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The effect of Manganese on the Microstructure

and Properties of all-wel- metal deposits.

Article in Welding Journal · January 1980

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 WELDING RESEARCH
S U P P L E M E N T T O THE W E L D I N G J O U R N A L , M A R C H , 1980
S p o n s o r e d by t h e A m e r i c a n W e l d i n g Society and the W e l d i n g Research C o u n c i l ll Dr

Effect of Manganese on the

Microstructure and Properties of
All-Weld-Metal Deposits
Going from 0.6 to 1.8% Mn increasingly refines weld
microstructures and promotes acicular ferrite formation,
and optimal impact is attained with approximately 1.5%
Mn although strain aging affects notch toughness and
displaces optimum Mn to a higher concentration

BY G. M. EVANS

SYNOPSIS. The effect of manganese,
in the range 0.6 to 1.8%, on the micro-
structure and mechanical properties of
manual metal arc deposits (ISO 2560)
has been investigated. It was found
that manganese increasingly refined
the microstructure and promoted the
formation of acicular ferrite. Both ten-
sile strength and yield strength in-
creased by approximately 10 N / m m 2
per 0.1% M n addition to the deposit.
Charpy V, Schnadt and C O D tests
graded "as-deposited" weld metals in
the same relative order, the optimal
impact properties being attained at a
manganese level of approximately
1.5%. Stress relieving was found to
have only a marginal effect on impact
properties. Strain aging, on the other
hand, markedly affected notch tough-
ness and displaced the o p t i m u m man-
ganese level to a higher concentra-
tion.
Introduction
The working program of Subcom-
mission ll-A of the International Insti-
tute of Welding calls for a joint effort
to study the microstructure of weld
metal. As a first step, four all-weld
metal deposits have been distributed
to various laboratories with recom-
mendations' for the characterization
of the microstructural components.
The present paper details the find-
ings of the Swiss delegation in collabo-
ration w i t h the Welding Institute
(United Kingdom). In addition to the
metallographic studies, a test program
was conducted to evaluate the in-
fluence of manganese on the tensile
and impact properties of the w e l d -
ments.
Experimental Procedure
Electrodes
Four experimental iron powder type
basic electrodes, coded A, B, C and D,
Paper to be presented at the AWS 61st
Annual Meeting in Los Angeles, California,
during April 14-18, 1980.
G. M. EVANS is Chief Metallurgist, Welding
Industries Oerlikon Buehrle Ltd., Zurich,
Switzerland.
were prepared using 4 mm (0.16 in.)
diameter core wire. The ferro-manga-
nese contents of the coatings were 3,
5, 7 and 9%, respectively, and the ferro-
silicon content was balanced. The
coating factor was 1.70 and the elec-
trodes were baked for 1 h at 400°C
(752°F) to yield a diffusible hydrogen
content of 2.3 ml/100 g deposit,
according to the ISO procedure.-
Weld Preparation
The weld preparation employed was
that specified in the International
Standard for the code of symbols for
manual metal arc electrodes, namely
ISO 2560-1973.
Welding was done in the flat posi-
tion using the stringer bead technique.
Direct current (electrode positive) was
employed, the amperage being 170 A,
the voltage 21 V and the heat-input
nominally 1 k j / m m . The interlayer
temperature was 150° C (302°F).
Heat Treatment
The weldments were tested in both
the as-welded and the stress-relieved

W E L D I N G RESEARCH S U P P L E M E N T I 67-s
 Table 1-VVeld Metal Composition (As-Welded), Wt-%

Electrode C Mn Si S O
A 0.035 0.66 0.30 0.006 0.013 0.007 0.049
B 0.038 1.00 0.30 0.005 0.014 0.010 0.046
C 0.049 1.42 0.34 0.005 0.013 0.009 0.041
D 0.051 1.82 0.34 0.006 0.017 0.009 0.039

