ADVANCED ENGLISH FOR TRANSLATION

ADVANCED ENGLISH FOR TRANSLATION

Authors: Dennis Chamberlin - Gillian White

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors and publisher are graceful to the following for permission to
reproduce the texts used in the units indicated:

Unit 1, John le Carre and John Farquharson Ltd; 3, Marion Giordan and
Foncana Paperbacks Ltd; 4, Roald Dahl and Murray Pollinger Ltd - the extract
is from James and the giant peach © Roald Dahl 1961 published by Penguin
Books Ltd; 5, F. J. & R. B. Christopher and chc Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd;
6, the Rolex Watch Company Ltd; 8, Dick Francis and Michael Joseph Ltd; 9,
the Camping Club of Great Britain & Ireland Ltd; 10, Lorus J. Milne and
Margery Milne and w. H. Freeman & Co.; 11, Cambridge Water Company; 13,
Volkswagen (GB) Ltd; 14 &21, The Sunday Times; 15, Cambridgeshire,
Huntingdon & Peterborough Life; 16, John Mortimer and A. D. Peters & Co.
Ltd; 17, Lyall Watson and Murray Pollinger Ltd — the extract is from
Supemature published by Hoddcr & Stoughton Ltd; 18, Gestetner; 19, Maurice
Rowdon and Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd; 22, The Times Newspapers Ltd; 23,
The Financial Times-, 24, Georgina Walsh and Evening Standard; 25, Dateline
International; 26, 28 & 29, Penguin Books Ltd; 27, Cavendish Philatelic
Auctions; 29; Allen & Unwin Ltd; 30, The Sunday Telegraph.

For units 31-6 we are graceful to the University of Cambridge Local

Examinations Syndicate for permission to reproduce examination questions.

Unit 1
Then one day about a week lately he didn’t comc to the library. Miss
Crail was delighted; by half-past eleven she had told her mother, and on
returning from lunch she stood in front of the archaeology shelves where he
had been working since he came. She stared with theatrical concentration at
the rows of books, and Liz knew she was pretending to work out whether
Leamas had stolen anything.

Liz entirely ignored her for the rest of that day, failed to reply when she
addressed her and worked with assiduous application. When the evening
came, she walked home and cried herself to sleep.

The next morning she arrived early at the library. She somehow felt that
the sooner she got there, the sooner Leamas might come; but as the morning
dragged on, her hopes faded, and she knew he would never come. She
had forgotten to make sandwiches tor herself that day, so she decided to take
a bus to the Bayswater Road and go to the A.B.C. She felt sick and empty, but
not hungry. Should she go and find him? She had promised never to follow
him, but he had promised to tell her; should she go and find him?

She hailed a taxi and gave his address.

She made her way up the dingy staircase and pressed the bell of his
door. The bell seemed to be broken; she heard nothing. There were three
bottles of milk on the mat and a letter from the electricity company. She
hesitated a moment, than:banged on the door, and she heard the faint groan
of a man.

From The spy who came in from the cold by John Le Carré.

1.1. By - in time expressions

a) By half-past eleven she had told her mother, (lines 2-3)

b) Fortunately, the secretary had finished typing the report by the time
her boss came back.

c) I thought that job would take me ages, but I had finished it by tea-
time.
 d) It snowed heavily during the night, but it didn't settle, and most of it
hid disappeared by morning.

e) The tire broke out at about eight o’clock, but by nine the fire brigade
had got it under control.

f) The play was excruciatingly boring, 2nd by the end of the first act I
had had enough, so I left.

1.2. Past perfect continuous tense

a) She stood in front of the archaeology shelvei where he had been

working, (lines 3-5)

b) He hadn’t been feeling well for some time, so he decided to go to the

doctor’s.

c) He had been painting for years before hỉS talent was finally
recognised.

d) Her arrival took them by surprise. They hadn't been expecting her for
at least another hour.

e) The party had been travelling all day and were utterly exhausted
when they rcachcd their destination.

1.3. Idioms with to/into

a) When the evening came, she walked home and cried herself to
sleep. (lines 11-12)

b) I sat up late watching the horror film on television. It frightened me to

death.

c) He spent the évcning in the pub, drinking himself into a stupor.

d) My essay wasn’t brillịant, I know, but there was fio need for him to
pull it to shreds like that.

e) She came home to find her favourite vase on the floor — smashed to
pieces.
 f) Quite a lot of people found what he hid to say very interesting, but
personally I was bored to tears.

1.4. Double comparatives

a) She somehow felt that the sooner she got there, the ioaner Leamas
might come, (lines 13-15)

b) The more you practise, the better you’ll play.

c) The more carefully you do it, the less likely you are to rriake
mistakes.

d) The longer you wait, the harder it will be.

e) The more thoroughly you do the job now, the easier it will be when
you have to do it next time.

f) She hadn’t realised that the faster she worked, the more money she
would earn.

1.5. Might

a) The sooner she got there, the sooner Leamas might come, (lines 14-
15)

b) If you hurry, you might just get there in time.

c) He said he might be coming, but he wasn’t sure.

d) I can’t find my umbrella. I’ve a feeling I might have left it on the bus.

e) Knock again. They might not have heard the first time.

f) They might have told us they were going to be in England during the
summer. We would have liked to see them.

g) I know it wasn’t your fault, but you might have let me know you were
going to be late.

h) Excuse me, do you think I might have something to drink?

 i) Jane asked her boss if she might have an afternoon off to do her
Christmas shopping,

j) Can you help me? I’m looking for a birthday present for my husband.’

“Certainly, madam. Might I suggest one of these new pocket

calculators?”

Unit 2
9 Singleton Drive,
Hallam Green,
Surrey.

15 March 1977

Dear Miss Nielsen,

Thank you for your inquiry about the au pair post.

First, let me give you an idea of the kind of work you would have to do.

A Woman comes in three mornings a week to clean the house, so you

would not have to do very much in the way of housework — perhaps a little
tidying up and washing up, particularly at weekends.

Your main job would be to look after my two children, Nicholas, aged
seven, and James, aged four.

At the moment I’m working out of town and can’t meet them when they
finish school. My husband takes them every morning, Nicholas to the local
primary school, and James to a nursery nearby. You would have to fetch them
- James at 12.45, and Nicholas at 3.30 — make their meals and look after
them until I get home at about five o’clock. James is starting at the sarfie
school as Nicholas in a few months, so that will make the situation a lot easier.

You would have the mornings free to attend a language school. We can
see about enrolline; you when you arrive.
 We live in a modern five-bedroomed house, and the room you would
have is large and comfortably furnished. There are two bathrooms, a well-
equipped kitchen and full central heating. We are not far from the town centre,
and there is an excellent bus service — the bus-stop is just a stone’s throw
away.

You would have plenty of free time and a generous allowance on top of
board and lodging. I feel sure you would be happy with us, and I hope you will
decide to come.

I look forward to hearing from you very soon.

Your sincerely,

Louise Jarvis

2.1 Present simple/present continuous

a) A woman comes in three mornings a week to clean the house, (lines

4—5)

b) She leaves the house at 7.30 every morning and catches the 7.50
train to London.

c) He used to run a small estate car, but now he drives a Rolls Royce.

d) Water boils at 100° Centigrade.

e) Johnson passes to Jones. Mackintosh challenges him - and the ball

goes out of play.

f) At the moment I'm working out of town, (line 10)

g) Joanna is wearing a long evening dress in apricot chiffon.

h) More people than ever before are going abroad for their holidays this
year.

i) 'Why are you standing here?’ ‘I’m waiting for some friends.’

2.2 Take/bring/fetch

a) My husband takes them every morning, (lines 11-12)

 b) Would you take these letters to the post, Miss Williams?

c) Don’t forget to take vour tennis racket with you tomorrow.

d) Did you remember to bring your cheque-book?

e) They sat down in a quiet comer of the restaurant, and a waiter

brought them a menu.

f) You would have to fetch them, (line 13)

g) Sit down by the fire. Would you like me to fetch your slippers?

h) I’ll just go and fctch an ashtray. I think there’s one in the other room.

2.3 Present continuous tense expressing future

a) James is starting at the same school in a few months, (lines 16-17)

b) My son is going to Amenca next year to study at an American

university.

c) John is playing in the school orchestra next week. Will you be able to
come?

d) The President is paying a state visit to this country next month.

e) We’re leaving at about eight o’clock, so you’d better come round ac

about quarter to.

f) I think they’re moving to Surrey some time in October.

2.4. Phrasal verb - to see

a) We can see about enrolling you when you arrive, (line 19)

b) Vill you come and see me off at the station?

c) I'm pleased to have met you, Mr Lawton. My secretary will see you
out.

d) My car has been making a strange noise lately. I shall have to take it
to the garage and get it seen to.
 e) He could never hide anything from anybody; you can see right
through him.

f) Now we’ve started, I suppose we’d better see it through.

g) A group of us are going to see over the new chocolate factory next
week.

2.5 Idiomatic expressions with ’s

a) The bus-stop is just a stone’s throw away, (lines 24—25)

b) We certainly got our money's worth last night.

c) For heaven’s sake pull vourself together!

d) Poor old Fred’s at his wits’ end. His wife’s just gone into hospital, and
he’s got four children to look after as well as a full-time job to cope with.

e) I don’t like the look of him at all. I should keep him at arm’s length if I
were you.

f) Of course I’m busy; but if you really need me, I can leave here at a
moment’s notice.

Unit 3
The way lhat people spend their money, and the objects on which they
spend It, are Che last areas where tree choice and individuality can be
expressed. The choice reflects personal taste, the way people see themselves
and the fantasies they have about their lives, the restrictions .on money
available to them, the presence of others in the family with a claim on that
money, and the influence of current convention, upbringing, surroundings and
locality. Shopping is an important human activity.

Yet shoppers are faced with a confusing situacion and a rapidly

changing one. The confusion arises from the claims made by advertising, from
inadequate information about products, new products, new materials, new
places to shop - a confusion enhanced by rising prices and a wider choice of
goods than ever before. The search for the right purchase is based on
ignorance of one’s own needs and ignorance of the product’s fitness for those
needs.

Faced with the problem of choosing any particular item, there are
several lines of communication which might pro vide some guidance. Yet none
of these is entirely satisfactory.

You can, for example, ask a shop assistant. Initially, especially in a large
self-servicc store, there may be some difficulty in finding anyone at all, and
even greater difficulty in finding anyone who knows about the products.

In a supermarket you may find a shelf-filler who offers to find the

manager, and then returns with the information thac he is out or on the phone.
She herself may or may not be helpful, but equally she may quite genuinely
not know 30 the answers. She may be a schoolgirl with a Saturday job, or a
housewife working part-time.

From The consumer jungle by Marion Giordan.

1.1 Plural nouns

a) The way that people spend their money can be influenced by current
convention, upbringing, surroundings and locality, (lines 1-8)

b) My company is looking tor new premises in the town.

c) He's in arrears with the rent, so his landlady has given him notice to
quit.

d) I’m afraid I accused him of something he didn’t do. I only hope I can
make amends one day.

e) You’ll find a list of the contents on the side of the packet.

f) I’d much rather drink beer than spirits.

1.2 Adjectives in -ing and -ed

 a) Shoppers are faced with a confusing situation, (line 10)

b) He still seems very contused about what happened.

c) You look bored. Can’t you find anything to do?

d) What a boring programme! Isn’t there anything else on?

e) The racc was very exciting. The horses were neck and neck all the
way.

f) The children were so excited they could hardly sit still.

g) I always enjoy going round to John's. His father is so amusing.

h) It's difficult to keep the children amused during the holidays.

i) The new sales manager has some very interesting ideas.

j) You’re not interested in anything — that’s your trouble.

3.3 One

a) Shoppers are faced with a confusing situation and a rapidly changing

one. (lines 10-11)

b) ‘Could you pass me that book?’ ‘Which one do you mean?’

c) I’d racher.have a new car than a secondhand one.

d) I think I’m going to change my hairdresser. Can you recommend

one?

e) Her clothes were beginning to look shabby, so she decided it was

time she bought some new ones.

f) If you need another blanket. I'll get you one.

g) Are you sure that’s the one you want?

h) I’m sorrv. These are not the ones I ordered.

3.4 Arise/raise/rise

a) The confusion arises partly from the claims made by advertising.

(lines 11-12)
 b) Several important matters have arisen since the last board meeting.

c) I have plenty more in stock, should the need arise.

d) He's hoping to start his own business if he can raise the capital.

e) It seems unfair to raise his hopes when he stands so little chance of

success.

f) Before we go on to the next item, there are one or two points I’d like
to raise.

g) I can’t understand why the cake didn’t rise.

h) The plane rose into the sky like a giant bird.

i) What time does the curtain rise?

3.5 May

i) In a supermarket you may find a shelf-filler who offers to find the

manager, (lines 21—28)

b) The road may be blocked — there was a lot of snow in the night.

c) He may help, but on the other hand he mav not.

d) I should Cake a coat if I were you. It may well be colder at the coast.

e) ‘May I borrow vour car?’ ‘No, you may not!’

f) May I have the day off tomorrow?

g) Where have you been, may I ask?

Unit 4
It was quite a large hole, the sort of thing an animal about the size of a
fox might have made.

James knelt down in front of it, and poked his head and shoulders
inside.

He crawled in.
 He kept on crawling.

This-isn't a hole, he thought excitedly. It's a tunnel!

The tunr.el was damp and murky, and all around him there was the
curious bittersweet smell of fresh peach. The floor was soggy under his knees,
the walls were wet and sticky, and peach juice was dripping from the ceiling.
James opened his mouth and caught some of it on his . tongue. It tasted
delicious.

He was crawling uphill now, as though the tunnel were leading straight
towards the very centre of the gigantic fruit. Every tew seconds he paused and
took a bite out of the wall. The peach flesh was sweet and juicy, and
marvellously refreshing.

He crawled on for several more yards, and then suddenly - bang — the
top of his head bumped into something extremely hard blocking his way. He
glanced up. In front of him there was a solid wall that seemed at first as
though it were made of wood. He touched it with his fingers. It certainly/elt like
wood, except chat it was very jagged and full of deep grooves.

‘Good heavens!’ he said. ‘I know what this is! I’ve come to the stone in
the middle of the peach!’

Then he nociced that there was a small door cut into the face ot'the
peach stone. He gave a push. It swung open. He crawled through It, and
before he had time to glance up and see where he was, he heard a voice
saying, ‘Look who’% here!' And another one said. ‘We’ve been waiting for
you!’

James stopped and stared at the speakers, his face white with horror.
He started to stand up, but his knees were shaking so much he had to sit
down again on the floor.

From James and the giant peach by Roald Dahl.

4.1 Quite
 a) It was quite a large hole, the sort of thing an animal about the size of
a fox might have made, (lines 1—2)

b) I thought I was going to be very early, but quite a lot of people were in
their seats by the time I arrived.

c) His books are quite interesting, but I doubt if he’ll ever write a best-
seller.

d) They are quite similar, I agree, but if you look really carefully, you’ll
see they are not quite the same.

e) It was quite the most delightful day of our entire holiday.

f) ‘Do you like your new car?’. ‘Well, I haven’t quite got used to it yet.’

g) ‘I’ve been waiting for half an hour. Are you ready yet?’ ‘Not quite.’

h) ‘I’m sorry I burst in like that. I should have knocked, shouldn’t I?’
‘Quite!’

4.2 To keep (on) + -ing

a) He poked his head and shoulders inside. He crawled in. He kept on

crawling, (lines 3-6)

b) We’ll just have to keep walking until we come to a signpost.

c) She’s old now, and she keeps forgetting things.

d) I wish you wouldn’t keep interrupting when I’m Crying to explain it to

you.

e) Joan suggested that they should all go for a picnic in the afternoon -
provided it didn’t keep on raining.

4.3 Very

a) The tunnel led straight towards the very centre of the ỊÌgantic fruit.
(lines 14—16)

b) He won first prize in the state lottery the very first time he bought a
ticket.
 c) Of course you can’t borrow the car to take your girlfriend to Italy! The
very idea of it!

d) The lights went out, and at that very moment a piercing scream
echoed through the house.

e) The performance is tomorrow, so we’ll practise it now for the very last
time.

4.4 As if/as though

a)There was a solid wall that seemed atfirst as though it were made of
wood, (lines 22—23)

b) From what you tell me, it sounds as if he ought to sec a doctor as

soon as possible.

c) When they come back from a holiday, they always look 3S though
they could do with a week in bed.

d) These apples smell as if they’ve been in a cupboard full of soap.

e) He’s a conceited idiot. He talks as though he's the only one who
knows anything about it.

f) I know he’s a difficult person to deal with, but it’s no use treating him
as if he were a tool.

4.5 Result clauses

a) His knees were shaking so much he had to sit down aqain on the
floor (lines 3-4—35)

b) He looked so white I thought he was going to pass out.

c) Buying a house is so expensive that, we have decided to try and rent

one instead.

d) She sang so sweetly that even the hardened old music critic of the
echo was moved to tears.
 e) So eloquent was he chac no fewer than ten members of the
Opposition voted against their own party.

f) This homework is so disgracefully untidy that I intend to show it to the

headmaster.

