a r e g iv e n by S c h melle r , , ra i s e in We s t mo r e la n d A S beorg beor k a h i ll . .

, , ,

Bay r VVer tc rb I 1 9 3 a nd in s o me of t h e c ita tio n s

. . .
,
mo u nd r a mpa r t h ea p to mb s ep ul c h r e fr o m beorg a n
, , , , , ,

it is e vi d en tly employ ed to s i gnify a fin e cloth of OE ber wen to s h el ter c ov e r

.
, , .

s i lk or ot h e r d el i ca t e ma t er i a l T h e P r ov D a n . . .

br oig en or br oig a rn is a c lot h mad e of flax an d

'
W orh ton m id t
s a num ann e s te ap ne beorh h im ofer .

Th y e mad e with s tones a s eet p mou n o er h im d v

t ow a n d m ay th er efo r e sa fe ly b e r efer r ed to th e
.

, , ,
J h os ua v ii . 26 .

C elti c ba rra cb .

Bu t on th e oth er h an d we fi nd in A rab i c ba r ka n tomb is wholly d i s ti nc t b ei n g id en

,
Th e OE . bea r , a , ,

a nd ba r a nka n as t h e n am e of a c o ar s e b l ac k woo l len

,
ti cal with bier appl i ed to a perm an en t i n stea d of a , , ,

g arm en t s ti ll u sed in Mo r o c c o an d ba r rag a n al way s t ra nsi to ry r ec ep tacle of t h e c o rp s e ,

.

mea n s in Sp an i sh a n d C a talan as w ell a s in th e Barr o w h og A S bea rg Boh em br a w 3 cas ,

-
. . .
, .

tra ted h og ; R u s s bor ov a bo ar

’
o r d i nar y d i alec t of c ommer ce a so r t of wa ter p r oof , .
- .
, .

c loth of c o a r se wool or
g oa t s h ai r Barter Ba r ter or t r affi cki ng b y ex c h ange of
’
. .

A p as s a g e in th e A ma n te Lib era l of C er v an tes goo d s seems li ke ba rg a in to h a v e b een n a me d fr om ,

i mp li es t h a t ba r r ag a ns w er e of Moor i s h man ufa c t h e h a ggl i n g a nd w r a ng li n g with w h i c h t h e b a r g a i n

t ur e : is c o nd uc t ed S ee Ba r ba r ou s a n d Ba rg a in for th e .

E n el q l (e1 b axol ) v eni n j d io

ma nn er in whi c h th e sy l lab le ba r a c qu i r es th e fo r c e
q e tod a l
ua 3“ a u u u a

m ca n ia d el b x l 6 l m e a y ; e a d b
er c
g n y
a of a r oot s i g n ifyi n
e a g c o n fu sed n oi s e s q uabbl e t u mult
as r su a r e a rr a a es , , .

alq ic el s y d e otr as c osas q u e d

u e Be be ia e llev aban a F r o m t h i s r oot w er e for med wo r d s in all th e R0 e r r s

Lev nte a .

ma n ce lan g uages s i g nify i ng in th e fi r s t i n s t an c e , , ,

H enc e it a pp ears p r ob ab le th a t th e c ommon ba r n oi sy c o nten tio n s tr ife d i s pu t e t h en t r affi cki ng for , , ,

r ofi t th en c h ea ti n
r a a n c o ar s e woo l le n is a n O r i en t a l wo r d a n d th a t
g ,
p , g ov er r eac hi ng u n r i g h t eo u s g a i n , , , , .

t h e r esemb la n c e b e tw een t h i s fo r m a nd t h e ob s ol et e
A l is d i n is t h er n o n ig h t
’
a
ba r cben t etc tow li nen or s i lken c lot h whi c h la tt er
,

,
.
, , The n is b t n ther trif — Hi ke in Ri h
, , r
’
a re o s . c s c .

may b e C e lti c is acc i d en tal M ] ,

Th ey ru n lik e Bedlem b H
. .

t in to th e s tr eet llins a rr e er s o
B rr tr rr tor S ee Bar ter Ba
.

a a y . a . .

h c ad in D o.
Barr el . It . ba r ile , Sp . ba rr il, ba r r ila , F r . ba r
r i u e, a
q wood en v ess el m a de of ba r s or s ta v es b u t Noble f th er I am su c h ,
a s, a p ers on om y e k no e to wh w
w h eth er t h i s b e th e t r ue d er iv a tion may be d o u bt h av e be en a c om m n b t o a r a ear an d th efc b y a lon g s ac e of p
y e — E lyot in D o ar es
ful
. .

Barr en . Br e t br ec lza n .
’
O . Fr . br eb a ig n e, ba O . to d ec eiv e lie cog foi s t in ba rgai n
F r ba r eter ,
.
, , ,

r a i ne ;
g Pi c a r d . br cin e ; D u . t i li s s emen
br a eck, s er ,
in g to c h ea t b eg ui l e als o to ba r ter tr u ck e x c h a ng e
, , , , , .

n on ac c ip ien s ; br a eckla n d, u n c ultiv a t ed fallo w ,

.
— C otg r Sp ba r ata r to t ru ck ex ch ange ; ba r a
. .
, ,

K il . tea r to b a rga in ; ba r a teria fr a u d c h ea ti ng a n d es

, , , ,

Barric ad e Fo rmed fr om Fr ba r r e a bar ; a s

. .
, p ec ially fr a u d c o mm itted by th e m as t er of a ship
c a va lc a d e fr o m c a va ll o a h o r s e ; a n d not fr o m F r
, , . with r esp ec t to th e go od s c o mm itt ed to him .

ba r r iqu e a b ar r el as if it s i g nifi ed an i mp r o m pt u
, , B t g is wh en th m te f a s h ip c h eats th own
a ra r e as r o e ers
b ar r i er co mpo sed of ba r rels filled wit h eart h It is . o inr s b y imb e
s urer ling t h eir g oods or ru nnin g away with
,
zz

h ar d to s ep ar ate ba r r ica de fr o m Fr ba r ri an ob . t h e h ip — B iley

s a .
,

s t ru c tio n fo r tifi ca tio n ba r r ier

, , .
Bu t a c c o r d i ng to Blacks to n e ba rr a try c o n s i s ts in
Barr ier S ee Bar . .
th e o ffenc e of s ti r r i n g u p q u ar r els an d s u it s b e tw een
Barr ister T h e ad vo ca te wh o p l ead s . at th e p a rti es I n S c ot lan d aga i n th e t erm is app li ed to
.
, ,

Ba r of
o ur t of Ju s ti c e S ee Bar
a c . . th e s i mo n y of c ler g ymen goi n g a b ro a d to p u r c h as e
Barr o w 1 A n i mp lemen t for ca rryi ng A S
. .
. . b enefic es fr o m th e s ee of Ro me Ja mi es o n . .

berewe fr o m ber a n to c a r ry
, I t ba r a a litt er a
bier or i m p l emen t for c a r ryi ng a d ea d body
, . .
, , [ T h e wo r d s app ar en t ly c o gnat e wit h ba r ter ar e
G . . by n o means c onfi ned to th e Ro manc e lang uage s .
”

ba kr e a b a r r ow tod ten ba kr e or s i mp ly ba kr e a bi e r
, , , , . W e find in W illems s ed itio n of Reina er t d e V os p ’
, .

T h i s wo r d i ntr od u c ed i n to F r b eca m e bier e p er h ap s .

’

1 5 th e v er b ba r aten p 8 2 an d in n u merou s ot h er
, ,
.
,

t h ro ug h P r ov ber a wh enc e E bier alo ngs i d e of .

, .
, p as s ages ba r a et in H oflmann v on F aller sleb c n s
,
‘
’

ba rr ow .
e d itio n of th e P la tt D eu ts c h t e xt of th e s a me po em ,

[ T heF r enc h ba r a han d ba rr o w is d o ub tles s c og ,

-

, v 3 1 5 4 5 5 5 3 5 5 6 1 ber dt a nd in T r i s ta n u nd
.
, , ,
n a t e a nd as it m o r e c lo s ely c o r r es po n
, d s to th e ra d i Isol t 1 1 5 8 8 p dr dt al ways in th e s ense of c h ea t or
, , ,
c a l it m us t b e c o n s i d er ed m o r e d i r e t ly
, c d er iv ed fro m t r ic k .

it tha n bier e M ] .
-
.
Barth . S ee Ber th .
 BA R T IZA N . BA ST E .
7 9

Bart iz an S ec Bra tti c e . . l i me -

t ree b eat en ou t a nd m ad e i nto a mat e r i al for
Barton A c o u r t y a r d , al s o .
-
th e d emesn e la n d s ma ts a n d oth er c o a r se fa b r i c s D a n . . ba st ma a lte, -

of a m a n o r , th e m a n o r -
ho u se it s elf , th e o u thou ses ba s s—
m atti ng ; ba st r eb, a -
b as s r op e D u . . ba s t, a h al
a nd y a rd s — H alliw el l A S ber eta n beor tnn ber e . .
, ,
ter , r op e for h ang i ng , OE ba s te. .

wic a c o u r t—
, ya rd c o r n fa rm fr om ber e b arley an d ,
-

, , , Bot y e s ll tak e a s tal wort h e b t

a e as e

t a n i nc lo su r e or wic d well i ng
, Bo s wo r th , , .
-
. A nd bin d e m y han d es behin d m e fa te s .

Bas e It ba sso F r bas l ow mea n ; Sp bawo ;

. .
, .
, ,
.
MS H lliw . a ell .

W a nd Br et bd s s h al low low flat T he or i gi nal

. .
, , ,
. D an bas te, S w ba s ta , to b i n d, c omm only
. . joi n ed with
mean i n g ac c o r d i ng to D i e z wo uld b e p r es s ed d ow n
, , ,
th e wo r d bin d a , of th e same s en se S w . . at bas ta 0
g
t h i ck Ba ss us c r as s u s p ing u is
.
“
G l I s id or e to bi nd h an d an d foot D an lcegge een i
, ,
.
”
. . bin d a , . .

Ba s sus c u r tu s h um il i s — P api as
‘

, E le a b as s esba a n d 0g bas t to p u t one in fe tt er s a n d it is r ema rk

,
.
”
.
,

h a nc h es e t b as s es j amb es a b l e tha t th e same exp r e s s io n is fo u n d in T u rk i s h.

”
;
Ba sil isk Gr fro m Ba O LA w s a
. bes s t a tyi ng b i nd i ng besst u ben det to b i nd
. L ap I
' ‘

, , , ,
- -
, . .

ki ng A fa b ulo u s s er p en t sa i d to kill tho s e th a t

. bas te th e hoop s of a cask , , .

l oo k u pon it . Bastar d A pp aren tl y of C elti c o r i g i n fr o m .

,

G a el ba os l u s t fo rn i ca tio n O Fr fils de bas t fi ls

Th e e i n t ne th t looketh pon h is ey e b t h di th
r s o o a u s, u e e
.
, , . . .
,

p n tly T h e lik p ope ty h th th e b ili k A w h it

r ese .
d e ba s
e r r a as s . e
.

s po t t it c i th n t h h ad n d t tith it t lik a
H e w s b g tin b t G od it wot — A th ur an d Me lin
o r s ar ar e o e e a se ou e
a e e o as r r
co ron t diad m I f h e b t h i no oth er erp n t dar e
. .
,
e or e . u ss s e

c ome n ear — H olla n d s P lin y in Ri h S ir Ric h a d fi le i f w n we sp k e b e o e

’
. c . r z re o a a v r

G e ntilman was in w th ei h e w e e b t ib o r a as ore.

L te sibi b m et om ne a
RG 5 16
su ov

Vulgu s et in vac a egn t B ili c s ena u r a as s u ar .

. .

L n This man was on to Joh n of G nt de c nded of an u ca .

s au ,
s e

h n b l line g e b t b n in b t
P rob ably fro m r epo r ts of th e c ob r a ca p el whi ch t n n ota ble in l ar nin —Hall in H lliwell
mo e n ble in bl od o ora e a ,
u or a s e, r o o
,
ha e a
g .

s et s u
p ts hood wh en a ngr y as t h e d i ad em of
i ,

th e b a s i l i sk . So T u r k cka s a fo rn i ca tion ckas a og li .

, ,

T o Bask T o h ea t o n eself in th e s u n or b efo r e a b a s t a r d

. F N e wman D u ver bas ter en to d egen . . . .
,

a fi re I c el ba ka s ig vid clld to w a rm o nesel f a t c rate

. .
,
.

th e fir e ; Pr ov E to bea k to b a k in th e h ea t ; Pl . [ Ba s ta r d as a pp l i ed to ship s h as b een tho u ght

.
,
s .
, ,

D s ick ba ker n to bas k to w a r m o ne sel f

. It will to b e fr om th e G r eek pa s r g and not alli ed to th e
, ,
.
-
a a ,

s ub sequ en t ly b e a r u ed th a t th e v erb ba da to b a th e c o mmo n wo r d :

g , ,

is a n oth e r fo r m of th e s am e r oot s i gn i fyi ng o r i g i ,

n ally to h ea t N ow th e m ea n i ng of bas k is ess en

.
A t th e A c h yn al e t h ere be c lo ed w it hin X 3“ 33 an
~
r s
>‘ > ’

e galy e g ete ba ta d and s tell &c . s, r s r es o .

tial ly r efl ec tiv e and it is p r ob abl e th at l i ke E ba sk

,

G u y lf d s Py lgry m g e p 7
. ’
, , , or e a . .
,

to be ta ke o n e s elf to g et r ead y fr o m I c el a t ba a se , , .
,

for at bua sig to bas k may be fr o m a fo r m a t ba ka s c , Bu t I am i nc l i n ed to thi nk it is merely t h e c o mmo n ,

or ba d as c for ba ka s ig or ba d a s i L b a kestet ba s ta r d in a s p ec i al a ppl i ca tio n I n a p r ivi lege of

, g ap , . . .

or p akestet to b as k S ee Bak e Ba th e
, Ki ng D on Mart i n of A ragon d at ed 1 3 9 7 C os tu mb
.
,
.
, , .

Bask et W ba sg n etti n g pla iti ng of s pli nters ; M ar d e Bar c elo na p 1 9 4 is thi s p r ovi s io n :
. .
, , .
,
.
,

bas g ed ba sg od a b as ket ; mas g a mes h la tti c e wo rk

, , , ,
-
.

I t is m en tio n ed a s a Br iti s h wo r d by M a r ti a l I tem q u e u l t ra l es ( lite s c o e s Ia d eta C iu ta t d o 1 it 3* : s ,

’‘

q q
.

pe r gal ea sotfl, e ix u in tar s p er g al ea ba s

’

v ii uin ta r s

Bar bar a d e p ietis en i b as ca u d a Br ita nn is , v ta rda , 2

. q t
u in ar s pe r g alea g r ssa , e tc o .

S ed m e j am m a v u lt dic ere Roma sua m .

H er e w ell as in many oth er ca s es th e wo r d

, as ,

Bason . F r ba s sin , . It bac ino th e d i m i n u tiv e of

.
, m ea n s m er ely a v essel not c o rr es po nd i n g to th e or
th e wo r d c o rr espond i ng to E ba ck si gn ifyi ng a wi de
.
, d in a r y s ta nda rd s of s iz e a n d b u rd en M ] . .

O p en v es s el S ee Back . . T o Baste 1 T o s tit c h to sew wit h l o ng s tit ch es

. .
,

Bass It bas s o th e low p ar t of th e s cale in

. .
, for th e p u r po s e of ke epi ng th e pi ec es of a g a r men t
mu s i c . in s h ape w h ile it is p erma nen tly se wn It Sp . . .

Lend m e you h nd s lift me bove P n as s s r a ,

a ar u ,
bas ta a lo ng s tit c h pr ep ar a to r y s tit c hi ng th e s titc h e s
, , ,

With y our lo d tr ebles h lp my l wly b u e o as s us . of a qu i lt or m a ttr ass Sp bas tea r embas tir l t . .
, , .

S ylv e t s D bartas s er
’
u .
imba s tir e F r batir to h as te to s tit c h ; F r i s S icamb
,
.
, ,
. .

Bassoon It bass on e an au gmen ta tio n of bas so . .

, bes ten le vit er con su er e —K il
, C H G bes ta n to . . .
,

i n str ument of a v er y low n ote . p at c h as It im ba stir e to bas te on a pi ec e of c loth

,
.
, .

Bast — Bass D u bas t b a rk p eel husk ; bas t

. .
m oc kbody f y o di c o
,
N ay , moc k
.
, ,
n ot , n ot : th e o ur s u rs e is
va n kor en b r an th e t h i n ski n w h i ch c ov er s th e
, , so metim es g u ar d ed w ith f g m n ts and t h g d a ra e ,
e u ar s re bu t
gra i n ; D an Sw ed G e r bas t th e inn er b a rk of th e
. . .
, s lig tl h y
bas ted on n eit h er — M uc h A d o ab o t N oth ing
. u .
80 BA S T E . BA T .

D er ived by D i ez fro m ba st as if th a t w er e th e s ub T h e r oot of E bas te to b ea t a n d th e S ca n d ina

,
.
, ,

s ta n c e o r i g i n a lly u s ed in s titc hing b u t thi s is h ar d ly vi a n v erb s a bov e c it ed is p r ob ably a d i r ec t i mita , ,

sa ti s fa c to r y .
tion of th e s o u nd of a blow p a rallel with D an ,
.

It s eems to me t h a t th e sen se of sti tc h i ng as a ba sk a sl ap a sou n d i ng blow th e so un d of a blow , , , , ,

p r ep a ra tio n for th e fi n al sewi ng of a ga r men t may a nd wit h PI D ba ts or ba bs in th e sa me s en s e ,

. . .

n a t u ra lly h a v e a r i s en fr o m th e n otio n of p r e p ar i n g
”
Ba ts ! gav ik em c enen S ma ck ! I gav e h im ,
“
.

c o n t rivi ng s etti ng u p w h i c h seems to b e th e g enera l one H a n d bats cke a fla t b a t for s t ri ki ng th e h a n d -

.
,
.
, ,

s en s e of th e v er b bas tir e ba s tir in th e Ro man c e O or ba ts c b e a box on t h e ea r D a n a t ba ske een s

, ,
-
,
. .

la n g u ag es . ar m to box o n e s ear s I ri s h ba tta a blow G ael ,

’
.
, ,
.

Th u s we ha v e Sp bas tir d i spo ser pr ep ar er (T a bat to b eat Fr ba ttr e a nd E bea t as w ell as S w

.
, , , ,
.
,
.
, .

boad a) It imba stir e to lay t h e clot h for d i nner to ba s a s s all ar i se fr o m s i mi lar imita tion s an d
.
, , ,
. .
, ,

d evi se or b eg i n a b us i n es s (A l ti er i ) F r bas tir to n a t urally p reser v e a g en er al re semb lan ce of ra di . .

,

b u i ld make fr ame er ec t r a i s e s et up al so to c om
, , , , , ,

po se c ont r iv e d evi s e Ba stir a qu elqa a n s on r ou

, ,
3 To pou r d ripp in g over a joint of m e a t whi le
.
’
.

let to t ea c h one befo r eh an d wh a t h e s h a ll say or d o ro a stin g to h in d er it fro m b u rnin g

,
This p erh a ps .
,
.

C otgr P r ov g uer r a ba stir to s et on foot a wa r ; m ay b e a nother a p plica tion of the Fr ba s tir sig
. .
,
.
,

a g a it bas tir to lay a n a mb us h —R ay n ,

Sp ba sti nifying preparin g in g eneral The verb howe v er . . . .

men to vi ct u als p r ovi s io ns t h i ng s p r ep a r ed for fu t u r e d oes not a ppe a r to b e u se d in this p a rtic ul a r a pp l i

, , ,

u s e a l s o t h e b as ti n or p r ep ar a to r y s titc h i n g of a c a tion in a n
y of the Ro mance ton g u es while the
, g ,

ar men t s tit c h i n of a q u i l t or ma tt r a ss T o ba s te D a nish h a s at bas te en s teg e x pl a ine d by M olb ec h

g g ,
.
, ,

a g a r men t wo u ld b e to se t it Up to p u t it toget h er s trippin g the thin o uter s k in off a pi e ce of m e a t to , , ,

a n d fr o m t h i s p ar ti c u l ar ki nd of s tit c h i ng th e s ig n i let it bro wn b efore the fire A s b asting wa s form er .

fi c a tion wo uld s e em to h a v e p a s s ed on to emb r ac e ly d one by r u bb in g the m ea t with a piece of b a con

s tit c h i ng in g en er a l a t the en d of a sti c k or b y lettin g the b acon d r o
.
p ,

over it the s i nific a tion m ay b e d eri v e d fro m th e

A ilve n dil f th I d owe s r e g or r ,

A n d g n t h i n ed ill t h ed n n a sense of b e atin g C om pa re Fr fr otter to r ub to

s r e a o e, . .
, ,

F o o t of to n me li t to g n r. u chafe also to cu dg el th wa ck ba ste or knock so un d

u e s o e
, , , ,
With th red b ting my l i a
ly C otgr e as s ev s .

Ch auc er R R
. .

Thes ll b ound tog ether in ne chain almost d d with

. . .

e a o ea
S itze u nd b t mir d en e mel wid in f m in
es e
nd w ted with torm nts h in g h d th ir n k d r er .

a e a as e av
,

a e a e
Minn in g in S ch mid b o d i s b t d o d rop p ed o er with b rnin g b con — 01d y
es er .

e us e r v
,

u a . s

It is d o ub tles s fro m th e s ens e of s ti tc hi ng th a t in R i ch ard son .

m u s t b e exp la i ne d th e It ba s to im ba s to a p acks a d B astin ad o Sp ba s ton a d a a blo w with a stick

.
, , . .
, ,

d le p a d for th e h ea d to ca rr y a w ei g ht on F r ba st
, Sp Fr ba ston Fr ba stonn a a e a c udg elli ng ba s ton .
, . . . .
’
, ,

bd t ( w h en c e t h e E m i lita r y t er m of a ba t h or s e) n er to c u d g el . In En glish the t er m is confine d to -

, ,
.

ba s tin e a pad or p ack s a d d le whi c h wa s o ri g i nally the b e a tin g on the soles of the feet with a stick a
, , ,

n othi n
g b u t a q u i lted c u shio n on whi c h to r es t th e fav o u rite p u nish m ent of the T ur k s a nd Arab s F or .

l oa d Th u s Bar etti expla i ns Sp ba stea r to p a ck a the ori g in of bas ton see Bas ic 2
. .
, , .

s ad dl e with woo l i e to q u i lt or s tit c h wool i n to it ; , Bastion It ba sl ia ba stid a ba s tion e a bastion

. .
. .
, , , ,

a nd Cotg r h a s ba s tin e a p ad p a c ksa dd le th e q u i lt ed

.
a sconce a b lockho u se a b a rrica d o
, Florio Fr
, , , , . . .

s ad dl e with whi c h col ts ar e b ac ked ba s tz lle bas tzld e a fortress or c a stle furnishe d with
' '

.
, ,

2 T o b ea t or b ang s o u n d ly — Ba i ley
. T h i s towers d onjon a n d d itches ; bas tion the fortifica tion . .
, , ,

wo r d p r obably p r eser v es th e fo r m fr om when ce is terme d a b a stion or c ullion he ad Cotg r All -

. .

d er iv ed th e F r ba ston baton a s ti ck an i nst r umen t fro m bas tir to bu il d s et u p contri v e

.
, , , , , , .

for b ea ti ng a s w ell a s bestea u th e c la pp er of a b ell

, Bat 1 The W in g ed mammal S o ba ck ba k
, . . . . .
, ,

I c el begs ta to b ea t to t h ras h ; D an bbs te to d r u b baffle bird ; S w n a ttba lca D an aflon bale/re the
.
, , .
‘

, ,
-
.
,
.
,

to b ela bou r ; S w bbs ta to t h u mp to kn o ck Pe r ni ght b ack evenin g b ack It vip zstr ello the n ight
’ '

- -
. . . .
, , , ,

ha p s in th e u se of th e E term t h er e is us ually a n ba t Fl Bab/Ce fiying e b est vespertilio — Pr . .

-
.
, , . .

e rro n eo u s feel i ng of its b ei ng a m et a p h o r fr o m th e Pm Ap p arently fro m bla tta bla c ta ori g in ally rep .
, ,

n otio n of b a s ti n
g m e a t — T o ba s te o n e s hi d e ; to resentin g the sq u e a k of the ani mal a nd a pplie d in
’
, ,

giv e h im a so u n d ba s ting L at bla tta to a moth or noctu rn al b e etle . F or the .

,
.

No Si I loss of the I comp are ba dg er fro m bla d zer

'

B t y S i i it d inn time
u sa S D ,
r, s er - ? . ro. ,
r, .

t h ink t h m t w n t w h t I h v e A t I n g d tim
e ea a M id L a t b la tta bla c ta b atta (l uci fug a v esper
s a a . n . oo e, .
.
, , ,
S i w h t th t S D
’
B ti g A t W ll S i th n tilio v l ed er mus B
?
a c ter a est son us vespertilionis
r, a s a
)
. ro
l . us n . n . e ,
r, e

Si I p y y
.
, .

tw ill b d y
’
S D
e I f it b
r e t n on e ro e, r, ra ou a
Pl a c ta fied er ma us s g ed on the cry of a b a t D ief
. . .
.

A t Y Le t it m k y ch l , .

of it
.
,
. nn S D
. o u r r eas o ? . ro . s a e ou o

eri c nd p a h m noth d y b ti g C om d y of
u rc — as e
S u
p to D
e
ue
a
It will b e seen th at the for m blac ta
er r as n e
. .

E rs in Ri h
rro c . is re la te d in li k e d e g ree b ot h to ba t a n d ba le .
 BAT C H . BATTLEDOOR . 81

It s ee ms strang e to confo u n d u n d er a co mmon bu rn s ; ba d g lsk fi she s baskin g in th e su n ; ba d da ‘

,

n am e a ni mals so d ifferent a s a b a t and a moth or vid z or to beathe woo d as it is provinc ially termed
'

, , ,

b eetle on th e score of their b oth flyin g b y ni gh t

,
i e to he a t it a t the fir e for the p u rpo s e of mak in g ,
. .

b u t the notions of our a ncestors on the c l a ss ifica tion it t ak e a certain set Flem betten to foment to . .
, ,

of n a t u r a l history were v ery u nsett l e d a n d we fin d w arm — K i1 The Germ bd ken to w a rm to fo ,

. . .
, ,

the l a ntern fly of the We st In d ies spoken of in ment may p robab ly b e a nother form of the sam e ,

C ot gr av e as a b ir d roo t H olz bd ken to w arp or b e athe woo d ; br ot

. .
,

b alzen to to ast b re ad Hence probably may b e ex , .