(2 h/580°C or 2 h at 1076°F) condition. grained and fine grained regions were

Impact tests (Charpy V notch) were measured in the vertical mid-plane
also conducted on strain aged speci- position and the duplicate results,
mens, compressed 10% and aged for Vz obtained by examining as-welded and Fig. 7—Cross section of multi-run deposit
h at 250°C (482°F). stress-relieved specimens, are de-
picted in Fig. 2. The percentages of the
Mechanical Testing
Two sub-size all-weld-metal tensile
specimens (Minitrac) were machined columnar coarse , "I fine
and tested for each type of electrode grained Jgrained
and condition. Also approximately 35
Charpy V notch specimens were
struck, so as to obtain the complete
transition curve.
Schnadt impact specimens 3 were Plate
prepared from as-welded deposits and surface
were tested under bradycoheracy (B„)
and tachycoheracy (K„) conditions. In
addition, as-welded plates were C O D
tested in full thickness (20 mm or 0.79
in.) at the Welding Institute. The weld
metal was saw notched (0.15 mm or
0.006 in.) transversely to provide sub- 5-
sidiary-type specimens, as proposed in
LU
E
D D 19" but w i t h o u t a fatigue crack. E
o
Results .c
U_ u
Chemical Composition O 10
LLI
Typical chemical analyses of the
deposits are given in Table 1. The o >
systematic increase in the amount of < o.
ferro-manganese in the coating re- LL CO
sulted in four distinct weld metals CC .c
ID O
containing, nominally, 0.65, 1.0, 1.4 CO
and 1.8% M n . Q.
The weld silicon content was rela- O 15
tively constant, but the carbon and
s
phosphorus contents increased pro- o
gressively over the range. Weld metal
LL
oxygen level, on the other hand,
decreased, thus substantiating the LLI
deoxidation potential of manganese.
Essentially the same results as given in
o
Table 1 were obtained on repeated <20
analysis for the stress-relieved sam- l- •-STRESS-RELIEVED
ples. cn
a
Fig. 2 —Zone distribution along the vertical centerline position
Metallographic Examination
General. A transverse section of one
of the multi-run deposits is shown in Table 2—Zone Percentages in the Equivalent ISO-V Notch Position (AW = As-Welded,
Fig. 1, a total of nine layers being SR = Stress-Relieved)
required to fill the gap. Three beads
were deposited per layer, and the
macroscopic effect was of repeated Zone AW SR AW SR AW SR AW SR Average
sequences of as-deposited and super-
Columnar 18 32 23 19 22 12 11 20 20
critically heat-affected weld metal
Coarse grained 35 24 34 35 34 37 34 37 34
zones.
Fine grained 47 42 43 46 44 51 55 45 46
The widths of the columnar, coarse

6 8 - s l M A R C H 1980
 >: :;K> 1m
JH
Fig. 3—Photomicrographs of top heads (co-
lumnar). X200 (reduced 35% on reproduc-
tion)
zones in the central 10 mm (0.39 in.)
region of the deposits, i.e., the Charpy
V-notch location, are given in Ta-
ble 2.
The width of the columnar regions
varied from layer to layer, and penetra-
tion was such that, in some instances,
t w o critically heated regions were
adjacent to one another. A difference
due to manganese could not be ascer-
tained, the values for duplicate speci-
mens scattering to an equivalent
extent. The average value for the sum
US
;- V"' "HP
im.^MmM^iMmiM
Fig. 4—Photomicrographs of coarse grained
regions. X200 (reduced 35% on reproduc-
tion)
of the coarse and fine grained regions
at the notch location was found to be
80%. A slight vertical displacement
w o u l d affect the relative proportions
of the zones, since the lower runs
tended to contain wider columnar
bands.
The columnar grains broadened as
the weld progressed during deposi-
tion, due to the epitaxial growth
effect. As an approximation, however,
it can be presumed that the sequence
is repetitive throughout and that the
W E L D I N G RESEARCH S U P P L E M E N T I 69-s
..
&
m
•w t ' J S V " ' " * ' •'•' V' ••'••' i
F/g. 5—Photomicrographs of fine grained
regions. X.315 (reduced 35% on reproduc-
tion)
central top bead and the adjacent
heat-affected weld metal serve to
characterize the bulk of the deposit.
Typical microstructures of the four
manganese-containing weld metals
are shown in Figs. 3, 4, and 5, for the
columnar, coarse grained and fine
grained regions, respectively.
Columnar Region. The top central
bead of each specimen was examined
at X200 and quantitative metallograph-
ic measurements were made as de-
scribed in Doc. II-A-389-76 1 , using a
 Fine grained 100
• ~AS WELDED
O-STRESS-flELIEVED
90

ACICULAR
FERRITE (3)

PRO-EUTECTOID
FERRITE (1)