Unit 5
Repairing a tuse

Fuses are safety devices inserted in electrical lighting, heating and

power circuits. When a circuit becomes overloaded or shorted, the fuse wire,
which is thinner and softer than the main circuit wires, heats and melts,
automatically cutting off the electrical supply to the circuit affected - thus
minimising risks of fire and shock. Repair necessities are a card of fuse-wire
and a small insulated screwdriver; these should be stored near the tuse-boxes
cogether with a torch or candles and matches.

Before opening the fuse-tbox, the current must be switched off at the
main. Examine all the fuses in the box; the burnt one can usually be identified
by a sooty smudge on the white porcelain holder. Loosen the screws in the
holder and remove every piece of the old wire; wipe off the sooty deposit
before replacing the burnt wire with a new piece of correct strength. The
amperage is usually stamped on the side of the porcelain holder - 5 amp tor
lighting, 10 amp for heating, and 15 amp for power. It is dangerous to use wire
stronger than the specified amperage, and only fuse-wire should be used - not
hairpins or old bits of any odd wire.

Coil the ends of the new length of wire round the securing screws in the
porcelain holder and under the washers, snip off the surplus ends of wire and
tighten the screws. The wire should be slightly slack between the two
ccrminals to permit normal cooling contraction atter the wire becomes hoc -
tight wires snap easily. Replace the fuse-holders in the box and switch the
current on at the main.
 From The good handyman’s encyclopedia by F. J. Christopher ind
Rosemary Brinley Christopher.

5.1 Should

a) These items should be stored near the fuse-boxes. (line 8)

b) What should we do if the water pressure drops below the

recommended minimum?

c) Under no circumstances should repairs be undertaken by

unauthorised personnel.

d) You shouldn’t have tried to do a job like that with a screwdriver.

e) You say I shouldn’t have used a screwdriver; what should I have

used?

f) I’ve fixed it with a hairpin and a piece of insulating tape. It should last
for a few days.

g) I need some piiers for this job; there should be a pair in my tool-box.

h) He worked very hard and did very well in the practice tests, so he
should have passed his examination.

i) Should you have any difficulty with this equipment, do not hesitate to
contact the manufacturers.

j) If you should need any further information, telephone me at once.

5.2 To loosen/loose/to lose

a) Loosen the screws in the holder and remove every piece of the old
wire, (lines 13—14)

b) You mustn’t do it up too tightly; we have to be able to loosen those

nuts by hand.

c) One of the handles on this drawer has worked loose; do you think
you could tighten it for me?

d) You can turn the dog loose when we get to the park.
 e) Who was it who said, ‘Man has nothing to lose but his chains’?.

f) She lost one job because she couldn't be punctual, and now it looks
as if she’s going to lose another.

5.3 It + to be + adjective + infinitive

a) It is dangerous to use wire stronger than the specified amperage.

(lines 18-19)

b) I see they used nails; I think it would have been better to use screws.

c) It would probably be advisable to buy a couple of new tyres instead of

crying to repair the old ones.

d) What a place to get a puncture! The ground was so soft that it was
impossible to use the jack.

e) Will it be safe to use an adaptor and run the electric kettle off the
same point as the fire?

f) It isn’t wise to have yards of flex trailing all over the floor.

5.4 Only

a) Onlyfuse-u/ire should be used -not hairpins or old bits of any odd

wire, (lines 19-21)

b) Of all the people present, only John had any real understanding of
the problem.

c) The plumber only repaired the taps; he didn’t putin a new wash-
basin.

d) The bumper was only scratchcd; the garage needn’t have put on a
new one.

e) Prizes were awarded only to the best three contestants.

f) He only dented it a bit; he didn’t ruin it completely.

g) Tills lamp should be working; I put a new bulb in only last week.
 h) Television was invented only about forty years ago.

Unit 6
Thompson (Engineering) Ltd,
Ingleton Trading Estate,
Northwall,

Manchester, 29.

M. Auguste Némoz,
Lacoste Meunicr et Cie,
Angers,
France.

3 July 1977

Dear Monsieur Nemoz,

Thank you for vour letter dated 29 June. Mr Sanderson has told me of
vour interest in our Combine Harvester 876, and I have his report on your
recent discussions ac che Parib conference.

A major problem will be the question of a delivery date. At the moment,

we have more work than we can handle and are having to turn away orders.
However, we are thinking of raking on extra staff to cope with demand. If we
do, then I wouia nope to oe able to ouotc a reasonably early date.

On rhe technical side. I understand that you would like to send over
some of your senior engineers to work with our tenm here for a few weeks. If
this were possible, it would certainly go a long way towards eliminating manv
of the problems which some ot our customers come up against in the initial
stages'. It is a suggestion which I very much welcome, and we will do
everything possible to make such a co-operacion profitable for all concerned.

You mention in your letter that you will be coming to Manchester for a
sales conference next month. This would seem to be an ideal opportunity for
us to discuss the matter more fully. By then, I would hope to have a decision
on the question of increased production and should be in a position to discuss
a realistic delivery date.

We will also have to discuss the matter of insurance and shipment, but I
don’t envisage any complications there.

I look forward to hearing from you conccrning a date for our meeting.

With good wishes.

Yours sinccrcly,

D. R. Rivers Sales Director

6.1 Phrasal verbs - to turn

a) We are having to turn away orders, (line 7)

b) He wanted to go to university, but his application was turned down.

c) Do you think you could turn your radio down, please?

d) It’s getting late. I think i’ll turn in now.

e) I was turned out by my landlord for not paying the rent.

f) All the guests have arrived, but the speaker hasn’t turned up vet.

g) Don't worry. I’m sure your ring will turn up somewhere.

6.2 Stative verbs

a) We are thinking of taking on extra staff. (lines7-8)

b) I think you are making a big mistake.

c) He says he doesn't feel like going out tonight.

d) Are you feeling any better today

e) Do you remember me? We met at the Wilsons party last month.

f) ‘Why are you laughing?' 'I was just remembering that joke Harry cold
me last night.’
 g) Do you see chat house over there? That's where my grandfather was
bom.

h) I must have had too much to drink; I’m seeing double!

6.3 Do - pro form

a) We’re thinking of taking on extra staff. If we do, I will be able to quote

a reasonably early date, (lines 7—10)

b) I shouldn’t think I’ll go shopping today, but if I do. I’ll certainly get
some razor blades for you.

c) ‘I wish you wouldn’t talk like that.’ ‘Why not? Everyone else does.’

d) ‘Would you like a cigarette?’ ‘I don’t, thanks.’

e) We don’t really expect her to pass her driving test first time, but we’ll
be delighted if she does.

f) My father hasn’t heard the news yet, but he’ll be furious when he
does.

6.4 Conditionals

a) If this were possible, it would certainly be helpful, (lines 13-14)

b) I wouldn’t invite you if I didn’t think you’d enjoy it.

c) If he went to-Canada, how long would he stay?

d) Would you mind if I left work a bit early today?

e) It’s none of my business, of course, but if I were you, I‘d keep quiet
about it.

f) She said she would accept the job if she were offered it.

g) If you knew him as well as I did, I’m sure you’d like him.

6.5 Prepositions in final position

a) It will eliminate some of the problems our- customers come up

against, (lines 14—16)
 b) Has this glass been drunk out of?

c) Have you seen John anywhere? I’ve just been up to his room, and
his bed hasn’t been slept in.

d) Would vou mind moving, please - that’s my chair you're sitting on.

e) The kitchen floor looks clean enough to eat off.

f) Some people.think that a preposition is a bad word to end a sentence

with!

Unit 7
Wanted. Five enterprising people to
undertake challenging project.

Exactly 50 years ago, a man called Hans Wilsdorf unveiled the Rolex
Oyster case. It was the first case that was truly capable of protecting die
delicate watch mechanisms, not only against water, but also dust, dirt, shock
and the elements.

Since then, K'olex have gone on to pioneer virtually every major

breakthrough in the manufacture of the wrist-watch, from the Perpetual self-
winding movement to the Day-Date showing the date and day of the week in
full.

All this time, the Rolex owners themselves have not been idle. Lord
Hunt has conquered Everest, Sir Francis Chichester has sailed round the
world single-handed.

And Jackie Stewart and Ạrnold Palmer have become legends in the
worlds of motor racing and golf.

Now, to mark the 50th anniversary of the Oyster case, Rolex have
created the Awards for Enterprise. Theứ lim, to stimulate new projects which
carry on the tradition of enterprise and achievement associated with the name
Rolex.
 There are just five awards, each consisting of 50,000 Swiss Francs.

The Awards will be presented, together with a specially inscribed Rolex

Chronometer, to the people who submit the five most original and imaginative
projects involving Exploration and Discovery, Applied Sciences and Invention
or The Environment.

A special booklet is available from most Rolex dealers, which gives full
details of the Awards and explains the background to them.

Over the last 50 years, Rolcx watches and their owners have made
history in almost every sphere of human endeavour.

The Awards for Enterprise is a unique opportunity for five people to

write their own chaptcr in the next 50 years of Rolcx history.

Roiex of Geneva, advertisement from Time Magazine

(Europe/. (Adapted.)

7.1 Compound nouns with ‘break’

a) Since then, Roiex have Oime on to pioneer virtually every major

breakthrough in the manufacture of the wrist-watch. (lines 6-8)

b) I’ve never had a breakdown in this car — touch wood!

c) The misunderstanding was due to a breakdown of communication

more than anything else.

d) He hasn’t been completely stable since his nervous breakdown last

year.

e) The management wants a complete breakdown of your expenditure

over the last six months.

f) The police arc looking for three prisoners. Apparently there was a
breakout last night.

g) Local farmers are concerned about the recent outbreak of foot and
mouth disease in the area.
 h) He hasn't been the same since the break-up of his marriage.

7.2 Adverbials with present perfect

a) All this time, the Rolex owners themselves have not been idle. (lines
10-11)

b) The cold weather hasn’t bothered me up to now.

c) Have you been to the cinema lately?

d) No, I haven’t finished yet. I’ve only just started as a matter of fact.

e) Write your names at the top of the page, if you haven’t already done
so.

f) Since the accident, he has been rather reluctant to drive.

g) That reminds me, we haven’t seen the Wrights tor a long time

7.3 Future passive

a) The Awards will be presented to the people who submit the five most
original projects, (lines 22—24)

b) The programme won’t be televised until early in the New Year.

c) The new racing-car will be driven for the first time by Sergio
Gonzales, the reigning champion.

d) The articles will be sent through the post on receipt of your order.

e) The final will be played on 8 September, not the 1st as previously

announced.

f) The results won't be announced before the end of the month.

g) When will his book actually be published?

7.4 -ing clauses

a) Awards will be presented for the most original projects involving

Exploration and Discovery (lines 22-25)

b) In each room were showcases containing valuable antique clocks.

 c) I know the lawyer working on the case personally.

d) The girl talking to the man with the beard used to live next door to
me.

e) At the airport you’ll see a man carrying a copy of The Financial

Times. He is your contact.

f) Only those applicants holding a current driving licence will be

considered for the post.

7.5 Opportunity/chance/occasion/possibility

a) The Awards for Enterprise IS a unique opportunity forfive people to

write their own chapter in the next 50 years of Rolex history, (line? 33-35)

b) There aren’t so many opportunities tor graduates now as there were

ten years ago.

c) With his opportunities, he should have made a success of his career.

d) There’s verv littie chance ot’the situation improving in the immediate

future.

e) She has no chance of getting the job.

f) What are the chances of the operation being successful?

g) The whole family came to see my grandmother when she had her
hundredth birthday. She had a telegram from the Queen, too. It was quite an
occasion.

h) She was exrremely rude to her employer. I think she will, have
occasion to regret her words in the future.

i) The staff party is usually quite enjoyable. On one occasion we had

quite a well-known comcdian to entertain us.

j) Will you be able to come next week?’ ‘It’s a possibility.’

k) I think the idea has possibilities, but I’d like to consider all the
implications before deciding definitely.
 l) There is no possibility whatever of your being granted a gaming
licence in this town.

Unit 8
They both wore thin rubber masks.

Identical.

I looked at the two identical faceless faces in tingling disbelief. I was not
the sort of person to whom rubber-masked individuals up to no good paid calls
at twenty to midnight. I was a thirty-four-year-old sober-minded businessman
quietly bringing up to date the account books at my father’s training stables in
Newmarket.

The pool oflight from the desk lamp shone squarely upon me and the
work I had been doing, and the two rubber faces moved palely against the
near-black panelling of the dark room like alien moons closing in on the sun. I
had looked up when the latch clicked, and there they were, two dim figures
calmly walking in from the hall of the big house, silhouetted briefly against
the soft lighting behind them and then lost against the panelling as they closed
the door. They moved without a squeak, without a scrape, on the bare
polished floor. Apart from the unhuman faces, they were black from head to
foot.

I picked up the telephone receiver and dialled the first of three nines.

One of them closed in faster, swung his arm, and smashed downwards
on the telephone. I moved my finger fractionally in time with the second nine
all but complete, but no one was ever going to achieve the third. The black
gloved hand slowly disentangled a heavy police truncheon from the mangled
remains of the Post Office’s property.

From Bonecrack by Dick Francis.

8.1 Both
 a) They both wore thin rubber masks, (line 1)

b) If you can’t make up your mind which to have, why not buy them
both?

c) ‘Who’s this present for?’ ‘It’s for both of us.’

d) She is both beautiful and intelligent.

e) I’ve met him twice, and on both occasions he was extremely rude.

f) If you hold it in both hands, you’re less likely to drop it.

g) Both these books belonged to my great grandfather

h) You’ll have to decide which is more important; you can’t have it both
ways.

8.2 Compound adjectives

a) I was a thirty-four-year-old sober-minded businessman, (lines 6-7)

b) He was a fresh-faced youth who looked as though butter wouldn’t

melt in his mouth.

c) At seven, she was fair-haired and rosy-checked, just like her mother.

d) He looked very smart in his new double-breasted blazer.

e) I called him a bare-faced liar, and he gave me a black eye;

f) New-laid eggs always taste better than those you buy in the shops.

g) The film is quite good, although the story is a little far-fetched.

8.3 There

a) There they were, two dim figures calmly walking in from the hall of
the big house, (lines 14—16)

b) I had been looking all over for her, and finally found her in the attic.
There she was, sitting amongst piles of dust-covered relics of the past.

c) We lost sight of him for a minute in the crowd of passengers, but

suddenly there he was in front of us, looking exactly the same as always.
 d) There goes the bell. I’d better be off, or I shall be late for class.

e) It’s very easy to operate. You simply turn that knob, and there you
arc!

8.4 Order of adjectives

a) They moved without a squeak on the bare polished floor, (lines 18-
19)

b) We need a small round table to go in the living-room.

c) That old carved chair must be worth quite a lot of money now.

d) Her thin lined face made her look older than she was.

e) They sat and looked at their faces reflected in the dear blue water.

f) Heavy black thundcr-clouds gathered on the horizon.

g) The house itself is very attractive, but I don’t like those ugly- iron
railings in the front.

h) She spoke in a trembling high-pitched voice.

Unit 9
Surrounded by undulating country, the site, in the loveliest area of West
Sussex, is backed by thickly wooded areas to the north, but has an open view
across to the South Downs. It consists of some 20 acres of sandy peat, with a
hill in the centre and a tumulus on its peak. The pitches are dispersed among
trees, bracken, rhododendrons, etc.

The site is almost unique in the club in that there is little or no grass,
and no room for ball games! Visick is an excellent holiday site, being very
sheltered.

The attractive downland village of Graffham is about a mile away.

Cowdray Park is three miles away, and the South Downs are half an hour’s
walk. Footpaths start from the site and provide many miles of quiet and
attractive walking. The site is within one mile of the South Downs Way.

Midhurst, a very incerescing smaJl town, is close to the ruins of

Cowdray House. Petworth (another very old town, with the great house in its
park), has many treasures. Turner lived in the house for many vears.

There is a Roman villa at Bignor, about 5 miles from the sice, and
further afield a verv early Romano-Bntish palace at Fishbourne. The sea is
only about 12 miles away. There is polo in Cowdray Park and at South
Ambersham, and point-co-point racing at the Spring Bank. Holiday.

Kingsley Vale nature reserve, in the Downs, is of world-wide renown.

The Forestry Commission's ‘Northwood Forest Walk’ in Slindon Forest, which
begins in Eartham at the top of Duncton Hill, makes an interesting and
worthwhile day's outiug.

The tumulus on che hill in the centre of the site must not be used as a
pitch because it is scheduled as an Ancient Monument.

From Sites list and yearbook (The Camping Club).