C cu y e an ad mir ble b ir d in Hisp niola hav in g two l a ine d the n am e of Bai ae a s s i nifyin
g w a r m b a ths
u a a
p g
, ,

ey es in h er h e d an d t wo n d r h er win g s which ar e
, ,
a u e
to which t ha t S pot owe d its celeb rity It is d i fficu lt
,

d o b le a g r te r an d a s m ller p air &c

.

u ea a
to sep a ra te Icel baka to he a t ; baka s ig vz d edd to
.
, , '

.
, ,

A cas e more ex a ctly in p oint is th e applica tion of w a rm one s elf a t th e fire ; Prov E to beak Pl D . .
,
. .

th e n am e of the owl to a m oth fro m flyin g ab o u t s ick ba ker n S wiss backelen to ba s k to w a r m one s el f
'

, , , ,
.

a t the s a m e ti m e of evenin g as is provinci a lly u se d A s the Sl a vonic p a k h e a t u n d o u bte d ly ex hib it s the , , ,

in En g l a n d ( H ah) a n d a lso in Germ a ny ; E u le root of the se l atter form s we mu st su ppose th at the

, , ,

E ulchen a moth Ad el un g
, fin al k wa s softene d into a n 12 in G b aken to which
. . .
'

The d eriv ation of ba t or ba k from bla c ta blatta the form ba de n wou l d correspon d in the sam e wa y , , ,

is confirme d by th e OE form blak as E a bide to a bie It ba d a r e to Fr b eer b a er to

’
.
y . .
, ,
.
, .
, ,

a pe to l oo k
B t t th t y ehe b rey d e
u a a
g , .

T h t s e fur e e s ynn e s ey e
h th h a d T O B a tt e n To t h r iver
t o fee d to b eco m e fa t
,
. , , .

Come fl yng o te t here mo the a bl k e Goth g a ba tn a n to th rive to be profite d Icel ba tna

u a u a .
, , , .
,

Th t y ehe bl k y da w l telle a to get b etter to b ecome conv ale scent D u ba t bet

a r e
, . .
, ,
Th at b yt was a f nd e of hell e b ett e r more See Better
e .

M n l d es Pecch é
. .
,
a ue s
B att en In c a rpenter s lan guag e a sc a ntlin g of
.
’
.

2 A st aff club or i mple m ent for s tri k in g

.
, In woo d en st u ff fro m two to fo u r inches b road a nd
, .
,

so me p a rts of En gl an d it i s the ord in ary word for a ab o u t an inch th ick Ba iley A ba tten fence is a . .

stick a t the present d ay A S u ssex wo m a n speaks fence mad e b y n a ilin g ro d s of s u ch a n at ure a cro ss .

u tt in a c lu ng ba t or a d ry stic k on the fire In u pri hts Fro m ba t i n the sense of r od ; erh p

p g g , p a s ,
. .

S uffol k ba tlz n s a r e loppin g s of trees mad e u p into first u se d a djectiv a lly ba t eu mad e of b ats as wood
'

, , ,

fa gg ots Bret ba z a stick G ae l ba t a sta ff c u d

. . en ma d e of woo d , .
, , ,
.

g el b l u d g eon and a s a v erb to b e at to c u d gel

, , T O B att er B att er y Battery a b e atin g a n , ,
. . . , ,

H un g bot a stick The ori gin of the word is a n a rra n g e ment for g iv in g b low s i s a s i mpl e ad option
.
,
.
,

im itation of the so u n d of a b low by the syll abl e ba t of Fr ba tterz e fro m b a ttr e to b e a t Fro m ba ttery
'

.
,
.
, ,

th e root of E b ea t It b a tter e Fr b a ttr e W ba ed d u . was p rob ab ly forme d to ba tter u n d er th e consc io u s

,
.
, .
,
. .

Ba t a b low
, H a lliwell The li ghte r so u n d of the n ess of the root bat in the sense of b low whence
. .
,

p i n p a t a d opt s the l a t ter syll ab le to r e present a to b at ter wo u l d b e a re g ul a r frequ ent a tive si g nify ,

g entl e b low a blo w with a li g h t instru m ent

, The ing to give rep eate d b lows an d wou l d thu s see m to .
,

i mita tive n atu re of the root ba t is a pp a rent in S p b e the verb from w hich battery h ad b een forme d in .

ba ta ca zo baguetaz o the noise ma d e by on e in fall t he intern al d evelop ment of the En gl ish l an gu ag e

, , .

B att er E ggs flo ur a nd milk bea ten up to . , ,

Batc h A ba tch of b re ad i s so mu ch as is ba ked g ether

. .

at on e ti m e G g ebac / e
g ebaclce , r. B a tt l e — '

B att a li o n , It ba tter e Fr b’

a ttr e to . . .
, .
,

T O B ate 1 Fr a ba ttr e to fell b e a t or b re ak b e a t ; 3 6 ba ttr e to fi gh t w h ence It ba ttag lia Fr

. . .
, , , , , .
,
.

d own q u el l a ll a y ; S p b a th to b e at b e a t d own ba ta t lle a b a ttle a lso a squ ad ron a b a n d of a rm e d

'

.
, , , , , , , ,

l essen re m it a b a te , , men a rran g e d for fi ghtin g

. In OE also b attle wa s . .
,

2 A term in fa lconry to fl utter w it h the w in g s

. u se d in the l a tter sense . .

Fr ba ttre les ailes

. .
S c fi ld i ledd is and cov erin g a
‘

a s, r ,

[ So in Ital i a n : Pikkis h owi an d with sta ff ly n g , s, s ,

T o ilk lord an d his b t ill

God i Fir en e p oi ch e e si grand e W
z
es ord any t g har h e s ul d ass aill
, s
’

u
a a ,

C h e p er m e p e t err b tt 1 ali
.
'
’ ,
ar r a a z

E p er lo nfe n o il t o nom e si sp an d e ’
r
B arbo ur in Jam
u
,

.
.

D nte In ferno c xx i Hence in the au gmenta tive form It ba ttag lz on e a

a , ,
. v .
.
'

B ath T O B ath e . Ice l ba da G ba den to battalion a ma in b a ttle a g re a t squ a d ron .

Florio .
,
.
, , ,
. .

b ath e The ori gin a l m e anin g of the word s eem s to

. B attl ed oor The b at with which a sh u ttlecock .

b e to w a rm thence to b a the in hot w a te r an d fin al ly is str uck b a ck w a r d s and forw a rd s

,
Sp ba ta dor a ,
. .
,

to i mm erse in w a ter g eneral ly S we d ba d da sig 2 w ashin g b eetle a flat bo ard w ith a h a n d le for b e a t
'

. .
,

solen to b as k in the su n ; s olen ba dda r the s un ing the wet l inen

, ,
.

VO L . I . 11
82 BATTLEME NT . BA Y .

B attl em ent It may be do ub tful w h ether an .

Wh t d oth cl r p rl in a b
a ee e e a wdy b oote .

emba ttled w a ll i e a w a ll b u ilt with ba ttlemen ts a s

Ly d g t a e .

,
. .
,

well as the wor d ba ttlement it sel f is to b e expl a ine d ,

W ba w d ir t filth e x crement To ba w to v oi d the
.
, , , .
,

fro m the notion of p u ttin g in b a ttle a rr ay prep a rin g -

, b owel s — H alliw ell From Ba w ! a n interjection .

the b u ildin g for d efence or fro m the Fr bas tille ,

.
, of disgu st equ iv a lent to F a u gh b ein g a repres enta
,

ba till e b u il t a s a b a stille or fortress furnishe d with

’

, ,
tion of the exsp ira tion n atu rally resorted to as a
”
t u rrets tu rric ulis fa sti g i a t u s
,
D iet Tre v The . . . d efence a ga inst a b a d s m ell .

ter m in OE was often ba ttalt ng —Jam In sup

'

F Ih known a ch rn l ho s sm ll sw t r
. . .

au g h ! av e a e u e e ee e
port of th e former orig in may be cite d It ba ttaglier e
-
.

.
,
B nd F . a .

a b a ttle ment on a w all a fla t roof on a ho u s e or ,

Y e b w ! q oth b wc e
ca stle for people to st a n d a n d fi ght Florio a u a re r

I w ll n g h t b r l d
. .

o o e u e
B aubl e Ori g in ally an i mpl em ent consistin g of
.
By Jh f ll yo r j gly nges u or a u an e
l umps of le a d h an g in g fro m the en d of a short stick , W ith S p iri t s J ti i P P u us c ae . . .

for the p u rpose of inflictin g a blow u pon dogs or the

li ke then orn am ente d b url esqu ely and u s ed by a forthey b eth b k es tell s as o u
,

Fool a s his e mb le m of office Bab u ll e or bab le

Abo e C od d s wo k e
v e r s .

Y e b aw f b o k es q od oon
.

or u
lib rill a p e gma ,
Li brill a dic itur instrum entu m li ,
”
W as b rok n o t of H elle — I P e u .
’
. .

”
b ra n di a b ab le or a d ogg e m a lyot e Pe gma .
,

b a c u l u s c um ma ss a p lu mb i in s u mm it ate p en d ente .
”
Sc ba u ck d isgu stin g sorry b a d — Jam The It
.
, , , . .

Pr Pm a nd a u thorities in note
. .
,
. int erjection oibo ’ fie fi e u pon (Altieri ) a nd Fr .
, ,
.

The ori gin of the word is ba b or bob a lump an d , ,

ba h ! pooh ! nonsense ! Sp baf ’ expressi v e of d is . .

as a v erb to m ove q u ickl y u p an d d own or b a ck

, g u st mu st all b e referre d to the sa me origin
, Fr . .

w ar d s and forwa rd s Ga el ba b a ta ssel or h an gin g . .

, p ou ac fau h ! a n interjection u se d when a nyt h in
g g
b unch ; E ba blyn or wav eryn li b rillo v a cill o
.
, ,
. filthy is shown or sa i d whence p oua cr e rotten filthy , , , ,

Pr Pm
. . an d hence a lso ei ther l a z y slothful C otgr In ,
. .

Ba uble in the s en s e of a pl aythin g or trifle seems l i k e m a nner G a el c ea ck ’ expressive of dis gu st ; . .

a different wor d from Fr ba bt ole a trifle whi m c ea c ka z tb d irt filth ; c eac k a r r a dirty sor d i d worth
' ’

-
,
.
, , , , , , ,

wh am gu igaw or small to y to pl a y withal

,
C otg r ,
. . les s .

But h ere al so th e d eriv a tion m ay fu n d am enta lly b e T O Ba Form e d from ba w the representa tion
. ,

the same for ba ble was form erly u se d in the sense

,
of a l o u d sho u t as Fr mta u ler E to mewl to mak e ,
.
,
.
,

of a d oll fro m whence th e notion of a chil d s p lay t h e noise represente d b y the sy ll able mia u mew
’
.
, ,
’
thin g a trifle m i ght e asily a ris e Fr p oup ee a
, ,
. .
, The so u n d of a dog b arkin g is repres ente d by ba a ,

b ab ie a p u ppet or ba ble als o the flax on a d i s taff bow L at ba u ba r e E bow wow Piedm f e ba n to
’
-
. . . .
, , , ,
’
C otgr . b a rk ; ba ul e t o b a r k to ta l k noisily ob str ep er e
, , ,
.

Now the s i mplest form of a d ol l is a b u n dle of

cl ou ts and tha t in d ee d is the mea nin g of the word
, soone s we shoul d on c he thos e h ll ho nd s .
Y et as a e ar e e -
u ,

In the sense therefore of a d oll a lso the word ba u ble , th s T rks came y lping and b lling up on s S ir , , e e u a a u .
-

may b e fro m ba b or bob a l ump or b unch C om More in R , .

.

Icel ba ula to low or b ellow a s a n ox

’

p are Fr p oup ee a d oll with p oup e d e chenilles a

.
, , , .
,
.

b u nch of c a t erpill a rs ; p oup e d e fila ss e a h an d ful Baws on A n ame of the ba dg er fro m the , . ,

of flax H un g bu b a b u nch a tu ft a nd bu ba a
.
stre ak s of white on his fa ce
.
It ba lza n o a horse
, , , , . .
,

d oll a little g ir l
, with white l egs Fr ba lz a n a horse th at h a th a
.
. .
,

B au dr ick B al d rick Prov bau d r a t O Fr white leg or foot the white of his l eg or foot a lso
. . .
, . .
, ,

ba u dr e O H G bald er eck Icel belti a belt

’

Diez .
'

m ore g enerall y a white spot or m ark in an y p a rt of ,

.
, . .

Bau d rick in OE is u se d for a swor d b el t sc arf c ol his b o dy C otgr

.
Prov ba usa n O Fr ba u ga nt -

, , . . .
,
. .
,

la r .
a horse ma rk e d with white Provin E ba wson ed . . .
,

B avin A b ru sh faggot 0 Fr b af e fais ce au hav in g a white streak d own the fa ce From Bret
. . . .
, , . .

fag ot Lac omb e

.
bal a white ma rk on the fa ce of ani mals or the
.
,
,

Bawd ekin C loth of g old It ba ld ac ekzrt o s s n ame of a ca rt

'

a ni ma l so mark e d whence the E

. . .
,
. .
, ,
.

al so the ca nopy c a rrie d over the he ad of d istin horse Ba ll G a el ba ll a spot a plot of grou n d a n , . .
, , ,

g uish ed persons in a process ion b ecau se m a d e of o bject Ba ll seir c a b e au ty spot ba lla ck spott ed , .
-
,
-
, , ,

cloth of gol d The origin al m ea nin g of the wor d speckle d E p ie ba ld ma rke d like a pie Prob a
.
. .
-
,
.

is Bagdad st uff fro m Bald acc a Ba gda d b ec au se b ly connecte d with Pol bt a lo R uss bz elo Bohe m
, , , .
'

,
.
’

,
.

cloth of gol d was import ed fro m Bagdad bj ly white Serv bij el white bt lyeg a a m ark .

,
. .
, ,
'

, ,

B awd y Filthy l ew d ; in OE d irty .

bilg ej t tt to m a rk See B al d , . .
' '

,
. .

I l is r t slop it is n ot worth mite o v e es B a y, 1 A hollo w in the line of co a st C at ala n .

.

I t is all b wdy nd to tore ls o C ha c r ba dia fro m ba da r to open to gape div i d ere d ehis
a , a -
a . u e .
, , , , ,
 BA Y . 83

c ere ; to O pen a s a b lo ssom to split See

ba d a r s e, ,
. in g th e mo u t h , rose two forms of the verb one a ,
“
a t Ba
y b elow Fro m C at b
,
a dia to S p b a kia
”
. . .
, with a n d on e w ithou t th e a d d ition of a fin al d to the
the step is the s am e a s from It tr a dir e to Fr tr a hir . .
, root 1 st It ba d a r e h a vin g th e p rima ry significa
.
,
.
,

to b etra y It baj a Fr b a ie . . . . . tion of openin g the mou th then of d oin g wha te v er ,

Bay, 2 Bay Win d ow The same fu n da menta l

.
-
. is m a rke d by in v ol u nt ar ily open in g the mo u th as ,

id e a of a n openin g als o g i v es rise to the ap plic a tion g a z in g w a tchin g intently d esirin g w aitin g ; an d
, , ,

of the ter m Bay ( in Archi tectu re ) to a sp a ce l e ft 2 nd 1y Fr ba ker b a er beer ba ier to O pen the
’
“
.
, , , , ,

in a w all for a d oor ga te or win d ow ( in Forti , ,

mo u th to s ta re to b e intent on a nyth in g
, , .

fi ca tion ) to holes in a p a ra pet to receive the mo u th

, Fro m the for mer verb is the It expression ten er e .

a ba d a to keep on e w a itin
”
of a c a nnon Ba iley A b a rn of two bays is . .
, , g to keep a t a bag to , ,

one of two d iv isions or u nb rok en sp a ces for stowin g a mu se ; s ta r e a ba d a d u n o to sta n d w a tch in

’

g on e , .

corn & c one on e a ch s id e of the threshin g floor Ante o me h sta

-
.

r
d rlo hi
.
, ,
b d di T al p a ve a , c e va a a a, ve e c

E rth n r S c h A nt s s e m d to m wh o s too d w tchin g

a
a e . u aeu e e e, a

him stoop
By N t r m d e t till th t b y th y rly b irth
a u e a o ,
a e ea
.

T h l g b g d b rn d oth fi ll — D r y ton in R
e a r e- a
N n ti terro c n so l n g o et d bb d is corsi b d I
e a . a .
o o ver u u n a a a .

wi ll n t k p y o w i ting with lon g story &c

In gr t p b li lib r ri s c s s m y be r ct d b ttin g
ea u c a e a e a e e e a u
o ee u a a ,
.

in to th ap tm nt f om th p i rs f th win d o ws
e ar th y I Pis ni si most ono d i ol rgli ss lir di q ll p rte
e r e e o e , as e
a r ar v e a a e ue a a
d n t ob str c t th li g ht o i
o o n d afford p l s nt b g in e c mmi i n i l l to p t n r i n mi c i b d
u e r a r, a ea a a s
o n c ar o o v
’
as s a er e e e e a a a
whi ch to st d y in q i t Journal S c A ts F b 25
.

u u e . o . r ,
e .
,

18 5 9 . i e in ord er to keep the ene my in ch eck or a t bay . .

,
.

A ba g wind ow then is a wi n dow conta in in g in

- N e was th er man o stron g b t b e d o wn b ore e s u

N e wo m n y et so f ire b t h e h e b ro ht
itse lf a b g or rec e ss in an a p a rt ent ; in mod ern
m a a u r u
a g
U t hi b g an d cap ti ed h er tho ug ht F
,

ti m es whe n the a rchitect u ral m e a nin g of the word

,
Q n o s a v . . .

wa s not genera lly u n d ers too d co r r u pte d into Bo w h e b ro u ght her to st a n d listenin g to h im , .

win d ow as if to si gnify a win d ow of c u r v ed o u tline

,
S w l l h e woo ed h n d o w ell h e wr o g ht h er
.
o e er a s u
Fr bee a h ole o v ertu re or openin g in the w a ll or
.
’

, With faire ntr ty nd s wete bl nd ishm ent

, , e ea a a

other p a rt of a ho u se & c C ot S wiss beie bage Th t t th e leng th t b g h e b ro ght h er

,
. .
, ,
a a un o a a u

w in d ow ; bagen stein win d o w sill St al d e r Sw ab S o as h e to his s p ch s w

- cont nt - s ee e as e

T o l n d n ear and softly t o relent — F Q

. . .
,
e a
bag l arg e win d ow in a h a n d so m e h o u se Schmi d . . .

. .
,

Bay tr ee The la u r u s no b ilis or tr u e la u rel of

-
. The st ag is sa i d to s ta n d at bag when wea ry of , ,

the a ncients the la u r el bag so c all ed from its b e a r r u nnin g he t u rns and fa ces his p urs u ers an d keep s
,
-

, , ,

in g ba gs or b errie s ,
the m in ch eck for a while A s t h is crisis in the
. .

cha se is expresse d in Fr by the term r endr e les

ry tal l nd b ig tree — and th e a bbais the term a t ba h a s been s uppo s e d to b e d e
.

T h e roy al l rel is a au ve a

b i a es or b rri es (b cem) whi ch it b rs

e nothin g b itin g or a
y ea are
,

ri v e d fro m the Fr a u x d er n ier s a b ois a t h is l a s t

u n p l e s nt in tas te
a a Holl n d s Pliny in R . a
’
.
.
,

ga sp p u t to his las t shi fts whic h however a s may , , ,

A ga rla n d of b ags is commonly represente d with b e seen from the fore g oin g e x a mp les wou l d give ,

b erries b etween the le a v es b u t a p arti a l expl a n a tion of the expr e ssion .

.

The word ba g Fr ba ie a b erry is perh ap s not [ The Ita lia n sta re a ba d a to sta n d at bag afford s
, .
, , , ,

d irectly fro m L a t ba c c w whi c h itsel f see ms to b e a stron a r u m ent in fa vor of the d er iv a tion here
g g
.
,

fro m a C eltic root W ba con b erries G a el ba propose d which is a lso confirm e d by the a n alogy
. .
,
. .

g a id a cl u ster of g ra pe s or n u ts
, Pro v ba c a bag a of th e En glish e x pressio n to sta n d a t g a ze . .
, ,

Sp ba ca M od S p bag/a the c od of pe a s hu sk
.
, . .
, , ,
N or stood at g a ze
b erry It ba c cello the c od or hu s k of b e a ns or th e
. .

T h e ad ers e legions ,
P Lost VI 205 v .
- ~
ar . . .
,
li ke especi ally b ea ns
, .

Bay L a t ba dins Sp bag o It baj o Fr ba i See a lso the ex am ples fro m Dra y ton a nd Be au mont
. .
, .
,
.
,
. .

The Sp h a s also ba zo chestn u t yellowish b rown ; an d Fletch er in Ri c hard son

.
, , ,
.

p a n ba z o Fr p a in bis b rown b re a d ten din g to On the other h a n d the French phra ses ten ir les -
.
, , , ,

show th at it is the s am e wor d with It big io Venet a bbois D u Fo u illo u x Vénerie ch a p xliii r en d r e les . . .
, , ,
. .
,

bis o grey Fr ba sa n e d u sky of a t awny h u e ; s e a bbois etc a r e n ot easily reconci led w ith the s u p
, . .
’

, , ,
.
,

bas a n er to wa x b le ak ta wny sw a rt
, C otg r ; to position th a t a bbois is fro m beer a n d it m ay b e a dd e d
, , .
,

t an with the s u n th a t the a ction expressed by this verb is too t am e

.

T O Bay T o b a rk as a d og It a bba ia r e Fr to correspon d with th at of a stag a t bag or with the

. . .
,
.
,

a bba er L a t ba n b a r i Gr B é w P ied m f e ba n en ergetic a nd pictu resqu e d i a l ect of the cha se ’

g , .
,
. an e , .
,
.

fro m a n i mita tion of the so u n d See Ba wl The d eriv ation fro m bag to b a rk Fr a boyer . .
, ,
.
,

A t Bay It h a s b een shown u n d er Ab ie Ab i d e see m s m ore n atu ra l b ec a u se it is more truly d esc r ip

. , , ,

th at from ba rep re s entin g the so u n d mad e in open tive of a c ris is in the ch as e of w h ich th e h untsma n
,
84 BAYONET . BEAN .

is s y first appr ise d by the violent ba rkin g of b k n d d is co er his b ed q h en h e m et ane D n e B ell en

u u all e a v u a .

d n in J m e a
the ho u n d s and b e fore he co mes within si ght of the
,
.

an imal a t ba b u t still the v erb s ten ir a n d r en d r e C o m p a re E s th on n okkima to

p eek as a b ir d ; n ok
g
.
,
, , ,

h a v e as little appropri a teness i n th is view of the kuta ma p ea d to n od with the h ea d , .

cas e as in the other Bead A b all of so m e orn amental m ater ial

.
. ,

Sir Richard G uylford e Pylg ry mage 6 2 e mploys p ierce d for h an ging on a strin g and ori gin ally u se d, , , ,

the verb to bag in a n u n u s ua l ma nner for the p u rpose of helpin g the m e m ory in re c itin g
a certa in ta le of pr ayers or d oxolog ies AS bea d
This s y d temp est and ye p ery ll o s r d e th t w h ad
a u o a e
. .
,

t er was m r d ng
h e to th n ny p e ell th t
o e au w e g ebed a pr ayer
erous
See To B id To bid
vs
one s b e d esa a r a ,
. .
’

or b e a d s was to s ay one s pr ayers

’
w r in by f
e e f we w ere so b b g d th at w h d n
ore, or e a e ,
e a o .

rem d y b t truste to O
e u
hard abred e th e gr te ggly rokk &c
e
n cre hold and l y e am te Bead l e AS bg del the m essen ger of a cou rt
ur a e, a os
. .
, ,
o fficer in a tten d ance on the d i gn ita ri es of a u ni v er
e V es , .

This may p ossibly b e embayed inclose d i n a bag sity or chu rch Fr bed ea u It bid ello Prob ably an ,
. .
, . .

from which the ship co u l d not r un ou t b u t this equ ivalent of the mo d ern wa iter a n a tten da nt from ,
, ,

h ard ly a ppe ar s fro m the context which d escri b es AS bid a n to w a it I t will b e ob ser v ed th a t the
,
.
, .

the ship as d riven back to th e c oa st of a d esert word a ttend a n t also h as a l i ke orig in in Fr attendr e .
,

isl an d an d the s ense is d ou b tfu l

,
M ] to wa it .
-
.
.

B ayon et Fr ba ion ette a d agg er

. Co tgr . Hom e is h e b ro ght nd lai d in s mp t ous b ed
,
. . u a u u

S ai d to h a v e b een invente d at Bayonne or to h a v e Where m ny sk ilful l ech s h im bid a e e a e

T o s l e his h rts — F Q
,
a v u
b e en first u se d a t the sie g e of Bayonne in 1 6 6 5
. . .

Diez . i e w a it u p on h im . . .

T o Be AS beon ; Ga el beo a live li v in g ;

. . B eagl e A sma ll kin d of ho u n d tra ckin g b y .
, , .

beotka ck a b e a st livin g thin g ; Ir biotk life the scent

, ,
The Frenchm en stil like g oo d beg eles fol .
, ,
.
“

worl d ; Gr B s l ife The Irish verb s ub sta nti ve lowin g th eir prey
. to , . H all s C hron .
”
-
’
.

is for m e d from a root bi the W from a root ba bu C o mmonly re ferre d to Fr b eug ler to b llo w
, .
,
. .
,
e
,

B eac h The i mmed i a te shore of the s ea the which is however not a pplied to the yelpin g of d ogs
. , .

p art ov erflowed by the ti de Thence applie d to the Moreov er the n ame a ccord in g to Men ag e was in .
, ,

pe bbles of which the shore often consists t r od u c ed fro m En gl an d into Fr a nce an d therefore .
,

wa s not li k ely to h a ve a French ori g in It may b e

W e h l ed yo r b rk o er a b ar of b h or p ebb le ston es
.

a u a v eac
a corr uption of Bea d le by co mp a rison to a ca tchpo ll
, ,

in to a sm all ri er — H ac k l y t in R v . u .

track in g a cri min al In Italy a t lea st we see the .

I b elie v e th a t bea ch is a mo d ifica tion of I celfba kki opposite met a phor Br a cco any k in d of beag le ,
.
“
, ,

a b a n k a shore or of AS becc a b roo k

, ; co mp a re
, hou n d bloo dho u n d & c b y m et aphor constab les
.
, , ,
.
, , ,

r i a a b a n k a nd r ivu s a b roo k It r iv ier a a shore bea dles or serge a nts a n d ca tchp olls in the rog u es
p , , , , .
, , ,
”
a nd Fr r iv ie r e a r iv er
. In Norfolk ba nk is c om lan gu ag e
, Florio . . .

m onl y u se d inste a d of bea ch Miss G u rney in B eak A form tha t h a s prob ably d e scen d e d to . .