Fig. 6—Diagram of top bead and adjacent areas
Swift point counter. The area traversed
measured 2.5 X 2.0 mm- (Fig. 6), and
500 points were recorded by each of
t w o investigators.
Three major microstructural compo-
nents (Fig. 3B) were identified, name-
ly:
1. Pro-eutectoid ferrite (light etch-
ing).
2. Intermediate lamellar products,
mainly ferrite side plates resembling
upper bainite (light etching).
3. Acicular ferrite, consisting of a
fine structure of interlocking ferrite
plates (dark.etching).
The results obtained on point count-
ing are plotted in Fig. 7. It can be seen
that the amount of acicular ferrite
increased markedly, at the expense of
pro-eutectoid ferrite, as the manga-
nese content increased. Also, a clear
trend existed for the intermediate
lamellar component to decrease w i t h
increasing manganese.
Carbon replicas of the top beads
were examined at the Welding Insti-
tute, in a transmission electron micro-
scope (TEM), and a linear intercept
method was applied at a magnification
of X2500. The results are given in Table
3, the values for the high manganese
welds being indicative of the acicular
Table 3—Average Linear Intercept in Top
Beads of As-Welded and Stress-Relieved
Specimens
Average linear intercept, jtm
r
Electrode As -depos ted St ess-relieved
A 3.30 3.96
B 2.87 2.60
C 1.72 1.70
D 1.05 1.59
ferrite lath size.
Examination of the replicas showed
that there was a gradual transition
between acicular ferrite and pro-
eutectoid ferrite. Also, the distinction
normally made between the two
microstructures in the optical micro-
scope was purely arbitrary at high
magnification.
Small and widely dispersed areas of
retained austenite were observed on
the replicas. The amount of austenite
increased w i t h increasing manganese
but only in the case of weld D was
sufficient austenite present (1%) to be
detected by X-ray diffraction. All the
replicas from stress-relieved welds
could be readily distinguished by the
presence of grain boundary carbides
0-5 K) 1-5
MANGANESE IN WELD, % .
Fig. 7—Effect of manganese on microstruc-
ture of top bead
which were formed by the tempering
out of the retained austenite.
Any martensite which might have
formed w i t h i n the retained austenite
was difficult to detect because of the
fine scale of the structure. Such indica-
tions of martensite, as were f o u n d ,
were of considerably smaller areas
than those reported by Garland and
Kirkwood 5 as occurring in submerged
arc welds. Furthermore, it was not
possible to identify the areas as either
lath or twinned martensite or to assess
them quantitatively.
Coarse Grained Region. Photomi-
crographs of the reheated weld metal
taken directly below the central top
bead are shown in Fig. 4. W i t h increas-
ing manganese the structure became
increasingly more dark etching, and
the pro-eutectoid ferrite delineating
the prior austenite grain boundaries
which became finer and hence tended
to accentuate the coarse grained
nature of the zone. The fusion bound-
ary in the case of the lowest manga-
nese weld (A) was difficult to locate
microstructurally but the segregation
bands (ripples) could readily be seen
by varying the focus.

1
' W.I.
Table 4—Linear Intercept Results From Fine Grained Region (H = horizontal,
7 V = vertical)
As deposited region.
A.
E Reheated region.
Q 5 -
/
J- Intercept
per mm Ratio Intercept/mm
a
sc
Interval / (fi) P'/2, mm '-'
C,
/ 155
1.06 150 6.7 12.22
y y A 146
O

X ^$
..- y-$-
^-' , --' H 173
B 1.01 172 5.8 13.13
O 1 V 171

0
y-"
200 400 600 800 1000 C
H 199
0.96 203 4.9 14.28
NUMBER OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES INTERCEPTED . V 208
Fig. 8—Grain boundaries intercepted on H 237
traversing as-deposited and reheated re- D 0.94 245 4.1 15.62
V 253
gions