9.1 Approximations

a) It consists of some 20 acres of sandy peat, (line 4)

b) At the end of the second act, there will be an intermission lasting

approximately fifteen minutes.

c) I should think there were about thirty people there altogether.

d) The hotel is a mile or so from the town centre.

e) The police doctor said he thought that death had occurred at 11.30
p.m. or thereabouts.

f) It will probably take us round about two hours to get to Dover.

g) I don’t know exactly how old he is, but he must be sixcy-odd.

h) It’ll cost roughly £300 to repair the damage.

 i) The house is more or less completed now.

9.2 Little/a little/few/a few

a) The site is almost unique in that there is little or no grass, (lines 7-8)

b) If that’s the case, there seems little point in continuing.

c) The Manager said that, in his opinion, the scheme had little chance of
success.

d) ‘How much sugar would you like?’ ‘Just a little, please.’

e) Try and exercise a little discretion.

f) Have a little brandv; it will make you feel better.

g) Few people would disagree with that.

h) There are very tew books which I can say I have really enjoyed.

i) You’ve made a few mistakes, but nothing very serious.

j) There are a few biscuits left, but not enough for all of us to have one.

9.3 -s genitive

a) The South Downs are half an hour's walk, (lines 11—12)

b) Most people want to relax when they come home after a hard day’s
work.

c) The concert was very good — an excellent evening’s entertainment.

d) What I need now is a month’s holiday in the sun!

ẹ) You’ll feel better when you’ve had a good night’s sleep.

f) He’s just returned alter two weeks’ absence.

g) They’re looking for someone with at least five years’ teaching

experience.

9.4 Mass and count nouns

a) Petworth has many treasures, (lines 17—19)

 b) With the aid of a map, the pirates managed to find where the treasure
was hidden.

c) Is that a new dress you’re wearing?

d) Dress isn’t important. It’s what you are that counts.

e) Your coat is covered in hairs.

f) Your hair looks nice; have you had it set?

g) I think there’s some paper in that drawer.

h) Did you remember to buy a paper today?

i) The light isn’t very good in here. Can you see to read?

j) We've decided to have a light fitted over the front door,

k) Have you got a light?

l) That old bedstead is made of iron,

m) Is the iron hot enough yet?

Unit 10
An observant person who sees the carcass of a small animal lying on
the ground will probably find, if he returns to the spot the next day, that the
object has disappeared. The chances are that it has been buried, either there
or nearby, by a pair oiNicrophorus beetles. They will use it as food for their
young during the larval stages. The feat of these small insects in rapidly
interring a carcass that is many times their size is remarkable enough, but it is
only a step toward the most advanced form of parental cooperativeness
known among the Coleoptera. We have spent much time watching these
burying beetles (also called carrion beetles and sexton beetles) and putting
them to various tests which demonstrate an impressive plasticity in the
behavior of the insects.
 The patient French naturalist Jean-Henri Fabre set out fleshy bait of
several kinds to lure burving beetles to where he coaid watch them. He
admired thesflittle gravediggers of the animal world. The observer cannot
watch for long. Unlike the scarab beetle of Mediterranean countries, which
walks in plain view while rolling a ball of dung to some still undiscovered
place of burial, a burying beetle quickly slides out of sight below the carcass of
a mouse or a bird it has found. There, lying on its back, the insect uses all six
of its powerful legs as levers to shift its prize. From time to time it rights itself
and bulldozes headfirst into the earth to loosen the soil and push it away.
Inconspicuously, a fraction of an inch at a time, the carcass moves horizontally
or disappears into the ground.

From ‘The social behavior of burying beetles’ by Lorus J. Milne and

Margery Milne, Scientific American. (Adapted.)

10.1 Defining and non-defining relative clauses

a) An observant person who sees the carcass of a small animal lying on

the ground will probably find, if he returns later, chat the object has
disappeared, (lines 1-3)

b) The house which we’re particularly interested in is on the right as you

go up the hill.

e) Birds which go in search of their prey at night have eyes which are
specially adapted tor seeing in the dark.

d) The teacher who can control that class deserves a medai,

e) The girl I’m talking about has fair hair and has never been to Egypc
as far as I know.

f) My father, who has been a civil servant all his life, has suddenly
decided to start his own business.

g) Their new school, which expanded rapidly in the first two years, is
now having financial problems.
 h) Corpses for breakfast, which has been described as the most
exciting detective story of the year, is to be brought out in paperback at the
beginning of next month.

i) The President’s health, which has been giving cause for some
concern, seems to have improved over the last few days.

j) The Times, which he reads every day, is his only contact with the
outside world.

10.2 Tenses in time and condition clauses

a) He will probably find, if he returns to the spot the next day, that the
object has disappeared, (lines 2-3)

b) If you leave tomorrow, we’ll be able to see you off at the airport.

c) I’ll tell him about the arrangements when I see him next week.

d) We will háve everything ready long before you arrive.

e) Let me know as soon as you’ve made up vour mind.

f) She asked them not to do anything until they had heard from her.

g) Even it you Qon't go this weekend, I shall still go.

h) I’ll take my thick coat in case it’s cold.

10.3 Long/a long time

a) The observer cannot watch for lonq. (line 18)

b) I couldn’t stand this noise tor long.

c) He hasn't been working here long, but he’s already made an

impression on the staff.

d) Have you been waiting long?

e) He came into the office yesterday, but he didn’t stay long. He had to
go to a meeting in London.
 f) ‘How long have you been feeling like this?’ ‘Oh, for a long time,
doctor.’

g) I had to wait for quite a long time before I could see the manager.

h) I haven’t seen you for a long time. What have you been doing?

i) It’s a long time since I had a holiday by the sea, and I’m really looking
forward to it.

10.4 Expressions with ‘time’

a) From time to time it rights itself and bulldozes headfirst into the earth,
(lines 24—25)

b) Don’t do anything for the time being. Just sit back and await results.

c) I seem to remember he worked for the Post Office at one time, but
I’ve no idea what he’s doing now.

d) He can be extremely generous at times, through not many people

realise it.

e) I’ve told her time and again not to leave her satchcl on the floor
where people can trip over it.

f) We took off from Heathrow at midday, and in next to no time we were

coming in to land at Orly.

g) Let’s arrange to meet in cimc to have a drink somewhere before the

play.

h) You could set your watch by old Jackson. He’s always on time.

Unit 11
The consequences if the Company is taken over

a. The area would be swallowed up in a vast region, and the needs of

the Company's present consumers would have to compete with those of the
rest of the region.
 b. Because the Authority must concentrate its limited resources on the
most urgent needs, necessary improvements to maintain the very high
standards in the Company’s area cannot be expected to receive the high
priority they receive from the Company.

c. The voice of local consumers would be far less influential. At present

there are regular consultations with the local authorities in the area through a
consultative committee (established by the'Company) and all proposals for
increased charges arc submitted to this committee before final decisions are
taken.

d. Charges would increase substantially, not only because the

Authority’s costs are higher, but also because of the pressure to equalise
burdens over the region. If the Company had become part of the Authority in
April 1974, charges would already be 50% higher than they are now.

The advantages of retaining the Company

a. The Company is able to concentratc on one function, water supply, in

an area of reasonable size. The needs of water users in this area are its
paramount consideration. There is genuine local consultation.

b. Necessary schemes arc never delayed for lack of finance because

adequate capital has always been raised ahead of requirements and spent to
ensure the continual provision of ample and reliable supplies of pure water.
And by careful planning there would be no difficulty about continuing in this
way for the foreseeable future.

c. Costs and charges are much lower. Consumers pay only 30 towards
these lower ccflts and are not forccd to subsidise other parts of the region
which, because of very different histories, have far higher charges.

From Cambridge Water Company circular.

11.1 Passive infinitive

 a) Necessary improvements cannot be expected to receive the high
priority they receive/rom tht Company, (lines 5-8)

b) Graduates of foreign universities will not be required to take the

College entrance examination.

c) All relevant documents, duly completed, should be handed in at the

Secretary’s office one week before the start of term.

d) I don’t think one ought to be disqualified for such a trifling offence.

e) In the old days most of our coal used to be transported by sea.

f) Temporary setbacks such as this must not be allowed to divert us

from our final objective.

11.2 Adverb + comparative

a) The voice of local consumers would be far less influential, (line 9)

b) The present system is considerably more efficient than the old one.

c) I thought he played much better in the semi-final than he did in the

final.

d) Water rates arc a lot higher there than they are in this part of the
country.

c) We expect our company’s profits to be appreciably larger this year.

f) Business prospects are slightly more encouraging now than they were
a year ago.

11.3 Conditionals

a) If the Company had become part of the Authority in April 1974,

charges would already be 50% higher than they art now. (lines 17-19)

b) If you had followed your father’s advice and gone into the army, you
would probably be a colonel by now.

c) He frankly admits that he would still be a labourer if it hadn’t been for

the war.
 d) He would be a rich man today if he hadn’t got involved in that lawsuit.

e) My father says that the industry would still be making a profit if the
government hadn’t taken it over.

f) I wouldn’t be here now if he hadn't leaped into the water to save me.

11.4. Infinitive of purpose

a) Capital has always been raised and spent to ensure the continual
provision of ample and reliable supplies of pure water, (lines 25-27)

b) When the parents were killed, a fund was set up to provide tor the
children.

c) This particular piece of music was written to commemorate the Silver

Jubilee of the late King.

d) Everything possible must be done to preserve the good reputation of

the company.

e) The museum authorities had a gallery specially built to house the

new collection.

f) He even sold his house to raise money for his election campaign.

Unit 12
Tunbridge Wells.

14 December

My dear Michael,

It seems ages since we heard from you — and even longer since we
last saw you.

But recently we happened to bump into Charlie Wright at a party, and

from him we learnc that you and Lucia will be coming to England over the
Christmas holidays. So I am writing straightaway - to make sure this reaches
you well before you leave Rome - in the hope that it will be possible for you
both to spend a few days with us during your stay in England.

I imagine you will be spending Christmas itself with your parents, but
surely you will have some time after that before your new term starts? We
shall be having two other friends of ours staying with us over the New Year
weekend, and it would be nice if you could come then, too. Mike and Rosa
Griffiths are old friends and a very nice couple; I’m sure you would like
them. They used to live in Italy, too, so we shall all have something in
common. And if we get some decent weather, we might all go off one day and
visit the Carters - I’m sure we can get Uncle Arthur to lend us his minibus.

There’s not a great deal to report from our end. Mary is well and still
enjoying her school-teaching (at least, I think so); the children are growing up
at a terrifying rate; I am still working for Sanderson's and liking it well enough -
though occasionally pining for the footloose days of long ago. But let’s hope
you will soon be here to see for yourselves — and help us see the New Year
in!

I'd better stop this now; I’m supposed to be spending this evening
writing Christmas cards. . .

Write or phone as soon as you can - and come!

Love from us all.

Yours ever,

Richard

12.1 Since

a) It seems ages since we heard from you — and even longer since we
last saw you. (lines 1-2)

b) Things just haven’t been the same since she went away and left me.

c) The fog was terrible, and she didn't get there till about half past
seven. Her poor husband had been waiting sincc five o’clock.
 d) Uncle Henry worked in Germany in the thirties, but he hasn’t been
back there since the war.

e) We haven’t seen much of the Joneses since we’ve been living here.

f) He hasn’t done a day’s work since leaving university.

g) On his eighteenth birthday he packed a suitcase, kissed his mother

good-bye and walked out of the house. And he hasn't been heard of since.

h) ‘Do have some of this wine; it’s marvellous. Go on, do have a glass!’
‘Well, since you insist, I will have a little.’

12.2 Used -f infinitive/used to + -ing

a) They used to live in Italy, too. (lines 16-17)

b) She used to work in their accounts department; I wonder what she’s

doing now.

c) He used to live opposite the museum, didn’t he?

d) It all looks very strange round here; didn’t there use to be a hotel on
that comer?

e) Did they use to make you learn your tables by heart at your school?

f) She didn’t use to be so bitter; in fact she never used to say an unkind
word about anyone. What can have happened to change her?

g) I hate living in a flat; I don’t think I shall ever get used to it.

h) It’s a lovely country to live in - once you get used to the climate.

i) She simply didn’t know what to say; she wasn’t used to being treated
like a lady.

j) I’d quite like to be a postman; but I don’t think I could ever get used to
getting up at five o’clock in the morning.

12.3 To get
 a) If we get some decent weather, we’ll get Unde Arthur to lend us his
minibus, (lines 18—20)

b) We didn’t get as many Christmas cards as usual this year.

c) Once old Godfrey has made up his mind, you can never get him to
change it.

d) He was out in the rain for two solid hours. At his age, it’s a wonder he
didn't get pneumonia!

e) ‘It’s number 12 Gurblebubber Street.’ ‘I’m sorry, I didn’t quite get that;
could you spell it for me, please?’

f) I’d like to have another walking holiday in Scotland one of these days
- before I get too old to enjoy it.

g) If you leave your toys on the floor, they’ll get trodden on.

h) When we got back from our holiday, it took me about two hours to get
the boiler going.

i) She had to do the shopping and then get home to get the spare room
ready for the visitors.

j) It seems strange at first, but you’ll soon get to like it.

12.4 So/not - pro forms

a) Mary is still enjoying her school-teaching (at least, I think so). (lines
21-23)

b) ‘Is Fred coming to the party?’ ‘I hope so.’

c) ‘Is he bringing his wife?’ ‘I trust not!’

d) ‘Will she have to see the doctor again?’ ‘Yes, I expect so.’

e) ‘Do you think you could lend me £10 till pay-day?’ ‘I’m afraid not; I
only have £5 myself.’

f) ‘Will they be here in time for tea?’ ‘I don’t expect so; they didn’t leave
London till after lunch.’
 g) ‘Will Peter mind lfl borrow his bicycle?’ ‘Oh. I don’t suppose so.’

12.5 Had better

a) I'd better stop this now; I’m supposed to be writing Christmas cards.
(lines 28—29)

b) If you’re not satisfied with the new pay-scale, you’d better go and see
the Director.

c) You'd better not move any of his papers; he hates anyone interfering
with his things.

d) Good heavens, look at'the time! I’d better be going.

e) We’d better be doing some work when Mr Rogers gets here, hadn't
we?’ ‘Yes, he’d better not find us sitting around chatting as if we hadn’t got
anything to do.’

f) Hadn't you better be going now if you want to catch the 6 27?

Unit 13
A correction to the misleading claims
which we seem to have made in the past

‘Like most people, I'm a bit wary of car advertisements. Whether they’re
Audi’s or anyone else’s.

So when I bought an Audi 100LS, I derided to check the results I got

against the claims they made.

We’ve been together now for 100,000 miles, and I have kept a full
record of everything I’ve spent on my car. Right down to the car wax and the
polishing cloths.

And I can only say that, in my experience, the people at Audi were guilty
of gross understatement.
 They claim that the Audi 100 is remarkably economical. But nowhere do
they tell you that it gives almost 32 mpg overall, which is what I’ve averaged
over the past five years. (I haven’t, by the way, been driving as though I was in
the Total Economy Run. My 100,000 miles include 2,000 pulling a caravan.)

They came a little closer to the truth when they said that die Audi 100 is
reliable.

My car has never broken down. It has always started in the morning,
except once when the battery was flat. It has needed no more than routine
servicing at my own local garage.

And I’ve made only two major replacements. A new tyre at 72,000 miles.
And a new exhaust system at 82,000 miles.

So were they right in claiming that the overall running costs of the Audi
100 are reasonable for a car of its size?

No.

Even in the last twelve months, including petrol, oil, servicing, spares,
tax, insurance, and everything except depredation, it has cost me only 3.16p a
mile.

When I told the people at Audi, they didn’t believe me at

first. Then they went through my figures with a fine tooth comb. Then
told me chat it was less than Autocar’s Long Term Road Test figure for the
Renault 5.

And now they tell me that their 1976 model is an improvement on mine.

It needs even less maintenance: a main service only once every 10,000
miles. They’ve increased the life of the exhaust system.

And, they say, it’s even more economical.

Well, maybe.’

Advertisement from The Observer.

13.1 Else

a) I’m a bit wary of car advertisements. Whether they're Audi’s or

anyone else’s. (lines 1-2)

b) I wish Mary would come to the staff party; everyone else’s wife is
going to be there.

c) We’ve been to Buckingham Palace, the Tower of London and

Trafalgar Square. Is there anywhere else we ought to go before we leave
London?

d) She oniy watches television when she has nothing else to do.

e) We’ve given him just about everything he asked for; whatever else
can he want?

f) My lawn-mower has never been the same since he borrowed it; I’m
certainly not lending him anything else.

g) We had to go and fetch the Manager because no one else knew

where the keys were.

13.2 Perfect infinitive

a) A correction to the misleading claims which we seem to have made in

the past, (title)

b) They appear not to have taken even the most elementary

precautions.

c) It’s all most unsatisfactory; they were supposed to have finished

painting the dining-room by the end of the month:

d) I knew they would let us down. We ought never to have trusted them.

e) You should have asked his advice before you started.

f) He arrived more than two hours late. Surely he could have telephoned
to let us know.
 g) She can't have spent more than ten minutes doing her homework. It’s
terrible.

h) He must have worked very hard to have got such’a good degree.

