DISTANCE EDUCATION

INTRODUCTION

Distance education is a dynamic process. It changes and grows with time,

responds to the needs of societies of the nation and follows the conceptual changes the
process undergo around the globe. The most significant development of academic world
is the emergence of knowledge as a resource in the last phase of 20 th century.
Dynamicity of knowledge explosion with simultaneous obsolescence of knowledge
have shaken our educators and education policy makers so much so that they were
forced to find out new options to the traditional system to meet the challenges like
universalisation of education and continuing or life long education. Distance education
fulfils long needs of non formal education at low cost reaching the masses irrespective
of their status or leaning condition, the student has a strong motivation to learn, it keep
the students away from activities related to anti social activities within the campus.

MEANING

Distance education is a form of education in which the students of universities

and institute of higher learning do not attend regular classes or lecturers, but instead
study teaching material specially prepared for this purpose by professors and their staffs
together with experts in distance education and interact indirectly with the members of
the teaching staff by means of technical media for the guidance and control of their
learning. The students are not pinned down to fixed times, places and persons but are
free to decide themselves when, where, what and how they wish to study.

DEFINITION
Distance education is defined as any learning experience that takes place a
distance away from the parent institution, home, campus.

-keating

Distance education is defined as students receiving instruction in a location other than

that of faculty. -clark
Distance education uses three current and popular forms(of media):a) broadcast
television,(b) two way vidieo conferencing and(c)asynchronous learning networks

- Picciano

PHILOSOPHY

Distance education is based on the philosophy that, learner is active and

self directed agent who makes choices, takes decision, directs the process qualitatively
and assumes responsibility for all this. He is a self monitor, evaluator, self feed backer
and self improver. It is therefore non- conventional and non- traditional teaching
learning programme, which focuses on self learning.

The philosophy of distance education is based on entirely different premises

regarding the role of the learner vis –a- vis the process of learning , the materials for
activating that process of learning ,the materials for activating that process and the
personnel involved in it. According to it a learner is an active and self directed agent
who makes choices, take decisions, directs the process qualitatively and quantitatively
assumes responsibility for all this. He is a generator of currents and forces which he
can command and shape as per his desire and intiative. He is a self monitor, self
evaluator ,self feedbacker and self improver and not a mere subject of certain
operations to whom things are made to happen. The process enables him to develop a
progressively better competence for self propulsion. Thus in the distance education,
This unconventional perception of the potential of the learner to make choices
rationally, scientifically and wisely is the focus; whatever be the client group- whether
illiterate farmers, farm workers, factory workers, slum dwellers, rural women or urban
people, belonging to cross sections strata of society. Distance education is intented to
quicken the very intellectual self of the learner. It is a self- renewing exercise.
AIMS & OBJECTIVES

 It aims not only in providing certificates and degrees but also helps in personal
growth in training for better job.
All courses are prepared in such a way that our knowledge, skill and
personal growth is uplifted on completion of the course.
 Brings changes in attitude and knowledge.
Our attitude towards certain field in nursing changes when we come to
know more about that particular field or subject.
 Provides flexibility of time.
If are employed in job from where we cannot stand away from our
responsibilities then distance education is beneficial for us. We can study
according to our convenience.
 Makes education socially more relevant.
We are not fixed to times of completion of requirements etc. It is
socially more relevant.
 Imparts latest information and skills.
We learn new skills and acquire more knowledge without wasting our
time and without affecting our job or family life.

PURPOSES

1. Distance education remains as the first and a lone choice for learners

Distance education remains as the first and a lone choice for those learners who have
no provision of any educational institution in their locality or neighbourhood. Do not
have any provision for their locality or neighbourhood. Are gainfully employed and
thus are unable to attend the regular classes of a particular course or school and
university education. Have a lot of social obligations, responsibilities and
commitments such as housewives, adults, priests ,social workers, hence not able to
attend the regular classes.
 2. Distance education provides an open learning system

Distance education or open learning system can work as a good helping hand to the
people and government of the developing counties like ours for achieving their target
of compulsory education to all future citizens.

3. Developing skills

Distance education is quite helpful in developing and inculcating among the students a
number of good habits like self study, independent problem solving ability, and time
and resource management.

SCOPE

Distance education is aimed at teaching, guiding and supporting the students in

all location through well designed lecture scripts supported by teachers, personal
contact programs, response sheet assignment and electronic media.