Philolog Trans vol v ii . . u s fro m a C eltic ori in

.
g . G a el beic C ui T olosae . . .

So in Rob ert of Glo u cester spe ak in g of W the n a to cognom en in pu er itia Becco fu er at ; id v a let , .

C onq u eror l a n d in g in En gl a n d gallin a cei rostru m S u etoni u s in Diez It becco . .

”
. .
,

Fr bec Bret bek W p ig It forms a b ran ch of

His folc w nt p t l n d h im s l en was th la t
. . . .
, ,
e u o e e v e s
a very n um ero u s cl a ss of word s cl u st ere d ro u n d a
, ,

T b nk o er th s nd p lank es thei o er c as t
o a v e o v .

root p ik si gn ifying a po int or any a ction d one with , ,

B eac on B eck B eck on O H G ba t tka n a pointe d thin g

. . . . .

O S a x boka n AS bea c en a si gn a n od ; O H G
. .
B eam — Boom Goth Bag ms Isl ba dmr G
.
, , . . .
, .
, .

for a ba u ba n a pres ag e pro di gy ; ba uknj a n I c el b a u m D u boom a tree AS bed m a tree stock

-
, , , .
, .
,
. .
, , ,

bdkn a AS bea c nia n n u t u s i nifica r e to beckon post b ea m The boom of a vessel is the bea m or
, .
g , , .
, .

The term bea con is confined in E to a fire or some pole by which the s a i l is stretched co min g to u s .
, ,

conspicu o u s object u se d as a si gn al of d an g er li ke most n a u tic al term s fro m the Netherl an d s or .

,

The ori g in see ms preserv e d in E beck to b ow or North Ger ma ny .

,
.

n od ; C a ta l a n bec a r to n od
; G a el beic a c u rtsey Bean G bokne Icel ba un Gr m x s U a /a
‘

, .
, , . . . . .
, K a

p e rh a ps fro m the i mag e of a b ird pecking ; G a el s L at fa ba Sl a v on bob W f a b e a n s f ar m a . vo , .

,
. . .
, , ,
beic a b e ak
, .
sin gle b e a n the a d d ition of a fin a l en b ein g the u s ual ,

Th n p in I to t tch n forth my n eck

m a e e
m a r k of in d i v i d u a lity
e s re
B ret fi t or f av
e
b e a ns or . .
, ,
,
A n d E t n d West
p n th p p le I b k
as a the p la nt which b e ars the m faen or fa ven a sin gle
u o e e ec e, ,
A d th d o e sitti n g pon b rn
s o a v
b e a n pl u r f avenn ou or f aennou as well a s fi t or
u a e .
, .
,

P rd on r s T l f a t) Th u s the fin a l en si g ni fyin g in d i v i d uality

a e
’
a e .
.
, ,
H e (H rdic n t
)m d
a l w th t e ry In g lis m n
a u e
l ad heres to the root an d L at fa ba is connec te d
a e a a a ve a sa .
,
 BEAR . BE C OME . 85

thr o ugh Ob er d eu tsch bobu ( Schwenck) w ith G . w a d e through the w ater lik e a b ea ver Secon d arily .

bokne E bea n . .
a pplie d to a h a t b eca u se mad e of th e fu r of the ,
,

Bear The wild b e ast G M r Icel bibrn b eav er

'

. . .
.
. .
,

TO B ear L a t fer o f er —
re; Gr (p p. ; Goth .
,
. a ery . 2 The m ove ab le p ar t of a he lmet which when
.
, ,

u p covere d the fa ce a nd when d own occ u pie d the

ba ir a n to ca rry s u pport a n d a lso to b e a r chil d ren
, , , , , ,

to pro d u ce yo u n g The l atter sense may h av e b een .

pl a ce of a ch il d s b ib or slobb erin g cloth Fr ’
. .

d evel op e d thro ugh the notion of a tree b e a rin g fr u it ,

ba v ier e fro m ba ver to slobb er
,
It ba va Sp baba ,
. .
, .
,

or fro m the pre gn a nt mother ca rryin g her yo u n g .

Fr ba ve slob b er fro m an i mitation of the in a rticulate
.
, ,

It is sin gu l a r however th at the forms correspon d in g , ,

u t ter a nce of t h e s lo bb erin g infa nt The 0 Fr ba ve . . .

to the two s ignifi ca t ion s sho u l d b e so d istinct in expresse d a s well the flow of s aliv a as the b a bble of
L ati n fer o to ca rry an d p a r io to b e a r chil d ren
, , , , ,
the child whence ba veux ba va r d Prov ba vec talk
, , ,
.
,

prod uce b rin g forth The connection of the la tter .

a tive Diez . .

w ith app a r eo to a ppe a r to come to li ght inclines , , ,

Beck , 1 B eck on A n od or si gn . S ee -
. .

on e to s u spect th a t p a r er e to b ea r chil d ren may

’

, ,
Be a con .

ori gin ally h a ve si g nified to b rin g to li g ht a s the n eu ,

Beck , 2 A b rook A s r ivus a b rook seem s . .
, ,

ter p a r er e to c ome to li ght See Ba re ,

. .
connecte d w ith r ip a a ban k while fro m the l atter , ,

Fro m bea r in the sense of c a rrying we h a ve Goth .

is d eriv e d It r ivier a si g nifyin g b oth a riv er an d a
.
,

ba urtkei Icel bgr d ki E b u rd en from the s a m e in .

,
.
b a n k a nd Fr r iv ier e form erly a ba nk ( Diez ) b u t
,
.
, ,
,

the sense of b e a rin g child ren G oth g a ba ur tbs b irth . .

n ow a river only it is possi b le th a t Beck a b roo k , , ,
, ,

The Icel bur dr is use d in the sense of a c a rryin g

.
,
G ba ck Icel bec kr may be fun d a mentally th e s am e
.
,
.
,

b a rin g a n d a lso i n th a t of b irth

e
,
.
with Ic el beckr a b ench ba kki a b an k It is to b e
.
, , ,
.

Bear d G ba r t R u ss bor od a ; Bohem br a da

. .
,
. .
,
re ma rk e d tha t beck is not a r iver where the w a ter ,

the b e a rd chin L at ba r ba W ba rf Perh a ps r ad

,
. .
,
. .
first ca tches the eye b u t a b rook in which a t a lit tle , ,

ica l ly i d entic a l with Ic el ba r d a lip b ord e r e dg e .

, , , .
d ista nce the b rok en b a n k s a r e the conspic u o u s ob
B east L at bestia Ga el bia st a n a ni ma l per
. . .
, ,
j cet while the w a ter is ofte n not s een a t all
,
.

h a ps a liv in g thin g beo livin g ; W bgw li v in g to , ,

.
, ,
T o B ec om e 1 To a tta in to a certa in con d i . .

liv e .
tion to a ss u m e a certa in form or mod e of b ein g
,
.

Beat AS bea ta n It ba tter e Fr battr e fro m

. . . . .
AS becu ma n to a tta in to to a rr ive a t
.
, ,
.

a root ba t i m it a ti v e of the so u n d of a sh a rp b low

,

See Ba t
,
Th t maeg e b ec u m an to th am g esaelth an th e eee
ee th u
as p a t i mit a te s th a t of a more g entle on e . .

th u r h wu n iath hat tho u ma est attain to those good s

. T y
Fro m the verb to b e a t is forme d beetle bog tle , whi ch n d re e u for ev e r .
— B oeth .

( B a iley
) AS bg tl a b a t for w a shin
.
g a h e a v y lo
g .
, ,

for stampin g p a ve men t d ri v in g in p iles & c Pl D , , . . . G bekommen to . rece ive ob ta in a cqu ire , g et, , , .

betel botel a clog for a d og ; boteln to fla t t u rf w ith It will b e o b serve d th a t we o ften u se

' '

, , , K ij tt n er .

a b eet le Fr ba ta il the cl apper of a b ell ; ba te a

. .
, , in difl e r en tly bec ome or g et ;
'

He got very a n gry ” “

,

p aver s b eetle ; It b a ttag lia any kin d of cl ap per

’
.
, ,
“
He bec a m e very a n g ry a re eq u iv alent ex pres ”
,

the knocker of a d oor . sions implyin g tha t he a tta ine d the con d ition of
,

[ The L a tin ba tu o fro m which th e It ba tter e an d ,

. b ein g very a n g ry .

Fr ba ttr e ar e probably d er ive d m ay b e r eferre d to

.
, 2 In a secon d sense to b ec ome is t o b e fittin g
.

the s ame ra d ic al T o bea t in the n au tica l sense of .

, or s u ita b le G bequ em convenient fit proper E. .
, , ,
.

a d v a ncin g ag a inst the w in d by fr eq u ent ta c k s i s a , c omely ple a sin g ag ree able This me anin g is to b e
, ,
.

d i ffe rent word a n d is e v i d ently a llie d to the Icel , . expla ine d fro m AS becu ma n to co me to or u pon .
, ,

a t beita which h a s the s a m e si g nific a tion

, Orkney . to b efa ll to h a p p en H e becom on s c ea tka n he fel l .
,
,

in g a S aga 1 7 8 0 p 2 7 8 The ori g in of this sense

, ,
. . a mon g thieves ; Tkwm g od u m becg mtk a nf ea ld gv el ,

of beita is o b sc u re Beit or beiti a ship is c on s id .

, , to the g oo d h a ppens u n mixe d evil —Bosworth . .

ere d b y Icel an d ic sc hol a rs a d eri v a ti v e fro m the N ow the notion of b e in g con v enient s u ita b l e fittin g , , ,

v erb a t beita Beitidss i s u se d in Forn S eg II . . .

, . rests on the s upposition of a p u rpose to b e fulfille d ,

3 3 0 a n d III 2 6 for s a il y a r d an d this may b e the

,
.
,
-

, or a feelin g to b e g r a tifie d I f the a cci d ents or .

m e a nin g of beta s in v 1 1 4 9 1 of the Ro ma n d e Br u t .

, circu msta nces of the c a se ha ppen a s we wo u l d h ave
which th e e d itor s u pposes to b e the Sp a nish beta , the m if they fal l in with wha t i s requ ire d to s a tisfy
,

cordage especi ally th a t ma n u fa ctu re d fro m the os

, ou r tas te j ud gment or speci a l p u rpose we c all the
, , ,

pa rto b room or b as s wee d

,
M ] ,
-
. . a rr a n g e m ent b ecom in g con v enient proper an d we , , ,

B eauty Fr bea ute fro m bea u bel It belle L a t

. .
’

bellus pretty ha n d so me ag ree ab le
, ,
B eav er 1 The w a ter qu ad r upe d G b iber .
, , , .
,
. sh a ll find tha t these a n d si mil a r notions a r e c om
, . m o u ly expresse d b y d eriv a ti v es fro m v erb s si g nify
. . .
, in g to h a ppen Thu s in OE t o fall was consta ntly . .

L a t fi ber Lith bebr as Sl a v bobr Fr b ievr e Per

.
, .
,
.
, . . u se d in the sense of fa l lin
g or h app enin g r ightly ,

h a ps fro m Pol ba br ac‘ to d abb le Bobr owaé to .

,
.
, h a ppenin g as it o ught .
86 BE D . BEESTINGS .

D o no o r I d thee p r yfav u ,
o a , occ u rrence p r igione, Fr p rison ;
, as in It . Venet
I t f ll ith n thin g t thy n m
. .

T m k f ir
o
a

mb l nt wh r thou m y est b l m
a e
o

a se
o

a
a

e e
e

a a e .
c o ion a r e, E
g c oz en ; It c ug in o, E cous in . . . .

Ch c r R R au e ,
. .
To pl a ister or b eda wb with orn am ent is ex actly
the i mage represente d by bediz en
n g l c me to Rom e s n
.

Th e a e a o e

R l f ll kin g t d n
ea as e a o o e .
The same m eta phor is seen in Fr c r esp ir to par .
,

g e t or ro ugh ca st femme cr esp ie d e c ou leu r s whose

,

K Robert in Warton . .
-

fa ce is all to b ed awb ed or pla istere d o v er with p aint

i e as b eca me a kin g to do
ing C ot
. . .

. .

In d k ss f k wy g th y gong
ar ne o un no n e e e Bedl am A madh o u se fro m the hospita l of St .
,

W ith t li ght f d t d y g
ou o un ers a n n e Ma ry Bethlehe m u s ed for th a t p u rpose in Lon d on
, , .

O f th t th t f ll th t y g h t k n wy n g
a a a e o r e o e .

Bee The hon ey pro d uc in g insect AS beo -

Pri ck f C ons c i nc o e e
. . .

Icel byflug a G bien e Ga el bea ch a b ee a w a sp

.

. . . .
, , ,

i e th at th at b elon g eth to ri ght knowin g So

of a stin g in
g fly ; bea ch ea c h a horse fly ; sp ea c k a
-
. . .
, ,
”
in Icel a ll vel t il H ofd in g ia f a llinn
.
“
ev ery way -

,
b low or thr u st a lso the b ite or stin g of a v eno mo u s ,

s u ite d to a prince G g efa llen to ple a se to fall in . .

, , cr eat ure a w asp So Fin n p us ki a to pu sh with
, . .
,

with our ta ste as fa ll i tself wa s someti m es u se d in , the horns ; L ap p u stet to stin g ; F inn p uskia in en .
, .
,

E . a w a sp .

With sh p herd sits not f llowin g fly i ng f m e e o a , Beec h A tree G bu cke Icel bcfgke S lav
. . .
, .
,
.

B t feed h is floc k in fi eld s wh re f ll h im b st

u e a s e .

buk buka bu kva L at fag u s Gr gbm s /o

S hep C l , , .
, , . .

a
Beef Fr beeuj a n e x the m e a t of the ox It
. .

. .
; , . .

On the sa m e p rinciple AS limp ia n to h a ppen ,

.
, ,
bove fro m L at bos bovis a n ox
, .
, , .

to a pp erta in limp lic e fitly ; gelimp a n to h appen , , , , B eer 1 Ori g inally d o ub tless d rin k fro m the
. .
, , ,

g elim lic opport u ne

p AS
tim an
, g etima n to h a
p . .
, , root p i d rin k exta nt in Bohem p iti to d rink im
, , .
, ,

pen G z iemen to b ecome b efit E s eemly s u ita b le

,
.
, , ,
.
, , p er a t iv e p i whence p iwo b eer The L a t bibere is
, , . .

proper ; 0 S W tid a to h appen tid ig fit d ecent . .

, , , , ,
a re d u plic a te d form of the root which al so a ppe a rs ,

d ecoro u s E tidg now confin e d to the sense of or

,
.
, in Gr mm . to d rin k a nd in L a t p oc u lu m a
7 , n il/ u) ,
, .
,

d er ly I n li ke ma nner T u rk dus kma k to fall to

. .
, ,
c u p or i mple ment for d rin k
p otu s d rin k In G a el ,
. .

h appen to fall to the lot of an y on e to b e a p a rt of

, , the same word bior is u se d in the sense of wa ter .

his d uty to b e incumb ent u pon him,

. Beer see m s to h av e b een u se d in OE in the sense .

Bed A pl a c e to lie d own to sleep on Goth

. , . . of d r ink co mpreh e n d in
g b oth
, w ine a nd ale .

ba di Icel bedr G belt ,

. .

n ch
.
,
Ry menild r os of be
Bed r idd en
e
C onfin e d to b ed
- AS bed r ida -
. . .
,
T h e beer al orte sh f en c h e
on e who ri d e s or is per ma nently b orn e on his b ed .
After m e te in s le a ,

[ The PI D bedde r ed ig s ee N eoc or us I 4 99 . .

-
, , .
, Bot/re wyn a nd ale .

which is d o ub tless i d entic al with the AS bed r id a

, , .
-
,
A n h rn h o ue he r an hon d ,

h ar d ly b e a co mpo u n d of bed de an d the root of F th t w

or a as la w of 10nd
H d ron
ue e of t h e be e e r
the verb to r ide The A II D bettir iso mu st also b e . .

T o k ny g h t a n d sk y er e . 1 1 14 .

the s am e word and Gri mm I thin k is ri ght in con , , ,

s id er in g it a co mpo u n d of bett a n d the verb r is a n ,

l
H u e fu d e th ehorn f w yne o

l ab i r u ere A nt d ron k to that pelry ne . 1 15 6 .

K H rn
.
,
o
This ety mology seems to b e confirme d by a p as
. .

s ag e c ited by Richthofen u n d er bed : D a t hi oen 2 A p illow beer a pillo w c as e D an w a r a

.
-
,
-
. .
,
”
eene bloed resen e to bed lidse L ids e si g nifies to . co v er c ase p u d e va a r a pillow c ase G kiiss en
, ,
-
,
-
. .

lie a n d m ay b e ety molog ic ally connecte d with r is a n

, ,
bier e Pl D bilr en kiissen biir en a c u shion c o v er ;
. . .
,
-
,
-

to fall M ] . . beds bar en a b ed tick Properly a co v er th a t may

-
,
-
.

Bed iz en To lo ad with orn ament to d ress with . , b e slippe d on an d off Finn wdar in I t u rn (a gar . .
,

u n b eco min g richness a n d to d izen ou t was u s ed in ment) E s th on p bbr d ma to t u rn to twist ; p bbr ma

,
.
, , ,

the s a me sense The only ety mology s ugg este d h a s . to tu rn to cha n g e ; p a dj a p bbr a pillow c a se or
, ,
-

been the Pro v E to d i e to p u t tow on a d is ta fi to . . z

,
’

,
pillow b eer (p a d di a p a d or cu shion )
-
,
.

clothe the d istaff with tow wh ich gives a very in ,

Beest in g s The first m ilk after a cow h as .

ad equa te e x pl an a tion of the wor d . calved which is thick a nd clotty G biest milc/z a lso
,
. .
-
,

P erh aps bed i en may b e from Fr ba dig eonn er to z .

,
biens t br ies t br iesck milc k
,
AS beost byst The ,
-
.
, .

ro u gh c a st to colo u r with li m e w ash erroneo u sly

-
,
-

, m e an in g of the word is c u rdle d Fr c a ll ebou te . .

’

mo d ifie d in for m b y the a n alogy of bed a wb as if it , ,

c u rd e d or beestg as the m il k of a wo man tha t is ,

w ere d eri v e d fro m a si mple verb to d iz en which 0 Fr mer betee a s ea

’ ’

,
n ewly d e livere d C otg r . . . .
,

l atter wo ul d th u s b e b ro u ght into u s e b y fa lse ety s u pposed to s u rro u n d th e e a rth L a mar beta d a .
“
,

mology The p assa g e fro m a so ft g to z is of frequ ent

.
sel a qu e environn a la terra a insi co me ele
(la ,
” “
 BEET . BE G UINE S . 87

me r) fust bietee ’
the p ass age ,
”
in the L a tin vers ion of p os e b e ggar b oy
p ilte,
-
M od Gr GvAa xos ,a -
. . . a b ag,
” ”
c oa ula tu m S an v e r m eilh beta tz r ed c u rd le d a scrip ; dvka m éw, to b eg
g g .
,
.

b lood — Ro ma n d e F er a br as in Diez The mer . Beg in . AS ag inn a n , ong in n a n, begin na n . . Goth .

betee was in M id G c alle d leber mer the loppere d In L u c v i 2 5 the l a tter is u se d a s a n

’ ’

. .
-
,
d ug in n a n . . .
,

sea from leber en to c u rd le or Iop pc r Fr beton

, , . .
,
a u xili a ry of the fu t u re U nte ga nnon j ah g rota n .

”
b eest C otgr
. Ic el dbr is tur colostr um co aguli . .
, ,
d ug inn id for ye sh a ll la ment a n d weep
, I n a s im .

colos t ric i fc r c ul um a d ish of c u r d le d b iestin g s of ,

ilar ma nner g a n or c a n was freq u ently u se d in OE .

”
sheep or cow H aldor sen In Nor th amp tonshir e . . A bou tin u n d ern g a n this Erle ali g ht C lerk of .

th e mil k of a fresh c a lve d cow is ca lle d cherr y c u r ds Oxford s tal e He d id ali ght not b e ga n to a li ght
’
- -
.
.
, ,

B eet A ga rd en h erb Fr bette or blette L at as a li htin g is a mo m ent a ry o er a t ion

g p
beta blitum Gr BA —v spin ach
. . . . .

Lr o
, .
, , .

T he toth r and th e d int c um g n p o yd e

e se ,
a r v
B eetl e The g enera l n am e of in sects h av in g a
.
T o es ch w wiftlie n d n l p on s y d e
e s ,
a so s a

h orny win g co v er Probably n a me d fro m the d e . Th t al l his force E ntell s

a p p ly u ca n a

stru ctiv e qu a lities of those with which we ar e most In to t e e h D V 14 2 40

ar . . . .

fam ili a r AS bitel the b iter

. M ord ic u lus
.
,
.
D own d eh it th e heist d i d n th e lan d n ly
us , e o ca

bitela .
”
G 1 E lfr in N a t Ant . . . . S p e la nd nd fiy c h te nd in t h d d th we
r u a ra e e e ra s .

T O Beg S kinner s d eriv a tion fro m bag al though

.
’
,
D V . .

it a ppe a rs i mpro b a b le a t first is cer ta inly the tr u e

To Scotl nd w nt h th n in b y
a e e e
,
A n d ll th l nd g
a o cc p y — B e a an u ar b o r B r ce
u u
The F Iem begg a er t ( D elfor tric ) pro bably ex
. . .

on e . .

b i b ite th e ori g in a l form of the wor d whence the E ,

. verb to g in or beg in a ppe a rs to b e on e of
T he
begg er a nd s ub sequ ently the v erb to beg It mu st
, . th at inn u m erable s e ries d erive d fro m a root g a n ,

b e borne in m in d th a t the b ag wa s a u nivers a l ch a r g en ken in al l the l an gu ag es of the In d o German ic

, ,
-

a c ter is t ic of the b e
gga r a t a ti m e wh e n a l l his al m s ,
stoc k si gni fyin g to conc ei v e to b e ar yo u n g to know
, , , ,

were gi v en in kin d a n d a b egga r is h a rd ly ev er in , to b e able g i v in g in Gr y y , y / m y s . t vo u a t,

l
u r a t, ei/ o ,

tr od u c ed in our ol d er writers witho u t mention b ein

g yvt w y O K
'

w in L at
, i
gg no
‘

g en
LVtoO K u s in E
'

c an , .
, , .
,

m a d e of h is b a g . ken kin d & c

, ,
.

H e w ent his w y n o l en g r wol d h e reste a , e

With s crip nd tipp id staff y t kid hie
The fun d a mental me anin g s e em s to be to a t ta in
a uc to to a cq u ire
, To pro d uce chil d ren is to a cqu ire
.
,

In ry ho s h e g n to por n d p rie
eve u e a e a to get chil d re n ; big ita n in Ulp h ila s is always to
A n d be gg id m el e a nd c h s e llis c rn e or e o e. fi nd ; in AS it is b oth to a cqu ire an d to b e g e t to
.
,
S omp n ou r
’
s Tl a e .

e t chil d ren
g .

Hit is b gg e a res r ih te v or te be ren bagge on ba c an d b ur To beg in may b e expl a ine d either from the fun
g eises for to be ren
rses A n cr n Riwl 16 8 pu .
-
e e, .

d a me n ta l notion of atta inin g to seizi n g ta kin g u p , , ,

A c b gg with b gg e er s a es after the a n a lo gy of the G a nfa ng en a n d L at in .

, .

Rei h eth n r th y c h e
c ev e e r ci er e fro m G fa ng en a nd L at c ap er e to t a k e ; or
p ,
. .
,
T h nh s ch lor ll es te
a n P P u e s rve . . .

the me a nin g m ay h av e pa sse d thro ug h a si m ila r

Bid d eres an d beg geres sta ge to th a t O f Gr y yv p y r to b e b orn to . t o ta t , u/ é
‘
a t, ,
F sto bo t y d
a a u e e
a rise to b e g in ws ori g in b e gi nnin g et/ c o
y
W ith hir b li s
.
, , ,
e e e an d hire b gg a es
It will b e ob serve d tha t get is u se d as a n a uxi l
red e f ll y c amm d — P P Of b u r e . . .

ia r y in a ma nner very si m il ar to the OE g a n ca n .

B gg a nd b ggi g b b ad his folk le en — P P cr ed

, ,
a es e n e v e
ab o v e q u ote d ; to get b ea ten ; Icel a t g eta
. . . .
“ “
.

A n d y t th s e bild e w l b gg n a b g full of wh ete

e e er s o e e a
”
ta la d to b e ab le to t a lk ; ab ou ten u n d ern g a n “

—
,
O f p re p oor m n
a P P u a ”
. . .

th is e a rl al i g ht ab ou t u n d ern he got d own ,

.

A n d th s g a te I b gg u e e [ An alo go u s to ou r u s e of g et in s u ch phra ses a s

Witho t b gg other bot l u a e e
to g et b e aten an d to the Icel an d ic a t g eta t al a d is
B t my womb e n P P u o e . . .

the m od ern D a nish e mploym ent of a t f a a e O G

, ,

.
,

Th t mak eth b gg g o with bord ons nd b g — Politi

a e ers a a s.
f a ll en to g et or possess as a n a u xili a ry N aa r j e
g
cal S on g s
, ,

a a er Bo g en l iBS t when I h a v e g ot the b oo k re a d

f
.

, ,

So from G ael bag (ba ig ea n a little b ag) ba igeir .

, , ,
( finishe d re a d in g the b oo k) j eg ik d et ikk e g i e rt
j ,

a be
ggar which ma y perh a ps b e a n ad option of the
, I d id not g et it d on e — M ] .

E word b u t in the s am e la n gua g e fro m p oc a b ag

.
, ,
B egon e G old beg on e orn amente d w ith gold
.
-

, ,

or po k e is for m e d oc a ir a b e D V ; woe beg one oppressed

p gg a r ; a ir a p koc on covere d with gol d -
.
, , ,
.
,

the tra mp b eggin g literally on the b ag Fro m W

, , , . . with woe D u bega a n affecte d tou che d with emo
. .
, ,
.

s r e a n a s crip
g g p g sgr ep a n u to go a b e gg in g
, , ,
. tion beg a en z iin met eenigke s a ecke p re m i c u ra a li ,

It ber tola a w a llet s u ch as poor b egg in g fri ars

.
, , c uj u s rei l ab or a r e s ol ic itu m esse
,
Kil ,
. .

u se to b e
g with a l ; ber tola r e to shi ft u p a nd d own ,
B eg uin es Wo men of a certa in reli gio u s ord er . .

for scra ps a nd v ict u als Florio D a n p ose a b ag ; . . .

, See Bi got .
88 BEHAV E . BEHOVE .

