Sagun, Norielyn Joy C.

April 30, 2018

BSCE-3 Building Design II 7:30-8:30 M

LIGHTING and LIGHTING System

Lighting is an important area of opportunity for energy savings, since it is a large fraction
of use of electricity in residential and commercial buildings.

An electric light is a device that produces visible light from electric current. It is the
most common form of artificial lighting and is essential to modern society, providing interior
lighting for buildings and exterior light for evening and nighttime activities. In technical usage, a
replaceable component that produces light from electricity is called a lamp. Lamps are
commonly called light bulbs; for example, the incandescent light bulb. Lamps usually have a
base made of ceramic, metal, glass or plastic, which secures the lamp in the socket of a light
fixture. The electrical connection to the socket may be made with a screw-thread base, two metal
pins, two metal caps or a bayonet cap.

Lumen - The light output of a lamp is measured in a physical

quantity called lumens, abbreviated Lu. This value is provided to
users as a catalog or product specification.

Input - The lamp input is in terms of electrical power and has the units of watts

Energy-efficient indoor and outdoor lighting design focuses on ways to improve both the quality
and efficiency of lighting. If you're constructing a new house, consider lighting as part of
your whole-house design -- an approach for building an energy-efficient home.

1. Indoor Lighting Design

When designing indoor lighting for energy efficiency, consider some basic design principles and
methods.

Energy-efficient lighting design principles include the following:

 More light is not necessarily better: light quality is as important as quantity

 Match the amount and quality of light to the performed function
 Install task lights where needed and reduce ambient light elsewhere
 Use energy-efficient lighting components, controls, and systems
 Maximize the use of daylighting.

Here are some basic methods for achieving energy-efficient indoor lighting:
 Install fluorescent or LED light fixtures for all ceiling- and wall-mounted fixtures that
will be on for more than 2 hours each day, such as kitchen and living room, bathroom, hallway,
and other higher-demand locations.
 Consider installing fluorescent or LED fixtures, rather than using fluorescent or LED
replacement lamps in incandescent fixtures.
 Use CFLs or LEDs in portable lighting fixtures that are operated for more than 2 hours a
day.
 Use ENERGY STAR® labeled lighting fixtures.
 Use occupancy sensors for automatically turning on and off your lights as needed.
 Consider light wall colors to minimize the need for artificial lighting.
 If you are using recessed lights in a ceiling with an unconditioned space above it, use
only Underwriters Laboratory (UL) approved fixtures that are airtight, are IC (insulation contact)
rated, and meet ASTM E283 requirements.

2. Outdoor Lighting Design

When designing outdoor lighting, consider the purpose of the lighting along with basic methods
for achieving energy efficiency.

Outdoor lighting for homes generally serves one or more of three purposes:

 Aesthetics: Illuminate the exterior of the house and landscape

 Security: Illuminate the grounds near the house or driveway
 Utility: Illuminate the porch and driveway to help people navigate safely to and from the
house.

Here are some basic methods for achieving energy-efficient outdoor lighting:

 Security and utility lighting does not need to be bright to be effective.

 Use LED or fluorescent lights unless incandescent lights are automatically controlled to
be on for just a few minutes each day.
 Consider flood lights with combined photosensors and motion sensors in the place of
other security lighting options.
 Make sure outdoor light fixtures have reflectors, deflectors, or covers to make more
efficient use of the light source and help reduce light pollution.
 Use timers and other controls to turn decorative lighting on and off.
 Use outdoor solar lighting where applicable.
Types of electric lighting include:

 Incandescent light bulb, a heated filament inside a glass envelope

 Halogen lamps are incandescent lamps that use a fused quartz envelope filled with
halogen gas
 LED lamp, a solid-state lamp that uses light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the source of light
 Arc lamp
 Xenon arc lamp
 Mercury-xenon arc lamp
 Ultra-high-performance lamp, an ultra-high-pressure mercury-vapor arc lamp for use
in projectors
 Metal-halide lamp
 Gas-discharge lamp, a light source that generates light by sending an electrical
discharge through an ionized gas
 Fluorescent lamp
 Compact fluorescent lamp, a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent
lamp
 Neon lamp
 Mercury-vapor lamp
 Sodium-vapor lamp
 Sulfur lamp
 Electrodeless lamp, a gas discharge lamp in which the power is transferred from outside
the bulb to inside via electromagnetic fields
Different types of lights have vastly differing efficiencies and color of light.

Principles of Efficient Lighting Design

 Meet target light levels

 Produce light efficiently

 Deliver light efficiently

 Control lighting operation automatically

 1. Outdoor Light Levels
Common outdoor light levels at day and night:

Illumination
Condition
(ftcd) (lux)

Sunlight 10000 107527

Full Daylight 1000 10752

Overcast Day 100 1075

Very Dark Day 10 107

Twilight 1 10.8

Deep Twilight 0.1 1.08

Full Moon 0.01 0.108

Quarter Moon 0.001 0.0108

Starlight 0.0001 0.0011

Overcast Night 0.00001 0.0001

2. Indoor Light Levels

The outdoor light level is approximately 10000 lux on a clear day. In a building in the area closest to the
windows the light level may be reduced to approximately 1000 lux. In the middle area it may be as low
as 25 - 50 lux. Additional lighting is often necessary to compensate low levels.