Scope of distance education in India

INSANT-1B is now well placed in the geostationary orbit at a height of 36,000 km

above the equator. The space bird is supposed to perform its assigned job well over
the next seven years of so. If fully utilized, the INSANT-1B programme can prove to
be of immense value for educating millions of place even before they could be made
to read and write.

Viewed in this frame of reference of the potential of distance education is

considerable for a developing country is like India where, even after massive
expansion of the conventional formal system there is still, for every school or college
student, another young person in the age group of 15-35,who does not receive formal
education.

(1)India has used the system of correspondence education successfully in many fields.
Summer school cum correspondence course leading the B.Ed degree was started in the
year 1966 at the four Regional Colleges of Education of National Council of
Educational Research and Training.
(2)A working group was appointed by the Reserve Bank of India in December 1967 to
study the training facilities of commercial banks.

(3)Life insurance Corporation of India has also adopted the programmed learning
strategy for the training of new agents.

CHARACTERISTICS

 There is little face to face relationship between the teacher and the learner.
Learner and teacher both will be in two different locality or place.Only
while using video assisted learning the learner and teacher sees their face.
 Little oral instruction.
Only some times we have verbal communication. Rest all will be
through letters, and media.
 No fixed classrooms.
Student can sit anywhere and study. There is no fixed classroom which
makes distance education more reliable and socially more relevant.
 Learning is on individual process.
No one will advice or stress learner to study. It is learner responsibility
to learn and complete the course.
 It involves use of multi- media approach, postal coaching, etc. (two way
communication).
The medium of contact between the teacher and learner is media like
online class, postal coaching, etc.
 Learning is on part time basis.
There is no fixed time like full day class. According to the convenience
we can attend class.
FORMS OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
1. Correspondence education
The first and the simplest form is what is called correspondence education.Here
the course of study prescribed is broken up into a number of modules or lessons
which are posted to students who work on the material sent to them and can
obtain further guidance and clarification through writing back to the diffusing
 centre and through attending the periodic contact classes which are organised
near their places of residence.

2. Distance education based on multi media

A second form of distance education is one which makes use not only the
postal material but also the electronic media. In the use of radio and TV either
as a supplement to postal teaching or as a comprehensive self contained form
of distance education , there are rich possibilities which can be developed.
3. Distance courses on the demands of the people
A third form distance is one which breaks away from the conventional
established syllabus and content of the educational institutions and innovates
with new learning content. This new concept calls for devising courses on the
basis of what people joining the open learning .This third form has not yet
gained currency.
4. Distance education is non- conformist and non –traditional
Non conformist means that does not follow any old principles and practices.
Similarly, non traditional implies a departure from the old beaten track. Since
distance education does not follow the old traditional principles and practices,
it is called non-conformist and non-traditional.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

The organisational structure for distance learnig by and large is common and is shown
as developed by Miller and Rice(1967).Two major operational systems are
distinguished in distance learning institution:

A. Course sub system

It concerned with design,production,distribution and reception of the teaching

materials used by the institution

The course sub system is largely influenced by availability or suitability of a particular

media, or media chosen by the organizers of distance learning organizations.Various
alternatives are available taking into account the target learning group, nature of
course and application in real life situation.From this point of view various media can
be classified in to following catogories like printed material,audio material, video
material and interaction sessions.