TO Beh ave T he not ion of b eh av io u r is g ener.

k eep , to h ol d To h ol d a d octrine for tru e is to r e
.

al ly expresse d b y m e a ns of verb s s i g nifyi ng to b e ar , ga r d it as tr u e to look u pon it a s tr u e to h ol d it a ,

to c arry to l e a d ,
. cru el a c t is to re gar d it a s s u ch The L a t s erva r e . .
,

to keep to hol d is also fo u n d in the sense of l ook

, ,
Ye h ll d w ll h r t yo r will
s a e e e a u
ing co mm only expresse d as in th e c a se of E be
t yo r b i g be f ll ill
, ,
Bu
.

u ea r n u
hold by the co mpo u n d obs er va r a
.

K Rob rt in W rton . e a .
, T uu s servu s .
“

serv et V enerine fa c ia t an C upid ini Let you r .

It p . to e a ve ; p or ta r s i de P a la d in o for
or ta r s i,
b h , sl av e look w h ether sh e s acrifices to Ven u s or to
a ma n to b eh av e or ca rry himself sto u tly F lorio . . C upi d — Pl a u t u s The verb to look itself is fre .

G hetr agen b eha v io u r from tr ag en to c arry In

.
, , ,
. qu ently fou n d in th e sense of look in g after s e ein g ,

a ccor d a nce with these a n a log ies we sho u l d b e in to t akin g notice or ca re of ( Gloss to R
, The . .

c l in ed to g i v e to th e ver b h a v e in b eha ve the sense It ga a r da r e to look e xhib its the ori g in a l m e a nin g
.
, ,

of the S w h w f wa to l i ft to ca rry the equ i va lent

.
, , ,
of the Fr g a r d er to k eep or h ol d a n d the E wa r d
.
, , .
,

of E hea ve ra ther th a n the v a gu er sense of the

.
,
k eepin g .

au xili a ry to h a ve S w h af wa h ab ere But in fa ct

, .
,
. The su pp osmon th en th a t th e notion of preserv
the two v erb s see m rad i ca lly th e s a me a nd th eir ,
in g k eepin g hol d in g is ori g in ally d erive d fro m tha t
, ,

senses intermin gle S w hwf wa in 3 4 3d to c a rry . .

,
of loo kin g is s u pporte d b
y m any a n a lo g ies while it
, ,

corn into th e b arn ; hwf tig her t ta ke yo u rself off ; ,

see ms an arb itrary ellipse to expl ain the sense of
h af wa hor t to ta k e a w ay to t u rn one ou t ; h af wa
, ,
behold a s to keep or hol d (s e the eyes fixe d u pon
“
.

fr a m to b rin g forwa rd s AS ha bba n to h av e haf

, . .
, ,
an
y o bject) Rich ar d son . .

j to he a v e ; z f h a ha n m o r a ise G T O Beh ov e T o b e expe d ient to b e requ ire d

'

an , g h a
fi an t -
,
-

,
. . . ,

g e h a ben to b eh a ve a nd , (as Fr s e porter) to fa re ,

. for th e a ccom plishm ent of any pu rpose ; behoof ,

well or ill . wha t is so r equ ired hence a d v an tage furtherance , , ,

u se AS behofi a n to b e fit ri ght or necess ary to

. .
, , , ,
M id b y m h e h ad a st on g e axe
r So stron g an d so g re t s t a n d in nee d of behef e a dv a nt ag e b ehoof
th t
a an other hit s c h ol d e hebbe un eth e . R G . . 17 .
, , .

Rad ic ally connecte d with the verb to ha ve as ,

C o mma n d inj u nction L a t ha biles fit s u i tab le h a n dy with h a beo The

'

B eh est H est . AS . ,
. . .
, , , , .

H aas co mman d ; hehws vow ; beha t g eha t vow

, , , , ,
connection may prob ab ly b e expl a ine d from the u se
pro m ise ; heha ta n g eha ta n OE hehete to v ow to , , .
, , of h a beo with or witho u t the reflective s e in the
, ,

promise ; AS h a ta n to vow p rom ise comma n d ; .

, , , sense of hol d in g or keepin g onesel f in a certa in
D u heel en to co mm an d to n a m e to c all to b e
.
, , , , m a nner b ein g constit u te d in a certa in ma nn e r with
,

n amed ; heeten willehom to bid one welcom e Icel ,

. . respect to a ny person or thin g (An d rews .
,

h eita to n a m e to b e n ame d to vow exhort in v ok e

, , , , , . Bene male s e h ab ere ,
Bene h ab et j a cta s u nt .
”
,

Goth h a z ta n to c al l to co mma n d The g enera l fu n da m enta d efen sion is ; it is well

'
9’
.
, , . C ic At .
-
.
“

”
me aning se em s to b e to spe ak ou t an a c t which u i sic h ab et u t so it is H a bilz s then is ri ghtly
'

, q b , .

m ay a mo unt either to a prom ise or a comman d a c , con stit u te d constitu te d so as to meet a p articu l a r
,

cord in g a s the s ubject of the annou ncem ent is wh at en d j u st a s ha bil u s

, which properly si gnifies the ,

th e spe ak er u n d ertak es to d o hi m self or wh a t h e , con d ition b earin g constit u tion of a nythin g is sp e

, , ,

wishes a nother to do ; or the obj ect of the spe aker c ia ll

y u se d in the sense of a perfect con d ition So .

may b e si mply to in d ica te a p artic u l a r in d i v i d u a l a s fro m D u hehheh to h av e is form e d hebbelgh fi t

.
, , , ,

the person a d d ress ed when the ver b wil l h ave the , con v enient ; fro m Icel hafa to h av e haef r hwfi legr .
, , , ,

sense of cal lin g or n amin g . fit con v enient haefi (c orrespon d in g to L a t h a bitu s)

, , .

Behin d At th e b ack of The rel a tion s of

. . m ores et g est a (An d erson ) c ong r u en tia p r op or tio , ,

pl a ce a r e most n a tu rally expre s se d by m e a ns of the j us m et a scop u s ( H a ld ors en)

, , T ha d er echi m itt .
‘C

d i ffe rent m e mb ers of the b o dy Th u s in Finnish . hcefi

”
th a t is not within my co mpetence ; thad er
,
”
the n am e of the hea d is u s ed to express w h a t is on '

ec hz haz
fi th a t is not ri ht th at d oes not b eho v e ;
,g ,

the top of or o pposite to the n ame of the ear to , hw f a fas ; hof ori g in ally a pp arently the h ab it or
, ,

express wha t is on the si d e of anythin g So from . con d ition of thin gs then a ri ght con d ition ri ght , ,
‘ ‘
hé n taz the ta il a r e form e d hé nmis sé b e hin d h einm t m ea s u re m o d er a tion S w haf wa to ha v e ; h af wa
'

, , , , ,
. .
,

t heir to fol low hcm tym a follower a n d a s the roots

‘
s ig to tu rn out to b e in a cer ta in con d ition
'

, , , , , h bf wa , ,

of m any of ou r word s ar e pres erve d in the F innish con d it ion fit con d ition m e as u re b ou n d s m o d era
, , , ,

l a n gu ages I d o ub t not tha t we h ave in the F innis h

, tion éf wer hbf wa n b eyon d m e a s ure ; d el dr icice
.
,
‘
h é ntcz the ori g in of ou r behin d a t the ta il of , . min hbf wa it is not for m e to d o s o a n d s o it d oes
, ,

T O B eh ol d To look ste a d ily u pon The c om not b eho v e m e ; ha ns hbf wa a r a t tzg a it b eco me s
'

. .
,

po u n d se em s here to preser v e wh a t was the ori g in a l h im b eho v e s h im to b e silent

,
H ence hbf wa s to .
,

s e nse of th e si mple verb to hold AS hea ld a n to . .

, b eco m e b efi t b ehove to b e w ante d for a p articu l ar
, , ,

rega r d o b s e rve ta k e hee d of to te n d to fee d to

, , , , , p urp ose .
 BELAY . BEL L .
89

[ Fro m the S we dish haf wa to hav e is forme d a ccor da nce with a cer ta in st an d a rd of fitne ss In , ,
a .

sp ecie s of freq u ent a tive hafd a to po sses s a n d enjoy th is sense we ha ve Goth g a la a bs fi lu g ala u bs pre
, ,
.
,
-

or control espe c i a lly u s e d of l a n d s or oth er imper

,
c iou s hono u re d e s tee me d ; u n a la u b ha s
g s a n , , , a ar t io )

is h ab le property Hence co mes h af d title by p os s a ve s sel ma d e for dishono u r for p u rpo s es of

' ‘
O .
,
K eo ,
,

s ession prescription cu sto m e s ta blishe d as l e gal a n d

,
low estima tion Pl D la ven D u loven to fix a
,
. .
,
.
,

fittin g or behoov efu l by lon g u s age an d fin ally the pr ice u po n one s w a res to esti ma te the m a t a certa in ,
’
,

p l u ra l form h af d er the ins titu tions l aw s and co u rse rate T o believe then Goth la n ya n g a la u ya n is
, , ,
.
, , .
, ,

of p ub lic a c tions an d e v ents which constit u te the to estee m a n a ssertion a s goo d for as mu ch as it lays
h istory of a people Geijer entitles h is h isto ry of cl a i m to if a n a rra tion to esteem it tr u e or in a c
.
,

Swed en S v ea Rikets H af d er — M ]
,
c or d a nc e with t h e fa ct it
p rofesses to d escri b e if a . .

T O Bel ay D u belegg en to lay a ro u n d over

. p ro m ise to estee m it as in ac cor d a nce w ith the in
.
, , ,

spre a d b eset ga rnish ; beleg sel frin ge bord er orn a

, ,
ten tion of the pro miser , , , r .

m ent . The sense of p raisin g may b e e as ily d e d u ce d fro m

th e sa me ra d ic a l notion T o p r a ise is es s enti ally to
A ll in a woo d m n s j ac k et h e w cl d
.
’
a as a
r iz e to u t a h i h pr ice or v a l u e on to extol t h
O f L in coln green b l y d with gol d n la c e — F Q p p g ea e
e
e . . .
, ,

worth of a nythin g to express a pproval or h i g h es , ,

D u D e lca bel a a n de beeting belegg en to lay th e cab le tima tion

. Hence to si mple approb ation s a tis fa ction , .
, ,

ro u n d the b i ts to ma k e it fast in n au tic a l l an gua g e consent permission is an e asy progress Pl D to

, , , , . . .

to bela y . d er s wa r en la ve to th e a ppro ba t ion or satisfa ction of ,

T O B el c h A S bealc a n bea leetta n OE to bell

. the sworn ins pectors ; mit er ven la ve w ith the con
.
,
.
, ,

to bake to throw u p win d fro m the s to mach w ith a s ent of the h eirs In mi d dle L atin the consent g iv
, .

s udd en noise Do ub tless a n i mita tion of th e so u n d en by a lord to the alien a tion of a te nant s fief wa s
. .
’

Another a pplic ation of th e sa me word is in PI D expresse d by the ter m la us an d E allow wh ich h as . .

,
.
,

a nd D u be l/ . cen to b e l lo w to ro a r
cen bel l/ , be en shown to b e d erive d fro m la u da r e is u se d in
, , .
,

B eld am F air s ir an d F a ir la dy were c ivi l the s ense of appro v in g es teemin g goo d and v al i d
. , , , ,

term s of a dd ress in Fr bea u s ir e and bel da me g i v in g le a v e or p ermission and so m et imes in a sense

,
. .
,

Then probably b eca use a respectful form of ad d res s closely a n alogo u s to th at of believe
, .

wo u l d be more freq u ent tow a rd s a n el d erly th a n a

T h e p rin ci ples whi ch al l mankind ll w f r tr e are in a o o u
yo un g p e rson beld a m b ecam e appropria te d to s ig n ate thos e th t men of ri ht reas on ad mit are th rin c i
.

,
; g p a e
n ify a n old wo ma n an d fin al ly an u gly a nd d ecrepit
p l es llow d b
,
y a l l m an k in d — L o c ke a e . .

old wo m a n .

B elfr y Fr bef r oi 0 Fr berf r oz bef r oit a

. .Bel l From AS bella n Ice l belia boar c to re , . .
'

, , . .
,
.
, ,

w atch tower fro m MH G ber cen t bervmt a to wer so u n d to so u n d lo ud ly ; S w b la to b el low ; North

' ' b
.
,
.
, , , ,

for d efence ; O H G f r zd a tower tur ris loc u s s ec u am pton sh ire to bell to mak e a lo ud noise to cry out
'

.
, , , , , ,

S c hilter an d berg a n to pro tect The ( Stern berg) A bell then Ice l bzalla is an imple
'

r ita t is , , . .
, , .
,

word b ecame sin gul a rly corr upted in forei gn lan ment for makin g a lo ud no ise .

gu ag es a ppe a rin g in M L a t u n d er the form s belf r e

,
T emp lo m ca mp an a Wan t — D u cang e
. .

ru .

d a m ber te, fr ed u m ba ttef r ed a m It bettzf r ed o a little ,

. .
,

she d sta n d or ho u se bu i lt u pon a tower for sol d iers Ice l bylza resonar e an d E p ea l ar e oth er modifica
, , , .
'

, ,
.
,

to st a n d centinel in a lso a b lockho u s e or a sconce tion s of the s am e i mita tive root of wh ich the la tter .
,

Florio In En gl an d a fa lse ety mology h as con is s peci ally a p plie d to the sou n d of b ells The s ame
. .

fin c d the n ame of belfry properly be lon gin g to the imi ta tion is fo u n d in G all a bz lbila b e ll ; bz lbzl g od a
' ' '

-
, , , ,

ch u rch tower to the ch amb er in th e u p per pa r t in to mak e bz lbzl to rin g — T u ts c hek

,
' '

,
. .

whi c h the b ells ar e h un g [ The n u mb er of imit a t ive wor d s e mp l oye d to .

T o B el iev e It is not ob v io u s h ow to h ar monise express the so u n d of the b el l is very g re a t an d no

. ,

the sense s of b el iev in g p ra isin g permittin g or giv on e of the ma teri al a pp u rten ances of E u rope a n c iv
, ,

in g le av e pro misin g wh ich a r e expresse d in the iliz a tion h as m ore u nivers a lly im presse d ru d e tri b es
, ,

d i fferent Te u tonic d i a lect s b y essenti ally the s ame th a n the so u n d of s ma ll b e lls L as C a s a s in h is .

,

word or slight mod ific a tions of it Pl D loven loven a cco u nt of the first voy ag e of C ol u mbu s fou n d e d . .
,
'

, ,

to b elieve D u loven to pr a ise to promise or loven no d o ub t ma inly on the g re a t d iscoverer s pap ers
.
, , , ,
’
,

to give le av e ; D an lov pr aise repu t a tion le av e ; s ays .

, , ,

Icel lofa leg/ a to pra is e to giv e le a ve ; AS leaf a

.
,
f
,
O tra cos a tanto n o d es eab an [los I n die s] c om e ca s cab el s
,
.
, e

g eleaf a b elief ; g elyfa n to b elieve lyfa n a lgfa n to Q

, n n o lleg b la canoa a h o d e qu n d o l l m b an y m
, , , , u e au r a a a os

g i v e le av e ; G g la u ben to b elie v e loben to pr a ise . tr b n l p d s d o o d i ci ndo h q h q p o c s c b eles

, , , , a a os e az o e r , e c u e u r a a ,

er la u ben to per mit oer loben to pro mise or en a e

, g g q u e c s ta n e n p nt os d e t n l p ellos
.
u or a r se oc os or .

T h e fu n da m enta l notion see m s to b e to a pprove

,
N av arrete I 1 14
,
,
. .

to s an c tion a n a rr a n e m en t to d ee m a n o bject in The Ice l a n dic h istor ia n s s pe ak of the hlohn a

g ,

VO L . I .
12
9O BELLOW S . BERTH .

hliod ; th e
’

o n d of th e s mall ch u rch s erv ice b ell s

s u -

, the vessel ; to ben d c loth to stret ch it on a frame , ,

as p a rtic u l arly a ttr a ctive to the he a then n a tives a n d , G T a ch a n einen Ra hmen sp a nn en For the d eri
. .

a l mo s t e v ery people to who m the b el l h a s b eco me v a tion of the wor d see Bin d .

k nown h as fa shione d an ono ma topoeti c n am e for it . B en eath See Nether . .

Estr u p Reise i N or mand ie t p 2 g i v es this im

, ,
.
, Benefi ce B en efac tor B en efit L at ben . . . .

ita tiv e inscription on a n a ncie nt b e ll a t Pontoise : efa cer e to d o goo d to one ; ben efa c t or one wh o
, ,

Un da Un d a Un da Un d a Un da Un da Un d a d oes g oo d ; ben e a c ta m Fr bienfa it a

f g oo d d ee d a
“
, , , , , , , ,
.
, ,

a cc urr ite ci v es I M ] . b enefit The L at benefic iu m a k in d ness was in

. .
, ,

Bell ows — Bell y The word ba lg b olg is u se d . . , , M id L a t a ppl ie d to a n est ate gra nte d by the kin g
. .

in se v era l C eltic and Te u tonic l a n guag es to si g ni fy or oth er lord to one for life b eca u se it was hel d by ,

a ny infl ate d s k in or cas e G a el ba lg bolg a le a ther . .

, , the kin dness of the lord Vill a qu am L up u s .

b ag w al let b elly b lister ba lg a n s na mha the swi m

”
, , ,
-
, qu on dam per b en eficiu m nostr um tenere vis us fu it .

min g bl add er ba lg a n u isg e a w a ter bu bble ; G a el ,

-
,
.
“
Si militer v ill a quam ex m un ific c ntia n ostr é ipsi .

bu ilg e b ag s or b ellows see d s of pl a nts

,
Bret belch ,
. .
, C a dd on o c on ces s imu s Q uam fid elis noster p er .
”

boleh p oleh the b olls or h u s ks of fla x ; AS beelg a

, ,
.
, nostru m b enefic ium hab ere vi d et u r The term h a d .

b ag po u ch c od or h u sk of p u lse w a llet bla s t ha lo

, ,
a b ellows ; G b alg skin h u sk p od the skin of
, ,
-
, b een previo usly a p plie d in the Ro ma n la w to esta tes
.
, , , , conferre d by the prince u pon sol d iers a nd others .

those a ni mal s th a t a r e stripp e d off whole blas e— ba lg , , D uca nge The s am e n ame wa s g iven to estate s
.

a b low in g s k in b el lows Ice l belg r an infl ate d

-
,
. .
, conferre d u pon cleric al p erson s for life for the per ,

skin lea ther sack b ellows b elly S w baely a b el

, , ,
. .
r
, forma nce of ecclesi a st ica l services an d in m o d ern ,

lows v ulg a rly the b elly

,
. ti m es the n am e of ben efice is a pprop ri a ted to si gnify
The orig in al si gnifica tion is p rob ably a wa ter a piece of ch u rch preferm ent .

b ubble (s till preser v e d by the G a elic d i m in u tive B enison Fr benisson a b lessin g fro m ben ir . .
,
.
, ,

bolg a n) which affor d s the m ost ob vio u s type of in

, to b less to prono u nce ha ppy to wish well to
, , .

flation The a pplication of the term to the b elly

.
, 0 Fr ben eieon ben eison fro m b en ed ic tio
. . F ab ,
’

, . .

th e s ack li k e c a se of the inte stines as well as to a

-

,
e t C ontes 2 3 02 ,
. .

b e llows or b lowin g ba g nee d s no expl a n a tion It -

,
. B ent The flower st al ks of g ra s s rema inin g u n
.
-

seems tha t bulg a was u se d for wo mb or b elly by the e aten in a p a stu re Bav bima issen bimp sen bins . .
, ,

Romans as a fragment of L u cili u s h as :

,
s en G bin s en r u shes
, O H G p in oz p in uz
.
, . .
,
.

T o B eh u m See Numb
I ta ut q is q e nostr
u u u m e bulge es t matris in lu cem editus .
. .

T o B eq ueath To d irect th e d ispo sition of .

It is prob ab le th a t Gr Bkfln L at v olva vulva . o ,

.
, , property after one s d e a th AS bec wcetha n fro m ’
. .
,

th e wo mb is a kin dr e d form fro m another mod ifi ca

,
ewwtha n to say See Q uoth , . .

tion of the word for b ubble from which is a lso , T o B er ay See Bewray . .

bulbu s a roun d or b ubb le sh ap ed root or a root

,
-
, T 0 B er eav e AS r eafia n ber eafi a n to d e p rive . .
, ,

consistin g of concen tric skins . of to strip

, See Reav e Rob .
,
.

In E bellows the word like trowsers and other

.
, , B err y A small e a t ab le fru i t
. AS beria . .

n ames of thin g s consistin g of a p a ir of princip al Goth basj a D u besj e S au ser bhalcshya foo d
. . . .
, ,

m e mb ers h as as s u me d a pl u ra l form
, . from bhalcsh to eat Hence on the on e si d e L at , . .

T o B el on g D u la ng en to re a c h to to a tt a in . . b a cca a b erry and on the other Goth basya G

, ,

Beer e E berry —K iihn Z eits ch r v ol vi p 3

.
, , , , .

p or r ig er e a ttin g ere p er tin g er e ; b ela ng en to a tta in

, , , ,
. .
, . . . . .

to to concern to b elon g a ttin g ere a ttiner e p ertinere

, , , , , , B erth The se amen ca ll a d ue or proper d is
.
~

pervenire Kil G g ela ng en to a rrive a t to b e

. . .
, , t ance b etween ships lyin g a t an a nchor or u n d e r s ai l
com e on e s property ; z a m K onig r eiehe gela ng en to a bir th also the proper pl a ce a b o a rd for the m ess
’ '

co m e to the crown ; b ela ng en to concern to to u ch , , . to pu t their che sts & c in is called th e bir th of th a t ,
.
,

Was da s bela ng et a s concernin g th at D u bela ng ,

. .
,
m ess H a rris in To d d C onven i ent ship roo m to
.
-
.
-

p re in
p q u u s,
p r oximu s, affinis . moor a ship Ba iley Prob ably the ori g in a l sense
. .

To belong is thu s to re a ch up to to to uch on e ex , ,

is tha t g i v en by Jami eson size b ul k b u rd en , , .

pressin g the notion of p rop erty by a si mil ar m et a

phor to the L a t a ttiner e p ertiner e to hol d to one T h e b u s tu ou s ba g e yc lep it ime r Ch ra
.
, , .

h
S e u g e of birth an e e e s emy t ci t s ch e — D V. . .

Belt Icel belti L at ba ll eu s

. . . .

B ench See Ban k . . Icel byr di D an byr de a bu rden fro m bea r Hence
.
,
.
, ,
.

T o Ben d Icel ben da AS ben d a n Fr ba n . . . . . the word mi ght e asily h ave b een u se d to si g ni fy
der a n a r c to b en d a bow h ence to exert force s e
, ,
roo m for a ship of s u ch a b ul k or b urd en a nd th en ,

ba n de r to rise a ga inst extern a l force ; ba n doir a

, s ea r oom g e ner ally
-
a s when on e spe a k s of g i v in g ,
,

S prin g .
a n object a wi d e ber th i e l ea vin g consi d er ab le s ea ,
. .

To ben d sa ils is to s tretch th em on the y ard s of room for it .

 BE SEE C H . BE T . 91

2 A berth in th e s en s e of a pla ce in a sh ip b o ard

.
Y et co ld h e n ot b t m u e ee
,
‘
T h e shap e of a ny other b ird th n l f t s m a ea
e d ofl for one person to lie in may b e the Icel g e or o ee .

G din g s O i d in R i ch
.
,

byr d a a r ea e l ig nis co m p a ct a a r ea g r a n d is An
ol -
’
v .

, ,
.

d er sen Repositori u m a r ea ; shelves a c u p b o a rd

. where the orig in a l h as d ig netur
, ,
.

H ald or s c n fro m bo d a b o a rd A s helf wo u l d prob r

A ! s ai d h e thou h ast confess ed an d b ewray ed all I
, , .

ab ly b e the on ly ber th a llotte d to a se ama n in a n

h ,

co ld t m it to r nd thee in p ieces — D i al og e on W itc h

,

ol d North ma n s ship
u ee e . u
Bu t it may b e a secon d ary es P er cy S oc x 8 8
’
.
. . . .

a pplic a tion of b er th in the form er sense ; v iz room .

for a man to lie in The Icel tima is u se d in th e same sense b e in g

.
.
,

T o B eseec h Form erly b e s ee k . tra nsl a te d by An d ersen sump tu m fa cere au de o by . , ,

H al dorsen a s e im pe tr a re to b rin g onese lf to fi nd , ,

H is heart is hard that will n ot m eke in one s he a rt to d o a th in to a llow i t to h appen
’
,

When men f m ek en e h im b l o
g ss ese ce .
, .

I co u ld tee m it to ren d t h ee in piece s I co u l d fi nd

Ch c r R B au e ,
. .

it b ecom in g to ren d thee in piece s or I co u ld let it ,

To seek so methin g from a person to entre a t se h appen to te ar thee in pieces , ,

.

licit So L a t p eto to se ek a nd a lso to en tre a t

. . [ The D a nish temmelig to ler abl e is cons id ere d b y
, , , , ,

b eseech . most Northern etymolo g ists an d I h av e no d o ub t ,

B eseem — S eem l y — B eteem . The verb al j u stly as Te u ton ic and b orrowe d from the Germa n
~
. . , ,

e le m ent in these word s mu st not b e con fo u n d e d with ziemlich The s a m e is probab ly tru e of the 0 . .

s eem the eq u iv a lent of the Fr s embler It s embr a r e

, Swe d ish tcemelig there b ein g no ON form fro m .
,
. .
, .

