Ruler

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the measuring instrument. For other uses, see Ruler (disambiguation).
For a form of ruling, or under control, see Rule (disambiguation) § Human activities.
"Carpenter's rule" redirects here. For the mathematical unfolding problem, see Carpenter's rule
problem.
For the job description of an individual, see Head of state.

A variety of rulers

A 2 m (6 ft 7 in) carpenter's rule

Retractable flexible rule or tape measure

A closeup of a steel rule

A ruler, sometimes called a rule or line gauge, is a straightedge with equally spaced markings
along its length.[1] It is used in geometry, technical drawing, engineering and building to measure
distances or to rule straight lines.

Contents
[hide]

 1Types
 2Ruler applications in geometry
 3History
 4Curved and flexible rulers
 5Philosophy
 6See also
 7References
 8Bibliography

Types[edit]

Gilded bronze ruler. 1 chi = 23.1 cm (9.1 in). Western Han (206 BCE – 8 CE). Hanzhong City, China

Bronze ruler. Han dynasty, 206 BCE – 220 CE. Excavated in Zichang County, China

A flexible ruler unstretched

A flexible ruler stretched

Rulers have long been made from different materials and in a wide range of sizes. Some are
wooden. Plastics have also been used since they were invented; they can be molded with length
markings instead of being scribed. Metal is used for more durable rulers for use in the workshop;
sometimes a metal edge is embedded into a wooden desk ruler to preserve the edge when used for
straight-line cutting. 12 inches or 30 cm in length is useful for a ruler to be kept on a desk to help in
drawing. Shorter rulers are convenient for keeping in a pocket.[2] Longer rulers, e.g., 18 inches
(45 cm) are necessary in some cases. Rigid wooden or plastic yardsticks, 1 yard long, and meter
sticks, 1 meter long, are also used. Classically, long measuring rods were used for larger projects,
now superseded by tape measure or laser rangefinders.
Desk rulers are used for three main purposes: to measure, to aid in drawing straight lines and as a
straight guide for cutting and scoring with a blade. Practical rulers have distance markings along
their edges.
A line gauge is a type of ruler used in the printing industry. These may be made from a variety of
materials, typically metal or clear plastic. Units of measurement on a basic line gauge usually include
inches, agate, picas, and points. More detailed line gauges may contain sample widths of lines,
samples of common type in several point sizes, etc.
Measuring instruments similar in function to rulers are made portable by folding (carpenter's folding
rule) or retracting into a coil (metal tape measure) when not in use. When extended for use, they are
straight, like a ruler. The illustrations on this page show a 2 m (6 ft 7 in) carpenter's rule, which folds
down to a length of 24 cm (9 in) to easily fit in a pocket, and a 5 m (16 ft) tape, which retracts into a
small housing.
A flexible length measuring instrument which is not necessarily straight in use is the tailor's fabric
tape measure, a length of tape calibrated in inches and centimeters. It is used to measure around a
solid body, e.g., a person's waist measurement, as well as linear measurement, e.g., inside leg. It is
rolled up when not in use, taking up little space.
A contraction rule is made having larger divisions than standard measures to allow for shrinkage of a
metal casting. They may also be known as a shrinkage or shrink rule.[3]
A ruler software program can be used to measure pixels on a computer screen or mobile phone.
These programs are also known as screen rulers.

Ruler applications in geometry[edit]

Main article: Compass and straightedge
In geometry, a ruler without any marks on it (a straightedge) may be used only for drawing straight
lines between points. A straightedge is also used to help draw accurate graphs and tables.
A ruler and compass construction refers to constructions using an unmarked ruler and a compass. It
is possible to bisect an angle into two equal parts with ruler and compass. It can be proved, though,
that it is impossible to divide an angle into three equal parts using only a compass and
straightedge — the problem of angle trisection. However, should two marks be allowed on the ruler,
the problem becomes solvable.