13.3 Inversion after adverbial

a) Nowhere do they tell you that it gives almost 32 mpg. Hines 11-12)

b) Under no circumstances would we be prepared to consider a renewal

of your contract.

c) Little did she imagine that within a year her entire life would have
changed.

d) Rarely can there have been a more dramatic start to an international

football match.

e) Seldom, if ever, had they been accorded such an enthusiastic

reception.

f) Only when the fog lifted did they realise how far they had strayed from
the pach.

13.4 No 4- comparative + than

a) It has netded no more than routine servicing at my own local garage.

(lines 19-21)

b) It is estimated that no fewer than 40,000 people were present at the

demonstration.

c) I’m afraid this department is no more efficient today than it was five
years ago.

d) It took him no less than five years to complete the first volume of his
autobiography.

c) The variation in weight must be no greater than one thousandth of a

gramme.

f) His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.
Unit 14
How baby ‘sees’ with his ears

A device has been developed that enables babies born blind to perceive
the world through echoes from an ultrasonic scanner. Dr Tom Bower, of
Edinburgh University psychology department, told the British Association
annual conference chat he gave the device to a 16-week-old boy in the us and
the child responded to it within half a minute of putting it on.

The battery-operated scanner sends out a pulse of ultra-sound through

a cone attached to the forehead. Through earplugs the baby is able to hear
echoes in stereo which tell him what lies in front. By moving his head, he can
detect sounds from different parts of the room.

The closer the object is, the lower the pitch of the sound. The bigger it
is, the louder the sound. The child can also establish whether the object is
hard or soft: a hard object will give a clear sound, and a soft one will give
a fuzzy sound with overtones. Normal voice commands can be heard by the
baby while he is wearing the device.

Bower first tried it out on a blind baby from the Berkeley children’s
hospital in California. The baby, Denis Daughters, seemed delighted and
played hide-and-seek with his mother after a few days. He enjoyed finding her
in a room. At the age of nine months, he had reached the development stage
of a normal sighted baby. He was able to perform tests such as balancing an
object on two prongs or on a table edge. This may sound trivial, but few
sighted children can perform such a task before this age.

From an article in The Sunday Times by David Dugan.

(Adapted.)

14.1 Present perfect passive

 a) A device has been developed that enables babies born blind to
perceive the world through echoes from an ultrasonic scanner, (lines 1-3)

b) A visit by the Foreign Secretary has been postponed until the spring.

c) A lot of time has been spent on preliminary discussions in order to

avoid difficulties at a later stage.

d) We’ve just heard that plans to develop the product have not been
approved by the board.

e) The two children involved in the rescue have been awarded medals
for bravery.

f) Following a night of rioting, it was announced today that the

government has been overthrown.

14.2 Within

a) The child responded to it within half a minute of putting it on. (lines 6-

7)

b) Within a month of advertising the product, their turnover increased by

over 300%.

c) Within a week of signing the lease, he was told that he was being
transferred.

d) There should be some news within the hour.

e) He wanted to live within walking distance of the station because he

has to commute to London every day.

f) He’s an airline pilot, so he’s looking for a house within easy reach of
the airport.

g) All the time I’ve known them, they’ve never lived within their income.

14.3 By + -ing

a) By moving his head, he can detect sounds from different parts of the
room, (lines 11—12)
 b) The only way she could put him off was by being thoroughly
obnoxious.

c) It’s surprising what you can leam by listening to others.

d) You can save a lot of money by using public transport instead of a

private car.

e) He lose a lot of weight by cutting out all carbohydrates from his diet.

f) They made the room seem much bigger by painting the walls white
and reducing furniture to a minimum.

14.4 ‘Pure’ future

a) A hard object will give a clear sound, and a soft one will give a fuzzy
sound with overtones, (lines 15-17)

b) You will be cold without a coat. Why don’t you borrow mine?

c) The situation will improve once the new manager takes over.

d) As it is so foggy, the flight will probably be delayed.

e) He won’t be very pleased when he hears that!

f) The striker broke his leg in the last match, so he won’t be playing any
more football for a while.

Unit 15
Wisbech, the ‘Capital of che Fens’

Place a small community in an isolated position, surround it with a

hostile environment, stir in two invasions, watch and wait. Certain traits will
develop.

This is the recipe which formed Wisbech.

The earliest recorded reference to the town was made in the Anglo-
Saxon Chronicle of 656 and listed Wisbech as a small settlement not five
miles from the coast. As such, it was battered by North Sea gales and, after
heavy rains, threatened by floods which resulted when the rain drained from
the surrounding counties into the low-lying fcnland basin which
encompassed the colony.

In those early days Wisbech was besieged by swamps, which made

travel to and from the community slow and treacherous. None but the most
determined made the journey. The struggle to exist in trying conditions
becomes a community affair, and the basis of such a tightly knit group is the
family. So, moulded by isolation and the fight against adversity, Wisbech
developed a community spirit, a faith in the family and an independent
outlook.

In the beginning, the River Ouse flowed through the town — the name
Wisbech is a combination of the old English word ‘Wissc’, which means Ouse,
and ‘Beck’, meaning a brook or stream. But sediment built up in the Ouse, and
around 1300 the course of the river changed to run through King’s Lynn; a
tributary of the Ouse, the River Nene, now runs like a vein through the town.

Most coastal towns fight a continued battle against the sea, with the
spoils equally divided, but in Wisbech’s case it is the landwhich is winning.

From an article in Cambridgeshire, Huntingdon and Peterborough Life

by John Hurst.

15.1 As/like

a) Wisbech was listed as a small settlement, (lines 6-7)

b) The bicycle, as a means of transport in towns, is extremely

convenient.

c) It’s very decorative, but as a piece of furniture it’s absolutely useless.

d) As a person he’s very nice, but as a teacher he’s not very successful.

e) The River Nene now runs like a vein through the town, (line 26)

f) They threw the sack into the water, and it sank like a stone.
 g) Sometimes he behaves more like an animal than a human being.

h) He’s been like a father to me all my life.

15.2 To make -f object + adjective

a) Wisbech was besieged by swamps, which made travel slow and

treacherous, (lines 12—14)

b) If you type your manuscript, it will make it easier for the printers to
read.

c) Their father had an unpredictable temper, which made their lives

difficult when they were younger.

d) You’ll only make life harder for yourself if you don’t make an effort to
get on with him.

c) The cost of oil has increased enormously over the last few years, and
this has made everything much more expensive.

f) Try and make it as simple as you can; their standard of English is very
low.

15.3 But

a) None but the most determined made the journey. (lines 14—15)

b) I swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.

c) Nobody but you would be capable of dreaming up such a plan.

d) Last year I didn’t get any socks for Christmas, but this year I seem to
have had nothing but!

e) Our house is the last but one on the left-hand side.

f) But for you, I would have given up long ago.

g) I'll do anything for you but that.

15.4 Past participle

 a) Moulded ky isolation and thefight against adversity, Wisbech
developed a community spirit, (lines 17-19)

b) Disheartened by so much criticism, she resolved never to write

another novel.

c) Convinced that something was wrong, they decided to investigate the

matter further.

d) Overwhelmed by so much kindness, the old lady burst into tears.

e) Left to his own devices, the child would play happily for hours.

f) Impressed by her friendly manner and self-assurance, he decided to

offer her the job.

Unit 16
William: Son of a great Earl. You grew up under the shadow of your
father’s sword.

Harold: What do you mean?

William: You could ride out of his house free and safe, to go fishing or
dance with the peasants or help with the com harvest. Free tơ let people love
you.

Harold: Love?

William: I’ve seen.them. When I was in England they’d come to the

windows and cheer when you went past. The women threw flowers, and the
old men looked at you with wet eyes. I never had time to be a hero.

Harold: You might have left a few more with their hands and feet.
Perhaps they’d have chccred louder.

William: I was fourteen; bastard son of a dead Duke with a poor dark
dukedom. Every lump of meat I ate might’ve choked me with poison. I saw my
guardians die without explanation and I watched my tutor murdered the day
we started Latin. The King of France hated me, and every little Viscount
wanted to sit in my chair. I have never had time for popularity. .

Harold: Am I meant to weep now?

William: But I had to learn, don’t you understand? There’s more to ruling
than swinging an axe and riding back in a triumphant procession. So I learnt
government.

Harold: I never said you weren’t successful.

William: How to unite a country with promises, some to one, some to

another. To make every mn work for himself, and everyone for you. To ti.ach
the King he was helping himself by helping me to beat the Viscounts, and
teach the Viscounts how they could help themselves by helping me to be
strong against the King. To know the power of every man and his one
weakness: so they must all finally kneel down before my sihgle purpose.

From A choice of kings by John Mortimer in Playbill three.

16.1 Would

a) When I was in England they’d come to the windows and cheer when
you went past, (lines 8-9)

b) In ancient rimes people used to make sacrifices to cheir gods;

sometimes they would even sacrifice human beings.

c) When the factory was in full production, as many as 5,000 of these

articles would be turned out in a single day.

d) My uncle never did a stroke of work. He would lie around all day
drinking beer and reading the sporting papers.

e) ‘How did you get to school when you were a child?’ ‘I usually went by
bus; but if it was fine. I’d walk across the field

f) He was so unsure of himself that he wouldn’t even buy a box of

chocolates without consulting his mother.
16.2 Age expressions

a) I was fourteen; bastard son of a dead Duke with a poor dark

dukedom, (lines 14—15)

b) Her father has promised to let her leam to drive as soon as she’s
seventeen.

c) Mr Jones has two sons: one fourteen, the other ten.

d) It could hardly be simpler; a child of six could do it.

e) His grandfather has just died at the age of ninety-seven.

f) My dear boy, you are twenty-three years old; you must deciđe these
things for yourself.

g) He died at sixty-five years of age, loved by many and honoured by

all.

h) He wrote the story originally for his seven-year-old daughter, little

dreaming that it would bccomc a best-seller.

i) He drives around in a ten-year-old Ford and thinks he’s a member of

the jet set.

j) The Derby is a race for three-year-olds.

16.3 Passive + infinitive

a) Am I meant to weep now? (line 21)

b) What am I supposed to say if they ask me where I got this money?

c) All members of the staff are expected to adhere to the highest

standards of professional conduct.

d) Candidates are required to bring a valid identity document to the

examination room.

e) I’m sorry the scampi were delivered late; they were intended to get
there in time for dinner.
16.4 Reflexive and emphatic pronouns

a) I learnt how to teach the King he was helping himself by helping me

to beat the Viscounts, (lines 28—30)

b) I hear old Henry' is thinking of buying himself a new car.

c) If she won’t do it for me, I’ll do it for myself.

d) Talking to oneself is supposed to be the first sign of madness.

e) He had no help whatsoever; he did it all by himself.

f) The onlv ones present werejohn and myself.

g) The project will never get off the ground; the Chairman himself has
no real faith in it.

h) I know she doesn’t want to go; she told me so herself.

Unit 17
Most marine research units are established on the coast, but fortunately
for scicnce one indefatigable researcher into natural rhythms lives and works
a thousand miles from the sea, in Evanston, Illinois. Frank Brown started work
with oysters in 1954. He found that they had a marked tidal rhythm,
opening their shells to feed at high tide and closing them to prevent damage
and drying out during the ebb. In laboratory tanks they kept this strict rhythm
going, so Brown detided to take some specimens home with him to Illinois to
examine more closely. Evanston is a suburb of Chicago on the shore of Lake
Michigan, but even here the oysters continued to remember the tidal rhythm of
their home, on Long Island Sound, in Connecticut. Everything went well for
two weeks, but on the fifteenth day Brown noticed that a slippage in the
rhythm had occurred. The oysters were no longer opening and closing in
harmony with the tide that washed their distant home, and it seemed as
though the experiment had gone wrong, but the fascinating thing was that the
behavior of the mollusks had altered in the same way and they were still
keeping time with each other. Brown calculated the difference between
the old rhythm and the new One and discovered that the oysters now opened
up at the time the tide would have flooded Evanston - had the town been on
the shore and not perched on the bank of a Great Lake 580 feet above sea
level.

Somehow the oysters realized that they had been moved one thousand
miles to the west and were able to calculate and apply a correction to their
tidal timetable.

From Supemature by Lyall Watson.

17.1 Most

a) Most marine research units are established on the coast, (line 1)

b) Most seaside towns are well endowed with theatres and cinemas.

c) According to some cynics, most advertising is just lies.

d) Most people seem to prefer to go abroad for their holidays nowadays.

e) He made a good impression on most of the people he came in

contact with.

f) I disagreed most emphatically with everything he said.

g) That’s a most interesting suggestion, but I doubt if the committee will

support it.

h) It was a very good match, and what pleased me most of all was the
way our team kept attacking even when they were two goals up.

i) It was hardly a successful evening; there were only about fifty people
there at most.

j) This is the only holiday I shall get this year, and I am determined to
make the most of it.

17.2 -ing clauses

 a) They had a marked tidal rhythm, opening their shells to feed at high
tide and closing them during the ebb. (lines 5-8)

b) He rushed out of the house, pausing only to snatch up his binoculars

and gloves from the hall tabic as he passed.

c) Taking advantage of the darkness, the prisoners slipped quietly

through the gate and made off across the fields.

d) Waving nonchalantly to his supporters, the champion strode to the

centre of the ring to meet his opponent.

e) The Professor rose to his feet, scattering papers in nil directions as

he did so, and hesitantly began to address the delegates.

17.3 Prepositions in time expressions

a) On the fifteenth day Brown noticed a slippage in the rhythm, (lines 14

—15)

b) They promised to deliver by the end of June, but the goods finally
turned up on 16 August. 

c) ‘What did you do over the weekend?’ ‘I went to a football match on

Saturday, and on Sunday afternoon I went and had tea with my grandmother.’

d) He said he would be there by lunchtime, but in fact he arrived at four

o’clock in the afternoon.

e) I shall probably be seeing them over Christmas; in fact, I think they’re

having a party on Boxing Day.

17.4 Past perfect tense

a) On the fifteenth day Brown noticed that a slippage in the rhythm had
occụrred. (lines 14—15)

b) It was only when the policc came to the house to question him that
he realised what a fool he had made of himself.
 c) The Sales Director was forced to admit that he had seriously
underestimated the difficulties of marketing the new product.

d) There was clearly no point in holding a meeting until all the

committee members had had an opportunity of studying the documents.

e) They were told that their application could only be considered when
they had filled in all the relevant forms.

17.5 Conditionals

a) The oysters now opened up at the time the tide would have flooded
Evanston — had the town been on the shore and not perched on the bank of
a Great Lake 580feet above sea level, (lines 23—26)

b) Had wc known about it a few days earlier, wc could have made the
necessary preparations.

c) The death toll would have been much greater had it not been for the
prompt assistance rendered by the rescue services.

d) The demonstration would have passed off quite peacefully — had the
organisers taken a few elementary precautions. 

Unit 18
Telephone centenary

‘Mr Watson, come here, I want you.’

This was the first intelligible sentence transmitted by telephone. The

speaker was Alexander Graham Bell; the listener, Thomas Watson, an
instrument maker who assisted Bell in his experiments. The date was 10
March 1876; the place, a boarding-house in Boston, USA; and the call,
from one room to another.
 In June of that year. Bell exhibited his invention at the Philadelphia
Centennial Exposition, and for the first time che public were able to see and
hear the devjee that was to change civilisation - the telephone.

Bell, a Scotsman, was born in Edinburgh in 1847. He studied at

universities in Edinburgh and London, he later took up school-teaching and,
like his father and grandfather, became an expert in ail aspects of vocal
performance.

In 1870 his family moved to Canada, .ind the talents, craining and
interests which he took with him from Britain played an important part in
helping him to invent rhe telephone. His mind was naturally inventive, .ind he
had A discerning ear and an excellent training in music. He Wii second to
none in his understanding of the organs of speech and the production of
speech sounds.

Bell’s original intention was not to transmit speech, but to send several
telegraph messages over a single wire at the same time. He also wanted to
send different musical tones simultaneously and then separate the tones at
the receiving end.

The real breakthrough in telephone history came when Bell and Watson
were tuning the so-called ‘harmonic telegraph’; the equipment was not
functioning as originally intended because it had been incorrectly adjusted.
Bell realised the potential in che instrument’s unexpected behaviour. Within an
hour he had given Watson instructions on making a device to transmit the
voice. The 35 following day, 3 June 1875, Watson was able to hear Bell’s
voice. Not words, just recognisable voice sounds.

From Gestetner Gazette.

18.1 To be + infinitive

a) For the first time the public were able to see and hear the device that
u/as to change civilisation, (lines 9-11)
 b) Who could have imagined that that plain littie girl was to become one
of the world’s greatest actresses?

c) The leader of the expedition walked out into the night; his
companions were never to see him again.

d) Everything suggests that he is to become the next Prime Minister.

e) We couldn’t help wondering what was to become of us.

f) That modest little workshop was to develop in the space of a few

short years into a multi-million dollar industry.