It correspon d s to the Icel s e ma ; 0 S W s cema which these word s a r e likely to b e d eriv e d The . . .
,
.

tce ma G ziemen geziemen D u ta emen betaemen Icel an d ic s a ma and its n u mero u s d eriva tives ar e
.
, ,
.
, , , ,

to b e fittin g to b efi t b eco me the initi a l 8 t an d z a pp arently s econ d a ry for ms fro m th e nou n s omi
, , , , ,
’

interch a n gin g as in D u sa ert ta ert G z a rt ten d er, honor orn am ent d ecoro u sne ss which c a nnot b e
.
, ,
.
, .
, , ,

trace d to a ny more ra d ica l Sc a n d in a vi a n word u n ,

It was shown u n d er Beco me th a t th e notion of less we s u ppose i t to b e fro m the wi d ely d i ffu se d
b ein g fittin g or s u ita b le is co m monly expresse d b y root s a m to g ether li ke in which ca se the n otion of , , ,

m e a ns of a verb si g nifyin g to b e fa ll to h appen ; con g ru ity fitness mi ght b e t aken as its p rima ry s ig , , ,

wha t falls in with our ta ste wish e s or with the r e n ific a t ion , ,
.

q uir emen ts of the c ase Now the O S w tima as The conn ection b etween th is root a nd tima d oe s
. . .
,

the AS ya tima n g a timia n si gnifies to ha ppen ; not a ppe a r to me to b e mad e ou t — M ]

.
, ,
.

whenc e time the co urse of e v en ts and not vice ,

Besom AS bes em bes m Pl D bes sen G ,
. .
, . .
, .

v er s e as Ihre s u p poses
, Wallon atou mer to h ap besen AS hes ma s ro d s In De v onshire the n am e. .
,
. .
,
.

p en fro m tea mer to fa ll

, It m ay b e d o u b te d w h e t h
,
b iss a m or bas s a m is g iven to the he a th pl ant b ec a u se
.
,

er tima n to h appen b e n ot a m od ifica tion of th e u se d for makin g b eso m s as con v ersely a b eso m is
, , ,

s ame root with the Goth ga ima n AS c wima n to ca lle d br oom fro m b eing mad e of b room twi g s The .
,
.
, ,
-
.

co me It is certa in a t le ast tha t the senses of th e pro p er m e a nin g of the word s ee ms twi gs or ro d s
. .

two a r e closely rel a te d a s seen in the L a t ven ir e to D u br em bess en b roo m twigs s cop as s par tia
, .
,
.
-
, ,
z
.

come even ir e to ha ppen and ma ny ex a mples may Biglotton

, ,
.

b e shown of the interch an g e of a n initi a l tw a nd law

, B est See Better . .

or
q w a s G
q u is t D u tw is t E tw i
.s t a twi g or B es,t ea d AS s ted e pl
. a ce p o s it ion H e nce
, .
,
. .
, ,

b ra nc h G qu ec/ce z weclcen E s qu itch twitch c ou ch s tea d is applie d to si gn ify th e infl u ences ar i smg from
.
, ,
.
, ,

g r a ss D u qu in lcelen E twin/cle
. . D u qu etter en rel a tive position To sta n d in stea d of a noth er is to
,
. .
,
.

E twitter ; G kunfl (in z uleu nfl the fu tu re ) for perform the offi c es d ue fro m him ; to sta n d one in
. .
,

hu mfl from hommen to co me ; z u mf t g ez u mfl z unfl ood s tea d or to bestea d one is to p e rform a serv ice
, g , , , , , ,

c on v ent u s c on v ent io conveniens in which the

, of a ble o ffice to h im
, ,
.

hommen venire see ms ch a n g e d into a z D iefe n

, ,
T h e d y fi sh w so n ew n d g od it d id v ery g re tly
.

r as a o as a
b a ch in v gatiman Thu s bec ome beseem a nd the b t d u s in th e whole co se f o v oy g — D rak
. .
, , es ea ur o ur a e . e .

D u beta emen which a r e u s ed in precis ely the s a m e

.
,

sense as well a s c omely and s eemly wo uld be b ro ug ht

, On the other ha n d to b e ha r d bestea d is to be ,

into ra d ic a l r el a tion with e a ch other p la ce d in a posi tion which it is h a rd to en d u re . .

The connexion of the E teem beteem with the T o B estow AS stow a pl a ce ; to bes tow to .
, , . .
, ,

D u beta emen S w ta ema is o b scu re d by the verb b e pl a c e to g i v e a pl a ce to to lay ou t to exercise

.
, .
,
-
, , ,

b ein g u se d in a c au s a ti v e sen s e To teem or beteem on a d efinite obj e ct . .

mu st b e e x pl a ine d to mak e s u it ab l e to d ee m s u it a T o Bet Fro m a bet in the sense of b a ckin g ,

‘
. , ,

ble to vo u c hs afe to d ei g n to affor d a s L a t dig n a ri

, , e nco u r a g in g s u p p ort in g the si d e on which the wa
, , .
, ,
~

to d e i gn or d ee m wort hy from d ignas g er is l aid ,

. .
92 BETEEM . BI A S .

thou wilt hold en tha t thou me b t

G if Bev el S lant slope d ofl a wry Fr bevea u an e . ,
“
,
. .
,
That I shall wed th e maid en fair — Hall iwell instr ument O penin g li ke a p air of compa sse s for . .

i e wh a t you pro m is ed or en gag e d to me if you m ea s u rin g a n gle s

. . Bu v ea u a s qu are l i k e in str u , .
,
-

w ill h o ld the p ro mise with wh ich you en c o u rag e d ment h av in g moveab le and co mpa ss b ra nches or one ,

me . b r a nch comp a ss a n d th e other str ai g ht Som e c all .

[ I b elieve no ety molo g ist d o u b ts th a t th e Germa n it a b evel C otgr . .

wette a b et the O G wa d a ple dg e the Swe d ish

, ,
B ev er ag e A d rin k L at biber e to d rink ; It
.
, , . . .
,
.

va d a b et a n d the AS wed a ple d g e a r e i d ent ica l

, ,
bever e whence bever agg io ; Fr beu vr ag e E bever
.
, ,
.
,
. .

In the G er asd nes b etwc ox D finsetan G es d er A ng ag e ,

. .

S ach s l Sch mi d Anh a n g i 3 we find : Gif hd d B evy It beva a b evy as of ph e asa n ts Florio “
.
, , , , . .
, , . .

”
u men sy etc a ple d g e b e ta k en & c d Fr hevee a b rood flock of qu ails l a rks roeb u ck s ’

g e n if ,
.
, ,
. .
, , , , , ,

a n d wed a r e u nqu estion ab ly the sam e word a n d thence appl ie d to a comp any of l ad ie s especi al ly , .

hence ou r bet by the s a m e l og ical process as the , T o B ewr ay Properly to a ccu se an d then to . ,

German and Sca n d in av i a n correspon d in g word s from point ou t to d iscover Goth v r ohj a n to a ccu se , . .
, ,

a c og n ate root m e a nin g ple dg e M ] Fris wr og ia uogia wr eia to a ccu se AS or ega n . . .

,
r
, , ,
.
,

B eteem See Besee m . vr eg ia n S w r

bj a to a cc u se d isco v er
. G r ii en
g ,
.
’

, ,
. . .

T o Betr ay L at tr a d er e to d eli v er u p th en to
. To bewr ay or ber ag in the s ense of d irtyin g is
.
, , , ,

d eliver u p wha t o ught to b e kept to d eliver u p in expl a ine d b y the Fr fa ir e ea lig es to b ewr a y or a c ,
.
,
~

b re a ch of tr ust to b etray It tr a dir e whence Fr cu se his hose v iz by the sense of smell Wallon
,
. .
,
.
,
. . .

tr a hir as envahir fro m inva d er e

,
The inflections a r iier to dirty
, .
,
.

of Fr ver b s in ir with a d o ub le ss
. a s tr a hisson s B eyon d See Yon d er , , . .

t ra hiss a is a r e co mmonly ren d ere d in E by a fin al

, B ez el — B asil Sp bisel the b a sil e dg e of a .
. . .
,

sh . Thu s fro m eba hir eba hiss a is a ba sh from pl ate of lookin g gl a ss which were formerly orn a
’

,
’

,
-
,

olir oliss a is olish & c In li k e m anner fro m m e n t ed with a b or d er g ro u n d sl a ntin g fro m the gen
p p ,p , ,
.

t r a hir we for merly h ad tr a sh an d betr a sh a s fro m er a l s urfa ce of the g l a ss When the e d g e of a , .

obeis h joiner s tool is grou n d a wa y to a n a n gle it is ca lle d

’ ’
obeir obeiss a is
’
.
, ,

n Fr ta ille en b isea u B
’

In th e water anon was s n a ba s il

( H alliwel l
) i is sa u
ee
,
. .
,

a bez le bez ling or sku ein g C otg r

H is n s his mo th his ey en sheen
. .
o e, u ,
, ,

A n d h e th reof w ll b h d T h e proper m e a n in g of the wor d see m s to b e a

e as a a as e

His ow e shad ow ha d him b t h d — R R h p a rin g then an e d g e p a re d or sl ice d off a slopin g e r as e . . .

,
,

I n the ori g in al
e dg e .

T ll et l e p y n k e es t p rée
E t l m inten nt y a a a
’
i a b h it a s e a ,

m ne s y t d one
’

C on mbre si le t hit ar s u
L e s bi x (th e p a in g ) a l y ra .
sea u r es a o e .

Bib el wo th in N t A n t 1 7 2 s r a . . .

I I r a cqua in ta n c e is p e illo s
e r u

First soft and fte r n oio T o B ezzl e To d r ink h a r d to ti p ple

a Prob ably
u s,
. ,
.
,
S h e h th T h e t hid withou t w en e R R
a ras
l i k e g u zz le form e d fro m a n i m ita tion of the so u n d
. . .

Bien t a tr ahie Prob ab ly the u n u s ual a d d ition mad e in gree dy e atin g and d rin kin g
’
.
.

of the p article be to a verb im porte d fro m the Fr Y es s f ot I wond r h w th insi d f ta ern e .

’
o e o e e o a v
,

wa s c a u se d b y the a cci d enta l r e sembla nce of th e looks n ow O h ! when sh ll I bi l bi l ? D ekk in . a z z e, zz e -

ar

word to D u bedrieg en G betr iig en to d eceive to R .

,
.
, ,
.

che a t which a r e fro m a totall y d i fferent root From

, To bezzle was then app lie d to w a sting in d eba u ch .

It tr a dir e is tr a d itor Fr tr a itr e a tr a itor a n d from c ry

.
,
.
, .

Fr tr a hir tr a his on tr ea ch ery tr eas on

.
, Bias Fr bia is biha is C a t b iam S a rd in bias c ia
, , .
. .
, ,
.
,
.
,

B etter B est Goth ba tizo ba tis ta AS be It s bieseio Pied m s hias slop ed sl a ntin g ; Fr bia i
. . .
, . .
,
.
, ,
.

ets t b etter b est D u ba t bet ba et b et s bias c ia i to d o so m ethin g a sl a nt

ter a betes t , b , , s cr S ar d ,
. The .
, , , ,
.
,
.

ter more OE bet b etter See To Boot

, ,
. It bieco s biec o fro m ob liquu s h as a sin gu l a r r e
, . . .
, , ,

Between — Betwixt The AS has tweoh a se mb l ance to s bieseio u se d in precisely the s am e

. . .
, ,

d i ffe r ent form of twa two an d thence tweg en tw a in sense thou gh s u ch a ch an g e of form wo u l d b e v ery
, , ,
.
,

Fro m the for mer of these a r e AS betwuh betweoh u n u sual .

, , .

betweohs betweox betwa xt b y two in the mi ddle of

, , The tru e ori gin is probably fro m the notion of
, ,

two which may b e co mp a red as to form w ith a mid sli d in g or slippin g It s biag io s biesso b en d in g
, , . .
, , ,

AS a midd es a mids t or with ag a in ag a inst In a slope ; s biseia r e biscia r e s briseiar e s br issa re to

.
, , , .
, , , ,

lik e m anner from twa in is forme d between in the creep or cr a wl si d elin g a slope or i n a nd ou t as a n , , , ,

mi d dle of tw a in .
eel or a sn ak e to g li d e or slip as u pon ice ; s bris cio , ,

T h I l of M n th t m s br iss o s bis c io o b liq u e croo k e d win d in g or cra wl

l p e th e e a a e c e , , , ,

By t w n an d I lon d e — R G ing in and ou t slippery sli d in g ; bias c io b i as wi s e -

e e us r . . .
, , , .
 BI B . BI G .
93

C omp are sla nt, formerly sklen t, w ith W gsg len tio, . In thi s sense the word is the correl a tive of Go th .

S w s lin ta , to slip or sli d e s lop e with s lip

. . bidj a n, bid a n, ba th, or ba d, bed u n AS . bid da n , bezd ,
T o Bib L a t bibo, to d rin k, whence D u biber en ,
. . .
g ebeden G bitten , ba t . Ice l . bidhj a , or, in a r efle c

to d rin k m u ch ; biber er b ibacu lu s a bibb er on e who , , ,

ti v e form , beid a st .

d rin k s in excess Fr biber on ,

. . 2 To Bid in the sense of offerin g br in g in g for
.
,

Bib Fr ba von ba vier e ba ver ole a cloth to pre w ard s p ressin g on one s notice an d consequ ently ’
. .
, , , , ,

vent a ch ild d riv ellin g o v er its clothes Ba ver to .

, ord erin g or requ irin g som ethin g to be d one Goth . .

sla ver or d riv el See Bea ver Fris babbe the @

‘

u da n in a n a
y a n f a u r bj u da n to co mman d for
d
‘

. . .
,
u , , ,

mo u th Perh a ps the word h as once b een a bib

. b id ; AS beod a n b ea d g ebed en
. G bieten to offer , , .
, ,

cloth . ver bieten to forb i d ; D u b ied en p orr iger e offer r e

, .
, , ,

B ic e An infe rior b l u e OE a su r e bice ( E a rly

. , .
-
p raeb er e p r ses ta r e , Kil . .

E misc H al
. Fr bes a zu r the p a rticle bes
. . .
-
,
To bid the ba n ns G ein p a a r v er lobte a uf bieten , .
,

b ein g o ften u se d in co mposition to si gnify perver is to b r in g forw a r d s the a nno u nce m ent of a m a r
r ia e to o ffer it to
s ion infe riority
, Prov beslei perverte d b elief ; . .
, g , p ub lic notice E inem ein en g u ten .

ba r lu me (for bis la me) weak li ght ; P ied m bes a nc a -

.
-
,
tag bieten to bid on e g oo d d a , y to offer one the wish ,

crooke d ; ber la ita (for bes la ita ) Fr petit la it whey ;

- -
, .
-
,
of a good d a
y To bid one to a d inner is properly .

C a t besc omp te m isco u nt Fr bes temp s fo u l we ather

.
, .
,
. the s a me verb to p ropose to one to co me to d inner , ,

D iet Wallon a ltho u h it mi ht well b e u n d erstoo d in the sen s e

. .
T o B ick er B ick erin g To skirmish d is
g g
. . ,
of the oth er form of the verb to ask to
p r ay on e , ,

u te wr a n l e It is especi ally a pplie d in S e to a to d inner An alogo u s expre s sions are G einen vor
p g , . . . .

fi ght with stones a nd a lso si gnifi es the const a nt mo ,

G er icht b ieten to s u mmon on e b efore a co u rt of j u s
,

tion of we apons a nd th e ra pi d s u cce ssion of strokes tice einen vor s ich bieten lassen to ha ve one c alle d ,

in a b a ttle or b roil or the noise occasione d b y suc , b e fore him .

c es s iv e stro ke s b y throwin g of stones or b y a ny , , With respect to log ical pe d i gree the me an in g of ,

r ap i d motion Ja mieson The ori g in i s probab ly . . bid in the sense of a sk for p ra y m ay pl au si b ly b e

, , ,

the representa tion of the so u n d of a b low with a d eri v e d fro m Goth beid a n AS b id a n a bida n to .
,
.
, ,

pointe d instru m ent by the syll ab le p ic k whence the ,

look for To pray is m erely to make known the
.

frequ enta ti v e p icker or bicke r wou l d represent a fact th at we look for or d esire the object of our
s u ccession of s u ch blows To bic ker in NE is ex . . prayers The L at p eto qu wr o si gni fyin g in the
. .
, ,

pl a ine d to cla tter Hall iwell D u bickeler a stone , . .

,
first insta nce to se ek or loo k for a r e a lso u s ed in ,

hewer or stone picker bickelen bicken to hew ston e -

, ,
the sense of a sk in g for The Icel leita is u s ed in . .

b ickel bickel steenken a fragment of stone a chip

,
-
, , ,
e ac h sense (Ihre v Leta) an d the S w h as leta to .
, .
,

expl a inin g the Sc bicker in th e sense of throw in g . loo k for a nleta to solic it j u st as the two id e a s are
, , ,

stone s Bickelen to star t ou t a s te a rs fro m the eyes

.
, , ,
expresse d i n E by s eek a nd bes eech for b es c ek .
, .

fro m the way in which a chip flies fro m the p ick . The Icel bidill a s u itor fro m bidj a to ask see ms
.
, , , ,

Hence Sc to b icker to move q u ickly — Jam .

, . . essenti a lly the s am e word with AS bidel a n a tten d .
,

a nt or be ad le fro m bid a n to a b i d e or w a it on
Y n g li a c h ari th t h ard y w and wy eh t
.
, ,
s r s a ar

Am ng th e Scottis bgk it with all th ir myc h t

a ar e .
Big S wollen b u l ky The ori g in al sp elling
. , .

W lla e in Jam a
c
. see m s to b e bug which is still u se d in th e N of , .

The a rrow s struck u pon th e m li ke blow s from a En gl an d for swollen pro u d s w aggerin g , ,
.

s tone c u tter s pick

’
-
.
when h e circlin g near r d own d oth p ll
Bu t r e u
It mu st b e o b ser v e d th a t the word p ick (equ iv a Then g ins h sw ll and w x n b g with h rn s e e a e u o .

l ent to the m o d ern p itch) was u se d for the cas t of More in R i ch rd s n a o .

an a rrow .

‘6
Bug as Lorda .
,2
H alliwell Big swollen .
(C -

I hol d you a grete I p ych as farre with an we y o he a rt e ar o as u . ”

Add ison Big u dd ere d ewes -
Pope ”

Pal sg ra in Halliwell
. . .

ve
in R
.

T o Bid Two verb s ar e here confou n d e d of d is

. The ori gin al form of the root is prob ably seen in ,

tin c t form in the other Te u tonic l an guages th e Ic e l bolg a a swellin g bolg in n swoln fro m belg ia . .
, , , , ,

1 To Bid in the ob solete sense of to pr a y

. to infl a te ; E bu lg e to b elly to swell bilg e or bulg e . .
, , , ,

F f l r h e b ad d wend
or ar ev e
the b elly of a ship rel a te d to big or bag as G a n d
e e , , .

A n d bidd y m te yf h e sh l as in a stran g e l nd e G a el balg an entire skin to E bag The loss of

s e u o .
.
, ,
. .

R G the I g i v es D a n bug b elly b u l g e bow ; bug n e (an . . .

, , ,

Bi dd er s an d b e ggars ar e u se d a s s ynonym o u s in s wer ing to Icel bolg n a ) to b u l g e b ell y b en d C om .

, , , .

P P . . p a re a lso Sp b u que with E b ulk . . .

F h e tha t be gg eth oth er b i d d th b t if h e ha e n eed

or T o B ig AS bggg an Icel bggg ia to b u ild to e u v
. .
,
.
, ,

H i fa l e nd faito r and d efra d eth th e n ed

e s s a in h ab it ; 0 S W bggg a to prep are rep a ir b u il d in
u u e e .
. .
, , , ,
94 BI G A RRO O . BIGOT .

h ab i t A simpler and prob ably a con tra cted form

. third ord er of p en itence con sistin g t iar y order ,
or ,

is seen in Ic el bu a O S w boa ho to a rr a n g e pre b oth of m en a n d wo men who witho u t necess a rily

.
, . .
, , , , ,

p are c ulti v ate inh abi t D u hou wen to cu lti v ate to

,
qu ittin g their sec u la r av oc ations b o u n d the msel v es
,
.
, , ,

b u il d ; G ba u en to c u lti va te t o d w e ll to b u il d
. to a strict life a n d work s of ch a rity The s am e
, , ,
. .

Big arroo Fr big a r r ea u a k in d of cherry h alf . o u tbu rst of reli gio u s feel in g see ms to h av e l ed other
.
, ,

white h a l f r ed fro m big a rre m otley ; biz a rr e bi persons b oth men a nd wo m en to a dopt a si m il a r ’

, , , , , ,

g ea r r e bi er re fa nta stica l
g ,
toy ish h u moro u s co urse of life They wore a si mila r d ress and went
al so , , , ,
.
,

d iversifie d in colo u r (h a v in g colo u rs od d ly assorte d )abou t re ad in g the Scri p t u res a n d pr a ctisin g C hris .

C ot It biz z a r r o fa nt a stic al g i d dy he a d e d whi m

. . ti a n life b ut as they s ubj ecte d them sel v es to no
, ,
-
, ,

s ical ; g hir ibizz i h u moro u s toys su dd en humou rsre gula r ord ers or vows of ob e d ience they b eca m e
, , , ,

fa nta stica l conceits Fl hi ghly ob noxiou s to the hierarchy an d u n d erwent

. .
,

A hi gh d egree of n ervou s excita t ion whether m u ch o bloq u y a n d persecu tion They a dopte d the ,
.

fro m a ctu al sens a tion or menta l p assion is mani g rey h ab it of the Fr a ncisc ans a n d were pop u l a rly , ,

fested by shi v er in g h orripil a tion a nd hence th e confou n d e d w ith the third ord er of those fri a rs u n
, ,

i mag e of shi v erin g (a s exp l aine d u n d er C a price ) is d er the n am es of Beg u in i Beg ha r d i Beg uttae Bi , , ,

u se d to si g n ify a s u dd en fa ncy or u nre a son a b le d e zocchi Biz z oc a ri ( in Itali a n Beghini Bighin i Bi , , ,

sire the moti v e s to which not b ein g app a rent th e of whi c h a r e a pp a rently d eri v e d fro m
, g h iotti
) a l l , ,
”
a t te ntion of th e b ysta n d er is d irecte d to the b o d i lyItal big io Ve net bis e grey Biz oc co s ays an .
,
.
,
.
,

symp to m s of the a ffection a u thor q u ote d in N an d Q vol 9 5 6 0 s ia q uas i “

.
,
. .
,
.

Thu s fro m It brisc ia r e to sh iver br ezza chill big ioc o et bigiotto perch e i Terz ia ri d i S Fra ncesco
.
, , , ,
.

ness or shi v erin g a r e form e d r ibr ezzo chillness or si veston d i b i g io , So in Fra nce they were ca lle d ,
.
”

shi v erin g a lso a s u d d en fea r or a stonishment a lso

, les p etits fr er es bis or bis ets — D u ca ng e From ,
. .

a s k ittish or hu moro u s toy r ibr ez z os o sta rtlin gbig io g rey wa s form e d big ello the d us ky h u e of a , , , , ,

tre mb lin g fu ll of as tonish m ent also toyish h u mor

, d a rk colo u re d sheep and the co arse cloth ma d e fro m , ,
-
,

ou s ,
fa nta stic al s u d d enly an gry Fl N e w in its u n dye d wool and this wa s prob ably al so the
,
. .
,

word s b e ginnin g with br or & c th e liqu i d is very m e a nin g of big hino or beg u in o a s wel l a s biz occ o , ,
.
, , .

a p t to b e lost a s shown in n u m ero u s ex ample s u n E che l ab ite big io ovver beghin o er a co mu ne d egli ’
,

d er C udd le no mini di penitenz a where beghin o e v i d ently im

Thu s th e It h as s bri sc ia r e a n d s bi
. .
,
”

s c ia r e to cra w l a n d the It b r ez z a is r epre s ente d in

, plies a d escription of d ress of a si mil a r n ature to
, .

French b y a d o ub le for m br is e a n d bis e a chilly th at d esi gn ate d by the term big io Bizz occo a lso is , , .

win d We sh all th ere fore not b e witho u t the s up

. mentione d in the frag ment of the h istory of Ro me
p ort of stron g a n alog ies if we recog nise the ra d ic al of the 1 4 th cent u ry in a way which show s th a t it ,

i d entity of r ibr e zo an d bizza rr o fa nt as tica l p as mu st h ave s ignifie d coarse d ark co lo u re d cloth s u ch

z
, , ,
-
,

s ion a te Altieri . a s is u se d for the d ress of th e infer ior or d ers

. prob ,

The root may b e trace d in som e of the G dia ab ly fro m b is o the other for m of big io Per te “
. .
,
”
l ects Sw ab biz an g er ; biz z el excitation of the
. T r ib u n e s ays one of the nob les to Rien i
.
, fora , ,
z ,
“

p al ate e ager d esire biz z eln to tickle the p al a te to

, p iu conven evole che port as si vesti menta h on es te d a
, , ,

m a k e one lon g for to make u ne a sy Schmi d

biz u oc o che qu este po mpose transl a te d by M u ratori
, . .
,
”
,

Swiss bitz t a rt agreeably sha rp in ta ste — Sta l

.
, h on esti p leb eii amict u s
, It m u st b e re ma rked .
“
.
”

d er . th a t biz oc c o also si gnifies r ud e clownish r ustica l , , ,

B igh t or Bou gh t A b en d of a shore or of a a ppa rently from the d ress of r ustics be ing co mpose d
‘
.

repe Ic el bug t a flexu r e bug a to b en d to c u rve of biz occ o In the s ame way Fr b ur ea u is the col
. .
, , , , . . .

AS b ug a n big a n G bieg en to b en d
.
, ou r of a b rown sheep a n d the co a rse cloth m a d e
.
,
.
,

[ We find boughtin g as a p articip l e in the F ard le fro m the u n dye d wool Hence the OE bor el co arse . .
,

of F aci e ns 1 55 5 , wool len cloth a nd also u nle a rne d common m en In ,

.

a si mila r ma nner fro m big ello n atu ra l grey or ,

Thei h e little C banes n t fa fr om th e S V p n th e sheep s ru sset ho mesp u n cloth big hellone a d unce
au a o r ea , o ’
, , , ,
c li eue si d s wh r n t re h th m d e g r t ca f d i pe a b lockhe ad —Flor From bi io wo u l d n a tu rally
s e : e e a u a a ea r es , e

into th e g n d e nd hollow G ttr rou nd C i k into th a

g u
. .

es , a r e es e
e form e d big iotto big hiotte a n d a s soon as the r ad i
,

m i gn l n d b wtgng an d c m p b
y n g in n d o t to f o , ,
a e a e, o o as s a u ,
r ,

m n y ond ie w y es — A fl ik e F v las t p M ] c al m e a nin g of the wor d wa s o b sc u r ed corru ption

‘

a s r a . r ,
.
,
. . ,

wo u l d e a s ily creep in and hence the v ari a tions bi ,

B igh t See Bought .

g u tta beg ut ta big otto beghin o beg a r d o .
, , , ,
.

Bigot The b eg innin g of the 1 3 th cent ury saw

. We find Boni fa ce VIII in the qu ota tions of D u .
,

t h e s u d d en rise an d m a t u rity of the m en d ic a nt or c an g e a n d his contin u a tors spe akin g of the m as ,

d ers of St Fra nc is and St Do minic These ad m itte d Nonn u lli v iri pesti feri q u i v ulga riter Fra ti c elli seu .
“

into the r a n k s of their followers b esi d es the pro fra tres d e p aup er e vita a u t Biz ochi sive Bichin i , ,

fesse d monk s a nd n u ns a third cla ss c alle d the ter vel aliis fuca tis n ominibus nuncup antur M a tthew
, ,
.
”
 BIGOT . BILLET .