70-s I M A R C H 1980
 The m i c r o s t r u c t u r e w i t h i n t h e p r o -
eutectoid ferrite envelopes appeared
to be optically identical to the acicular
f e r r i t e o c c u r r i n g in t h e a s - d e p o s i t e d
w e l d m e t a l . T h e areas s u r r o u n d e d b y
t h e p r o - e u t e c t o i d f e r r i t e d i f f e r e d in
size a n d t h e b o u n d a r y o f t h e c o a r s e
grained z o n e was difficult to locate,
since the m i c r o s t r u c t u r e t e n d e d t o be
dependent on the underlying solidifi-
cation and transformation pattern.
This latter p h e n o m e n o n was p a r t i c u -
larly n o t i c e a b l e at t h e p e r i p h e r y o f t h e
top bead where the heat-affected
z o n e w e l d m e t a l had transformed
b a c k i n t o c o l u m n a r t y p e grains. A l s o ,
interaction o c c u r r e d b e t w e e n super-
imposed heat-affected zones, a typical
occurrence being the c o n t i n u a t i o n of
a fine grained region i n t o a coarse
g r a i n e d r e g i o n at t h e p o i n t o f i n t e r c e p -
tion w i t h a n e w fusion b o u n d a r y . The
d e p o s i t i o n sequence, h o w e v e r , was
such that o v e r l a p p i n g of heat-affected
z o n e s d i d n o t o c c u r at t h e C h V - n o t c h
location.
5 0-5 10 1-5 20
The scanning electron microscope MANGANESE IN WELD, %
(SEM) w a s u s e d at t h e W e l d i n g I n s t i -
Fig. 9—Effect of manganese on the mean linear grain intercept (fine grained
tute to study the as-deposited and
region)
reheated regions of the w e l d m e n t s . A
linear intercept m e t h o d was a p p l i e d
a n d t h e results o b t a i n e d f o r a s - w e l d e d Table 5-Tensile Test Results1"1
s p e c i m e n s are g i v e n in Fig. 8, t h e
c h a n g e in i n t e r c e p t b e i n g m o n o t o n i c N/mm1 °/c
w i t h increasing manganese. The fusion
Condition Electrode YS UTS El RA
boundaries w e r e clearly visible, and
t h e r e w a s also a s u d d e n c h a n g e in A 392 466 31.9 80.6
linear i n t e r c e p t w h e n t h e b o u n d a r i e s B 413 498 31.2 80.6
w e r e crossed. The b o u n d a r i e s be- As-welded C 468 551 29.4 78.7
t w e e n the intercritically and fully D 514 588 28.0 76.8
reheated regions, however, c o u l d not A 370 456 35.2 80.6
b e l o c a t e d by d i r e c t o b s e r v a t i o n , n o r B 402 490 31.0 80.6
w e r e t h e y d e t e c t e d by t h e i n t e r c e p t Stress-relieved C 436 529 31.6 78.8
m e a s u r e m e n t s (Fig. 8 ) , s i n c e l i t t l e or D 479 576 27.4 76.9
no discontinuity of slope occurred 11
YS—yield strength; UTS—ultimate tensile strength; El—elongation; RA—reduction in area.
w i t h i n the reheated regions.
Fine Grained Region. The fine
1 1 1 1
g r a i n e d r e g i o n s (Fig. 6) w e r e p h o t o -
A
g r a p h e d at X630, a n d l i n e a r i n t e r c e p t s
600
B C J^UXS. -
o f g r a i n b o u n d a r i e s w e r e m a d e as
d e s c r i b e d in D o c . I I - A - 3 8 9 - 7 6 . T h e y &
results obtained for the vertical
550
y^ s
(through-thickness) and the h o r i z o n - ^y s
tal d i r e c t i o n s are g i v e n in T a b l e 4 a n d
s h o w a fair d e g r e e o f e q u i a x i a l i t y .
The reciprocal of the square root of
y^s' y' Y.S.
SOO
t h e m e a n g r a i n i n t e r v a l is p l o t t e d , E
against w e l d m e t a l m a n g a n e s e c o n -
t e n t , in Fig. 9. A s t r a i g h t - l i n e r e l a t i o n -
z
^W y
y
y
^y *'
s h i p w a s o b t a i n e d , m a n g a n e s e again s y^ y y
b e i n g f o u n d to have a m o n o t o n i c
450 - & '
.—
y
y —

i n f l u e n c e . O f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t is t h a t
y^ y
t h e p r e s e n t g r a i n size m e a s u r e m e n t s
/ • y '
can virtually be s u p e r i m p o s e d on
400 s * * • AS WELDED
t h o s e r e p o r t e d by T u l i a n i 6 f o r r e h e a t e d c/)
runs o f s u b m e r g e d arc w e l d m e t a l . • / y
y O STRESS-RELIEVED
y
P-
Mechanical Properties 1 1 1
350
Tensile Results. T h e t e n s i l e test d a t a 0-5 1 0 1-5 2 0
o b t a i n e d are g i v e n in T a b l e 5 f o r b o t h MANGANESE IN WELD, %.
the as-welded and stress-relieved c o n - Fig. 10— Effect of manganese on the tensile properties of multi-run deposits

WELDING R E S E A R C H S U P P L E M E N T I 71-s
 250 I I I I i i I I I I I I
A 30
A -- 1 5
B B
Charpy -V C
C
D- 40 " D S c h n a d t , K0
200 .-——
fy y_
^ /•'
,yy
/.•'
n
j