Earlier it was common with light levels in the range 100 - 300 lux for normal activities. Today the light
level is more common in the range 500 - 1000 lux - depending on activity. For precision and detailed
works the light level may even approach 1500 - 2000 lux.
Recommended light levels for different work spaces:

Illumination
Activity
(lux, lumen/m2)

Public areas with dark surroundings 20 - 50

Simple orientation for short visits 50 - 100

Working areas where visual tasks are only occasionally performed 100 - 150

Warehouses, Homes, Theaters, Archives 150

Easy Office Work, Classes 250

Normal Office Work, PC Work, Study Library, Groceries, Show Rooms,

500
Laboratories

Supermarkets, Mechanical Workshops, Office Landscapes 750

Normal Drawing Work, Detailed Mechanical Workshops, Operation Theaters 1,000

Detailed Drawing Work, Very Detailed Mechanical Works 1500 - 2000

Performance of visual tasks of low contrast and very small size for prolonged
2000 - 5000
periods of time

Performance of very prolonged and exacting visual tasks 5000 - 10000

Performance of very special visual tasks of extremely low contrast and small
10000 - 20000
size

Generally, factors that affect the effectiveness of illumination are quantity and quality of light,
amount of flicker, amount of glare, contrast and shadows. Each factor must be adjusted
differently to optimize illumination in emergency, safety, operations, and security situations, for
instance. Lighting Standards also serve to address the plethora of other concerns associated with
the design, placement, installation, and minimum energy requirements and efficient allocation of
illumination in different locations with different purposes, as well as the efficiency, durability,
cost, and maintainability.

Calculating Illumination
Illumination can be calculated as

I = Ll Cu LLF / Al (1)

where

I = illumination (lux, lumen/m2)

Ll = luminance per lamp (lumen)

Cu = coefficient of utilization

LLF = light loss factor

Al = area per lamp (m2)

LIGHT LEVEL IECC 2015 LIGHTING

LIGHT LEVEL
ROOM TYPE (FOOT POWER DENSITY
(LUX)
CANDLES) (WATTS PER SF)

Bedroom -
20-30 FC 200-300 lux 0.38
Dormitory

Cafeteria - Eating 20-30 FC 200-300 lux 0.65

Classroom -
30-50 FC 300-500 lux 1.24
General

Conference Room 30-50 FC 300-500 lux 1.23

 LIGHT LEVEL IECC 2015 LIGHTING
LIGHT LEVEL
ROOM TYPE (FOOT POWER DENSITY
(LUX)
CANDLES) (WATTS PER SF)

Corridor 5-10 FC 50-100 lux 0.66

Exhibit Space 30-50 FC 300-500 lux 1.45

Gymnasium -
Exercise / 20-30 FC 200-300 lux 0.72
Workout

Gymnasium -
30-50 FC 300-500 lux 1.20
Sports / Games

Kitchen / Food
30-75 FC 300-750 lux 1.21
Prep

Laboratory
50-75 FC 500-750 lux 1.43
(Classroom)

Laboratory
75-120 FC 750-1200 lux 1.81
(Professional)

Library - Stacks 20-50 FC 200-500 lux 1.71

Library - Reading /
30-50 FC 300-500 lux 1.06
Studying

Loading Dock 10-30 FC 100-300 lux 0.47

 LIGHT LEVEL IECC 2015 LIGHTING
LIGHT LEVEL
ROOM TYPE (FOOT POWER DENSITY
(LUX)
CANDLES) (WATTS PER SF)

Lobby -
20-30 FC 200-300 lux 0.90
Office/General

Locker Room 10-30 FC 100-300 lux 0.75

Lounge /
10-30 FC 100-300 lux 0.73
Breakroom

Mechanical /
20-50 FC 200-500 lux 0.95
Electrical Room

Office - Open 30-50 FC 300-500 lux 0.98

Office - Private /
30-50 FC 300-500 lux 1.11
Closed

Parking - Interior 5-10 FC 50-100 lux 0.19

Restroom / Toilet 10-30 FC 100-300 lux 0.98

Retail Sales 20-50 FC 200-500 lux 1.59

Stairway 5-10 FC 50-100 lux 0.69

Storage Room -
5-20 FC 50-200 lux 0.63
General
References:

https://www.nextgurukul.in/nganswers/ask-question/answer/Heat-light/Electric-Current-and-its-
Effects/37295.htm

https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-
money/lighting-design

https://www.noao.edu/education/QLTkit/ACTIVITY_Documents/Safety/LightLevels_outdoor+i
ndoor.pdf

http://www.sleprojects.com/illumination-level

https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdf-
archive.com%2F2016%2F06%2F03%2Fphilippine-electrical-code%2Fphilippine-electrical-
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