18.2 Phrases in apposition

a) Bell, a Scotsman, was bom in Edinburgh in Í847. (line 12)

b) The Headmaster, a grey-haired man in his early fifties, rose to

introduce the Chairman of the Governors.

c) The guest speaker will be Jason Broad, the well-known detective

story writer.

d) He eventually opened a hotel in Margate, one of England’s best

known holiday resorts.

e) His most successful book, Memories of tomorrow, has sold over two
million copies.

f) Nurse Harrison, calm and methodical as always, bandaged the wound

and made her patient comfortable.

18.3 Compound adjectives

a) The real breakthrough in telephone history came when Bell and

Watson were tuning the so-called 'harmonic telegraph’, (lines 29-31)

b) The police have recently arrested Mario Bentrovato, self-styled king

of the underworld.

c) Pop star Lon Brash will be making his long-awaited first appearance
in England next month.
 d) The richer nations should do everything in their power to help under-
developed countries.

e) Slow-moving vehicles must keep to the nearside lane.

f) He’s always getting into trouble; and his long-suffering parents are
always ready to help him.

g) Only card-carrying members are allowed to attend trade union

meetings.

18.4 Was able to/could

a) The following day Watson was able to hear Bell’s voice, (lines 35-37)

b) Whefi his unclc died and left him a few thousand pounds, he was
finally able to buy himself a little house.

c) We didn’t have a town-plan with us, but a passer-by was able to give
us directions.

d) The Foreign Minister could speak English, and so he was able to

dispense with the services of an interpreter.

e) Before his illness he could eat anything, but now he has to be very
careful with his diet.

f) By the time he was six he could regularly beat his father at chess.

Unit 19
Lorenzo’s policy of expansion

In 1472 Lorenzo revived the decayed university of Pisa by making it a

branch of Florence University, after coming to the conclusion that Florence
was too distracting for students anyway, and lacked sufficient lodging space.
By now, Florence had some kind of official university system, or at least a few
professors. He also made use of the new situation for partly political ends.
 Pisa hated her subjection to Florence more than any other Tuscan city.
She had once been on the level of Genoa and Venice as a maritime republic.
She had virtually owned Sardinia, together with the Genoese. Her fleet had
fought with Venice’s in a Crusade, and she had then fallen out with her about
who should own what. After her defeat by Genoese ships in 1284, her decline
had set in. She never forgot her days of glory, and resented Florence all the
more warmly for it. Lorenzo decided to do something about it. On the whole he
succeeded, though even today Florence is still something of a dirty word
there.

Also Pisa was a dull place, and full of empty houses. It was malarial.
Lorenzo decided to move all the faculties except philosophy and philology to
Pisa, subsidising it out of Florentine and papal funds, as well as a handsome
private endowment of his own. Both branches of this one university were to be
regulated by a board of five, of which he was a founder member. He felt that if
Pisa could not have the greater number of students, at least she should get
the best professors. This is why Pisa University became prominent for law,
medicine and theology, its basic subjects of that time, while remaining
something of a backwater as a town. Malaria often drove the students away,
but Lorenzo had draining operations started, and planted grass everywhere.

From Lorenzo the Magnificent by Maurice Rowdon.

19.1 Phrasal verbs - to fall

a) Her fleet had fought with Venice’s in a Crusade, and she had then
fallen out with her about who should own what, (lines 11—13)

b) They had very good crowds last season, but this year the team isn’t
doing so well and attendances have fallen off.

c) We have worked everything out to the last detail, but if one person
fails to turn up the whole thing will fall through.

d) The cavalry charged, and the enemy fell back in disorder.

 e) I have discussed this matter with my fellow directors, and I fear there
is little chance of our being able to fall in with your wishes.

f) I don’t say I want to be rich, but I’d like to have a few thousand
pounds in the bank to fall back on.

g) I hear he’s getting into financial difficulties; he’s even fallen behind
with his rent.

h) Fancy falling for an old trick like that!

19.2 All the + comparative

a) She never forgot her days of glory, and resented Florence all the
more warmly for it. (lines 14—16)

b) ‘Oh, grandmother, what big eyes you have!’ ‘All the better to see you
with, my dear.’

c) ‘How are you George?’ ‘All the better for seeing you.’

d) The fact that she repulsed him only made her all the more attractive
to him.

e) His government connections make his co-operation all the more

important to us.

f) His father’s disapproval of the venture simply made him all the more
determined to prove that he could make a success of it.

g) If he fails the first time, it will only make him try all the harder.

19.3 To be + passive infinitive

a) Both branches of this one university were to be regulated by a board

of five, (lines 23-24)

b) We understood that the proceeds of the sale were to be divided

equally between the two brothers.

c) An offer as generous as this one is not to be despised.

 d) All civilian vehicles in the disaster area are to br requisitioned to help
with the evacuation of survivors.

e) No one quite realised that the entire company was to be reorganised

following the merger.

f) I cercainly won’t accept the post if I am to be held responsible for the

errors made by my predecessor.

19.4 To have + object psut participle

a) Lorenzo had draining operations started, and planted grass

everywhere, (lines 31-32)

b) Following the earthquake, the government decided to have whole

sections of the city completely rebuilt.

c) I understand that the landlord is going to have the whole house

redecorated.

d) Following your instructions, we have had the goods despatched to

your warehouse in Folkestone.

e) She insisted on having the dining-room papered rather than painted.

f) There was no way he could cscape; the Chief of Police was having
the whole area searched, house by house.

Unit 20
Imports Galore Ltd,
3 Carrington Road,
Harwich,
Essex.

Simpson and Howell Ltd,

Morley House,
Raven Street,
 Reading,
Berks.

21 July 1977

Dear Mr Robinson,

Thank you for your letter inquiring about Mis Jacqueline Foster, who has
worked for this company since July 1972.

Mrs Foster was originally employed as a shorthand-typist, but within a

few months of her appointment she became the personal secretary of my
colleague Mr Justin Case (now with Wardle Brothers of Hitchin). It soon
became apparent to Mr Case that Mrs Foster could well serve the company in
a more responsible post, and it was largely on his recommendation that I
appointed her as my personal assistant early in 1974.

I rapidly came to the conclusion that this had been a fortunate

appointment, both for myself and for the company. Mrs Foster’s duties in this
small but lively organisation were responsible and multifarious. Though she
was primarily concerned with my correspondence — and keeping my personal
filing system in immaculate order — she also played a major part in the
reorganisation of our general office, and the marked improvement in the
efficiency of our clerical and administrative machinery over the past few years
has been largely due to her.

Mrs Foster speaks excellent French and Spanish, which has enabled
her also to be of inestimable value to me in my frequent contacts with clients
and business acquaintances from abroad, and I soon came to respect her
judgement and seek her opinion in this as in other areas of our work.

All in all, Mrs Foster has been a most valued and trusted employee of
this company. Everything she undertook was carried through with meticulous
care and unfailing good humour. She was courteous, cheerful, an excellent
colleague in every way, and I know that everyone here would agree that it was
a sad day for us when her husband’s transfer necessitated her leaving us.
 I have no hesitation in wholeheartedly supporting her application for the
post outlined in your letter. You could scarcely hope to find anyone more
suitable.

Yours sincerely,

M. J. Clarkson

20.1 It... + noun clause

a) It soon became apparent that she could well serve the company in a
more responsible post, (lines 7-9)

b) It is true that I encouraged him, but I didn’t actually help him.

c) It didn’t stem at all likely that they would ever keep their promise —
but they did.

d) His parents supported him all those years, so it is only right and
proper that he should take care of them now.

e) He was obviously after something, but it wasn’t at all clear what he

wanted us to do.

f) It was hard to understand why he had disobeyed the order.

g) I’d do anything to get that contract, but it is highly unlikely that my

firm will get it.

20.2 Concession clauses

a) Though she was primarily concerned with my correspondence, she

also played a major part in the reorganisation of our general office. (lines 14—
18)

b) Though he tried with all his might, he could not lift the trap-door.

c) They decided to postpone the match even though the weather

conditions were better than they had been for weeks

d) He went ahead with his plan although all the experts advised him
against it
 e) Powerful though they were, they never dared to challenge the
authority of the King.

f) However hard he worked, he never seemed to have any money.

g) We don’t have to do what he says even if he does work for the

government.

20.3 Mass nouns

a) The improvement in our clerical and administrative machinery has

been largely áuem hrr. (lines 18-20)

b) They couldn’t begin to do the work because they didn’t have any of
the proper equipment.

c) The thieves apparently used gunpowder or dynamite, or something of

the sort, to blow open the safe.

d) Bill is terribly absent-minded. Only last week he left all his football kit
in a taxi.

c) I gave them a cheque for a wedding present and told them to use the
money to buy a nice piece of furniture.

f) The police found a few articles of clothing in the bedroom, but there
was no other trace of the missing woman.

g) You should put a few stones at the bottom of the flower-pot before
filling it with soil.

20.4 Relative clauses

a) Mrs Foster speaks excellent French and Spanish, which has enabled
her to help me in my contacts with clients from abroad, (lines 21-24)

b) He won a huge sum of money on the national lottery, which enabled

him to buy a house and send both his sons to university.

c) She started drinking and staying out late at night, which caused her
parents a great deal of anxiety.
 d) Thirty thousand people paid to watch the fight, which more NO than
satisfied the promoters.

e) He gave up his job and devoted all his time to tennis, which amazed
his friends and infuriated his wife’s family.

f) Maxwell scored a hat-trick against Italy, which ensured his selection

for the next international match.

g) My wife had gone to a concert, and the children were at a birthday

party, which meant that I had to get my own supper.

Unit 21
A bargain portfolio

Investment in high yielding shares requires strong nerves. There is

usually a good reason why a particular share offers a yield above the average
of its scctor. The risks are greater, but so arc the possible rewards.

The idea behind a high yield portfolio is that it should not only provide
above average incomc but that there should be scope for capital appreciation,
either because falling interest rates push shares up or because there is a
change of opinion about some shares.

Our last portfolio, launched two months ago on November 7, has risen
in two months by 231%, while in the same period the Financial Times all share
index has gone up by only 18%. And our portfolio started with a 16.3% yield.
Our new package includes shares and two convertibles, and the average yield
is 13.2%. This is still nearly twice the market average. But again a word of
caution. This cxcrcise is only for money you can afford to lose because, by its
very nature, such a selection includes some speculative shares.

In spite of the progress made, we would be in no hurry to sell any

shares from our last portfolio. Trust House Forte has done remarkably well.
The hotel deal with J. Lyons has now been delayed, but even if it were to fall
through, the shares, after a first reaction, should do well on a year’s view.
Lasmo, we think, will be going public soon, and before chat happens we
undoubtedly will hear of good prospects.

From an article in The Sunday Times by Roman Eisenstein.

21.1 So

a) The risks are greater, but so are the possible rewards, (lines 3-4)

b) This office block is going to be demolished, and so is the one on the

other side of the road.

c) This report can be filed now, Miss Peacock, and so can the one from
the brokers.

d) Mr McArthur will support you at the meeting, and so will Mr Smithson.

e) The financial report in The Observer gives the impression that

Raynes and Co. is ripe for a takeover bid, and so does the one in The Times.

f) I know the management favours the new policy, and so do the major
shareholders.

21.2 Phrasal verbs - to push

a) Falling interest rates may push shares up. (line 8)

b) He seems to think he can push me around, but he’s very much

mistaken.

c) I must push on with the agenda for next Tuesday’s board meeting.
Copies will have to be sent out tomorrow.

d) The government is aiming to push the bill through as quickly as.

possible.

e) Arthur is far too self-effacing to get on. In this business you have to
push yourself forward.

f) I’m afraid Jim has a lot of ground to make up, but we should be able
to push him through the exam.
21.3 Negatives

a) We would be in no hurry to sell any shares from our last portfolio.

(lines 20-21)

b) I have absolutely no desire to be involved in underhand dealings of

that nature.

c) ‘Do you have any objections?’ ‘No, none at all.’

d) ‘Are there any reasons'why we shouldn’t make the necessary

alterations?’ ‘None that I can think of.’

e) Not one person has replied to our advertisement.

f) I’m the wrong person to ask. I’m afraid. I know absolutely nothing
about it

g) Dick says he hasn’t got time to help us; nor is he prepared to lend us
one of his staff.

21.4 Future continuous tense

a) Lasmo will be going public soon, (line 25)

b) Philip Martin is moving to our Manchester branch in the autumn, so

we’ll be looking for a replacement.

c) We’re very short staffed at the moment, so I won’t be going to the

conference this year.

d) Mr Jones will be interviewing all day, so he won't be able to see any

visitors.

e) I shall be driving up to Birmingham tomorrow, so I could take the

merchandise for you.

f) Thank you for coming, Mr Robinson. You’ll be hearing from us shortly.

Unit 22
Invitation to a Mad Hatter’s word party

Two heroic masters of the English language have now achieved the
Herculean cask of organising English idiom into a coherent system. A. p.
Cowie is a lecturer in the English Department of Leeds University, where he
teaches grammar and lexicology. Ronald Mackin has lately retired from the
staff of the Department of English as a Foreign Language at Edinburgh
University. They have been collecting and arranging idiomatic expressions of
all types since 1959, and the first fruit of their labours was published by OUP
on October 30.

Their dictionary of current idiomatic English will eventually describe,

analyse and illustrate with quotations and examples about 20,000 idiomatic
expressions arranged alphabetically and fitted into awesomely elaborate
grammatical patterns. The first volume deals in precisian’s detail with phrasal
arvijjrepcsitional verbs: those tiresome, illusively simple combinations of little
words like ‘come up with’ and ‘be out for’, which change their meaning like a
kaleidoscope at the smallest shake.

The student of idiom can gaze with a wild surmise on no tewer than 15
distinct idiomatic uses of the phrase 'go on’, and 230 entries including the
childishly simple verb ‘come’.

A ceaseless battle is fought in a living language between the

conservative, idiom, and the progressive, analogy. Idiom seeks to preserve
the old boundaries, allowing no jot or tittle of alteration in the established
phrases. Analogy with other phrases perpetually seeks to remould and extend
idiomatic uses, and analogy perpetually wins. This new dictionary of idiom will
help to guide all spectators and participants in that War of words. But, of
course, such is the damnably fluid nature of idiom that any dictionary of it
starts to grow out of date as soon as it is published.

From an article in The Times by Philip Howard. (Adapted.)

22.1 Non-defining relative clauses

a) Cowie is in the English Department of Leeds University, where he

teaches grammar and lexicology, (lines 3-5)

b) In 1945 George Orwell published Animal farm, which is surely one of

the greatest books of the century.

c) I would now like to say a word of thanks to our patron, without whom
none of our achievements would have been possible.

d) The Ruxford Prize is to be awarded to Professor Diggermann, whose

recent excavations have completely revolutionised our ideas about fourth-
century Iceland.

e) He published half a dozen novels, none of which sold more than 500
copies.

f) Wilhelmina is tall and slim - unlike her parents, both of whom are
short, stocky individuals.

23.2 Present perfect continuous tense

a) They have been collecting and arranging idiomatic expressions of all

types since 1959. (lines 7-9)

b) She has been smoking thirty cigarettes a day for the last twenty
years.

c) ‘What have you been doing all day?’ ‘Reading, mostly.’

d) It’s been raining, on and off, for a fortnight.

e) I’ve been studying French for three years now, but I still haven't
mastered the irregular verbs or the use of the subjunctive.

f) He’s been going to write a book for years — but he’s never got round
to it.

22.3 Adverb + adjective collocations

 a) These 20,000 idiomatic expressions are tú be arranged
alphabetically and fitted into awesomely elaborate grammatical patterns, (lines
13-15)

b) The childishly simple verb ‘come’ is used in hundreds of idiomatic

expressions!

c) The Minister wishes to make it abundantly clear that his department

was in no way responsible for the disaster.

d) He claimed to be acting out of friendship, but his real motives were

painfully obvious.

e) Their comments merely showed how woefully ignorant they were of

the entire situation.

f) I know you mean well, but your suggestion is patently absurd.

22.4 Phrasal verbs - to be

a) He says he wants justice, but I think he’s out for revenge, (line 18)

b) The party’s off, so there’s no point in staying here. I’m off.

c) The Detective Inspector is looking very pleased with himself this

morning. Do you think he’s on to something?

d) The children haven’t made a sound for an hour or more. I wonder

what they’re up to.

e) They said I ought to do something about it, but I don’t think it’s up to
me.

f) Are you for it or against it?

g) As soon as we saw the crowds in the airport lounge we knew we

were in for a long wait.