-''// 30 /•' /
20 10
^150 > •

i
/ 1i
a
a / / / a
tr E
E
i: i1
I-
UJ

1
UJ

5
100
UJ 2 0
y a
a
UJ
DO ///
If \ /
10
a Q
UJ
m
cr
/in
1 i
_
- 5

a / •', / 8 10 * ' '

o CO
S2 5 ° • / • ' • / / < •/My
CO
<
i
-yy i i i i i
0
-80
i
-y
i
-60
i
-40 -20
i i
0
i
20
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20
TEST TEMPERATURE ,°C.
TEST TEMPERATURE ,°C .
Fig. 11—Charpy V-notch impact results (as-welded) Fig. 13—Schnadt impact test results K„ (as-welded)

I I I I

A
_ B
1-2- c clip gauge limit.
D

10 -

E
E
0-8
| COD
^S f
a
o -
o 0-6-

<
o
- -
on
o >'/ /
0-2
..- y '/ y -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20
TEST TEMPERATURE C
.I I I I
-200 -150 -1003 •50 Fig. 14—Schnadt impact test results (as-welded)
TEST TEMPERATURE, C.
Fig. 12-COD test results (as-welded)
results o b t a i n e d f o r saw n o t c h e d s p e c -
i m e n s are p l o t t e d in Fig. 12 a n d t h e
ditions. Yield strength and ultimate YS = 3 1 1 + 89 M n (3) S c h n a d t test results are g i v e n in Figs.
t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h are p l o t t e d in Fig. 10 13 a n d 14 f o r t h e K „ a n d B„ c o n d i t i o n s ,
UTS = 3 9 0 + 98 M n (4).
a n d are seen t o increase l i n e a r l y w i t h respectively.
increasing manganese. For t h e s p e c i f i c w e l d i n g c o n d i t i o n s T h e d a t a are r e p l o t t e d c o n s e c u t i v e l y
For t h e a s - w e l d e d c o n d i t i o n , t h e e m p l o y e d , it w a s f o u n d that an in Figs. 15 t o 18, as a f u n c t i o n o f w e l d
results ( i n N / m m 2 ) are d e s c r i b e d as increase o f 0 . 1 % m a n g a n e s e in t h e m e t a l m a n g a n e s e a n d it is seen t h a t
f o l l o w s w h e r e YS is y i e l d s t r e n g t h a n d deposit increased the tensile parame- t h e f o u r d i f f e r e n t test procedures
UTS is u l t i m a t e t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h : ters by a p p r o x i m a t e l y 10 N/mm-. e x h i b i t e d t h e same general trends.
YS = 3 1 4 + 108 M n (1) Stress r e l i e v i n g of t h e s y s t e m ( C - M n ) Increasing manganese l o w e r e d the
i n d u c e d the tensile parameters to u p p e r shelf a n d d i s p l a c e d t h e t r a n s i -
UTS = 3 9 4 + 108 M n (2). decrease, the d r o p b e i n g d e p e n d e n t t i o n curves to l o w e r temperatures until
on the manganese level. an o p t i m u m condition had been
For t h e s t r e s s - r e l i e v e d c o n d i t i o n , t h e Toughness Results. The Charpy V a t t a i n e d at a m a n g a n e s e c o n t e n t of
equivalent equations were calculated transition curves for as-welded depos- a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1.5%. T h e r e a f t e r , i n -
t o be: its are g i v e n in Fig. 1 1 . T h e C O D test creasing manganese b e c a m e d e l e t e r i -

72-sl M A R C H 1980
 250
30
Charpy-V

200

20
^150-
O
ac E
UJ

5
100
I-
a a
UJ 10
DQ
CC
o
W 50
<

0-5 10 1-5 20
MANGANESE IN W E L D , % .
Fig. 15—Effect of manganese (Charpy V-notch) 0-5 10 T5 20
MANGANESE IN WELD %
Fig. 16—Effect oi manganese (COD test, 20 x 26 mm, i.e.,
0.79 x 1.02 in.)