Pa ris w ith reference to A D 1 2 4 3 says E isd em

, . .
, ,
“
a big ot ha s co me to si gnify a person u n rea son ably
te mpori b u s q u i d a m in Al emann i a p raec ip u e se as se a tt a c he d to p a rtic u l a r O pinions an d n ot h a v in
g h is ,

rente s reli g iosos i n u troqu e sexu s ed ma xi me in ,

m in d O pen to a ny a rgu m ent in O pp osition .

mu lie b ri h ab itu m r c l ig ion is s ed leve m s us cc p er u nt

, ,
B il b err y The fr u it of the v a cc ini um myrtillu s .
,

c on tin en t ia m v it a) while tha t of v accini um u li ginos um is c alled in the

p r iv a te v e to p r ofi ten tes s u b n u l ,

N of E bla e berrg from the d a rk colo u r D a n

l i u s t a me m re gu l a coa r c ta ti nec a dh u e u llo cl a u stro ,
. .
-

, . .

c en t en ti .
”
They were however by no m e ans c e n bla a bl u e ; S w bldma n d a negro In Danish the ,
.
, .

fine d to It aly . n a mes ar e reverse d as the fru it of the myrtill us is

I s tis u l timis te mpori b u s h yp oc r i “
,

ta lib u s pl u ri mi m a xi me i n It a li a e t Al emanni a et c alle d bla a bcer th a t of the u li g inos um bel le ba r -

,
-
.

Pro v inci as p r ov inc id u bi ta les Bega r d i et Beg uin i The bilberg a ccord in g to O utzen is also n ame d
, , ,

g ,
from its d a rk colo u r and he g i v es se v era l ex amples
v oc a n tu r n olen te s j u u m s u b ire v e r se ob ed ien t iae ,

n ec serv a re re ul a m a l i u a m a b Ecclesi a a of a n Ob solete bel belg b e in g u se d in th e sense of

g q p p r oba ,

t am su b ma n u p r ae c ep tor is et d u cis l egitimi voc at i b l a ck d a r k bel s c ed eu u it schw a rz b esch a ttet b l ac k , , ,

-

Fra ticelli al ii d e p aup er e vita a lii Apostolici al i

,
sh ad owe d ; bel ba a r en b e aten b la ck a nd bl u e ; belg , , ,

q u i Beg a r d i q u i or tum in Ale ma nni a h ab u er u nt

,
bu ndin the b la ck b ottoms in which O d in s horses .
”
,
’

—A lv a r us I elagiu s in D ue ’
p a t u red ; D an bcelg mbr k pi tch d a rk — O utzen in .
s .
'

, .

S ecta qu aedam p estifera illor u m qu i Begu ini

“
v biligj a ck . .

v u l a r iter a
g p p ellan tur q u i s e fr a tres p au p ores d e B il bo A sl an g ter m for a s word now ob sole te . , .

tertio ordine S Fra n c is c i commu niter app ella bant . A Bil b o a b l ad e .

”
.

—Bern a rd us G u idonis in vit a Joh xx Bil bees A mon g mar iners a p u n is hm en t at sea . . . ,

C a p ellam q u e s eu el usa m h uj u s mod i c en sibu s et

when the offen d er is l a i d in irons or set in a kin d
redd itib u s pro septe m p er son is r el i ios is
g B egof stoc ks
u ttis D u boege a sh a c kle L a t bqj a Pro v ,
. .
, . .
,
.

vi d elicet ord ini s S Augu stini d ota rint boia 0 Fr b u ie fetters

C h a rt . Boj ce g en u s v inc ulor um .
”
-
.
,
. .
, .
,

A D 15 18
. . . t a m ferr c w q u a m l ign eze — c tus in D iez This . .

Begh a r d u s et Begu ina et Begu tta s u nt vir i et le a v es the first syll able u n a cco u nte d for
“
.

mu l ier es terti i ord inis — Br eviloqu iu m in D ue B il g e The b elly or swellin g si d e O f a sh ip

.
”
. . .

They a r e d escri b e d m ore a t l a rg e in the Acts of See Bul g e .

the C ou ncil of Treves A D 1 3 1 0 Ite m c u m T o B il k T O d efra u d one O f exp ecte d r emu n er

, . . .
“
.

qu i da m sint l aici in ci v itate et pro v inci a T r ev ir ensi ation ; a sl a ng term most l i kely fro m an affecte d pro
qu i su b
p r etextu j
c u us d a
g io m
n is fic tae Be h a r
g r c li n un c ia t ion of b a lk .

d os se a pp ell ant , c um ta ba r d is e t t u n ic is lon is e t

g B il l An instr ument for hew in g G beil an
. 1 . . .
,

l on gis ca p u c iis cu m ocio in c c d en tes, ac la b ores a xe ; AS bil a swor d axe w eap on ; S w b ila a n
.
, , , .
,

manu u m d c te sta n tes, c onv en tic u la inter s e al iq u ib u s a xe p log bid , a plo u g h sh a re ; D u bille a stone
-

,
-
.
,

te mpori bu s fa ciunt, sequ e fing u nt coram simp l ic ib u s ma son s pick ; b illen d en molen s teen to pick a m ill
’
-
,

p e r sonis ex positores sa c r a r um sc rip tu rar u m nos vi ,

ston e — Kil W bwgell a n a xe a h a tchet Ga el . .
, , . .

tam cor u m q u i extra r el ig ion em a p p r ob a tam v a li d a m bu a il to st ri ke ,

.

men d ica nte s dis c u rr un t & c , .

”
2 The bill of a b ird may very li ke ly b e ra d ical ly
.

N onn u llae m uliere s sive sor or es Bigu ttae ap u d

“
,
id entic a l w ith the foreg o in g The D u bicken is . .

v ulga re s n u nc u p ates ab squ e v otor um rc lig ionis e mis u se d b oth O f a b ird ec k in a nd of hewin stone
, p g g
”
sione C ha rt A D 1 4 9 9
.
-
. . . . with a pick ; bicken or billen d en molensteen AS . .

Fro m the fore goin g extra cts it w il l re a d ily b e bile the bill of a bird horn of an ani mal I n the
, , .

u n d erstood how e a sily th e n a m e b

y which th e se s ec , sa m e wa y a re rel a te d Pol d z iob th e b e a k O f a b ir d .
, ,

ul a r as pir a nts to s uperior holiness of life were dz ioba é to p eek to j ob a nd d z ioba s a n a d ze ; Bo

, , , ,

d e si gn ate d m i g ht b e taken to e x press a hypocrite

, , h em top a b e a k tip a ti to stri ke top or a n a xe
.
, , , , , .

false pret en d er to reli g io u s fe elin g T a r t ufle . . B ill 3 —B ill et A bill in the sens e of a writ
. . . ,

Th u s we fi nd in It b ig otto biz occ o a d e v otee a .

, , , ing u se d in l e g a l proc e e d in g s as a bill of in d ict ment
, , ,

h ypocrite ; Pie d m ontese big ot bis oc h Fr bi ot in bill O f exch an g e bill in p a rli a m ent is properly a
g , ,
.
, , ,

the s ame sense Sp big a r d o a n a m e g iven to a . .

, se a le d instrum ent fro m M L at b ulla a seal See ,
. .
,
.

p er son of r eli g ion le a d in g a loose li fe big a r d ia d e , , Bull A billet is th e d i m in u ti v e of th is a short

.
,

cc it dis simu l a tion ; G begha r t gleisc h ner ( Fri sch)

, .
, ,
note the note which a ppoints a sol d ier h is q u a rters
, .

a b i got or hypocrite a fa lse preten d er to honesty or

.
, D u b illet billet in s c r ip tum symb ol u m syngra p h um
.
, , , , .

holines s — L u d wi g Big in bigot s u perstitio u s .

“
, ,
— Kil .

hypocrite .
”
Speig ht in Rich ar d son -
. B ill et 2 —Bi11ar d Fr bille t a st ick or log O f . . .
,

In En glish the me a nin g h a s received a fu rther woo d c u t for fu el a n in got of g ol d or sil v er Bille , .
,

d e v elopm ent a n d as persons pro fe ssin g extr aor d i

, a n in got a yo u n g stock of a tree to g ra ft on — Co t
,

na ry z e a l fe r reli g io u s views a r e ap t to a ttri bu te a n r a v e ; a stic k to rest on — Roqu e fort Lang ued

g . .

overweenin g importan ce to their partic ul a r tenets ,

bilio a stick to ti ghten the cord of a p a ckag e Fr
, . .
9G BILLOW . BIRD .

billa r d or sh or t and th ick tru ncheon or

billa rt, a form w ith th e thinner vowel an d ab stract s ignifica
c udg el hence th e c u dgel in the pl ay a t tra p and a
,
’

tion shou l d b e d erive d fro m th a t with the b ro ad er

billa ra or the stick wh e rewith we to u ch the ball a t v owel a n d concrete si nific a tion tha n v ice v ers a
’
, g ,
.

b illya r d s 0 Fr billa r d a lso s ignifi ed a man wh o

. . . Thu s I suppose the Gr 8 pm to b u il d to b e d eri v ed . 6 ),
,

rests on a sti ck in w al kin g — Roq u ef Billette a .

, from d f es a hou se L at p en d er e to h ang from
e i , , .
, ,

b illet of w ood ; bilw ttes d u n esp ieu the cross ba rs p on dus a wei gh t the l ast of thes e form s be in g
’

, , ,

nea r the head of a be ar spe ar to hin der it h om r un '

id entic a l with the wor d which we a r e tre a tin g as
n in g too f ar into the a ni ma l . the root of bin d viz ba n d bu ndt b un ch Lith , .
, ,
. .

The ori g in of th e ter m is prob ab ly fro m bole the , p a n d a s a tr u ss b u n d le a lso a stone wei ht a we i h t
, g g , , ,

tr un k of a tree the a ch an g in g to an i to expres s ,

Of 4 8 p ou n d s The ori g in al me a nin g of p on d u s .

d i min u t ion A li ke ch an g e tak es place in the other

. wou l d thu s b e si mply a l ump of some he av y mate
sense O f billet from bu lla a s eal ,
. ri al d o ub tless a stone Another form O f d eri v a ti v e
, .

B ill ow S w bblj a D an bolg e Icel bg lgia D u fro m the same root is the verb to ben d tO mak e into
‘

. .
,
.
,
. .
, ,

bolghe bulghe flu c tus m a ris u n d a pre cell a — Kil

, , , ,
. a h u m p or
p ro min ence in th e s a m e way as fro m ,

fro m 0 S W ba lgj a to swell D u belghen AS

. .
, . .
,
. bug or bog a p rominence bog a il the n a v el
, , ,

b elga n a belg a n to b e an gry (i e to swell with

, , . . bog lg n bos s knob k not ; H u n g bog knob knot
, , , .
, , ,

rage) . b u d b u l b ) is d eri v e d the G bieg cn to b ow or b en d

, , .
,
.

T h e mariner am i d t h e w lli g s eas s e n

Pa ra ll el with bin d and bend we hav e wind a n d
Wh o s eth his b ac k with m ny a bill w b e t n
e
wen d ( G wen d en to t urn ) which may h a ve a risen
.
, ,
a o a e .

Gas coi gne in R .

fro m the a ct u al ch an g e of the initi a l b into a w .

The S w bin d a is G win de E bin d weed

. .
,
.
-
.

H a d m u ch to prevent one from s inkin g the a do , The te rm bin e or bin d is a ppl ie d to the win ding
”
billowe wa s so g re a t I I ac kl u y t in D O where . .
, or twining stem O f cli mb in g plan ts Th u s we spe ak .

we s ee billow n ot u se d in the sense of an in d ivi d O f the ho b in e for the shoots of hops The wood
p
-
.

u al w a v e b u t in th a t of s well
, .
bin e d esi g n a tes the honeys u ckle in En gl a n d while
So in Gr e/ s m o ne the swell in g of the
,

. or ta o e , bin d wood bin wood or ben wood is in Scotl an d ap

-

,
-
,
-
,
”
s ea a n d in L at
, tum i d i flu c tu s t um ou s aequ or .
, ,
”
plie d to ivy Here we see the root in the precise .

an d the li k e ar e co mmon pl a ces See Belly -

. .
form of the Lith p innu p in ti to twine .
-
, , .

Bin B in g The proper m ea nin g is a he ap

. . .
[ The Swe d ish and D a nish bu nt bu n d t a r e mod , ,

L k nt wh n th y d
i e a s e e o spoil e th e bing corn
of
ern wor d s u nknown to the O ld Northern l an g ua g e
,
-

thou gh it possesses the verb a t bin d a to b in d They

.

S r y in R
u re .
, .

ar e moreo v er p art ic ipi a l in for m with the re u l a r

, g , ,

Then as si d e b o a rd s or w al l s were a dded to con -

v owel c h a n e a n d therefore d eriv a ti v es of the v er b
g
-
,

fine the he a p to a s maller spa ce the word was tra ns , a t bin d a not the sou rce of it A correspon d in g
, .

ferred to a re c eptacle so constru cte d for storin g corn , word bun din bu n din s a dkorn a b un d le or sheaf O f
, ,
’

wine & c S w bing e a he ap a d ivision in a g ra n
, .
a ry or bin Icel bu ng a to s well t O bulge bu nki a
. .
h e ap Fr big n e a b u mp or knob
. .
,
.
, , see d corn oc c u rs in S nor ro s E d da II 4 9 3 b ut thi s
-
’
, ,
.
,
, , , , is also p articip ial an d all these wor d s me a n th a t ,
, .
which i s b o un d and therefore pres u ppose the v erb , ,

the ori g in of which m ust b e so u ght elsewhere

r te bi g was pbeild ed wele
.

T he g e n u
M ]
O f aik trees nd fy rren ch y d is d rya s . D . V .
.

B inn acl e See Bitta cle . .

Glos s Mons p ig o ac er vu s See Bu nch

. .
, . .
B ir c h AS bir ce S w york L ith ber z a s
. . . .
‘

T o B in d — B in e — B in d weed AS bin da n ( Fr S au ser bhtirj a

’

. .
z . . .
. .
,

G oth b in da n ba n d bu n d u n This wor d is I b elie v e B ir d AS br id the you n g of b ird s ; ca rn es br id

.

. .
, , . , ,

d eriv e d fro m the notion of a b u nch or l ump ex a n e a g le 8 yo u n g ; G br u t a b reed or h a tch of yo u n g .

, .

presse d by S w bu n t D a n bu n dt G ba nd a b unch .
, .
, .
, ,
See Br eed We find the u s e O f the word in this .

tru ss bu n d le the pri ma ry notion of b in d in g b e in g

, ,
ori gin a l sense as l ate as Shak espe a re .

thu s to mak e a b unch of a th in g to fa ste n it to , B in g f d by you s ed u o e e us u s s

g ether In li ke manner fro m kn ot L a t n odus a

. A s th t n g ntl g ll th e c ckoo s bi d
a u e e u u
’
r

Us eth th e sp rrow — H IV
, .
,
k nob I wo ul d d eri v e the v erb to knit to b in d to 80 1 a . . . v. . .

, ,

g eth e r as when we spe ak O f one s li mb s b ein g firm ly

’
, The p reper d esi g nation of the fea there d cre ation
knit tog ether The i d e a which is expresse d in E .
is in E fowl which in co u rse of ti m e was speci ally
.
.
,
b y th e verb kn it or n et i e to for m a knotte d str u e , . .
a pplie d to the gallin a ceo u s tri b e a s the m ost i mpo r

t u re is r en d ere d in I c el b y bin da to b in d ; a t bind a

, .
, t a nt kin d of b ird for d o mestic u s e a n d it was per ,

mit to knot nets for fish to net

, Lith p in nu p in ti , . . ha ps this appropri a tion of t h e word which led to the
, ,

to wreathe tO pla it It seems m ore in a c cord a nce, .

a d e ption O f the n a me of the yo u n g a ni ma l a s th e

W i th the d evelop men t of the u nd erst a nd in g th at the g ener a l d esi g n a tion O f the r a ce A si m il a r tr a nsfer .
 BIRTH . BLAB .
97

of m e a nin g h a s tak en place in the c as e O f p igeon , tion al w atch from wa chen to w a tch corru pte d in
, , ,

fro m Ita l p ip p ion e p icc ione properly a yo un g p ig

.
, ,
Fr to bivou a c fro m whence we h a v e a d opte d the
.
,

eon a nd of Fr p ou le a gallin a ceo u s b ird E p ou ltry

, .
, ,
.
, te rm Bu t we form erly h ad the word d irect fro m
.

fro m L a t p u llu s the yo un g of a n a ni ma l

.
,
. Germa n in a sen s e ne a rer the ori g in al Biova e .
,

B irth AS beorth S w bdr d G G ebu r t fro m

. .
,
.
,
.
,
bihova e a ni g ht gu a rd perform e d by the w h ole a rm y
,

AS bera n to b e a r to b rin g forth See To Be a r

.
, ,
. . when there is a pprehension of d an ger — Ba iley . .

B ish op L at ep is c op us fro m Gr m x n s an
. .
,
. e e o
'
o , Sp viva c town gu ar d to k eep or d er a t ni gh t ; bivoua c
.
, ,

o v erseer o v erloo k er Wh e n comp a re d with Fr

, . . ni g ht gu a rd s ma ll gu a rd ho u se , Ne u mann -
. .

ev e u e
q it a f
f or d s,a re m a r kab le proof h ow u tterl y T o Bl ah Bl abb er B labb er l ip
. B l ub . -
.

u nli k e the i mm e d i ate d escen d a nts O f the s a m e wor d h er lip-

T o bla b to ta l k mu ch in d i s tinctly to
. , , ,

in d ifferent l an gu age s m ay b eco m e E p iscop us ; . ch atter ; then to t alk in d i screetly to let ou t wh a t ,

It ves c ovo Fr evesgue evequ e

.
,
.
,
‘
. sho u l d h ave b een conce a le d .

B issen —Bisem —Bisen — Biz ened Blin d . . . . , I haif on me a pair of L ewthian hipp s
properly ne a r si ghte d D u bi] s ien p r op iu s v id er e -
. .
, S al l fai rer In glis mak and mair p erfy te
bij s ien d e bij s ien ig h l u sc iosu s et myo p s q u i n is i
, , ,
Th n thou can bl bg with thy C rri c k lip s
a e r a .

p p
r o iu s a d mota non v i d et — Kil . .
D nbar in J mie on u a s .

Bit The p a rt of the b ri dle w h ich the horse

. Why p re mest tho so p ro d ly to p of c i thes thin g s
su u u r e e e

bites or hol d s i n his mo u th AS bitol Ice l bitill . . .

A n d we t n o more what tho u bl b
s t than Bal m s as s e a eres aa
’
.

,
.

beits l S w bets el
. . .
Halli w ll e .

Bit c h AS bic ec ; Icel bikkia a littl e d og a

. . .
, ,
D a n bla bbr e to b abb le gabb l e
.
,Pl D bla bber n G , . . .
, .

b itch ; a pp lie d al so to other a ni mal s an d especi a lly la er n to spe a k q u ick confu s e d ly tho u htlessly
, p pp , g ; , ,

to a s mall poor horse G betz e or p etze a b itch in . .

, , ,
Boh em blep ta ti to b abble ch atter ; Lith blebberis
.
, , .
,

Sw ab i a a p ig ; p etz a b e a r Fr biche a b ind or

, ,
. .
,
a b a bb ler G a e l bla ba r a n a stammerer st utterer .
, , ,

fe m ale sta g Somethin g of th e s ame confu sion is . bla bh da ch b abblin g ga rru lo u s

, A ll fo u n d ed on a , .

se e n in G hitnd in n a female dog ; hin d inn a female

.
, ,
representa tion of the so u n d mad e by collision O f the
stag . we t lip s in ra pi d tal k in g a nd a ccor d in gly we fi nd ,

T o B it e Goth beita n Icel bita G beissen . .

,
.
,
. . the s a me rad ica l syll ab le e mploye d to si g ni fy the
B itta c l e or B inn ac l e A fra me of ti mb er in . so u n d of so methin g wet or soft fa llin g or stri kin g
the steera g e of a ship w h ere the comp a ss sta n d s ,
. a a inst a nythin
g g a n d h ence to d esi gn a te the o bject
,

—Ba iley Fr ha bita cle Sp bitac or a H a bita cle

. .
,
. .
,
ma kin g s u ch a so un d a l u mp of anythin g we t or ,

a h ab it a cle d w e llin g or ab id in g p l a ce Cotgr

, In . . soft d rop of l iqu i d b ubb le & c
, , , .

Le g ran d s Fr a nd Fl em ish d iction a ry ha bita cle is

’
. The G a el p la b is u se d to si g n ify a so ft no ise a s
.
“
,

e xpl a ine d a l ittle lo dg e (log e ment) n e a r the mizen of a b o d y fall in g into w a ter or w a ter b e at in
g g ently ,
-

m ast for th e pilot a n d steers m a n Nag t h u is t on the b ea ch p la br a ich a fl u tterin g noise a flap
“ ’
.
, , ,
”
h u isje t ko mpa s h u is
,
’
. pin g as O f w in gs ; p la ba r ta ich a contin u e d soft
, ,

B itt er Goth ba itr s Ice l beitr bitr a pp a rently

. .
,
.
, ,
so u n d as of w a ter g ently b e atin g the shore unin
, ,

from its b itin g th e ton g u e . t ell ig ibl e ta lk ; p la ba ir a b abbler — Arm stron g , . .

P ep e r a r b itter oc h b itar fast .

Then we h a ve Sc bla b bleb or blob a d rop of .
, , ,

water b lot of in k b u bb le l u m p of a nythin g so ft a s

, , , ,

Pepper is b itter a nd b ites h a rd Hist Al ex M ag . . .

,
a la rg e g ooseb erry a co a rse l ip , .

qu oted by I h re Appli e d in Icel to the sh arpne ss

W
. .

it h n g h er bl b e en humou r seemed to mo rn u o v u
of a weap on Hin bitr as ta sv erd the sh a rpest
.
,
.

C ollins in H lli well a .

s wor d When a n e dg e is bl u nt we say it will not

.

b i te . Hence a bla bber lip ba ber lip ( P blu bber l ip ,

-
.
,

In a si mila r ma nner G a e l beum b ite c u t and a l a rg e co a rse lip G a el blob bloba ch b l ubb er .
, , ,
.
, ,

beu m b itter ; Gr m xp s b itter is fo u n d e d on the lippe d ; Pl D fla bbe a la rg e co a rse m o u th ; Fris

,
. o , ,
. .
,
.

root p ik u sed in the d e si g n ation of sh a rp and pointe d bd bbe bdp p e the cha ps — O utzen T o bla bber ou t
, , ,
. .

the ton gu e to 1011 it ou t — Ha lliwell ,

.

B itter n A bird O f th e heron tri b e It bittor e .

The s ame tra in of tho u ght is exhi b ite d in G a e l . . .

Fr bu tor OE bittou r Sp bitor a r ail

.
p lu b a so u n d a s of a stone fa l lin g into w a ter
. .
the .
,
.
, ,

Bitt s The bitts of the a nchor Fr bites Sp noise of liqu or in a ca sk any gre a t an d so ft u nwield y
. , .
, . ,

bita s ar e two stron g pos ts sta n d ing u p on the d eck l u mp an d as a verb to S pea k ina rtic ul ately and rap
, , ,

ro u n d which the c ab le is mad e fast Icel biti a idly ; p lu br a ich gu rglin g g ugglin g p a ddlin g in the . .
, , , ,

b e am in a ho u se or ship a m a st ; bita h o f ud a bulk w a ter a contin u e d noise O f a g ita te d w a ter ,

-
, ,
.

he a d Sp biton es pins of the c ap stern

. . The l a tter word ill u stra tes cle arly the formation
,
.

Biv ou ac The ly in g ou t of an ar my in the of the En glish verb blu bber to mak e a b rok en inco
. ,

O pen fiel d witho u t shelter G bei wa che an ad d i herent noise in weep in g A s a sub st antive the word . .
-
,
.

v oL . I . 13
98 BLA C K . BLADDER .

blu bber wa s us ed for b ubble s, froth fo am , , b ecau se or s wa rt th in g by d ispl ayin g it in th e h ot sun

a .

p rod u ce d by the ag ita tion of l iq u i d s . C otgr Bleak of colo u r p alli d o l ivi d o

. To bleak , ,
.

in the s u n i mb r unire T orr iano Icel bleikia -

Th t h e h s n bl bb pon th w t r f th A ll h y ,
. . .
,
a as ee u ers u e a e o e oc

r
a in — b t do s t know wh t th y w r o cc ion d b y e e as e
mu n d are a lb ar e in sola r e ,
Here we see the verb ,
.

g u e no a e .

Th t by bl bb h m ns i b bbl s —J mi son
a u er s e ea ar -
u e . a e .
to blea k rad ically id entical with blea ch a ppa rently
, ,

u se d in a d i ametrical ly contra ry s i g n ifica tion In

A n d t hi mo th bl b st o d f fo m — C h c r
.

a s u a o er o o a au e .

the one c as e the word is a pplie d to thin gs l i k e the

.

Hence a ppl ie d to any spon gy s ub sta nce , a nd sp e liv ing skin which on losin g their n a tu ral colou r by
, ,

c ially to the s pon gy t iss u e fill e d with O il in wh ich exp os u re to the sun take a d ark tint ; on th e other , ,

the bo dy of th e wha l e is envelope d . to text u re s which a r e ren d ere d white by the same

p roces s
C tac o s fi h e whos whol body b ing n comp ss ed
.

e e u s s e e e e a

ro n d with cop io s f t bl bb — R y in R
u a u a u er . a .
In the North of En glan d blake is u se d in the
s ense of yel low a pplie to u tter chee se & A
d b c , , ,
.

The d ir ectly i mita tive ori g in O f these word s bla b , ,

bla keling a yellow ha mm er — Brock ett
,
A s bla k e -
. .
“

blob bla bber blu bber is fu rther s u pported by the fa ct

, , ,
a s a p aigl e Ray .

th a t th ey a r e a ccomp anie d by a s erie s of p a rall el Icel blakki ca n d or sine m a cul a H ald ors en It
.
,
. . .

forms d i fferin g only in the fin al conson a nt b ein g a

,
bia cca wh ite l ead The s imila rity in so u n d and
,
.

d en ta l inste a d O f a l ab i a l an d h a vin g ne arly the ,

wi d e v ari ation in me anin g O f many of these word s
s ame me an in g as th e fore go in g . d esi g n atin g colo u rs a r e excee d in gly p u zz l in g .

The so u n d of d riv in g rain or of a blow with a Bl ack g u ar d A n ame ori gin ally g i v en in d eri .

wet Object is represente d in Sc by the syll ab le bla d .

sion to the lowest cl a ss of meni als or han g ers on -

a bla d O f weet a h ea vy fa ll of ra in ; a bla d dg d ay

, ,
a b o u t a co u rt or g re a t ho u sehol d as sc u llions lin k , ,

a showery d ay A man may love a h aggish tha t .

“
b oy s a n d others en g ag ed in d irty work
,
.

wou ld not h av e the b a bla ded in h is teeth Se g

A sl e th t within this twenty y e rs rod e with th e .