22-5 No + comparative 4- than

a) There are no fewer than 15 distinct idiomatic uses of the phrase ‘go
on’, (line 21)
 b) I wasn’t looking forward to the meeting, so I decided that I would stay
no longer than was absolutely necessary.

c) It’s hard to say why David isn’t doing better at school; he’s certainly
no less intelligent chan the other children in his class.

d) In years gone by it was by no means unusual for people to live out

their whole lives going no farther afield than the neighbouring villages.

e) The doctor reported that his patient was no better and no worse than
he had been the previous day.

f) Unemployment is no higher now than it was under the last

government.

Unit 23
There is no body in the family plot, says the poster, and sure enough in
the two hours traffic of Hitchcock’s latest film there IS not a corpse to be seen
or a murder to be savoured. To all appearances, Hitchcock’s 53rd. and
probably last, feature film is the gentlest of comedy thrillers: a four-handed
essay in suspense involving two kidnappers, a lady spiritualist and a taxi
driver. There is much talk of murder in the film, and much sinister to-ing and
fro-ing in graveyards: but there is little actual bloodshed, and the film’s exotic
plot is kept busy for the most part by Hitchcock’s liberal strewing about of red
herrings.

Family Plot has been damned with faint praise on its first appearances
in America and at the Cannes film festival. The film being Hitchcock’s swan-
song, disappointment has been tempered with politeness; but it is easv to see
why the film didn’t please those Hitchcock fans who expect the Master to keep
following the same paths - or at least to blaze a clear and consistent new one.
Family Plot follows so many different directions initially that one needs a pencil
and paper to keep up with it.
 One can see what the film's original grudging critics had to complain
about - the early scenes are too choked up with exposition, the later ones too
freely lubricated by coincidence. For this is Hitchcock with his tongue firmly in
his cheek. He makes his customary guest appearance as a silhouette behind
an office door, wagging a finger at a difficult client. And he would wag the
same finger at a difficult audience: at any film-goer who took Family Plot too
seriously to enjoy its rich comic undercurrent as a kind of package satire on
spiritualism, the Church and all things ‘other-worldly’.

From an article in The Financial Times by Nigel Andrews. (Adapted.)

23.1 -s genitive/‘of’ genitive

a) In the two hours’ traffic ojHitchcock’s latest film there is not a corpse
to be seen, (lines 2—3)

b) John is hoping to borrow his brother-in-law’s car for the week-end.

c) Oil is the main source of the nation’s wealth.

d) Most people are aware of Liverpool's contribution to the pop music of

the sixties.

e) Have you seen today’s paper anywhere?

f) They weren’t able to calculate accurately the cost of the visit.

g) The roof of the house was blown off in the gale last night.

h) The colour of that wall is rather unusual.

i) What is the title of the book you’d like to order?

23.2 Passive infinitive

a) In Hitchcock's latest film there is not a corpse to be seen, (lines 2-3)

b) We searched everywhere for the dog, but it was not to be found.

c) When they walked into the great auditorium there was not a sound to
be heard.
 d) I can see you’ve made up your mind, so there’s nothing more to be
said.

e) I don’t think there’s anything more to be done. Thank you tor all your
help.

23.3 To keep 4- adjective

a) The film’s exotic viol is kept busy by Hitchcock's liberal strewinq

about of red herrings, (lines 10-12)

b) The day’s correspondence usually keeps me occupied until about

twelve o’clock.

c) The party was very dull until Fred started telling jokes. He kept
everyone happy for hours.

d) Mr Barker is very popular with his students. He keeps them

interested all the time.

e) Here is a big jigsaw puzzle for the children. It should keep them quiet
for a while.

f) Try and find something to keep them amused while I'm out.

23.4 -ing clauses

a) The film being Hitchcock's swansong, disappointment has been

tempered with politeness, (lines 15—16)

b) Today being Shrove Tuesday, a lot of people will be making

pancakes.

c) That being the case, I think we had better adjourn the meeting.

d) All things being equal, we should win on Saturday.

e) Monday being a public holiday, the trains may be less frequent.

23.5 It + to be -t- adjective + infinitive

a) It is easy to see why the film didn’t please all Hitchcock’s fans. (lines
16-17)
 b) It is difficult to understand why he behaved so badly.

c) It was not hard to imagine how the public would react to the new
policies.

d) It was impossible to determine what had caused the air-crash.

e) It would be difficult to ascertain exactly where the robbers hid their

loot.

Unit 24
A cheering cuppa suits ’em to a T

It was Rupert Brooke who asked if there was honey still for tea. Well,
according to a Caterer and Hotelkeeper survey published today, there ain’t no
honey and, what’s more, there ain’t no tea.

Can it really be that the great British institution, afternoon tea, which
sustained Empire builders and the morale of the soldier in his trench and
featured so elegantly in many drawing-room plays between the wars, is gone?

‘The sad truth is that afternoon tea, possibly the last remaining British
culinary experience, simply is not a good enough profit-maker to justify its
perpetuation.’

That is the conclusion of Caterer and Hotelkeeper after a round-up of

leading British hotels.

But we have news for The Caterer and Hotelkeeper. When the clock
strikes three, out comes the porcelain and the silver tea-pot and the cucumber
sandwiches. In London at least afternoon tea lives.

‘My dear, afternoon tea is an institution,’ said the lady at the Dorchester.
‘We are nearly always packed out. People have to queue. In the winter we
serve something like 100 teas.
 'Of course, it will drop off a'bic this week, what with people on holiday
and at Goodwood.’

From 4.0 p.m. to 5.30 p.m. on Monday to Saturday there is tea in the
restaurant foyer of the Savoy. The hotel provides a selection of teas and
sandwiches with cakes, pastries and ‘the most delicious cream’.

At the Grosvenor Hotel, Victoria, afternoon tea is ‘flourishing’. At the

Ritz, tea is still served with a great deal of pomp and circumstance. ‘We do
require people to dress properly for tea at the Ritz,’ said a spokesman.
‘Gentlemen must wear a collar and tie.’

From an article in Evening Standard by Georgina Walsh.

24.1 Cleft sentences

a) It was Rupert Brooke who asked if there was honey still for tea. (lines
1—2)

b) It was my boss who first told me about the new vacancy.

c) It wasn’t John who caused all the trouble, although everyone seemed
convinced that it was.

d) It was my new dress that I ruined, unfortunately.

e) It’s Jones I want to speak to, not Johnson.

f) It must have been my sister that you saw.

24.2 Enough

a) Afternoon tea is simply not a good enough profit-maker to justify its

perpetuation, (lines 9-11)

b) If the residents make a strong enough protest, they may be able to

prevent the motorway being routed through their area.

c) It was an obvious enough example, but it seemed to cause a

considerable amount of confusion.
 d) It is usually possible to take a day off- providing one has a good
enough reason.

e) He was right in principle, buĩ he didn’t present a convincing enough

argument, and his proposal was rejected.

f) The job would be straightforward if we had a sophisticated enough

machine.

24.3 Phrasal verbs - to drop

a) Of course, it will drop off a bit this week, what with people on holiday
and at Goodwood, (lines 21-22)

b) Attendance usually drops off during the winter months.

c) It’s very embarrassing going to a concert with Aunt joan. She always
drops off half-way through.

d) Why don’t you drop in and see me next time you’re passing?

e) We’ve got too many people for the team. Someone will have to drop
out.

24.4 Do - emphatic

a) We do require people to dress properly for tea at the Ritz. (lines 29-
30)

b) You do look pale! Do you feel all right?

c) He does sound cross! Has something upset him?

d) I did enjoy myself last night! Thank you so much for inviting me.

e) She did do well in her exams, didn’t she?

f) I do like your dress. Is It new?

Unit 25
‘I thought they were joking when they
asked me to take a computer test
to find my perfect partner . .

‘That's just not on,’ I said, ‘computers are okay for travel bookings, hotel
reservations and that sort of thing . . . but really . . . when it comes to choosing
personal relationships, I want something a little more warm blooded than a
box of printed circuits!’

‘Oh, come on, how on earth could you ever find chat someone. . . that
special someone out there who likes to do all the sort of things that you like to
do, go to the sort of places you like to go and a hundred other things besides?’

‘Yes, well, you don’t quite understand. You sec, in a way, I’m a bit
special, not being big-headed or anything, but I am a bit particular in a way,
who I meet and things I like . .

‘So am I, and so are thousands of others. Dateline have over 80,000

members right now - so there’s got to be someone you would really like. . .
Besides, computer introductions are more warm blooded than you think.
Dateline have been making introductions for the past ten years, so they
should know a thing or two; some have led to spontaneous affairs, some to
pleasant relationships, and 20 others to firm, lasting friendships — even
marriage!’

'Oh, well, I don’t know if I want to go that far! Marriage, I mean!’

‘It’s entirely up to you! The computer is just a marvellous way to get you
introduced. Best of all, the people selected for you live in your area -
maybe just around the comer. Just think of that! You could be living just a few
streets away from your ideal partner!’

Advertisement from The Observer. (Adapted.)

25.1 Particular
 a) I am a bit particular in a way, who I meet and things I like, (lines 12-
13)

b) She’s very particular about who she invites to her house.

c) I don’t think the rules apply in thus particular case.

d) He assured the meeting that he had taken particular care to ensure

that all the facts were correct.

e) There’s no particular reason why you should get on with him, but it
would be easier if you did.

f) Are you inquiring about houses generally, or is there one in particular

that you’re interested in?

g) I will send you the particulars as soon as they are available.

h) She says she particularly wants to speak to you.

25.2 To get + object + past participle

a) The computer is just a marvellous way to get you introduced, (lines

24-25)

b) The staff would like to get him appointed to a full-time post.

c) His doctor is trying to get him admitted to a special hospital where

he’ll be properly looked after.

d) She’s hoping to get her book accepted by a publisher.

e) If he’s not careful, he’s going to get himself arrested.

f) He’s trying very hard to get himself elected.

25.3 Just

a) The people selected for you live in your area - maybe just around the
comer, (lines 25-27)

b) But you must know the Wilsons. They live just down the road.
 c) You’ll have to go for an interview tomorrow, but don’t worry — it’s just
a formality.

d) She was very pleased with her birthday present. She said it was just
what she wanted.

e) Take a teaspoonful of this medicine before you go to bed. It’s just the
thing for a cold.

f) Just listen to this! Have you ever heard anything so ridiculous?

g) Just a moment — I forgot to make a note of your name and address.

h) Just as he was thinking of handing in his resignation, he was offered

promotion.

i) The traffic was very heavy, and they only just got to the airport in time.

j) It’s just as well I went to the bank this morning - I wouldn't have had
time this afternoon.

25.4 Could be + -ing

a) You could be living just a few streets away from your ideal partner.
(lines 27-28)

b) You realise you could be making a terrible mistake?

c) He could be working in London, but I’m not absolutely certain of it.

d) I suppose they could be waiting for a bus, but they look very
suspicious to me.

e) Why are you eating fish and chips when you could be eating caviare?

f) With his voice, he could be singing at the greatest opera houses in

the world.

g) Our personnel officer could be earning twice as much if she went to

work for our competitors.

h) If I were rich, I could be lying on a beach somewhere instead bf

sitting behind this desk.
Unit 26
The Peter Principle is derived from the analysis of the hundreds of
cases of incompetence in organisations which can be seen anywhere. The
Principle states that ‘in a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to his level of
incompetence’, and it applies to all organisations.

The Principle assumes a constant quest for high performance. Hence

people competent at their jobs are promoted so that they may do still better.
Competence in each new position qualifies for promotion to the next, until
each individual arrives at a job beyond his abilities and therefore no longer
performs in a way that gains further promotion. This is his level of
incompetence. Given two conditions, enough ranks in the hierarchy to provide
promotions and enough time to move through them, all employees rise to and
remain at their level of incompetence. This can be stated as Peter’s Corollary:
‘In time, everv post tend* to oc occupied by an employee who is incompetent
to carry out its Junes. ‘Every employee ultimately achieves Peter’s Plateau, at
which his Promotion Quotient 'PQ1 is zero.

How then is any work ever accomplished? Work is done by those who
have not yet reached their level of incompetence. There can be occasional
instances ot ‘summit competence’ where competent company chairmen or
victorious field marshals have not yet had time to reach their level of
incompetence. Frequently such persons side-step into another field whose
hierarchy enables them to attain a level of incompetence not available to them
before.

From Writers on organisations by D. s. Pugh et at. (Penguin.)

26.1 Negative prefixes

a) Hundreds of cases of incompetence can be seen anywhere, (lines 2-

3)
 b) It’s very inconsiderate of the neighbours to leave their car parked
across our drive.

c) Tougher measures were introduced when it became clear that the

existing policies were ineffective.

d) That child is unnaturally intelligent for its age.

e) The government is concerned about the level of unemployment in

certain areas of the country.

f) He was always unpopular, even as a child.

g) The situation could changc, I suppose, but it’s highly unlikely.

h) We’ve considered the advantages of the scheme. Now let’s look at

the disadvantages.

i) It’s a wonder she ever gets anything done, she’s so disorganised.

j) I don’t know why she dislikes me so much. I’ve never done anything
to her.

k) The hotel bar is open to non-residents.

l) This compartment is a non-smoker.

m) I’ve been working non-stop since the beginning of the month.

26.2 Sentence connectors - result

a) The Principle assumes a constant quest for high performance. Hence

people competent at their jobs are promoted (lines 6-8)

b) He didn’t study very hard at school. Consequently, he's finding the

going very difficult now.

c) I'm going to be very busy next week, so I don't think I’ll be able to
come.

d) ‘I see that this is your first offence,’ said the Judge: ‘therefore, I
propose to deal leniently with you.’
 e) Demand for the product dropped off steadily over a period of about
two years. As a result, the company had to reduce its work force.

f) The litmus paper has turned blue. Thus we can tell that the solution is
alkaline.

26.3 Still

a) People competent at their jobs are promoted so that they may do still
better, (lines 7-8)

b) You said you thought the last one was big. Just wait until you see this
one. It’s bigger still!

c) The line is still engaged, I’m afraid. Would you mind ringing back
later?

d) He still wants to work in industry, even though everyone has told him
he’s not cut out for it.

e) I know you don’t get on very well. Still, she is your sister, and you
ought to make the effort.

26.4 Verb* + prepositions

a) All employees rise to and remain at their level of incompetence.

(lines 14—16)

b) All employees must have a complete understanding of and -

dedication to the aims of the company.

c) Manufacturers must conform to and abide by certain standards laid

down by the government.

d) Some people are indifferent to and remain unaffected by the

pressures of modem society.

e) He was a man who believed in and indeed dedicated his life to the
promotion of international understanding.

26.5 Phrasal verbs - to carry

 a) In time, every post tends to be occupied by an employee who is
incompetent to carry out its duties, (lines 16-18)

b) It was a difficult meeting, but he carried it off very well.

c) I know you’re excited about the new house, but don’t get earned
away!

d) The teacher told them to carry on with what they’d been doing the
day before.

e) The way he carries on, you’d think he was the manager, not the chief
clerk!

f) Having done so much work on the project, it’s worth carrying it

through to its conclusion.

Unit 27
Philatelic auctioneers’ standard terms
and conditions of sale

1. The highest bidder of each lot shall be the purchaser thereof. If any
dispute arises as to the highest bidder the Auctioneer shall determine the
dispute and may put up again and re-sell the lot in respect of which the
dispute arises.

2. (a) The bidding and advances shall be regulated by and at the

discretion of the Auctioneer. The Auctioneer reserves the right to refuse a bid.

(b) The Purchaser of each lot shall at the sale if required (i) give his or
her name and address to the Auctioneer and/or (ii) pay into the hands of the
Auctioneer at his discretion either the whole or part of the purchase money. If
any Purchaser fails to comply with the foregoing conditions the Auctioneer
may put up again and re-sell any lot a respect of which such failure is made; if
upon such re-sale a lower price is obtained tor such a lot than was obtained
on the first sale the difference in price shall be made good by (and a debt due
from) the Purchaser in default upon the first sale.

(c) Where an agent purchases on behalf of an undisclosed client such

agent shall be personally liable for payment of the purchase price to the
Auctioneer and for safe delivery of the lot to the said client.

3. (a) The Auctioneer reserves the right to bid on behalf of Clients and
Vendors but shall not be liable for errors or omissions in executing instructions
to bid.

(b) The Auctioneer reserves the right before or during a sale to group
together lots belonging to the same Vendor or to split up and/or to withdraw
any lot or lots.

From Catalogue of Cavendish Philatelic Auctions.

27.1 Shall

a) The highest bidder of each lot shall be the purchaser thereof, (lines
1-2)

b) In all matters relating to the conduct of the competition and the

awarding of prizes, the editor’s decision shall be final.

c) 'With rings on her fingers and bells on her toes. She shall have music
wherever she goes.’

d) 'I’m cold.’ Shall I close the window? Shall I bring you a hot-water
bottle?’

e) I know he doesn’t want to go to the meeting - but he shall go,

whether he likes it or not!

f) Whatever else happens, they shall have no reason to complain of our

failure to co-operate.