1 1 1 1
A B C D - 15
40-
Schnadt Bo

- 3 0 (-- 10
>
CD •^-40°C
or ~~-50° E
LU

UJ

0-5 10 1-5
MANGANESE IN W E L D
Fig. 17—Effect of manganese (Schnadt K„)
ous, except at very low temperatures
where the lower shelf was raised.
The Charpy V-notch impact curves
for stress-relieved deposits are plotted
in Fig. 19 and the data are reconsidered
in Fig. 20, as a function of manganese.
Comparison with the as-welded con-
dition (Fig. 11) indicates only a slight
displacement, the heat treatment hav-
ing had a beneficial effect at low man-
ganese and a detrimental effect at high
manganese contents. The extent of the
temperature displacement, at the 100 J
level, is given in Table 6.
The Charpy V curves obtained on
testing strain aged impact specimens
are shown in Fig. 21 and the equivalent
results are plotted against manganese
a
20 ""^^-60° I
UJ
""~^-70° a
CD
ce
O 10-
CD .-80°
<
%
1 i i
05 10 1-5 20
MANGANESE IN W E L D , % .
Fig. 18—Effect of manganese (Schnadt B„)
Discussion
content in Fig. 22. Aging displaced the
curves to higher temperatures, the The metallographic studies of the
shift at the 100 J level being reported in four different manganese-containing
Table 7. deposits revealed marked differences
The lateral shift to higher tempera- in microstructure. In as-deposited
tures differed according to manganese weld metal, as exemplified by the top
content, attaining a maximum (C) and central bead, increasing amounts of
then decreasing at the highest concen- manganese progressively increased the
tration investigated. The overall effect amount of acicular ferrite, at the
was for electrode D to become the expense of pro-eutectoid ferrite and of
best of the series and for the o p t i m u m intermediate lamellar component. Fur-
to be displaced relative to that exhib- thermore, the acicular ferrite, per se,
ited for as-welded and stress-relieved became progressively more refined
deposits. (Table 3). The reheated regions were

W E L D I N G RESEARCH S U P P L E M E N T I 73-s
 250 I i
A -
B - Charpy-V
c-
200 D "
^1501-
O
ft
LU
5
1C - //
Q
UJ
/ ,
CD / ///
CC / ,• /
O / / /
en 50
CO V7 /
< / /
/ y 1 1
-80 - 6i 0 -40
TEST TEMPERATURE, °C.
Fig. 19—Charpy V-notch impact results (stress relieved)
similarly affected, the coarse grained
and the fine grained zones also
becoming increasingly finer. The over-
all influence of manganese on micro-
structure thus appeared to be benefi-
cial throughout, the measured param-
eters changing monotonically.
The specific welding conditions em-
ployed were such as to induce the
larger portion of the central part of the
ISO 2560 deposits to recrystallize. For
example, at the Charpy V-notch loca-
tion, it was f o u n d , on the average, that
only 20% of the structure remained in
the columnar form. The amount of
recrystallization is considered to be an
important factor influencing mechan-
ical properties 751 and must therefore be
borne in mind when attempting to
evaluate the influence of alloying ele-
ments.
Tensile tests results confirm that
manganese increases the yield
strength and tensile strength of iron-
manganese alloys.11 For the range of
manganese contents investigated, sol-
id solution hardening and grain refine-
ment led to a linear influence, an
increase of 0.1% M n increasing the
tensile parameters by 10 N / m m 2 The
latter value compares favorably, but
perhaps inadvertently, to that quoted
by Brain and Smith 1 " for mild steel CO;,
weld metal and by Tuliani 6 for sub-
merged arc weld metal.
The tensile properties decreased