”
-
.

a
av a
ro v erb A blad a spot O f d irt on the c h ec k ; a
p Bl ck G a d in th D k e s c rri g e (i e with t h e D uk e s
. ’ ’
, a u r e u a a . .

l arg e piece of a nythin g especi ally of so methin g s oft ; b ag g g e ) mon gst sp its nd dr ip p ing p ns Webs ter
, a a -
a .
-
.

bla ds a nd d a wds la rg e le av es of g reens b oi led whol e

I am d eg rad ed fro m a c oo k n d I f ar th t th e D e il
.
,

G a el bla d a mou th a foul m ou th ; bla da eh ga rru hi s lf wil l nt rta in me b t fo ne of his bl ck d nd

.
, , ,
,
a e a v

m e e e g u r o a ua r ,
a
lo u s abu sive wi d e mo u the d ; bla da ir a b a bbler sy h e shall b e s re to h e his meat burnt 0 Pla y in Nares
, ,
-

, , u av . . .

n onymou s with p la ba ir The OE bloderit is u se d .

b y C h au cer in the sense of blu bber ed si g ni fyin g The word is well explained in a proclama tion of ,

noisy we epin g d eform e d by weepin g , th e Bo a r d of Green C loth in 1 68 3 cite d in N a nd .

,
.

Q J an 7 1 8 5 4
S h e bl d it so n d w ep t and was s o hi g h on mod e
. .
,
.
o er a ,
, ,

Th t unn eth h e my gh t sp eke b t other w hile mong

a s Wh erea s of late a sort of viciou s i d le a nd mas u a
“

W o dis of d is comfort nd h ir h on d is wrong

r t erl ess b oys an d ro gu es co mmonly c alle d the Bl a ck
,
a .
,
Bery n 464
g ua r d with d ivers other l ew d a nd loose fel lows
. .

, ,

To bla d der bla ther to mak e a noise with the v agab on ds vag ra nts and w a n d erin g men and wom
, , , ,
'

mou th in taking liqu i d to mak e a noise in cryin g ; en d o follow th e C o u rt to the g re at d ishono u r of

, ,

to blether bla ther bla dd er to speak in d istinctly to the s ame — W e d o strictly ch a rg e all those s o c alled
, , , ,

ta l k nonsen sica lly —Jam ies on S w bla d r a to bab the Bl ackgu a rd as a fores ai d w ith all other loose i d le
. . .
, ,

b le a nd bla dr a as O E b l ubb er a b ub ble bl ister

, , masterl ess men b oys ro g u e s an d w an d erers wh o
.
, , .
, , ,

L a t bla ter a r e G p la u dern to b abb le h a ve intru d e d themselves into his M aj esty s co u rt

’
.
, .
, .

Blac k — Bleak The orig in a l m e anin g of th e an d stab les tha t within th e spa ce of 2 4 ho u rs they
. ,

wo rd bla ck see ms to b e p ale Se mon a m id his d ep art .

“
.
”

b lac an leoh te the moon wit h her p ale li ght ; ,

”
bl ac Bl add er AS bla d r e Icel bla dr a a b ubble . . . .
, ,

b l oor id es the p ale ch ecked ma i d en P ol bla ko b lister bladd er ; G blatter a p u st ule ; Ba v bla tter
,
”
-
. .
,
.
,
.
,

wac to lose colo u r to fa d e ; R u ss blekn ut to fad e b ubb le blister b ladd er

, , C o mmonly referre d to G .
, , , ,
. .

to w ither G bleich D u bh ek pal e Then as a blas en O H G p la ten (Adel un g) to b low a s from

. .
, .
, .
,
. . .
, ,

p ale complexion ta kes a bl u ish tint the d esi gn a t ion Gr (p w to b low b a a b ellows b ladd er gb ,
. va a , , (
v a, , ,
va a

h as p asse d on to m a rk the d a rker colo u rs of the A S a b ub ble ; fro m C a t b ufa r to b low bufete a I ,
.
, , ,

spectru m and fin ally in E bla ck a tota l ab sen ce of blis ter ; fro m S w hltis a to b low bld s a a b l a dd er
, , .
,
.
, , , ,

all colo u r The Icel blaekr is expla ine d by An d er b lister G bla se a bladd er bubbl e b lister A nd
. .
,
.
, , ,
.

s en
g la cus s eu s uba lbu s ; by H ald or sen f us c us 0 b
, d o u b tless as far a s the m ea nin g is concerne d the , , , ,

s cu ru s an d in li ke ma nner the E
, bleak is u sed to d er iva tion is perfe c tly s at isfa ctory The form of . .

si gni fy p ale or li ght colo u red as well a s li vid or the word howe v er makes me think it m ore prob ab le ,

d a rk colo u re d Fr blesmir to wa x p al e or bleaked tha t it is d erive d in a ma nner an alogo u s to E bla b

. . .

— H ollyb an d H asler to s un b u rn to ma k e bleak ber blu bber of which the la tter is a lso u se d to s ig
, .

.
, , , ,
 BLADE . BLA Z E . 99

n ify a [ see B l ubb er u n d er Bl ab ]

b ub ble fro m an ,
to b la nch, to mak e or b e co me w hite ; bla nc bla nqu e , ,

imi ta tion O f th e noise ma d e by the agit ation of liq a bla n kticket a whi te or u nwritten ticket a ticket , ,

u id s Blether a b la d d er a lso to mak e a g rea t no ise

.
, ,
. tha t d oes not Ob ta in the p rize Hence a pplie d to a n .

-
H alliwell Bla dder Bla ther Blether ch atter .
, , , ,
occasion on which the res ult h ope d for h a s not h ap
foolish ta l k ; to bla d der bla ther to bl ubb er d isfigur e , , ,
pene d Bla nk ver se verse voi d of the rhyme to
.
,

with weepin g ; to blu iter to b l u r t to mix up with , ,

which the ear is a cc ustom e d To bla nk or bla nch .
, ,

w a ter to mak e a ru mblin g noise — Jamieson S w

,
. . . to d is a p p oint to o mit p as s over , , .

blcid r a to b abbl e
‘
It mu st b e Ob serve d th a t the so u n d
,
.

N ew, S ir con c rnin g yo r tr els — I s ppos y will e u av u e ou

of voices is co mmonly d e s cri b e d by mea n s of wor d s
,

n ot bla nc h P ris in y o r w y —R liq

a W tt in R u a . e u . e . .

express in g in the first instance the ag ita tion O f liq

u i ds The G was chen and Icel skola and thwcetta
. .
,
.
,
T he J
s of that time thou ght it a dan g ero s thin g t
ud ge u o

adm it if n s to q li fy th e wo rd s O f tre son wh re

’ ’
an d
a r e all u se d b oth in the sense of w a shin g a n d in
s a ua a ,
e

by e ery m n m i g ht exp ress his malice an d bl nch his da n

v a a
th a t of pr a ttlin g Fro m the l a st of these ar e d erive d .

e —r B a con in R
g . .

the S w twwtta to wash E twa ttle ta ttle twad dle

.
, ,
.
, , ,

to ta l k mu ch an d i d ly and D u borr elen to bu bb le The ori g in al root O f the word is seen in the G,
.
, , .

to p u rl ; Fl a n d bor len to voc ifera te to sho u t
blinken to shine to glitter as L at c a n did us white
.
, ,
.
, , , .
, ,

Kil In a ccord an ce with these a n alog ies I s u p pose

. fro m c a nder e to shine to glow D an bla nk shin , , , . .
,

t h e wor d bla d der bla ther b lether s i g nifyin g i d le talk

ing polishe d , , , ,
.

in g to h a ve b een u se d in the first insta nce to r ep r e

, Bl ank et Fro m b e in g ma d e of white wooll en .

sent the so un d of p ad d lin g in w a ter an d thence to cloth Fr bla nchet a b lan k et for a b ed also wh ite ,
. .
, ,

woo llen cloth ; bla n chet whitish

h a ve b een a pp l ie d to t h e bub bles pro d u ced by s u ch C otgr ,
. .

ag ita tion then to an y infl a te d pel licle a s a bl a dd er

, T o B1ar e — Blatt er —Bl atan t T o r ear to ,
. . . . ,

Perh a ps the S w lod r a E lather m ay b e evi d ence b ellow

'
D u blaer en pro bab ly contr a cte d fro m bla
.
,
.
, . .
,

of the form er u s e O f bla th er in the sense of froth der en as bla der bla er e a b u bbl e b lister or as E , , , , , , .

b u bb les . s mother s mor e D u mod d er moer e m u d The pres , , .

, , .

Bl ad e Icel bla d the le a f of a tree b la d e of a

. ent forms then sho u l d b e cl a sse d with blether bla ther
.
, , , ,

sword or O f an ear ; G bla tt le af of a tree sheet of

, bla dd er the ori g in of which ha s b een ex pl aine d .
, , ,

p a per fla p of a co a t & c ; D u bla d a le a f pl ate

, u n d er Bla b ,
. .
, , ,
.

boa rd The term is generally a pplie d to anythin g

.
S h e (th e shi p ) ro ad e a t p eac e thro g h his only p ains n d u a

thin an d fla t It may b e a mod ifica tion of the root ex c ll nt

. nd r n ce how er en y list to bl tt gainst e e e u a ev v a er a

f la t It
p,ia tto Fr p a t ; D u G p la t Gr «A m v s
l .
hin — S p ens er in R . . . .
-
,
t .

b ro a d Bu t perh a ps a more d efinite ori g in may b e

. Blateroon an e mpty b o aster Spenser Sp ,
.
-
. .

fo u n d in the notion of fo am or a mas s of bu b bles ba la d r on s s ba la d r a r to b ello w t a l k lo ud a nd , , , . .

, ,

which we h a ve above en d e avou red to in d i cate a s them u ch D u ba lder en to b ellow to cry the pl a ce O f .
, , ,

ori gin al si gnifica tion O f Bla dd er The O ld D u tch the liqu i d b ein g very e a s ily transpose d in these imi .

form of the word is bla d er a lea f bla der en le av es ta tiv e verb s , , , , .

b ranches ; G bla tter ig le a fy A nd we h a v e in fo am D u bla s t bla tero v en tosu s magniloqu u s a b ea st

.
,
. .
, , , ,

a m ost co mp l et e ex amp l e of l e a fy s tr u ct u re er ; bla eten bla eter en bla tera re st ult s loq u i p re d a re .
, , , ,

Bl ain A S bleg en D a n bleg ne D u bleg n e Icel

. fa s tum Hence Spenser s blata n t b ea st th e noisy
.
, .
,
.
,
. .
’
, ,

blin a a boil pi m ple b lister

,
Perha ps fro m bleg en
bo astin g ill spe ak in g b e ast
, G a el blor e a lou d
,
.
, ,
-
. .
,

which Schwen k an d A d el u n g g i v e as a n old S wa no ise ; bla odhr a ch blor a ch cl amoro u s noisy Ir , , , . .

b i a n for m O f t h e G blithen to b low Or it may b e

bla odh a sho u t bla odh r a ch b ra wlin g b a wlin g
.
, .
, , , , .

a p al e or d isco lo u re d spot D a n bleg p al e O H G Bl ast A gu st of win d AS blws a n to blow . .

,
.
. . .
,

bla ken ma c u l a S c h il ter

, AS blweo p a llor v iti
blces t a b l a st . To blas t to d e stroy to c u t of pre . .
, , ,
.
, ,

li go Lye C o mp a re E blemish fro m Fr blesme

. ma t u rely as fr u it or veg eta b les s tr u ck by a col d Or
. .
, .
, ,

p ale wan b le ak whitish d ead colo ure d

, , estilenti
C otgr
p a l b l a st of a ir
, ,
-
. . .

Bl am e Bl asph em e Gr BA cpm . Bl at ant See Bl are

to . . aO
'
t et v, . .

spe ak i mpio u sly L at blasp hema r e to revile r e Blaz e 1 A stron g fl ame AS bla se bla se
. .
, , . . . .
, ,

pro a ch d efam e Hence Ital bia sima r e Fr bla smer

, blgs a a torch a la mp ; blas er e a n incen d i a ry ; Icel
. .
,
.
, , , , .

a n d E bla me . bloss i a fl am e ; blgs D a n blus a torch ; D u b les

.
, ,
.
,
.
,

re d ness ; S w br as a fire and as a verb to b l a ze ;

Et p consili m eo m ita c nv enien ter tib i re p nd bo
er u ru e s o e
.
, , , ,

q od m te c m loq n on cr d o to me ind e bla p h m t

u cu
Sp u
br a s a Fr br a is e live co al ; embr a s er
u ar
to set on
e s e a u
. , .
, ,

rum — E ad m . Hist N o o m p 8 6 fire

er A b l a e is so inti ma tely connected with a bl ast
. . v ru ,
. . . z

of win d a s to ren d er it extre mely pro bable tha t the

Q q nd j e p arle a ec ous j e no crois p as q e vo s word bla ze a fl ame is rad ically i d entica l with AS
ue ua v v u u
,

m n b l mie
.
’ , ,
e a z .

blaesa n G bla sen to blo w If the fire were n a me d ,

.
,
.

Blan k — Blan ch Fr bla nc wh ite ; bla nchir from the roa rin g so un d which it pro du ce s it is O b . .
, , ,
1 00 BL A ZE . BLE A R .

vions th at th e d es i gn atio n wo uld b e equally appr o pr ai se co mmendation ; blas on f une sen s es, in th a t of ,

p r la t e for th e blas t of wi nd by w h i c h th e conflag ra br e a fun eral o r a tio n ; blasonn er to e xtol to p ubl i s h , , ,

tio n is a cc omp an i ed and kept u p a nd w h i c h i ndeed t h e p r a i s es p r o c la i m th e vi r t u es of C otgr D u , , , , . . .

is t h e immedi a te c au se of th e r o ar i ng s o u nd O n blas oen t h ra s o gl o r io su s m a gniloqu u s al so p r aec o .

, , , ,

th e oth er h a nd a c o n nexio n may b e s u sp ect ed wit h ,

n i u m l a u d es i e th e matt er trump eted for t h , . .

I cel lios li g h t lysa to s h i n e as in Pol lysic p olysk

.
, ,
or p r o cla i med by a h er al d w h i c h wo u l d o r di n a r i ly
, ,
.
, , ,

blyslc a fl as h gl ea m c o n s i s t in th e fi r s t p la ce of th e titles an d h o n o u rs of
.
, ,

2 A w h it e m ark on th e fac e of a n a n i mal a

. t h e p ar ty on who s e b eh al f th e h er al d a pp ear ed , .

w h ite m ark on a t ree m a d e by st r ippi ng off a p or Th en a s th e p u r po rt of armo r i al b ear i ngs was to ,

tion of th e b ark I n th e fo r mer of t h ese a ppl i c a . typify a nd r epr esen t th e hon our s and titles of th e
tio n s a re fo und S w bla sa D an blis G blcis se D u b ear er a nd to make h im know n w h en oth er wi se
’

.
,
.
, .
,
.
,

bles se A s Ki li a n h as a l s o blen c lce mac ul a c o n c eal ed by h is a r mo u r th e t er m was tr a ns fe r r ed , ,

em iea n s a s hi n i ng s pot
,
p r ob ably th e s i gn ifi catio n to th e a rmori al b ear i ngs th emsel v es or to th e s h i eld
, ,

of a w h it e s pot on a d ar k g r o u n d may ar i s e fr o m on w h i c h th ey w er e p ain t ed .

th e n otio n of s h i n i n g l i ke a b la z e or fl a m e S c blet s T h e oth er d er iva tio n w h i c h D i ez t r ea ts as h ar d ly

'

, .
, ,

bless bles — Jam

, It is r emar kable h ow ev er t h a t
. d o u btful is fr o m A S bla se a to r ch a fl am e s p len
.
, , , .
, , ,

a s t r ea k or ma r k of thi s n a t ur e is fr eq u ent ly d es ig dou r T h e t er m wo uld t h en b e a pp l ied to th e ar .

n ated by th e s a me t er m with b a ld n ess Th u s th e mo r i al b ear i ngs p a i n t ed in b r i gh t co lo u r s on t h e .

D u blesse s i gn ifi es n ot o nly a whit e st r eak on th e s h i el d or s ur c o a t in t h e s a me wa a s w e s p k of

.
y e a ,

fo reh ead b u t a b ald fo r eh ea d

, K il Boh em P ol an i l lu mi n a t ed MS a MS o r n amen t ed wit h c ol
. . . . . .

lysy b ald lys in a a b ald p a t e a b la z e or w h ite st r eak our ed p ai n ti n s ; F r la n ch es illumin ees o o ’

, , g p , c l ur ed .
,

on t h e fo r eh ea d T h e E ba ld is als o u s ed in both . p r i nt s P r ov blez b a s h i eld p r op er ly a sh i eld with

.
,
. .
‘

, ,

sen ses as h as b een ob s er v ed u n d er t h a t wo r d M id a r mo r i al d e vi ce : ble d s c ub er tz d e t e i n s e b lan c s “

. . z
,

G r B A s ( p h s Bre t ba l,m a rke d with a b l a z e

. u Lo at o e b l au s s h i el d s c ov er ed wit h ti n ts of whit e an d
. ,
, , ,

Fi nn p a l/as bald Bo h em
. Ru s s p lies cb b al d
,
bl ue O r th e wo r d m i g ht s p r i ng fr o m th e same
. . .
,
.

n es s t h e p r i es tl y to n sur e ; p liescl nna

,
a b al d spot o r i g in by a s omew h a t di fferen t t r a in of t h oug h t '

,
. .

H u ng p ill s bald n ess

.
,
T h e A S blaes e bla se is u sed in th e sen s e of m a n i
. .
, ,

T O Blaz e Bl az en 1 T o b low ab r o a d to festa tio d ecl ar a tio L ye Ic el blas er md vi sn i '

.
. . .
, , . .
,

s p r ead n ew s to p u b l i s h A S blcesa n D u bla esen

,
p at et it is man ifest — A n d er s H en ce th e d er iv
. .
,
.
, , . .

to b low . a tiv e bla son l i ke th e s yn o ny mo u s c og nis a n c e in ,

E n gl i s h m i h t b e u s ed to s i n ify th e a r mo r i al b ear
Rem mbe ing h im th t l ov e to w ide ybl w
e r
g g a o e
,

i n s of a n i n divid u al as th e d evi ce by w h i c h h e was

Yelt bitte f uit l th g h w t de b we r r g a ou s e e se e so .
,

T oil an d C e id a i 3 8 5 k now n or m a d e m an ifes t wh en c o mp let ely ca sed in

r us r ss ,
. .

a r mo ur
in th t t h o g h thy m edlin g is ibl w
.

A nd sa a r u o e

Yo bothe lov e t he it was t n ot k nowe

ur
,
T O Bl eac h
,
T o m ak e w h it e
r
A S blcec a n fr o m
ers .
. . .
,

blcec p ale Ic el bleilcz a D u bla/cen S ee Blac k

'

I bid . ,
. .
, . . .

Bl eak I n a sec o nd ar y sen s e blea lc is u s e d for

B t n ow f ien d C o n eli ith I h v e bl d h i va nt
.
u r r u s, s a a sene s u
c o ld e xpo s ed fr o m th e effec t of c o l d in mak i n
,

h k en h i v ert e d w thin e
ear n s G lden Book in R u a or ss g .
th e
o .
, ,

c o mp l e x io n p a le a n d l ivi d S ee Bla ck . .

Utte e f e ets h f om th en e deba d

r rs o s
Bl ear
cr
1 Blea r eyed ; h a vi ng so r e i n fl a me d ey es
e r c rr e , . .
o

B bble of foll y an d bl
,
of c im e
l i ke on e t h at h as lo ng b ee n w eepi ng
a rs a zers r
P l D bla r
.

F Q in R . .
. . .

r en to b la r e or r o a r to c r
y or w eep
.

I I e b lar r ed e , , .

S w br on blcis a r e a w h i s p er er b ackbite r
‘ ”
.
-
P er s i n eu la ng en t ra n en
, h e c r i ed ti ll th e te a rs r an , .
,

h ap s th e e xp r ess ion of bla zing or bla z em ng ab r oad dow n H en c e bla r r og e or bleer og e a cryi ng eye a ,
’

, ,
.
- -
, ,

was p ar tly d er iv ed fr o m th e i mag e of b lowi ng a r ed w a t er y eye .

trumpet as w h en we s p eak of t r ump eti ng o ne s v ir

, 2 T h e t er m blea r in th e exp r es s io n to blear ’
.
,
“

t u es D u op een t ro mp et bla a z en to so un d a o n e s eye to d eceiv e on e is tota lly d i ffer ent fr o m

. .
“
,
” ’
, ,

t r ump et . th e fo r eg oi ng a nd s eems i d en ti cal with blu r a b lot , ,

2 T o po r tr ay arm o r i al b ear i n gs in th ei r p r op er or smear c o n c eal i ng somet h i ng t h a t h a d o r i g i n ally

.

c o l o u r s ; w h en ce Bla z onr F r blas on a b een di sti nc t

y h er ald ry , . .
,
.

c o a t of ar ms al s o t h e s c u t c h e on or s h i eld w h er e i n
, H e th t d o t h w ick dly al th o g h h e p f e G od in h i a e e ,
u ro ess s

a r ms a r e p a i nt ed or fi u r e d
g ; a l s o bla z on or t h e bla z wo des y et h do th n t f all th t ee G d t ly f h e r , e e o or a s o ru e or

ing of ar ms C otgr T h e o r i g i n of t h i s e xp r es
.
i n w it h m o t p .
ly cow ed y f f ith wh ic h e s see s ur e s r e es o a , ar

s i o n h as
g iv en r i s e to muc h d i sc uss io n a n d two
bl d w it h t h e da kn e of v i s U d l in Ri h d n urr e r ss ce . a c ar so .

t h eo ri e s a r e p ropo s ed ea c h of muc h pla usibi lity I n t h i s s en s e it a g r ees wit h Bav p ler r en a b lot c h
, . .
,

F i rs t from th e E bla ze bla z en to p r o c lai m to t r um p ler r g ep lerr a m i s t b efo re th e ey es

.
, Pr as s tig ia}
, , , ,
.
,

p et fo r t h w h en c e th e F r bla s on u s e d am o ng ot h er p ler v or d en a ug e n
, D er T e ufel ma c h t i h n en
.
,
“
 BLE A T . BLEN D . 1 01

e in e itles p lerr v or d en au gen ,

”
th e d e vi l mak es a th in u nw en eh e l triek )
N e sp ed d es tu n ogt mid e r

v a i n blur b efo r e th eir ey es S c hmell er S o in

w ll bl h
F or ich am war an d ca n e enc e .

O wl n d Nig h tin g l e 1 7 0
. .

a a , .

P P
. .

T o b l i nk th e qu e s tio n is to s h r i n k fro m it to wi n k ,

H e b les sed e th em with his b ulles an d bler ed h ur e ey e

a t i t a voi d l oo k i ng it in t h e fa ce
.

.
,

By i m i lar met aphor Pol tu ma n is a clo u d as

a s .
,
I n th e sa m e s en se we h a v e flin c b qu in cb an d , ,

of d us t or mi s t ; ta ma n t e to c a s t a m i s t b efo r e th e win c e or win c h th e fu n damen tal mean i n g of eac h

’ ’
,
,

ey e s to h u mb u g .
of w h i c h is r a pi d vib r a tio n and t h en c e a n inv ol u n
, ,
,

T O Bl eat A n i m it a tiv e wo r d i n t en d ed to r ep
.
~ tar y s ta r t .

r es e n t th e s o u n d ma d e by s h eep or g o a ts Gr . .
T o flin ch is th e equ iv alen t of th e D u flilclcen G .
,
.

to itt n lc q u i c k ac tiv e ; to qu in c b
B nX n G bl lcen t o b l ea t as s h eep or to low a s f lin lcen l fl i
'

A ao b a t, .
, , g er
, ; , , ,

ox e n of D u u in c lcen m icar e m ot ita r e K il whi le

. g .
, ,
.

Bl eb A d rop of w at er blister S ee Blab

. ,
. . win c e or win c h is a mo d ifi catio n of wink th e vib r a ,

Bl eed S ee Bloo d . .
tion of t h e ey el id s .

Bl emish A s t a i n in a m an s r ep u ta tio n a s pot .

’
, ,
F rom th e sen se of r api d vib r ation blen ch c a me
a fa u l t a d i s g r a c e — Ba i ley
,
F r o m th e 0 F r . . .
to b e u sed for a tr i ck a movement e x ec u t ed for th e ,

bles mzr tac h er s o u i lle r sa li r to s pot to s oi l

'

,
Ro , , , ,
.
p u r po se of engagi ng a tt entio n whi le th e a gen t a c ,

ef T h e m o d er n se n s e of th e wo rd bleme or bles me c o m plis h es a p u r po s e b e is d e s i r o us of c o n c eal i ng

q
.
u .

is p al e wa n b l eak d ead c o lo u r ed C otg r blesmzs

'

, , ,
-
. .
h d
G if u n es u rn eth to h im ar (th e fox ) -
w d
su r e blemz s s emen t p aleness w an n ess b l eak n e ss As w h
'

, , , , .
H e g en g th wel s it e awai wa rd
A S bla c i nc lu d es t h e n otio n of p al e and d a r k a nd
.
,
A n d h ok et h a t es s i h e n ar ewe p h wt
wa n it s el f s i gn ifi es not o nly p al e b u t l ivi d or da rk A n d h av eth m id h im h is blenc hes y ar ewe .

of h u e it is p r ob ab l e t h a t bleme was a pp li ed to th e
O wl an d ig tin g ale, 3 7 5 N h .

d a rk c o lo u r of l ifel ess fl es h a n d th en c e to a b r u i s e It is then a ppli ed to rags fli c ker i ng to a n d fro in , ,

a S po t or b l emi s h ,
T he P r o mpto ri um h as blemys th e wi n d for th e p ur po s e of fr i g h t en i n g bi r d s by th e
.
,

s ben or blensclzyn —ob fu s co G er man hu n te r s te r med flin der n fro m th ei r flic ker .
,

A cc o r d i ng to D i e z th e p r op er m ean i n g of blemir ing or fl u tt er i ng motio n .

is to b r u i s e or make li vi d wit h b low s fr om I c el Lyk e as th e good h b an d w h en h e h ath sowen h is , .

us e
’
blcimi th e l ivi d c ol o ur of a b r ui s e l ivo r su g illa tio
, gro nd tteth p c lo gh tes o th ed e w h i h me will , , , u e , se u u r r s c so

c o l o r p l u mb eu s ; blrima to b ec o m e l ivi d S w bl ema ca l l h a il e om e bl n h

,
o th e r lik e h ew s to f are . .
,
s s, s e c a rs , or s e

aw a y b y r d e S ir T E ly ot in R
a bo i l w h eal pi mp le
s
P ol p la ma a s tai n s pot b lot
. . .