27.2 Verb prefixes

 a) The Auctioneer shall re-sell the lot in respect of which the dispute
arises, (lines 4—5)

b) No candidate who has been disqualified shall be re-admitted to the

examination room.

c) He always had a tendency to over-indulge his taste for strong liquor.

d) He had such a strange accent that I only half-understood what he

said.

e) It would be dangerous to underestimate his ability.

f) He outbid all his rivals and acquired the painting for £107,000.

g) The ruins now being excavated undoubtedly ante-date the coming of

the Romans.

h) I want your cheque now. You can post-date it if you like.

27.3 Such

a) The Auctioneer may put up again and re-sell any lot in respect of
which such failure is made, (lines 14—15)

b) Any such arrangement should be in writing and signed by both

parties.

c) Such disagreements are only to be expected from time to time.

d) It was a long time since there had been such a high poll at a by-
election.

e) It’s a difficult situation for you. You must make such arrangements as
you think necessary.

f) They thought I wanted to make the spcech in order to criticise them,

but such was certainly not my intention.

g) I promised to use all my influence — such as it was — to further cheir

cause.
 h) I don't disapprove of television as such, but you must agree that
many of the programmes are utter rubbish.

i) I am sure that greac novelists such as Dickens and Tolstoy had

someone to sharpen their pencils ior them!

27.4 Noun + infinitive

a) The Auctioneer reserves the riqht before or during a sale to group

together lots belonging to the same Vendor, (lines 27-28)

b) Every man has a right to defend the things he owns - and a duty to
defend the things he loves.

c) There is no one here who has the authority to take such a decision.

d) I will make you an offer, but you are under no obligation to accept it.

e) They had no business to interfere; it was our responsibility.

f) He made no secret of his determination to win at any price.

Unit 28
That language is highly complex is shown by the fact that up to now it
has not proved possible to translate mechanically from one language to
another, with really satisfactory results. The best programmed computer still
cannot consistently translate from, say, Russian into English. The fault lies noc
in the computer but in the failure to provide it with sufficiently accurate
instructions, because we are still unable to handle this vastly complex system.
It has been calculated that if the brain used any of the known methods of
computing language, it would take several minutes to produce or to
understand a single short sentence!

Secondly, language is productive. We can produce myriads of

sentences that we have never heard or uttered before. Many of the sentences
in this book have been produced for the first time, yet they are intelligible to
the reader. It is clear that we have some kind of sentence-producing
mechanism - that sentences are produced anew each time and not merely
imitated. One cask of grammatical theory is to explain this quite remarkable
tact

Thirdly, language is arbitrary. There is no one-to-one relation between

sound and meaning. This accounts for the tact that languages differ, and they
differ most of all in their grammatical structure. But how far are these
differences only superficial, in the shape of the words and their overt
patterns? Some scholars would maintain that ‘deep down' there are strong
similarities — even ‘universal’ characteristics, disguised by the superficial
features of sound (and perhaps of meaning). It is not at all clear how we can
find the answer to this problem.

From Grammar by Frank Palmer (Penguin). (Adapted.)

28.1 Conditionals

a) If the brain used any of the known methods of computing language, it

would take several minutes to produce or to understand a single short
sentence, (lines 9-12)

b) If he really wanted to go, I’m sure he would make the effort.

c) If they weren’t so aggressive about everything, they would probably

be more popular.

d) He could easily get the co-operation of his staff if he gave them some
encouragement.

e) If you asked him, he might agree, but he won’t listen to me.

f) Even if everything went according to plan, which I doubt, the scheme

couldn’t possibly be in operation before the end of next year.

28.1 To take — in time expressions

a) It would take several minutes to produce or to understand a single

short sentence. (lines 10-12)
 b) It had taken her hours to write the report, and she still didn’t feel
completely satisfied with it.

c) The journey should take two hours, but in this weather It could take
much longer.

d) Will it take long to read?

e) It took him all day to answer his correspondence.

f) At the moment you're taking far too long to answer each question;
you’ll have to try and speed up before the exam.

18.3 Compound adjectives

a) It is clear that we have some kind of sentence-producing mechanism.

(lines 17-18)

b) He emerged from the jungle to find himself face to face with a man-
eating tiger.

c) It’s an interesting hobby, but it’s becoming more and more time-
consuming.

d) The little girl turned round and gave her grand-father a heart-warming
smile.

e) As the plane flew over the Alps, the view was breath-taking.

f) No one was actually hurt, but it was a nerve-shattering experience.

28.4 To be + infinitive

a) One task of grammatical theory is to explain this quite remarkable

fact, (lines 19-21)

b) Your job will be to make sure that there is effective communication

between the various branches of our organisation.

c) Her ambition is to take part in the next Olympic Games and win a
gold medal for her country.

d) His one aim in life is to be as successful as his father.

 e) Her plan is to go to university when she leaves school and then work
abroad for a few years.

f) The idea of the scheme is to relieve traffic congestion in the centre of

the town.

Unit 29
Probability paradoxes

Probability theory is a field of mathematics unusually rich in paradoxes

— truths that cut so strongly against the grain of common sense that they are
difficult to believe even after one is confronted with their proofs. The paradox
of birth dates is a sterling example. If 24 people are selected at random, what
would you estimate the probability to be that two or more of them will have the
same birthday (that is, the same month and day of the year)? Intuitively you
feel it should be very low. In fact, it is 27/50 or slightly better than 50 per cent!
George Gamow, in One Two Three - Infinity, gives the following simple
method of arriving at this unexpected result. The probability that the birthdays
of any two people are not alike is clearly 364/365 (since there is only one
chance in 365 chat one person’s birthday will coincide with another’s). The
probability that a third person’s birthday will differ from the other two is
363/365; a fourth person’s, 362/365, and so on until we reach the 24th person
(342/365). We thus obtain a series of 23 fractions which must be multiplied
together to reach the probability that all 24 birthdays arc different. The final
product is a fraction that reduces to 23/50. In other words, if you were to bet
on at least one coincidence of birth dates among 24 people, you would in the
long run lose 23 and win 27 out of every 50 such bets. (This computation
ignores 29 February and also the fact that bịrth dates tend to be concentrated
more in certain months than others; the former lowers the probability, the latter
raises it.)

From Mathematical puzzles and diversions by M. Gardner (Penguin). 

29.1 Noun + adverb 4- adjective

a) Probability theory is a field of mathematics unusually rich in

paradoxes, (lines 1-2)

b) Geologists soon realised that it was an area unusually rich in mineral

deposits.

c) It must have been a dreadful blow for a man inordinately proud of his
family’s good name.

d) He wearily returned home at the end of a day depressingly similar to

every ocher day.

e) The Emperor intended that his Silver Jubilee celebrations should

provide a spectacle utterly unlike anything chat had been seen before.

f) The doctor prescribed a course of treatment likely, in my opinion, to

have an effcct positively damaging to the patient’s hopes of recovery.

29.2 Result clauses

a) There are truths that cut so strongly against the grain of common
sense that they are difficult to believe even after one is confronted with their
proofs, (lines 2—4)

b) His argument was so full of inconsistencies that no one could take it

seriously.

c) There have been so many books written about this subject that a
student hardly knows where to start.

d) It was such an amazing coincidcnce that everyone suspected it had

been sccretly planned in advance.

e) So consistently and firmly did he protest his innocence that even his
most violent accusers began to have doubts.

f) In my opitiion, there will be such a violent reaction to the new

measures that the government will be forced to change its mind.
 g) His play would have aroused so much criticism that the management
would have been forced to take it off after a couple of performances anyway.

29.3 Object - infinitive

a) What would you estimate the probability to be that two or more of

them will have the same birthday? (lines 6—7)

b) At first sight one would expect the answer to be somewhere in the

region of 75%.

c) You would never imagine a man like that to be the author of one of
the most exááng novels of recent years. 

d) I had always supposed him to be an accountant, or something of that

sort.

e) Most critics reckoned her to be the outstanding actress of her

generation.

f) To think that he was a blackmailer! When everyone had believed him

to be such a sterling character!

29.4 Any, anyhow, etc.

a) The probability that the birthdays of any two people are not alike is
clearly 364/365. (lines 13-14)

b) I have no idea why he isn’t here. There could be any number of

reasons.

c) You needn’t think you’re a genius. Anybody could have worked that
out.

d) The thieves got away with half a million pounds, and the police have
found no trace of them. They could be anywhere in the world by now.

e) It’s their golden wedding, so we can’t just give them any old present.
It must be something spccial.

f) He doesn’t take any real interest in his work. He just docs it anyhow.
29.5 Conditionals

a) If you were to bet on at least one coincidence of birth dates amontịỊ

24 people, you would in the long run lose 23 and win 21 out of every 50 such
bets, (lines 22—25)

b) I think she would have greater security if she were to sell her stocks
and shares and buy a house.

c) I don’t know what he would do if anything were to happen to his wife.

d) If you were to take their estimate and multiply it by three, you would
have a pretty accurate idea of how much the work would actually cost.

e) If those two people were to leave, the whole firm would probably
collapse. 

Unit 30
Seven minutes later, McKenzie demonstrated the art of positional play.
When Latchford centred from the left, McKenzie stole in unnoticed at the far
post to volley the ball cnsply into Blyth’s arms.

We had to wait oniy a further two minutes for confirmation that

McKenzie had lost none of his speed off the mark in Belgium. As Holmes and
Dugdale floundered on the slippery surface, he nipped past them to flick the
ball a foot outside the post.

Coventry interrupted McKenzie’s virtuoso performance by winning

control of the midfield and putting the Everton goal in danger with an
ambitious chip shot by Beck from 25 yards that sailed only a few feet wide of
the far post.

Seven minutes before the interval. Beck tried a similar shot from 30
yards with more success after Wallace had headed the ball back to him. This
time, with Davies well off his line, the ball dropped neatly into the corner of the
net.
 Rioch dragged a shot wide of an open goal, and Hutchison, Coventry’s
most expensive player, twice shot wide at the other end before Coventry took
the lead after 62 minutes with a penalty from Coop after Hutchison had been
fouled by McNa,ught.

Wallace made it 3-1 a minute later with his first goal for Coventry during
a moment of confusion in the Everton defence, and the referee helped to
protect their lead by ruling McKenzie off-side instead of allowing him a goal in
the 76th minute.

Kenyon headed Everton back into contention from Goodlass’s corner

eight minutes from the end, but Murphy restored Coventry’s lead seven
minutes later after Beck had shot against the bar.

Wallace was refused a second goal in injury time when Davies

appeared to have let his shot slip over the line before he was fouled by
Murphy.

From an article in The Sunday Telegraph by Colin Malam.

(Adapted.)

30.1 Past participle

a) McKenzie stole in unnoticed at the far post, (line 3)

b) I don’t think you should have gone in unannounced like that; it was
asking for- trouble.

c) We captured three of the enemy who were trying to creep up on our

position unobserved.

d) Do this for me, and I promise that you won’t go unrewarded.

e) He strode into the room and sat down uninvited.

f) They could hardly have supposed that their absence would go

undetected.

30.2 Infinitive expressing consequence

 a) McKenzie stole in to volley the ball crisply into Blyth’s arms, (lines 3-
4)

b) After a shaky start, the favourite got into his stride and galloped on to
win by two lengths.

c) They returned home in the early hours of the morning to find that the
house had been ransacked during their absence.

d) He finally made up his mind and entered the tournament - to discover

that he had been drawn against the number one seed in the first round.

e) After a tremendous battle, the champion took the lead three laps from
the end — only to be forced into the pits by gear-box trouble.

f) He strode confidently towards the green — to discover his ball lying

half-buned under the lip of a bunker.

30.3 Past perfect tense

a) Beck tried a similar shot with more success after Wallace had headed
the ball back to him. (lines 15-17)

b) Moore scored from a penalty after Johnson had been fouled by

Smith.

c) He didn’t play very well in the final, probably because he had had
several long and difficult matches in the earlier rounds.

d) When he had weakened his opponent with a series of heavy blows to

the body, the title-holder began to look for an opening for his deadly right
cross.

e) He had played copy-book golf throughout the tournament, but in the

final he seemed to lose all his confidence.

f) In the first set she had concentrated on her opponent’s backhand;

now she began to rush the net and volley her way to victory.

30.4 Adverb
 a) Hutchison twice shot wide at the other end. (lines 21—22)

b) Our products are widely used in the USA.

c) ‘I’m pretty sure he’s going to win.’ ‘I’m dead certain of it!’

d) The children were prettily dressed in summer frocks and straw

bonnets.

e) The great thing about this new weapon is that it is deadly accurate.

f) He had to brake hard when he came to the bend.

g) It was so tightly wedged that I hardly knew how to loosen it.

h) The thieves got clean away and went direct to their pre-arranged
hideout.

i) The doctor said the bone was broken cleanly, so there shouldn’t be
any complications.

j) I promised to phone her directly I got home.

k) You have to be there at ten sharp — so hurry!

l) She’s very temperamental. If you speak sharply to her, she’s likely to

burst into tears, m) He likes winning, but he always plays fair, n) He certainly
won a lot of money, but I’m fairly sure he wasn’t cheating.

Unit 31
‘This is the sitting-room,' said Nan. ‘It’s in the most terrible mess. But at
least it is human; it’s lived in.’ And lived in it clearly was — to an unfamiliar
visitor like Peter the room appeared like a chart of some crowded group of
islands. Deep arm-chairs and sofas covered in a faded flowered material
stood practically next to each other, and where the bewildered navigator might
hope to pass between them there was always some table or stool to bar his
way. Movement was made the more dangerous because some breakable
object was balanced precariously on every available flat surface. There were
used plates and unused places, half-finished dishes of sandwiches, half-
empty cups of coffee, ashtrays standing days deep in cigarette ends; even the
family photographs on the mantelpiece seemed to be pushing half-finished
glasses of beer over the edge. It was impossible to sit down, for all possible
places were filled with books, sewing, opened-out newspapers and in one
case a tabby cat and two pairs of pliers. When at last they cleared some
chairs the springs groaned and creaked beneath their weight as they sat
down. In the one into which Peter unsuspectingly sank the springs were
broken, and he hit the backs of his knees against the wooden frame.

Angus Wilson (adapted) — Cambridge Proficiency, June 1972.

31.1 Some

a) The room appeared like a chart of some crowded group of islands.

(lines 4—5)

b) ‘Who was that at the door?’ ‘I don’t know. Some woman collecting for
charity.’

c) ‘Where did you learn that?’ ‘I read it in some book or other.’

d) I hope we meet again some day.

e) Some days I feel full ot energy, and others I can’t be bothered to do

anything.

f) Some children really enjov school, but others absolutely hate it.

g) He spoke at some length on the evils at modern society.

h) He had been waiting for some rime and was beginning to gee rather
impatient.

i) The house is some way away from the nearest rown, and the bus
service isn’t very good.

31.2 Infinitive clauses

a) There was always some table or stool to bar his way. (lines 8—9)
 b) If you run into difficulties, there’s usually someone around to give you
a hand.

c) You need an expert to advise you on that.

d) I had to stay with ray grandmother when she was ill. She needed
someone to do the shopping and cleaning.

e) Someone had to tell him the bad news; I’m glad you were the one to
do it.

f) He was the only person to realise that the plan was unworkable.

g) The museum is well worth a visit. You’re bound to find something to

interest vou.

31.3 Way

a) There was always some table to bar his way. (lines 8—9)

b) You're always getting in the way. Can’t you find something to do?

c) No wonder you can’t see it - you’re looking the wrong way!

d) If you can’t find, it, you'll have to ask someone the way.

e) Do you know the name ot the people who live over the way?

f) Will you try and remember to get some bread on your way home?

g) It doesn’t really matter which way you do it.

h) I assumed from the way you said it that you didn’t approve.

i) If I can help you in any way, don’t hesitate to let me know.

31.4 Adjective suffixes - -able/-ible

a) Some breakable object was balanced precariously on every available

flat surface, (lines 10-11)

b) The homemade soup was not a great success. In fact, it was barely
edible.

c) I found the book extremely readable.

 d) Your handwriting is virtually illegible.

c) The acoustics in the hall were so bad that the speaker was scarcely
audible,

f) She has an extremely lovable nature.

Unit 32
Quietly, and without pain, he began to cry, and remembered how in his
childhood he had often wakened crying at night. But in spite of that he had
been happy as a boy, and now his early years Sĩemed all to have been lived
in sunlight or among green trees. There were gleams of yellow and gold in his
memory, of oranges and honey and the dining-room curtains on a morning of
summer wind. He thought of his mother’s large white arms, and his father's
close-cropped hair. His father had been a professor of mathematics, and he
one of five children. He remembered the ridiculous family procession to
church, every week, all in stiff clothes, and his father’s cigar on the homeward
walk. One Sunday there had been a strange preacher, a distinguished visitor
to the university, who before beginning his sermon had stood, for a long time
as it seemed, looking slowly from one to another of the assembled people,
then said quietly, as if disclosing a secret, ‘Be still, and know that I am God’.
Believing the words to be a statement of fact instead of a dramatic
introduction, he, still a child, had been badly frightened.