B. Student sub system

This subsystem decides how to admit students,allocating them to various courses, local
centres, tutors and counsellors, collection of fees and ensuring that they receive teaching
material , administering assessment and examination processes, issue of certificate to
successful candidates and maintenance of records.This sub system essentially is
administrative one involving management and control of students through the
institution.
SOME OPEN UNIVERSITIES
1) Indira Gandhi National open universities
The Indira Gandhi National Open University, known as IGNOU, is a distance
learning national university and is established in 1985. This university offers Degree,
Diploma, Post Graduate Diploma in Participatory Management and Rehabilitation,
Participatory Forest Management, Certificate in Guidance, Certificate in Labour in
Development, Diploma in Computer Inteqrated Manufacturing, Post Graduate Diploma
in Radio Prasaran, Copy Editing and Proof, Reading, Disaster Management,
Intellectual Property Rights,Certificate in Empowering Women through Self Help
Group, Master of Science in Dietetics and Food Service Management, Certificate in
Food Safety, Operation Management, Master of Arts, Certificate in Laboratory
Techniques, Human Rights, Consumer Protection.
2) Dr. B R Ambedkar open university
Telangana Open University, also known as Dr. B.R. Amedkar Open University, is a
public university in the city of Hyderabad, Telangana, India. The University established
in August 1982 by the act of the State Legislature. This University offers Post
Graduation Programs and Under Graduate Programs include Bachelor of Arts (BA),
B.Com, B. Sc, Bachelors Degree in Public Relation, Bachelor of Hotel Management,
Masters of Arts M A in History, Economics, Public Science, Public Administration,
Sociology, Mass Communication & Public Relations, English, Telugu, Urdu, Master of
Commerce, Bachelor of Education (B.Ed), M.Ed, MBA. Diploma Programs include
Bachelor Degree in Library & information, P G Diploma in Marketing Management,
PG Diploma in Business Finance, Environmental studies, Human Rights, Women’s
Studies, M Phil in Economics, History, Sociology, English, Commerce, Business
Management , Mathematics.
3) Madras University
The University of Madras informally known as Madras University is a public state
university in Chennai , Tamil Nadu. Established in 1857, it is one of the oldest and
premier universities in India. This University offered courses in Diploma Courses, PG
Diploma Courses, PG Degree Courses such as M A, M S c, MBA , LLM etc, Research /
Doctoral Level Courses, various research program such as MPhil, Doctorate of
Philosophy (PhD).
4) Karnataka State Open University, Mysore
Karnataka State Open University is a distance learning University founded in 1996,
located in Mysore, Karnataka. It is the 8th Open University to be established in India.
The objective is to provide education to people who cannot attend full time or part time
educational courses offered by universities.
5) Madurai Kama raj University
It is a public university in India located in Madurai City in southern Tamil Nadu,
India. It was established in 1966 and has about 130,000 students in 18 schools
comprising 72 departments, and 109 affiliated colleges. This University offers M. Phil,
PG Diploma certificate courses in Computer Application. Master Degree in Arts in
Labour Management, Tourism Management, Journalism 7 Mass Communication, Co-
operative Management etc. Bachelor of Commerce, Business Administration.
6) YCMOU – Yashwantrao Chavhan Maharashtra open university
The University has established 10 regional centers, one each at Nashik, Mumbai, Pune.
This university provides quality learning support to the students, coordinating and
supervising the work of the study centers in the region are the main functions of these
regional centers. This University offers Diploma courses, Undergraduate Degree
courses such as B A,B Com, B Sc, BBA, LLB etc. Postgraduate degree such as MA, M
Sc, MBA, LLM etc .Research / Doctoral level Courses such as M Phil, PhD.
 ADVANTAGES OF DISTANCE EDUCATION
1. It is a very flexible educational system which is not limited by time and place
restrictions.
2. Under this system a learner can progress at his own speed.
3. It fulfils the needs of various categories of persons who are unable to make use
of the formal system of education
4. It leads to self learning
5. It can reach remote areas through postal service or radio or tv
6. It is an economical method of teaching learning as compared to the regular
formal system.
7. Teaching learning can be made more efficient and powerful through the media
like radio and TV.
8. It can supplement the studies of regular students
9. It can be used at various levels
10. Learners can take advantages of the lectures of the most efficient teachers
which is not always possible in all conventional educational institutions
11. Contact courses provide opportunities for face to face learning also
12. Distance education makes higher education accessible to all section of society
13. Therte is no need to spend on buildings and other equipments
14. Very few fulltime academic staff is needed.Part time teachers can deliver the
goods.
15. The inherent flexibility of distance education system is conducive to a greater
variety of subjects of the study

DISADVANTAGES OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

1. The system of distance education has very limited scope for making people

aware of cultural change and social development

2. The courses become stereotyped in due course

3. The scope for practical experience is very negligible

4. The provision for study centres and book banks is very meagre.
 5. The students are given extensive written material through post but the same is

not suitably supplemented by discussion on radio or TV

6. The experts do not have the adequate means to ensure whether the students are

entirely satisfied with the material given

7. Periodic review of the course is not frequent

8. The students hardly get opportunities for different types of activities during

contact programmes except listening to lectures.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

University news,vol.47,no.07, feb 2009

 CONTINUING EDUCATION

INTRODUCTION
The rapid development of medical knowledge and the numerous changes
taking place in methods of delivering health care have made the continuing education
of health personnel an issue of critical importance.