History[edit]

A wooden carpenter's rule and other tools found on board the 16th century carrack Mary Rose

In the history of measurement many distance units have been used which were based on human
body parts such as the cubit, hand and foot and these units varied in length by era and location.[4] In
the late 18th century the metric system came into use and has been adopted to varying degrees in
almost all countries in the world. The oldest preserved measuring rod is a copper-alloy bar that dates
from c.2650 BCE and was found by the German Assyriologist Eckhard Unger while excavating at
Nippur. Rulers made of Ivory were in use by the Indus Valley Civilization period prior to
1500 BCE.[5] Excavations at Lothal (2400 BCE) have yielded one such ruler calibrated to
about 1⁄16inch (1.6 mm).[5] Ian Whitelaw holds that the Mohenjo-Daro ruler is divided into units
corresponding to 1.32 inches (33.5 mm) and these are marked out in decimal subdivisions with
amazing accuracy, to within 0.005 inches (0.13 mm). Ancient bricks found throughout the region
have dimensions that correspond to these units.[6]
Anton Ullrich invented the folding ruler in 1851. Frank Hunt later made the flexible ruler in 1902.[7]

Curved and flexible rulers[edit]

The equivalent of a ruler for drawing or reproducing a smooth curve, where it takes the form of a
rigid template, is known as a French curve. A flexible device which can be bent to the desired shape
is known as a flat spline, or (in its more modern incarnation) a flexible curve. Historically, a
flexible lead rule used by masons that could be bent to the curves of a molding was known as
a lesbian rule.[8]

Philosophy[edit]
Ludwig Wittgenstein famously used rulers as an example in his discussion of language games in
the Philosophical Investigations. He pointed out that the standard meter bar in Paris was the criterion
against which all other rulers were determined to be one meter long, but that there was no analytical
way to demonstrate that the standard meter bar itself was one meter long. It could only be asserted
as one meter as part of a language game.

See also[edit]
  science portal

 Accuracy and precision

 Dividing engine
 Golomb ruler
 Measuring rod
 Rolling ruler
 Scale rulers: architect's scale and engineer's scale
 Significant figures

References[edit]
1. Jump
up^ https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/ruler
2. Jump up^ "Steel Rule Has Pocket Clip For Use As A Depth
Gauge", Popular Science, December 1935, p. 887 bottom right.
3. Jump up^ Contraction rule. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
4. Jump up^ Klein, Herbert A. The science of measurement: a historical
survey. Reprint, unabridged, corr. republ. der Ausg. New York, Simon
& Schuster, 1974. ed. New York, NY: Dover, 1988. Print.
5. ^ Jump up to:a b Whitelaw, p. 14.
6. Jump up^ Whitelaw, p. 15.
7. Jump up^ "Flexible Ruler Invented by Frank G. Hunt". National
Museum of National History. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
8. Jump up^ "lesbian, adj. and n.". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd
ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK
public library membership required.) (subscription required)

Bibliography[edit]
 Cherry, Dan. "Collector's guide to rules", Furniture &
Cabinetmaking, no. 259, July 2017, ISSN 1365-4292, pp. 52–6
 Rees, Jane and Mark (2010). The Rule Book: Measuring for the
Trades. Lakeville, MN: Astragal Press ISBN 978-1-931626-26-
2 OCLC 907853704
 Russell, David R.; with photography by James Austin and foreword
by David Linley (2010). Antique Woodworking Tools: Their
Craftsmanship from the Earliest Times to the Twentieth Century,
Cambridge: John Adamson ISBN 978-1-898565-05-
5 OCLC 727125586, pp. 64–74
 Whitelaw, Ian (2007). A Measure of All Things: The Story of Man
and Measurement. Macmillan ISBN 0-312-37026-
1 OCLC 938084552

Look up ruler in
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Metalworking
Categories:
 Inventions of the Indus Valley Civilisation
 Length, distance, or range measuring devices
 Metalworking measuring instruments
 Stationery
 Stonemasonry tools
 Woodworking measuring instruments
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