after stress relieving, the drop being
greater in the case of yield strength
and high manganese levels. Carbide
precipitation occurred at grain bound-
aries during the heat treatment, but
evidently no secondary hardening oc-
curred in the plain C-Mn weld metal
svstem over the time involved.
74-sl MARCH 1980
i 1 1 250
-30
1''/
/ •/•-
20
/ /
E E
/ Q.
•' /
10
STRESS- •RELIEVED
1 ,
-20 0 20
Fig. 20—Effect of manganese (Ch V, stress relieved)
Table 6 - Effect of St ress Relief (at 100 J)""
Displace-
Temp. °C at 100 |
ment,
Electroc e AW SR
A -27 -32
B -44 -44
C -53 -50
D -43 -36
'"AW—as-welded; SR—stress-relieved.
""°F = (9/5)°C + 32
The toughness data obtained using
the Charpy V-notch, Schnadt (K(, and
B„) and C O D test revealed the same
general trend in all cases. Thus, it can
be concluded that the universal Char-
py V test can be confidently applied
for routine classification of electrodes
according to ISO 2560. In practical
applications, however, w h e n consider-
ing properties in the full thickness of
the joint, the C O D test is a requisite
for evaluating fitness for purpose and
determining critical defect sizes. A
possible correlation existing between
Charpy V-notch and C O D perhaps
only applies when the extent of strain
aging is low. Furthermore, a relation-
ship could possibly be only expected
when the electrodes compared are, as
in the present instance, of the same
slag-base type.
In accord w i t h Nakayama et al." it
was found that increasing manganese
decreased the upper shelf of the tran-
sition curves. The increasing yield
strength resulted in a greater tendency
to microvoid coalescence during the
ductile mode of fracture. In contrast,
manganese had a beneficial influence
on the lower shelf due to the effect on
cleavage resistance. 9
D
30
Charpy-V
20
1-
a
10
RELIEVED
10 15 20
M A N G A N E S E IN W E L D , % .
In the transition region of the
impact curves for as-welded deposits,
manganese had an o p t i m u m influence
at 1.5% manganese, despite the pro-
gressive improvement in microstruc-
°C""
ture throughout. The pattern of behav-
-5 ior is thus dependent on the compet-
0 ing actions of the element to:
+3 1. Increase the yield strength.
+ 7
2. Increase the acicular ferrite vol-
ume fraction and to refine the grain
size in the reheated region.
Stress relieving of the deposits had
virtually no influence on the Charpy
V-notch test results, and peak proper-
ties were also exhibited at the 1.5% M n
level. Furthermore, it appears that the
decrease in toughness expected as a
result of carbide precipitation was
compensated for by an opposing
mechanism, e.g., a softening of the
ferrite.
Strain aging of the four experimental
weld metals induced a considerable
degree of embrittlement. In C-Mn
deposits it is generally accepted that
the major solute causing the decrease
in resistance to cleavage fracture is
nitrogen. W i t h i n the range of scatter,
no trend in nitrogen content existed
over the range of manganese contents
studied, the values being between 69
and 96 ppm. Manganese is reported 1 ' 2
to diminish the aging tendency of
steel, and opinion varies as to whether
the element should be judged on its
o w n merits or whether the combined
effect of manganese and carbon is of
greater significance. The relative dis-
placement on strain aging (Table 7)
was inconsistent and the reason
remains enigmatic, other than that
grain refinement alone becomes the
controlling factor. The observed trend
 i!OU I I I I I I 250
-30 30
A
B — Charpy-V
c — ~- Charpy-V
200 _ D 200
/
—
1