.
, , , , , ,

a b lot on o n e s n am e or r e p u t a tio n p la mz é sp la mz é T h e t er m s eems t h enc e to h av e b een t r a n sfer r ed

'
’ '

, ,

to s pot ; sp la mzé s ie to s ta i n o n e s h o nou r or r ep u to b eat ers s et to fr i g h t en b a ck th e g ame an d d r iv e

'
’

ta ti e n to d i sgr ac e o n e s name So in S w flic k a them in th e way of th e sport s men

,
’
. . c ,
.

S pot b lot s ta in ; flac k p d ens g od a na mn a s pot a

, , T O Bl en d A n u mer o u s c las s of wo r d s may b e
, , , .

blemi sh in o ne s r ep u ta tion W id egren c ited

’
with or witho u t th e n asa l r ep r esenti ng the . .
, ,

Bl ench Bl enc h er Bla nc h er T o b len c h s o u n d mad e b y th e ag ita tio n of liqu i d s

. . Sw ab
-
. . .

is s o meti m es u sed in th e s en s e of b la n k i ng on e to blotz en to c h u rn to d a s h c r ea m u p a nd d ow n with a , , ,

m ak e h im feel b lank to d iscomfi t c o n fo u n d h im pl un ger ; D u p lotz en p lonsen to fall i n to w a ter

, , . .
, ,

Bej a u ne a n ovi c e on e t h a t s ea s i ly bla nlct an d b a th with a s u d d en n oi s e to p lung e T o blu nge clay in

, ,
’
,
.
,

n o u ght to sa
y wh e n h e s ho u ld s p e a k C o tg r pott e r s la n ua
g g e is to m ix it u
p wit h w a t er to a .
”
.
’
,

fl ui d c on s i sten c y D u bla n ssen to d abble in w a t er . .

,
.

F n ow if y e so
or h u l d h av e n s w e ed him as I h v e
S c to blu iter to m ake a r u mbl i n g
s
Biglo tton a r a

s h ew ed y o tho g h y e h ul d ha ve m ewha t bl n h d h im
.
.
,
u, u s so e c e
n oi s e to blu iter u p with w a t er to d i lu t e too m u c h ;
th er with S ir J M o e in Ric har d on
. . r s
, ,

blu iter l iqu i d fi lt h ; to blu tlzer bla d d er to make a

.

, , ,

A t o th er t i mes it is sy n o n y mo u s wit h blink to n oi s e with th e mo u th in t ak i n g an y l iq u i d — Ja m ,

.

wink th e eye s h r i n k fro m a d a zzl i ng li g h t boggle T o blun der w a t er to s ti r or p u dd le to m ake it thi ck

, , , ,

a t s o met h i n Hall iw ell Of th i s latter th e E

g s tar t b ack , an d mu dd y . . . .

blen d A S blen d ia n I cel bla n d a to m ix s eems th e

Wha t i t y o bl n h at wh at wo ld yo ask s
’
u e c ? u u
,
.
,
.
, ,

— i m p l fo r m b u t by n o m ean s th ere fo r e a p r e vio u s

S p e k fr ely B and F in N e a s
e e . . . ar s. ,

one in th e o r d er of fo r ma tio n as wi l l b e r ema r ked

A n d t h s th ink an d e I ton d e still
,
u s
in th e ob s e r v a tio n s on th e o r i g i n of th e wo r d Blin k
With t bl l ng of mine ei ou enc u
'

e e,
.

Rig h t s m e t h o g h t th t I eie a S w bla n d a v a tn i vin t o d as h wi n e with w a t er

u a s
.
,
.

O f P rad i th e m o te j ie Gowe in Ra A ft er w a r d s a pp l i ed to th e n otion of m ixi n g in g en

e s s o . r .

er al wh eth er th e s u bj ec t ma tt er is wet or d r y a l
A n d n w e t h e e b u t m n sbon d (i e sla v ) r aska il e of
o ar s a es
, ,

t h o ugh in th e la tter c a se th e consc io u sness of th e

. .

ef r ou s

Fo t h e e n
r h ll y e bl nl — R B 1 15
s o s i mita tiv e sou rc e of th e wo r d is w h olly lo s t
a e e c . . . .
.
1 02 BLE S S . BLINK .

T O Bl ess . Bliss . AS ook ; D u blic ken to gl itter ;

. blithe, joyful ,
mer ry , s hi n e , to gl anc e, to l .
,

b lit h e ; blis joy gla d n ess b li s s ; blitbs ia n bliss ia n

, ,
blic k a fl a sh a gla n ce a wi nk blick oogben to wi nk ;
, , , , , ,
-
,

to r ejoi c e b e glad ; blets ia n to b less to c on s ec r at e ; blicksem li gh teni ng With th e n asal, D u blin cken
, , , ,
. .
,

blets ung a b les s i ng ,

O H G blid e glad joyful ; bli . to s h in e to g l itt er ; G blinken to twi nkle s h i n e
.
, , ,
.
, , ,

d a joy ; P a r a d is es blid n iss u th e joy s of P ar adi s e ; gl itt er a n d also to wi nk as th e r esu l t of a su dd en

, , , ,

bliden to r ejoi ce ,
A s i mi la r d ev elop men t h as tak en glitt er
. .

pla ce in th e S la vo n i c langu ages R u ss blago w ell ; T h e s o u n d of k b efo r e an s as in D u blic ks em . .

, , .
,

bla g ag a g ood s r i c h es ; blaj enn ii ( Fr

, ,
b lessed r ead i ly pa sses i nto a t givi ng G blitz a fl a s h gl it .
, ,
.
, ,

h a ppy S er v blag g oo d s w eet ; bla go mo ney r i ch es ; ter gli mp se l ight n i ng ; blitzen to fl as h glitter
.
, , , , , , , , ,

P ol blog i b li s sfu l s w e et g r ac eful lov ely ; Bo h em

.
, ,
ligh t en T h e i ns er tio n of th e n a sal a s in th e c as e
, ,
. .
,

bla ze h a ppi ly fo r t u n at ely w ell ; bla by (ob s olet e)

,
of blic k a n d blin k g iv e s blin z en blin z eln to twi n kl e
, , , , , ,
,

h a ppy bla z iti bla bos la viti b ene d i c er e) to make wi nk bl in k — K iittner Blinz ler a bli nkar d ; blinz
, , ,
. .
,

h a ppy to p r o n o u n ce happy to bless ; bla z eng bla aug ig bl i nk ey ed w eak ey ed S c blent a gla n c e ;
'

- -
. .
, , , , , ,

lzosla veng b les sed h a ppy Bla z en a Bea tr ix

, ,
Swi ss blen den a fl as h of l i gh t ; D an blen de to d az , .
,
.
,

F r o m th e a c tio n of t h e h an d maki ng th e si gn of z le S w bla n d a wi nk a wi nk of sleep blu nd a to .

, , ,

th e c r o s s whi le b l ess i n g o n es elf or oth ers th e v e r b s h u t th e e y e s T h e t erm th en p a ss es on to d es ig ,

.

to bless is s o meti mes fo u nd in t h e s i ngu lar s en s e of n a t e th e c o mp l et e p r iv a tio n of s i ght D u blin ds elen . .

,

to b ran d i s h . c aec u tir e c ac c u l ta re to b e b l i n d to ac t l i ke a b l in d , , ,

p erson K il G blinz el ma us or blin de knit b li nd - -

Th ei b ning blad s abou t th eir h e ds d o bl

. . .
, ,
r ur e a es s
ma n s b uff ’
.

F Q
-
.

. .

T h e o r i g i n of blin d wo u ld th u s b e th e fi g ur e of
S h d I l id h n d on my tru n h n w h n th y bl t bl i n k i n
c arc e a a a
g un d er a s t r o ng l i ght a nd blin k i ts elf is
s c eo e e es

my h ld with th i pine in h o t th ey w h l ly
,
s ou ers e r s su c s r as o
s o me tim es u s ed to e xpr ess a b s en ce of vi s io n
,

d p iv d me f my sig h t S h elton D on Quixote in R

e r e o
’
s
.

T o bli nk th e qu estio n is t o s h u t o ne s ey es to it
. .
’
,

F or th e sa me r eas o n a man is sa i d to b l ess th e to ma ke o n es el f wi l fully b l i nd to it A ho rs e s

’
.

world wit h h is h eels w h en h e is h anged Nar es blinker s a r e th e l ea th er p l at es p u t b efo r e h is ey es to . .

[ I n bi dd ing ad i eu or tak i ng l ea v e it was fo r merly p r ev en t his s eein g N or o u ght it to s ta rt le u s to

, , ,
.

a n d in fac t s ti ll is c u s to mary to i n vok e in s o me find th e s i mp le fo rm of th e wo r d d er iv ed fr o m a fre

,

form th e d ivi ne blessing on tho se from who m we qu en tativ e as blin zeln blinds elen F or t h i s I be
, , ,
.
,

par t H ence in G er ma n d ie Wel t segnen or d as l i ev e is a m uc h mo re fre qu en t pheno men on th an is

.
, , , ,

Z eitli c h e gesegnen to bless th e wo r ld or t empo r al c ommo nly t h o ug ht and an i ns ta nc e h as la tely b een

, , ,

thi ngs is to t ak e lea v e of t h em to die T h i s is g iv en in th e c a s e of blend Wo r d s a i mi ng a t th e

, ,
. .

pr oba bly th e o r i gi n of th e ph r ase las t q uoted in th e dir ec t r ep re senta tio n of na tur al so u n ds a r e ap t to

t ext — M ] . . a pp ear in t h e fir s t i n s ta nce in th e fr e q u en ta tiv e

Bligh t A h u r t d on e to c o rn or t re es t h at makes fo r m
. .

th em loo k a s if t h ey w er e bla st ed — Ba i ley Pl It is r ema rkable th a t in a d d ition to th e wo rds with . .

D ver blekken to b u rn u p
. D e So nn e h et d at an in iti al l whi c h may b e gr o u p ed ar o u n d th e L a t
,
.
“
, .

Koor u v er blekket or D a t K oorn is v e rblekket lax li ght — as F r lu is er to s hi ne ; lus tr e br i lli an cy ;

,
”
,
”
, .
, ,

fr o m blelclcen to s h i n e to l i ght en P erh a p s th e n o I c el lios li gh t ; A S lig a fl ame lig et li g h t ni ng ;

, , . .
, .
, , ,

tio n o r i gi nally was tha t it was b las te d with l i ghtn i ng Pol lysk a fl a s h two si mi lar c las s es may be poi nted . .
,

O H G bleg bliclzy iu r l ig h t n i n g
.
, Br em W tb
‘
O r out with a n i n it ial bl and g l
, Th u s
. . . .
,

it may b e fr o m th e di sc olo u red fad ed a pp ear anc e of

h
t e b l i ght ed c o r n A S bl cec p ale l ivi d .
W ith i iti l I
.
W it h bl
,
W ith g l
, .
an n a . . .

Blin d D ep iv ed of s i ght Goth blin ds Ic el

r .
L t l x G 96 2 5 fl m . .
, .
e . u r . 0 ,
a e

bl eyw t b
T h enc e a pp li ed to anyth i n g whi c h
o u rn
blindr G blin d . .
l g u cere ,
,

d o es n ot ful fi l it s a pp ar en t p u r pose as a bl i nd e n t ry
flm G b l iih G g lil h , ,
a e, . en . en

a n en t r y whi c h l ead s to n ot h i n E t gl w
g ; A S blin d n etel a E t bl w -
.
, . o o . o o

d ea d n ettle or n e ttle w h i c h d o es n ot sti ng G blin d e

, .

f en s ter tb il r en — tas c b en fa l s e w in d ow s oo
d rs E t l k G b l i k t h i t D g li k t h i . o oo . c en , os ne , o u . c en , o s ne

l k
, , , , ,
oo
po ckets .
G bli k t hi n en , o s ne

gl ligh t
.

A blin d is s o methi n g employ ed to bli n d on e or I l li l igh t I l b ly t h I ce es , ce . s, a orc r . us,

g
.

ly t hi S bl bl S l i p l d sa , o s ne c. eez e , o az e c e s, s en or
p r ev en t one fr o m seei ng a s a wi n d ow bli nd to p r e F l i t hi
. .

A S gl i t g li i
-
, , r . u s er , o s ne . s e n, s n a n,

v en t one loo ki ng thr ou gh th e wi n d ow t hi o s ne

i fl m g
.

T h e o ri g i n of th e wo r d mu s t b e t rea ted in th e G M t I l bl E l r . ec ca, o see ce . oss ,

a e . oss

D bl t gl w S g li t gl t an u sse , o o c . ss , o a n c e, o
n ext ar ti cl e
.

.
E bl m l k oss o oo

fl g g
.

Blin k A wi nk a l oo k a gl ea m l m P l l y k fl h P l b ly k h S li k l o a , a. as o s ,
a as c . s , a a nc e

E gli t gli t
.

g a n c e o
.
.
, ,

m en t
E l t R b li t t t hi , ,
us re us s s a o s ne . s er , s en
A S blic a n to gl it ter d a zz le G blic lcen to
,
.
.

. .
, G bl t bl m , .
, . us , oss o
 BLIS T E R . BLOO D . 1 03

Pl . D . b l tise , b leu s ter , th e s i gnifi catio n of th e fir s t el e men t of th e wo r d h ad

b ea c o n - tire bl ei
a.

s ter n , to gli t s en
;
f
r e er en c e pr o c ess by whi c h it wa s
to th e c ur ed , and

G b li . n ze n , b li nze l n , to D u .
g lin s te ren , to hen c e to blote h a s b e en su ppo sed to mea n to sm oke ,
t win le k s p k a r le
to c u re by s mo ke
Sc . bl en t, a gl a n ce Sc . gli nt, a fl as h ,
.

gl a nc e
Ih v m or e s mok e in my mou t t h h nw oul d bl t h un
D gli d
an . t hi n s e, o s ne a e a o e a

E gl. a n ce d dh
re erring s —B and in ar es . . F . N .

I cel . litr , c ol ou r , lit, G . b l iith e ,

'

a fl o wer S gl it h i
c. e ,
to s ne

as p ec t I l gl it
ce t gl itt . a, o er Y ou tink lik e so many blm t bm
s -
ings ne wly taken out of
G . lod eren , to bl a ze Du
so
.

m
b l oed en , to bl os D u .
g loed en , t o b urn
th e c h im ney —B Jon n Ibid . . so ,
.

W b l od au , fl o wers
Bl ob Bl ah Bl eb s mall
glob e or b ub A
.

. . .
D u . loed te , fi re ir on s g loed te , fire iron s
Sc g
led e , h ot c oa ls
. ble of l iq u i d or l ump of a nythi n g wet a n d s oft a blob
D an .
g lind re , to glit of d ew ; a blob of ink, a b lot ; a b lis t er , a g oo s eb er r y .

W . l la th r , s h inin g , Sw . gl t t a , s h ini n g ,
Blobbit, blotted, blur r ed Jam i es on F r o m th e . .

p o li s h e d , sm oo t h l
c ea n , s m oo t h
s o u n d of a d r op fall i n g S ee Blot
AS . l ioma , a. b ea m of G bl m . u e, a fl o wer D u glimm
. en , to b urn
. .

li h t g G flimm . en , to gl ea m E . gl m ea Bl oc k T h e s tem or t r u nk of a t r ee
. Ba i ley . .

L a t li .
pp us
, a wi n k er Gr .
Bl ame , to see D a n g l ippe , to win . k A s ol i d mas s of woo d s to n e or th e l i ke H en c e , , .
,
Gr . la wn ), to s hi ne D u .
gl im pe n , to b la ae to block u p th e way to clo se it with a s ol i d m ass
L . la m p as , a la m p 0 Sw . . glimm e, gl im b a ,
,
.

to s h in e g lim be r ,
G a el bloc r o u nd o r bi c ula r F r bloc blot a blo ck
.
, ,
. .
, ,

S pl e nd ou r
or lo
g ; en bloc in b u lk in th e l ump or mass ta ken , , ,
I ce l g la m pa , to s h in e,
al to g eth er It may b e fo r med li ke c lot c lod blot
.

to glit te r .
, , ,

D a n g limt , . a fl as h S c bla d fr o m th e s o u nd of a s ma ll m as s of so me
g p
.
,
E lim se
thi ng s oft th row n a ga i ns t th e gro u nd S ee Blot
.

O E l vi . e n, li gh t i g n n Sc . g l vi a n, to gl w o
. .

g lifl, a lim
‘

g p se ; to T h e p r i mar y m ea n i ng wo uld th u s b e a small mass

g liflin , to win k
of anythi ng a n un fo r med mas s a s d i sti ng u i sh ed
, ,

Blister . D u blags ter ; L a t p

. . as ta la ,
p a sa a , l a fr o m t h i ngs fab r i ca te d out of it th e unhew n bole of ,

b ubb le b li ster , E n g li s h a n d t h e , pi mple Bot h th e . a t r ee an y l um p or m ass of t h i ngs

,
.

L a ti n wo r d a r e fro m th e n otio n of b lowi ng ex , But as th e o r i g i n a l mea n i ng of F r boa c le or th e .

p r es sed by c ogna t e r oots whi c h di ffer o nly in t h e , eq u iv a len t bloa qae ( H éca r t) s e em s to b e a b u bble ,

i n ser tion or o mi ss io n of a n I a fter th e i n iti al b . t h en a nythi ng r o u nd a n d p r o m i n en t as a bu ckle or , ,

T h e E blis ter m u s t b e r eferr e d to A S blces a n to

. .
,
a s in P r ov boc la bloca t h e bo s s of a b u ckl er
.
p er , , ,

b l o w wh enc e bla st blas ter to b lo w in g us t s to p uff

, , , ,
h aps th e sa me fi gur e may lie a t th e r oot of bloc in
a nd b e n oi sy Ba v bla us ter n to br ea th e h a r d w h i le ,
.
, , th e s en s e of a r o un d un s h a p en ma s s Co mp ar e E . .

L a t p as taIa p a sa la mu s t b e c las se d with fo r ms

.
, , bulk a n d P 01 ba lka a b u bb l e .
, .

l i ke G r p w to blow G ba us en bas ten p a u s ten

. ( vo a , ,
.
, , , Bl on d F r blon d li gh t y ellow s t ra w c o lo u red
. .
, ,
-
,

S w p as ta to b low p u ff s w ell
.
, , , . fla xe n ; al s o (in h a w ks or st ags) b r i g h t t a w ny or
T h e I it mu s t b e ob s er v ed in i mita tiv e r oot s
, , d eer c olo u r ed
-
C otg r D i e z s ugges t s t h a t th e
. .

is a n ex c eed i n gly mov eable el ement an d eas i ly ,

wo r d may b e a na sal i sed fo rm of Ic el bla ud D a n .
,
.

c ha n ges its p lace or is i ns er ted or o mitt ed T hu s blod s oft w eak in th e s ense of a soft ti n t a s u ppo
’

, .
, , , ,

we h a v e bla b an d ba bble bu bble and blabber L ang ued , , . s itio u w h i c h is a pp ar en t ly s u ppo r t ed by t h e u s e of

bloa c a a n d Fr boa c ler to b u bb le b u ckle blo a q a ette .

, , , t h e wo r d blade in A u s tr i a for a weak p al e ti n t , .

an d bo u c lette a litt le b u c kle W blisg p lisg s h e lls, , .

, , ,
S c h m i d It is c erta i n tha t we h a v e in E blu n t a
. .

h u sks an d p isg po ds bli s ter s

, , , . n asal i s ed fo rm of th e fo r eg oi ng r oot Bu t it is p r ob .

Blith e G ot h bleitlzs mi ld mer c iful ; I cel blidh r

. .
, , .
, ably n ot to t h i s r oot t h a t blon d is to b e r efer r ed b u t to ,

mi l d g en tle O U G blid e D u blij d e as in E b l it h e

, .
, .
, .
,
t h e P01 bla dy p a le wa n It bia d o (of w h i c h th e e v i
.
, , ,
.

joyful S ee Bless . . d en c e exi s ts in bia detto blu i s h s bia da r e to g r o w p al e , , , .

T o Bl o at —Bl o ated — B10ater T o blote to . . . , S ee Blue) blu e p ale ; bia vo b lu e s tr a w c o lo u r ed

, , , ,
-
.

s w ell also to s e t a smok i n, g or d ryi ng by th e fir e . D i ez F lor io 0 Fr blois bloi b l ue bloi blo n d

,
. . .
, , , ,

Ba i ley yellow blu e white Roqu efo r t Pr ov bloi blou

‘
I cel bla atr s oft so aked S w blot D an
. .
, , . .
,
.
, ,
. . .
, ,

bled soft S w bléta ldgg a i bldt to s o ak to s t eep

'

, . .
, , , . fa i r in co lo ur as th e sk i n or hair It s h o uld b e r e
,
.

Henc e E bloa ted h a vi ng an u n so u nd s woll en look

.
, ,
ma r ked t h a t th e D u blon d is u sed in th e sen s e of .

a s if so aked in wa te r I n lik e man n er th e F in . . t h e l ivi d c o lo u r of a b r u i s e as w ell a s in t h a t of flax

kos ta a s i gnifyi ng in th e fir s t i n st an c e to s o ak is al s o
, , eu y ell owi s h ; blon d en bla a u w s la d a
,
to b ea t one ,

u sed in th e s en se of s w ell i n
g ; kos tia sub h u mid u s , , b lack a n d blu e blon dlzeid c o uleu r l ivi d e Halma , . .

i nd e h umidita te tum i d u s S w blbtfis k fish w h i c h . .

’

, Bl oo d Bl eed D u bloed G bla t D o u btles s

. . .
,
. .

is s et to s o ak in w a t er p r ep ar a to r y to c ook i n g c u r e d ,
n am ed for th e s am e r ea s o n a s D u bloeds el p r ov E .
, . .

fi sh — I hr e W h en fish u n d er t h i s n ame wa s im . blooth G blatlt e a flow er fro m th e b r i g ht c o lo u r

,
.
, ,

po rted in to E ngland it was n a tu rally su pposed th a t ,

whi c h th ese obj ect s exhibit from G bla/zen to glow , .
, .
1 04 BLOOM . BLOW .

Both blat a n d bliltlze ar e wr itt en bla a t by Otfr i ed ,

a nd Bl ot at Back gammon S ee Ba ckga mmo n . .

bla/zen is u s ed in t h e Sw abi a n d i alec t in th e sens e of T o Bl o w 1 A S bla wa n to blow to b r ea t h e ; . . .

, ,

bleed . S c h mid . E rp loten to b e r ed with ra ge ,

. G . bla/zen,
to p uff up to i nfl a te a p ar allel fo r m with , ,

S ch il ter . S ee Blo w 2 . . blas en to b lo w I n l i ke m a nn er L a t fla r e to b lo w

,
. .
-
, ,

Bl oo m — Bl o ssom S ee Blow 2 . . . c o r r es po n d s with S w

fl d s a to p u ff to b r ea t h e h a r d .
, ,
.

Bl ot — B10tch T h e wo rd blot a r i s es fro m a n T o Bl ow 2 Bl oom —Bloss0m . Bl owz e . . .

-
.

—Bl u sh T o c ome i nto flo w

. .

a tt empt to r ep r e s en t th e s o u n d of a d r op of l iq . er to sh ow flow er ,
.

u id or po r tio n of s o methi n
g w e t or s o ft fall i ng on T h e p r i mary s en s e is to s h i ne to exh ibit b r i g h t c ol ,

t h e g r o u nd Fi nn p lattdta leviter fer io sclop u m ed o

. .
, ,
o urs to glo w D u bloeden bloeg en bloemen flor c re
, . .
, , ,
.

s ur d u m to s t r i ke with a s o u n d su ch a s t h a t w h i ch
,
K il G blaken to sh i ne with b ri gh t c ol o u rs to
. .
, ,

t h e G e rman s r ep r es en t by th e sy ll ab le Kl a ts c h ! blo ssom to flo u r i s h W e h a v e b efo r e ob ser v e d (un

,
.

P ldtti a s pot b lot or s u c h a s o u nd as t h a t j us t men

, , ,
d er Bl i nk) th a t th e r oot s i g n ifyi n g l i ght a nd th e
tion ed Pr ov D an bla t bla tte a sma ll por tion of
. . .
, ,
c o nn ec ted i d eas is d e v el op ed in a th r eefo ld fo r m ,

a nyt h i ng wet ; en bla t va n d s ka r n a d rop of w a ter , ,

with a s i mp l e I a s i n iti al or with bl g l With the , ,
.

or fi l th ; blec k bla tte a b l ot of ink ; kobla tt ( S w k0

-

,
. former we h av e A S lig a fl ame I cel log a D an .
, ,
.
,
.

bla dde) a c owd ung ; bla tte to fa ll d ow n t h r o w d own

, , ,
. lac G lobe OE an d S e low a fl ame a b l a z e
,
.
,
. .
, ,
.

T h e S c bal d r ep r es ent s th e n oi s e of a bl o w e sp e
.
,
With an i niti al bl O H G p la bon to fl ame erp la bites ,
.
, , ,

c ially a bl o w wit h s o methin g s o ft ; a

”
bla d o weet
’
,
exar s is ti bla /2 a flow er , S c hmi d ,
. .

a h ea vy fa ll of r a i n ; a bla d a l u mp of anyt h i ng ,
T h e p assage to fo rms with a fi n al s is s een in
s oft a d i r ty s pot on th e c h eek — Ja m i es o n
, T h en . . L at lu cer e Fr la is er to s hi n e wh en ce a n u m er o us
.
, .
, ,

as a l u mp of s o met h i ng wet th r ow n on th e gr o un d c la s s of r el a te d fo r m s I c el lios D an lgs li g h t . .

, .
,

s p r ead s its elf flat F r s e blottir to s q u a t or lie c lo s e , .

,
. Ic el lys a to s h i n e and wit h an i n iti al bl I c el blgs
.
, , ,
.
,

Blotter to b lot blotte bloa tr e a l u mp c lo d —C otg r

, , , , . . A S blg sa D a n bla s a tor c h
.
, D u blose r ub o r .
,
. .
, ,

D a n p let a b lot s pot ; p letter i solen spot s in th e

.
, , , p u rp u r issum th e r ed n ess of th e c h eeks wh enc e E , ,
.

sun ; E
p lot of la n d a s pot or s ma ll po r tio n of la n d ;
.
,
Blowz e A g i r l who se fa ce looks r ed by r u nn i ng
.

G p lotz a b lo w or th e s o un d of it ; p la tzen p la t
.
,
a b r o ad in th e win d a n d w eat h er is ca lled a blowz e ,
,

s c b en a s S c bla d
, to s o un d li ke a blow to plas h ;
.
, ,
a n d sa i d t o h a v e a blowz in
g c o l o ur — K enn e t in .
”

p la tz r eg en a h ea vy fall of ra in ; blatz a s pot a

-
, , ,
H alli well T o b e in a blowz e to look r ed fr o m
.
“
,

b lot — S chw enck E bla tch to s po t or blot . .

,
. hea t — Halliw ell D u blos a er d a r ed c h ec ked
.
”
. .
,