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Crop Production and Management -

Class 8 : Notes

Crop Production and Management

(i) All the living organisms require food for their life processes like digestion, respiration, and excretion
etc. Plants can make their own food by the process of photosynthesis and animals included humans
cannot make their food so they are depended on the plants.
(ii) In order to provide food for a large population— regular production, proper management and
distribution of food is necessary.

Agricultural Practices:
(i) When the same kinds of plants are grown at one place on a large scale, it is called a crop. Different
type crops like cereals, vegetables and fruits etc, can be classified on the basis of the season in which they
grow.
(ii) India is a vast country. Here climatic conditions like temperature, humidity and rainfall vary from one
region to another. There is a rich variety of crops grown in different parts of the India. Despite this
diversity, two broad cropping patterns can be identified. These are:

(a) Kharif Crops:- The crops which are sown in the rainy season are called kharif crops. The rainy season
in India is generally from June month to September month. Paddy, maize, soyabean, groundnut, cotton,
etc., are the examples of kharif crops.
Examples of Kharif Crops:

2. Rabi Crops:-The crops which are grown in the winter season are called rabi crops. Their time period is
generally from October month to March month. Wheat, gram, pea, mustard and linseed are the examples
of rabi crops.
Besides these, pulses and vegetables are grown during summer at many places.
Examples of Rabi Crops:

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Basic Practices of Crop Production: --- 

The several activities undertaken by the farmers for the cultivation of crops over a period of time are
referred to as agricultural practices. These activities are: Your Message*

1. Preparation of Soil: One of the most important tasks in agriculture is to turn the soil and loosen it. The
loose soil allows the roots to penetrate and breathe easily even when they go deep into the soil. The
loosened soil helps in the growth of earthworms and microbes present in the soil.
The process of loosening and turning of the soil is called tilling or ploughing. This is done by using a
plough which is made of wood or iron. Send
If the soil is very dry, it may need watering before ploughing. The ploughed field may have big pieces of
soil called crumbs. It is necessary to break these crumbs with a plank. The field is levelled by leveller for
sowing as well as for irrigation purposes.

2. Sowing: Sowing is the most important part of crop production. Before sowing, good quality seeds are
selected. These are clean and healthy seeds of a good variety. Farmers prefer to use seeds which give a
high yield.
Before sowing, one of the important tasks is to know about the tools used for sowing seeds.

(i) Traditional Tool: It is the tool shaped liked funnel used traditionally for sowing seeds. The seeds are
filled into the funnel, passed down through two or three pipes having sharp ends. These ends pierce into
the soil and place seeds there.
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(ii) Seed Drill: Now days the seed drill is used for sowingCall
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help of tractors. With help of this tool
sows the seeds uniformly at proper distances and depths. Or,
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sowing and prevents damage caused by birds. It saves time and labour.

Seed drill

3. Adding Manure and Fertilisers

(i) For the healthy growth of plants substances which are added to the soil in the form of nutrients are
called manure and fertilisers.
(ii) Nutrients are essential for the growth of plants. Soil supplies mineral nutrients to the crop. In certain
areas, farmers grow crop after crop in the same field. The field is never left uncultivated or fallow.
(iii) Continuous growing of crops makes the soil poorer in certain nutrients. Therefore, farmers have to
add manure to the fields to replenish the soil with nutrients.Send
This process is called manuring.
(iv) Manure is an organic substance obtained from the decomposition of plant wastes or animal excreta.
Farmers dump plant and animal waste in pits at open places and allow it to decompose. The
decomposition is caused by some microorganisms. The decomposed matter is used as organic manure.
(v) Fertilisers are chemicals manufactured in factories. They are chemicals highly rich in nutrients like
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

Difference between Fertilisers and Manure:

S.no. Manure Fertiliser

1. Easily made using animal and plant Made in factories in well defined way
waste

2. No harmful effect as fully natural Side effects as it is a chemicals

3. Provides mainly organic matter Provides mainly nutrients

4. Good for long term soil fertility Not good for long term soil fertility, If uses in excessive
amount

5. Not effect as fertilisers Very effective in obtaining fast result.

6. It is very cheap It is very costly

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(i) It provides lots of organic matter which makes soil porous.
(ii) It increases soil fertility in general.
(iii) It provide some nutrients in small amounts
(iv) As it made from waste products, so environment is cleaned.
(v) It increases the water holding capacity.

4. Irrigation:
(i) Water is important for proper growth and development of plants.
(ii) Water is essential because germination of seeds does not take place under dry conditions. Nutrients
dissolved in water get transported to each part of the plant.
(iii) Water also protects the crop from both frost and hot air currents. The supply of water to crops at
different intervals is called irrigation.
(iv) It’s not a good to depend on rain for water as it is not fully reliable. A proper irrigation system will
ensure timely and adequate water to crops. This will lead to more yield.

Sources of Irrigation: Wells, Tube wells, Ponds, Lakes, Rivers, Dams and Canals are the sources of
Irrigation.
Send
1. Traditional Methods of Irrigation:
The water available in wells, lakes and canals is lifted up by different methods in different regions, for
taking it to the fields. Here various traditional methods are:

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2. Modern Methods of Irrigation: Or, Fill out the form & get a call back.!
(i) Sprinkler System:
In this system, perpendicular pipes, having rotating nozzles on top, are joined to the main pipeline at
regular intervals. When water is allowed to flow through the main pipe under pressure with the help of a
pump, it sprinkles from the rotating nozzles. It gets sprinkled on the crop as if it is raining.

Sprinkler System                                           
          
Send
(ii) Drip system:
In this system, the water falls drop by drop just at the position of the roots. So it is called drip system.

Drip system

5. Protection from Weeds:

(i) Weeds are the undesirable plants which may grow naturally along with the crop in the field.
(ii) The removal of weeds is called weeding. Weeding is necessary because they affect the growth of the
crop by compete with the crop plants for water, nutrients, space and light.

Weed Control:
Contact
growth.Us
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Farmers use many ways to remove weeds and control their Tilling before sowing of crops helps
in uprooting and killing of weeds, which may then dry up and get mixed with the soil. The best time for
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the removal of weeds is before they produce flowers and Call us:The
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manual removal includes physical
removal of weeds by uprooting or cutting them close to the
Or,ground,
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khurpi. Weeds are also controlled by spraying certain chemicals called weedicides, in the fields to kill the
weeds. They do not damage the crops.

6. Harvesting:
(i) The cutting of crop after it is mature is called harvesting. In harvesting, crops are pulled out or cut
close to the ground. Harvesting is also done manually by sickle or by a machine.
(ii) In the harvested crop, the grain seeds need to be separated from the chaff with the help of machine
called ‘combined’. It is in fact a combined harvester and thresher. This process is called threshing.

Send

Combine                      

7. Storage:
If the crop grains are to be kept for longer time, they should be safe from moisture, insects, rats and
microorganisms. The fresh crop has more moisture. If freshly harvested grains (seeds) are stored without
drying, they may get spoilt or attacked by organisms, losing their germination capacity.

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