^150 -
yS7 -20 20
/ / / /
a • / / /
E E
f
UJ
zm STRAIN AGED
i' / f I-
nil -
100 a Q.
Q j*
UJ
CD -10 10
QC
O
v> 5 0
CO
< / ii/
0 I I
' y
i i i i
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 10 T5
TEST TEMPERATURE ,°C . MANGANESE IN WELD ,5
Fig. 21—Charpy V-notch impact results (strain aged) Fig. 22—Effect of manganese (Ch V, strain aged).

was such that deposit D exhibited t h e Technique for the Characterisation of W e l d

best i m p a c t p r o p e r t i e s , t h e o p t i m u m Table 7-Effect of Strain Aging (at 100 ))<*'
being displaced away f r o m the pre-
Displace-
v i o u s level o f 1.5% M n . Temp. °C at 100 J
ment
T h e p r e s e n t w o r k is c o n s i d e r e d as an
Electrode AW SR °C><"
initial step for the u l t i m a t e u n d e r -
standing of the role of microstructure A -27 +5 + 32
in m u l t i - r u n m a n u a l m e t a l arc d e p o s - B -44 -5 + 39
its. E v e n t u a l l y , it is i n t e n d e d t o a d d C -53 -12 + 41
a l l o y i n g e l e m e n t s , e.g., M o , N i a n d Cr, D -43 -19 + 24
t o t h e f o u r d i f f e r e n t m a n g a n e s e levels 181
AW—as-welded; SR—stress-relieved.
a n d e v a l u a t e t h e c h a n g e s in s t r u c t u r e ""°F = (9/5)°C + 32
a n d p r o p e r t i e s . Firstly, h o w e v e r , it is
5. T h e y i e l d a n d t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h s o f
felt that further w o r k s h o u l d be c o n -
the deposits increased by a p p r o x i -
d u c t e d o n t h e C - M n s y s t e m so as t o
a p p r e c i a t e t h e part p l a y e d b y c a r b i d e m a t e l y 10 N / m m 2 per 0 . 1 % increase of
distribution and morphology. To facili- manganese.
t a t e t h i s , it is i n t e n d e d t o s t u d y t h e 6. C h a r p y V - n o t c h , S c h n a d t (K,, a n d
f o u r w e l d m e n t s in t h e n o r m a l i z e d a n d B 0 ) a n d C O D tests g r a d e d t h e test
normalized-and-tempered conditions. w e l d s in t h e same relative order.
7. T h e o p t i m u m i m p a c t p r o p e r t i e s
Conclusions of as-welded and stress-relieved d e -
p o s i t s w e r e a t t a i n e d at 1.5% M n , d u e
For ISO 2560 w e l d m e n t s d e p o s i t e d
t o t h e c o m p e t i t i v e i n f l u e n c e of y i e l d
at 1 k j / m m w i t h basic e l e c t r o d e s of a
strength and microstructure.
s p e c i f i c slag-base t y p e , t h e f o l l o w i n g
8. Strain a g i n g e m b r i t t l e d t h e d e -
conclusions applied:
posits a n d c h a n g e d t h e relative order
1. I n c r e a s i n g m a n g a n e s e , in the
such that o p t i m u m i m p a c t properties
r a n g e 0.6 t o 1.8%, increased the
w e r e a c h i e v e d at a h i g h e r m a n g a n e s e
a m o u n t of acicular ferrite in as-depos-
content.
ited w e l d metal and decreased the
a m o u n t of p r o - e u t e c t o i d ferrite and
Ac/cnow/ec/gments
intermediate component.
2. I n c r e a s i n g m a n g a n e s e r e f i n e d t h e T h e a u t h o r w i s h e s t o express his
a c i c u l a r f e r r i t e in t h e a s - d e p o s i t e d t h a n k s t o t h e staff o f t h e W e l d i n g
w e l d metal. I n s t i t u t e for c o n d u c t i n g p a r t o f t h e
3. I n c r e a s i n g m a n g a n e s e r e f i n e d t h e metallographic work under contract.
In p a r t i c u l a r , t h a n k s are e x t e n d e d to
coarse g r a i n e d r e g i o n o f t h e h e a t -
Dr. R. E. D o l b y f o r s u p e r v i s i n g t h e
affected w e l d metal.
4. I n c r e a s i n g m a n g a n e s e reduced studies.
t h e g r a i n size o f t h e e q u i a x e d f i n e
References
grained z o n e of the heat-affected
w e l d metal. 1. Davey, T. G., and Widgery, D. )., " A
Metal Microstructures," IIW Doc. II-A-389-
76.
2. " D e t e r m i n a t i o n of Hydrogen in W e l d
M e t a l , " ISO 3690.
3. Schnadt, H. M., and Lienhard, E. W „
"Experimental Investigation of the Sharp
Notch Behaviour of 60 Steels at Different
Temperatures and Strain Rates," IIW Doc.
IX-348-63.
4. "British Standard Draft for Develop-
ment on Methods for C O D Testing," D D
19:1972.
5. Garland, |. G., and Kirkwood, P. R.,
"The Notch Toughness of Submerged Arc
Weld Metal in Micro-Alloyed Structural
Steels," IIW Doc. IX-892-74.
6. Tuliani, S. S., "The Role of Manganese
in M i l d Steel Submerged Arc W e l d M e t a l , "
Internat. Conf. on Welding Research,
CEGB, M a r c h w o o d , England, Sept. 1972.
7. Baach, H., " D e p e n d e n c e of Mechan-
ical Properties on the Number of Layers
during Submerged Arc W e l d i n g , OERLI-
KON Schweissmitteilungen No. 54 (1965),
pp. 16-24.
8. Stout, R. D., McLaughin, P. F„ and
Strunk, S. S., "Heat Treatment Effects of
Multi-Pass W e l d s , " Welding Journal, 48(4),
April 1969, Research SuppE, pp. 155-s to
160-s.
9. Rees, W. P., Hopkins, B. E„ and Tipler,
H. R., "Tensile and Impact Properties of Iron
and Some Iron Alloys of High Purity," J.I.S.L,
169 (1951), pp. 157-168.
10. Brain, A. G., and Smith, A. A.,
Mechanical Properties of CO., W e l d Metal,
Brit. Weld. /., 9 (1962), pp. 669-677.
11. Nakayama, O., Nakana, H., and Tashi-
ko, H., "The Effects of Alloying E lements on
Stress Corrosion and Mechanical Properties
of Weld Metals in Arc W e l d i n g with Cov-
ered Electrodes," The Welding World, 20
(1968), p. 509.
12. Szczepanski, M „ The Brittleness of
Steel, L Wiley and Sons, New York, 1963,
p. 104.

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT I 75-s

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