Continuing education is a process directly towards the personal and

perfusion growth of any person. While they are employed by a health care agency. It
is helps in updating the knowledge and practice of professionals. Nursing is a dynamic
health care delivery system, changing role of professionals and changing needs of
people whom they care. Continuing education programs helps nurses to remain
current in nursing skills, knowledge and theory.

DEFINITION

Continuing education means a lifelong learning process which builds on

and modifies previously acquired knowledge, skill and attitude of the individual
knowledge, skill and attitude of the individual. Or these are the courses programs or
learning experience usually taken after a degree is obtained to enhance personal or
professional goals.

-Shebeer

Continuing nursing education is defined as “planned educational activities

intended to build upon the educational and experiential bases upon the educational and
experiential bases of the professional nurses for the enhancement of practice,
education, administration and research or theory development to the end of improving
the health of the public

-ANA

Continuing education is all the learning activities that occurs after an individual has
completed his basic education.

-cooper
CONCEPT
The term ‘continuing education’ implies that education is a life long processes.
It is not something that take place at certain age. The integrated process of keeping
abreast of new realms of knowledge from pre-kindergarten to post retirement age can
be given the title of continuing education.

Continuing education does not take place in classroom or institutional way

alone. It can occur in all places and at all hours, can be syllabus oriented or need
oriented affairs. The nursing personnel serve as a key element of health care delivery
system. In order to ful-fill the challenging role in the delivery of quality care,
acquiring basic theoretical and practical knowledge is not just enough. To keep pace
with the rapid changes taking place in the science and technology, there should be
constant efforts to explore new knowledge.

CONTINUING EDUCATION IN INDIA

1. Bhore committee (1946) and other committees recommended the need for CNE
for the advanced study and career development for trained nurses (TNAI,2001 )

2. The promotion of systems approach in educational planning for continuing

education and the periodic assessment of the quality of performance of health
personnel in developing preventive and curative health care

SCOPE OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN NURSING

Continuing education is defined by the American Nurses' Association as "planned,

organized learning experiences designed to augment the knowledge, skills and
attitudes of registered nurses for the enhancement of nursing practice, education,
administration and research, to the end of improving health care for the public." There
is nodispute that the nurse's basic professional education is not sufficient for a lifetime
of practice. Knowledge and technological explosions continue to occur. Social
changes, such as shifts in age composition and patterns of illness, in geographic
mobility and family lifestyles, contribute to ever-changing contexts of nursing practice
in which effective nursing decisions are demanded.
Continuing education began to expand in the 1960s with the sponsorship of short-term
courses under the auspices of the Division of Nursing of the U.S. Public Health
Service. Today the major providers of nursing continuing education are large health
care organizations, colleges and universities, professional societies, and private
entrepreneurs. At present the largest provider category is the major medical center.
Most of these hospitals have large staff development departments and strive to be self-
sufficient for a variety of continuing education programs. Examples of the most
common of these programs are: coronary care and intensive care courses,
hemodialysis and basic leadership/management training courses, and basic opera ting
room techniques. There are some 6,000 members of instructional staff listed on the
current Nursing Management mailing fist of acute care hospitals with over 100-bed
capacity,
The second largest provider category of nursing continuing education is the
professional societies such as state and . district nurses associations and National
Specialty Nursing Organizations with their local and state chapters. Of the specialty
nursing associations. The Association of Operating Room Nurses (AORN) has the
longest and broadest tradition of offering continuing education to its members. The
American Association of Critical Care Nurses (AACN) and the Emergency
Department Nurses Association (EDNA) are two of the most visible providers. Their
local chapters use their associations' respective core curricula to provide semester and
year-long courses through which nurses can prepare for certification. The Federal
Nursing Services also conduct extensive continuing education for their employees.

NEED
 To ensure safe and effective nursing care.

If we don’t update our knowledge there is a chance for injuring the patient
while giving care. Eg :using of AED pad in patients

 For the professional development of nurses.

As like other fields nursing syllabus is also getting updated every year. So
we have keep going with the current trends in our field. To give rise to new
researcher, nurse educator, nurse administrator, etc.
 Helps us to tackle with the emerging competent technology.
Today new instruments and machineries are developing in our society so
we need to their functioning and uses to give the best care possible for our
patients.
 To prepare and provide faculty for continuing education
As days are passing the vacancies in nursing research, administration,
lecturers and tutors are increasing.
 For the emerging need for specialized nurses.
Now a days nurse specialists are wanted, like cvt nurse, critical nurse,
infection control nurse, pediatric nurse, community nurse, psychiatry nurse.
 To prepare nurse researchers, develop leadership skills, and self development.
 We are not educated to be a clinical nurse alone but is to mould new nurse
researcher, nurse educator, nurse administrator and nursing leaders to bring
more revolution in nursing field.

FUNCTIONS
 To meet the health needs and public expectations.
Today new diseases are emerging in our society, so we have to update our
skills and knowledge to give care to the patient according to their emerging
needs and expectations.
 To develop the practicing abilities of the nurse.
There is a rapid development in the technology so we the nurses should
learn about those new machineries, its purpose and functioning.
 Recruitment
Now a days the scope for specialized nurses are increasing than a simple
UG and diploma nurses.
 Recognize their gap in knowledge.
Medical field is emerging new innovations everyday so we have to update
our knowledge to be competent in our field and society according to the new
trends.

 To improve the communication between the participants, community.

If we are knowlegeable and skilful only the society will respect and
cooperate with us. So updated knowledge is important to communicate with the
community.
 To maintain academic standards.

Our work should outstand all the other stream health care team members to maintain
the standards of our profession.
IMPORTANCE OF CONTINUING EDUCATION
For nurses, there are typically two types of continuing education. The first is required
for them to remain licensed in their states. The second type of continuing education
allows them to get more advanced degrees and qualify for higher-level nursing
positions.
In the fast-paced pharmacy field, continuing education is important for career growth
and licensure. Pharmacists need continuing education to renew their state licenses.
Continuing education focuses on subject areas in health care, including pharmacology,
patient counselling, regulatory issues, and other topics that contribute to professional
pharmacy practice.
Certified public accountants (CPAs) must meet continuing education requirements
established by the State Board of Accountancy of the states where their CPA licenses
are held. The requirements vary from state to state. The American Institute of
CPAs (AICPA) also requires certain continuing education for CPAs to maintain
membership.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTINUING EDUCATION
 Program content
The content of continuing education consist of concepts, principles,
research findings, or theories related to nursing that builds on the nurses
previously acquired knowledge, attitude and skills.
 Preparation of content
The content may be developed on the basis of :
-contents on the clinical areas like neonatal nursing, pediatric nursing,
mental health nursing, cardiopulmonary nursing, surgical nursing.
-level of group like graduates, under graduates, etc.
-based on designation like staff nurses, ward incharges, etc.
-based on the group experience like fresh nurses, 3 yr experience, etc.
 Program duration

They are shorter in duration than orientation programs and longer than
inservice offerings. More over it is related to the scope of content covered and
the format used to present the learning experience.

 Program format
It refers to the method we adopt to deliver the educational program. It
may include brief sessions varying from less than 1 hour to more hrs for
different formats like workshop, seminar, conference, course, symposium or
self study.

 Methods of delivery
It can include traditional types of classroom lectures and laboratories.
Continuing education includes independent study, videotapes, CD-ROM
material, broadcasting programming, online/ internet delivery, workshops and
seminars.

 Evaluating Continuing education

Continuing education is evaluated by providing units. These include:

-Is there some logical relationships between the planned educational project
and the identified needs of participants in relation to their practice responsibilities?
 -What is the evidence that the program actually attended to the learning needs
of participants?

-what evidence is there that the goals and objectives of the project are met?

-Are the planned physical facilities appropriate?

ESSENTIAL NEEDS OF CONTINUING EDUCATION

 Need for continuing education : without a recognized need for continuing

education it is not beneficial to go ahead. Quality life and needs of society
influences the learning needs of nurses.

 Good faculty : teacher should act as a role model, must be aware of source of
information about related continuing education activities and have a good
experience. Teacher must be teach creatively, guide and counsel the learner,
good motivator & administrator.

 Working relationship between an provider and nursing faculty : working

relationship between the accredited provider of continuing nursing education
program and nursing faculty is important for continuing education.

STEPS OF CONTINUING EDUCATION IN NURSING

Step 1 Conduct need assessment

Need assessment is a critical part of a systematic approach to developing

educational projects within the organization. The approach to needs assessment in
continuing education for the health professionals is systematic process based on a
carefully developed plan. The purpose of need assessment is to determine better the
nature, extent, and priority of educational needs to develop continuing educational
program.

Types of Need Assessment

Methods of need assessment can be classified into main seven steps.

a) Gap or Discrepancy Analysis

 This formal method involves comparing performance with started intended
competencies by self assessment, peer assessment, or objective testing and
planning education.

b) Reflection on action and Reflection in action

Reflection on action is an aspect of experiential learning and involves
thinking back to some performance, with or without triggers, and identifying
what was done well what was done well and what could have been done better.

c) Self Assessment by diaries, journals, log books, weekly reviews

This is an extension of reflection that involves keeping a diary or other
account of experience.
d) Peer reviews
This is rapidly become a favorite method. It involves nurses assessing each
other’s practice and giving fee back and perhaps advice about possible
education, training or organizational strategies to improve performance.

e) Observation
The nurses can be observed performing specific tasks that can be rated by an
observer. The observer can be a peer, a senior, or a disinterested person.
f) Critical incident review and significant event auditing
This method involves individuals identifying and recordi say, one incident
in each week.
g) Practice Review

A routine review of notes, charts, prescribing letters, requests etc can

Step 2 Establish overall goals

Learning needs assessment is a crucial stage in the educational process that

leads to changes in practice, and has become part of government policy. It
might be to help curriculum planning, diagnose individual problems, assess
student learning, demonstrate accountability, and improve practice and safety.
 identify learning needs.

Step 3 Conduct task analyses

Organizing continuing education is a challenging task which requires a careful

analysis. This involves various small activities which should be carefully analyzed.

Step 4 Specify Objectives

The specific objective can be formulated which should be measurable, observable

and verifiable. The specific objectives formed should be directly related to the need
assessment of the learner.

Step 5 Develop assessment strategies

The next step is selection and formulating assessment strategies to evaluate at the
end of the program. The evaluation strategies are decided based on the topic, content,
the level of the learner, the domain to be evaluated, the time factors etc.

Step 6 Select method and media

The method for continuing nursing education might be a seminar, workshop,

demonstration, panel discussion etc.

Step 7 Produce materials

It is the phase where the actual education program is conducting using the
predetermined methods and media. It involves the actual participation of the learner.

Step 8 Conduct formative evaluations

Formative evaluation is an ongoing evaluation which is done while the program is

in progress. It gives immediate feedback to the organizer.

Step 9 Conduct summative evaluations

It is the final evaluation done at the end of the program. It helps the organizer to
review the whole program and to analyze the success of the program. It also helps
them to identify the areas of improvement, modification, budgetary controls and
others.

ADVANTAGES

 Earn more knowledge: Continuing education helps to improve the

knowledge. Medical advancement and new infectious illness are constantly
being discovered, as well as updated techniques for treatment and new
medications.
 Broader nursing career opportunities: It provides nurses to opportunity for
specialty career such as oncology, pediatrics, or become a nurse practitioner
with a family practice.

DISADVANTAGES

 Cost: Continuing education is very costly.

 Competency: Continuing education purpose is to bring nurse up –to- date on
skills and practices in their profession.

CONCLUSION

Becoming a nursing professional (whether it’s an LPN, RN, or advanced nurse

practitioner) requires a strong educational foundation. Most nurses earn a bachelor’s
or advanced degree and pass the required certification exams before ever seeing their
first patient. But once you’ve put on your scrubs and entered the working world, the
learning doesn’t stop.

In fact, most states require nurses to complete some form of continuing education
every two to three years as a condition of licensure. Even if your state board does not
require any education for continuing competence for renewal, you may still be
required by your employer or nursing association for job-specific certifications (i.e.,
nursing specialties, magnet hospitals, etc.). Specialty certifications such as medical-
surgical, critical care, neonatal, etc. have specific requirements for continuing
education. Make sure to check with your own hospital and any associations to which
you may belong to find out if you have further requirements above and beyond that of
your state nursing board.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

httpMary Beth Strauss, RN, MN; Belinda E Puetz, PhD, RN; Judith J Chodil, PhD, RN; Roberta S Abruzzese, EdD, RN, FAAN;
Patricia S Yoder Wise, RN, MSN

 The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing. 1982;13(6):13-19

 https://doi.org/10.3928/0022-0124-19821101-05
s://www.southuniversity.edu/.../blog/the-importance-of-continuing-education-98201