When he grew up he had quarrelled with his brother, and later his father
had been imprisoned becausc he held dangerous political views. His father
had been a talkative man, given to expounding with great energy his views on
every conceivable subject, but readily silenced by his wife’s voice.

Eric Linklater (adapted) - Cambridge Proficiency,

December 1972.

31.1 Sentence connectors - concession

 a) In spite of that he had been happy as a boy (lines 3—4)

b) He swore he was in love with her, though I must admit he had a

strange way of showing it!

c) They invested their legacy in Woolbank Ltd, despite the fact that their
broker advised them against it.

d) Everything he had done since he joined the company had failed

disastrously. Nevertheless, the manager decided to give him one more chance
to prove himself.

e) She had failed the exam four times, yet she never gave up hope that
she would pass it one day.

f) I don’t feel in the least like going to this party tonight. All the same, I
think I’d better go.

g) The standard of your essay was very low indeed. Still, it was a slight
improvement on the last one you wrote.

32-2 Perfect passive infinitive

a) His early years seemed all to have been lived in sunlight, (lines 4-5)

b) The police found Alfred’s body on the ground floor of a derelict

cottagc. He appeared to have been murdered.

c) The bomb was thought to have been planted in the basement.

d) I am supposed to have been invited to the reception tomorrow, but I

haven’t received an official invitation.

e) Scotland Yard is looking for Anthony Crowther, alias Peter Blunt; he is

thought to have been involved in a senes ot crimes carried out in the
Nethcrcroft area of Bornham.

f) Coleridge is known to have been influenced by Wordsworth

32.3 -ward /-wards

 a) He remembered his father’s cigar on the homeward walk, (lines 12-
13)

b) Whenever she was alone, her thoughts travelled homewards.

c) He strode away without so much as a backward glance.

d) John was always thought to be a backward child, but on reflection I

think he was just extremely lazy.

e) I knew the set books backwards when I went into the exarm

f) She spent most of last week travelling backwards and forwards

between her home and the hospital.

g) What this company needs is some forward planning.

h) Will everyone on the front row please take one step forward.

i) Profits are unfortunately showing a downward trend at the moment.

j) The examination papers were laid face downwards on the desks.

32.4 To grow

a) When he grew up he Had quarrelled with his brother, (line 21)

b) He had a terrible temper as a child, but he seems to have grown out

of it now.

c) When it began to grow dark, she drew the curtains and lit a fire.

d) I hated the school when I first started, but I grew to like it in the end.

e) Your hair looks nice. Are you growing it?

f) The grass grew about six inches while we were away on holiday.

g) I didn’t like thac record at all when I first heard it, but it’s beginning to
grow on me.
Unit 33
The early years of the nineteenth century saw English villagers crossing
oceans, and many others drifting into the industrial districts at home. Here,
with the ‘age of coal and iron’ come in earnest, a new order of life was
beginning, and the circumstances under which it began led to a new kind of
unrest.

Immigrants to the mining and industrial districts were leaving an old

rural world essentially conservative in its social structure and moral
atmosphere, and were dumped down in neglected heaps that soon fermented
as neglected heaps will do, becoming highly.combustible matter. Very often
their food, clothing and wages were less bad than they had been in the farms
and country cottages they had left. And they had more independence than the
agricultural labourer whose wages were eked out by poor relief. But migration
to the factories had meant loss as well as gain.

The beauty of field and wood and hedge, the immemorial customs of
rural life - the village green and its games, the customs of spring and harvest,
the field sports - had supplied a humane background and an age-long tradition
to temper poverty.

They were not reproduced in mine or factory, or in the rows of mass-

produced brick dwellings erected to house the hands. The old rural cottages
whence they came had indeed often been worse places to live in materially,
picturesque but ruinous and insalubrious. Yet it was not impossible to
have some feeling for a rickety window embowered in honeysuckle, or a
leaking roof that harboured moss and doves! Such affection could not be
transferred to town slums. It cannot even today be felt for the model
workman’s flat.

G. M. Trevelyan (adapted) - Cambridge Proficiency, June 1973.

33.1 Verb 4- object 4- -ing

 a) The early years of the nineteenth century saw English villagers
crossing oceans, (lines 1—2)

b) Did you notice anyone waiting in reception as you came in?

c) I’d better go and check the dinner. I’m sure I can smell something
burning.

d) She lay perfectly still, wondering what had woken her. Suddenly, she
felt something crawling up her leg.

e) He heard footsteps coming up the drive and got up to sec who it

could be.

f) They found her lying face down on her bed, sobbing her heart out.

33.2 Put continuous tense

a) Immigrants to the mining and industrial districts were leaving art old
rural world, (lines 7-8)

b) She was enjoying herself and was reluctant to leave so early.

c) He first became interested in drama when he was working abroad.

d) I’m sorry, I didn’t hear you call. I was listening to the news on the
radio.

e) There was a long queue at the customs desk; everyone was being
searched.

f) He turned round nervously. He had the unmistakable feeling that he

was being followed.

g) At the time, she was living in a bed-sitter in a dingy part of the city.

h) He was drinking heavily, and his work was suffering as a result.

33.3 Will

a) The heaps soon fermented, as neglected heaps will do. (lines 10-11)

b) He will keep interrupting me; it’s most annoying.

 c) ‘The butter’s gone off.’ ‘Well, it will do if you don’t keep it in the fridge.’

d) ‘I think I’m getting a cold.’ ‘Well, if you will go out without a coat, what
can you expect?’

e) I’m worried about my mother, but she will insist on living on her own.

33.4 Nouns in -ing

a) Their food, clothing and wages were less bad than they had been
(lines 12-13)

b) She had a lot of heavy shopping and decidcd to go home by taxi.

c) My grandmother took her knitting with her wherever she went.

d) He opened a small antique shop in the High Street, and before long
he was earning quite 3 good living.

e) My old auntie always cries at weddings!

f) Do you usually have two helpings of everything?

g) You’ve got nothing to complain about. Count your blessings!

Unit 34
Television was strictly rationed in that household to informational and
uplifting items. We concluded our first evening’s entertainment with 3 lengthy
programme, dircct, of the closing session of the Democratic Party convention.
Even on the small scrccn the pitch of excitement came over. What was
actually being said was as usual of no moment, except as faint garbled
intimations of the cross-currents of energy, purpose and confusion beneath.
The very absurdity of the hats and balloons and bands and cheering, the very
hollowness of the words spoken by men as if they had that power that the
historian will almost certainly deny them, are moving. Here, one may feel, is
collective man casting his bread upon the waters in a great act of faith which
he pretends is a great assertion of knowledge.
 The television was switched off at ten thirty, and the household was
packed up for the night. Unaccustomed as I am to sleeping at that hour — to
say nothing of the heat — I would have been happy to sit up reading, or
making notes for my journal, for a couple ot'hours. But when Dr Belle 20
packs up a household it is packed up. And as I was obliged to intrude yet
again on Aunt Minnie, who had to share a bedroom with me, there could be no
question of self-indulgent reading upstairs.

Heather Gilead (adapted) - Cambridge Proficiency, June 1974.

34.1 Phrual verbs - to come

a) Even on the small screen the pitch of excitement came over, (lines 5-
6)

b) I hear Fred’s got promotion. How did that come about?

c) Workmen came across a human skeleton when they were digging up

a road in the centre of town.

d) There’s no point trying to mend it. It’ll only comc apart again.

e) How did you come by all that money?

f) That stain will never come out.

g) Don’t argue with her; she’ll come round eventually.

h) He felt a sharp blow on the back of the head, and everything went
black. When he came to, he was lying in a ditch miles from anywhere.

34.2 Actually

a) What was actually being said was of no moment, (lines 6-7)

b) He had talked about emigrating for years, but I didn’t think he would
ever actually do it.

c) She may look rather stupid, but actually she’s highly intelligent.

d) ‘Wasn’t his speech boring!’ ‘Oh, I thought it was quite interesting,

actually.’
34.3 Very

a) The very absurdity of it was moving, (lines 9-12)

b) The very idea of going swimming in this weather sends shivers down
my spine!

c) I’ve just seen the very thing for your mother’s birthday.

d) If we stay till the very end, we’ll miss the last bus.

34.4 Have to/must

a) Aunt Minnie had to share a bedroom with me. (lines 22-23)

b) He has to get up early during the week, so he likes a lie-in at the

weekend.

c) I don’t really want to go out, but I’m afraid I have to.

d) She could work quite hard when she had to.

e) He’s got a bad back, so he has to be Careful what he does.

f) I must tell you what happened to me the other day.

g) Applications must reach us by the end ofjanuary.

h) We must remember to send the invitations today.

i) You must try and visit Stratford-upon-Avon while you’re in England.

34.5 Prefix - self-

a) There could be no question of self-indulgent reading upstairs, (lines

23-24)

b) He sat down with a self-satisfied smile on his face.

c) They started off by growing a few of their own vegetables, and now
they’re virtually self-sufficient.

d) What do you mean, you don’t understand how it works? I should

have thought it was self-explanatory.

c) The culprit stood up, looking extremely self-conscious.

 f) Being self-employed has its advantages, but there are disadvantages,
too.

Unit 35
She suggested that Jean should come iwimrnintt in the Utr afternoon.
‘Mrs Maclean’s got a lovely swimming-pool, just out by the aerodrome,' she
said. ‘I’ll ring her up and ask ifl can bring you.’

She called for Jean that afternoon at five o’clock and Jean joined the
swimming party at the pool; sitting and basking in the evening sun and looking
at the gaunt line of Mount Ertwa, she became absorbed into the social life of
Alice Springs. Most of the girls and married women were under thirty; she
found them kindly, hospitable people, well educated and avid for news of
England. Some spoke quite naturally of England as ‘home’ chough none of
them had ever been there; cach of them cherished the ambition that one day
she would be able to go ‘home’ for a trip. By the end of the evening Jean was
in a humble frame of mind; these pleasant people knew so much about her
country, and she knew so very little about theirs.

She strolled down to the hospital in the cool night, after tea. Mrs Duveen
had not been able to give Joe Harman’s address off-hand, but she confirmed
that he was managing a station somewhere in the Gulf country. She would ask
her husband and send a message in the morning.

That night Jean thought a good deal about what she would do when she
did get the address. It was clear now that her first apprehensions were
unfounded; Joe Hannan had made a good recovery from his injuries, and was
able to carry on his work. She was amazed that this could be so, but the man
was tough.

Nevil Shutc (adapted) - Gambridge Profidcncy, June 1974.

35.1 To suggest
 a) She suggested that Jean should come swimming, (line 1)

b) He suggested that they should meet outside the theatre at 7 30.

c) I suggest we postpone this discussion until a later date.

d) What do you suggest we do about it?

e) Some friends have Suggested going on holiday together, but I’m not
sure we would get on very well.

f) I suggested the idea to the Sales Manager, and he said he would look
into it.

35.2 Indirect questions and requests

a) I'll ring her up and ask if I can bring you. (lines 3-4)

b) I was wondering if you would do me a favour.

c) The couple in the cravel agent’s were inquiring whether there were
any vacancies on a package tour to Spain.

d) John wanted to know what time the train left Liverpool Street Station.

e) I often ask myself how on earth I would have managed if you hadn’t
been there.

f) He was ringing to find out what time I was leaving tomorrow.

g) Our next-door neighbours always ask us to look after their cat when
they’re away.

h) I was going to ask you to come with me, but I guessed you would
probably be busy.

35.3 Expressions with ‘hand’

a) Mrs Duveen had not been able to give Joe Harman’s address off-
hand, (lines 19-20)

b) She was very off-hand with me yesterday. I wonder if I’ve done

something to upset her.
 c) Just remember that there is always help at hand if you should need it.

d) Bentrick Rovers are at the top of the second division, and they still
have a game in hand.

e) You needn’t worry, sir, we have the situation well in hand.

f) Once the referee lost control, the game got completely out of hand.

g) Surely you didn't make all those curtains by hand!

35.4 Do - emphatic

a) That night Jean thought a good deal about what she would do when
she did get the address, (lines 23-24)

b) ‘I thought you had a mini.’ ‘I did have one, but I sold it last month.’

c) When she finally did make up her mind, it was too late.

d) If you did decide to go, I’m sure they wouldn’t mind.

e) When you do see them, will you give them my regards?

f) ‘You’ll never understand if you don’t listen.’ ‘But I do listen!’

g) If you do change your mind, let me know.

Unit 36
Now that Jennifer acted as her uncle's companion there was no point in
her continuing as typist in his office. She had no need of money. What he
allowed her for housekeeping expenses was more than enough for her wants.
Jennifer was not naturally extravagant, but on seeing the pain it gave her
uncle to part with as little as a shilling, she doubled the expenditure, knowing
for his own sake he dared not refuse. He had fixed it in his mind that this
great-niece of his should be the barrier between him and terror, that while she
was present Janet and Joseph could not get to him. He dung to her from fear.
 So, though he watched her spend his money, he said nothing. Jennifer
knew that every penny she threw aside hurt this old man, and she continued,
recklessly, laughing, remembering how Christopher had suffered.

This was the subtle revenge of which she had spoken to John.

After the house in Marine Terrace had been done up, painted,
redecorated, and refurnished from top to bottom, she turned her attention to
the town itself. The mission, the hospital, the poor, all these claimcd her
attention under the official patronage of her uncle, and when a scheme was
brought forward to raise a sum in order to acquire large spaces of the
headland for the public, as a safeguarding against building, the name of Philip
Coombe headed the list of subscribers.

Daphne du Maurier (adapted) - Cambridge Proficiency, December

1975.

36.1 What

a) What he allowed her was more than enough for her wants, (lines 3-5)

b) What she doesn’t know won’t hurt her!

c) I think he realises now that what he did was wrong.

d) What he didn't spend was put into his savings account at the bank.

c) What the Minister said appears to have been deliberately

misinterpreted.

f) What you decide could have important repercussions.

36.2 Sake

a) She knew for his own sake he Jared not refuse, (lines 7-8)

b) He didn’t like the idea, but he agreed for his wife’s sake.

c) He’s given up everything for the sake of his career.

d) Do something, for pity's sake!

e) For goodness' sake be quiet!

 f) Sometimes I think you argue juic for the sake of it.

36.3 To dare

a) He dared not refuse, (line 8)

b) He didn’t dare argue.

c) His wife was talking utter nonsense, but of course he didn't dare to
interrupt.

d) We daren’t be late for work. Our boss is very particular about time-
keeping.

e) She’s been criticised so often that now she doesn’t dare to open her
mouth.

f) How dare you stand there and accuse me of lying!

g) ‘Why did you steal that apple?’ ‘Richard dared me to.’

h) Don’t bother to order a taxi. I daresay there’ll be one free when we’re
ready.

i) ‘I’m sorry, officer, I was in a hurry.’ ‘I daresay you were, but that’s no
excuse for driving at 60 in a 30-mile-an-hour area.’

36.4 Double genitive

a) He had fixed it in his mind that this great-niece of his should be the
barrier between him and terror, (lines 8—10)

b) ‘I’ve run out of cigarettes.’ ‘Would you like one of mine?’

c) We'll have to do something about that son of ours!

d) That dog of yours is getting on my nerves.

e) ‘That record sounds familiar.’ ‘Yes, it’s one of the Beatles’

f) 'Who’s that iady?’ ‘She’s a friend of my mother’s.’

36.5 Phrasal verbs - to do

a) The house in Marine Terrace had been done up. (line 18)
 b) Is it true that they’re going to do away with free tea and coffee at
work?

c) ivlrs Jackson used to do for the Prime Minister.

d) ‘What happened to the murderer in the end?’ ‘Oh, his partner did him
in.’

e) Why don't you go straight to bed? You look done in.

f) That new assistant of mine is extremely efficient; if I’m not careful,

he’ll be doing me out of my job.

g) I could just do with a cup of tea!

h) I’m afraid you’ll have to do without bread tonight. I forgot to buy

some.

CONTENTS
Introduction

Acknowledgements

Unit 1:From The spy who came in from the cold by John Le Carré

1.1 By — in time expressions

1.2 Past perfect continuous tense

1.3 Idioms with to/into

1.4 Double comparatives

1.5 Might

Unit 2: A letter

2.1 Present simple/present continuous

2.2 Take/bring/fetch

2.3 Present continuous tense expressing future

 2.4 Phrasal verbs — to see

2.5 Idiomatic expressions with ’s

Unit 3: From The consumer jungle by Marion Giordan

3.1 Plural nouns

3.2 Adjectives in -ine and -ed

3.3 One

3.4 Arise/raise/rise

3.5 May

Unit 4: From James and the giant peach by Roald Dahl

4.1 Quite

4.2 To keep (on) + -ing

4.3 Very

4.4 As if/as though

4.5 Result clauses

Unit 5: From The good handyman's encyclopedia by F. J. Christopher

and Rosemary Bnnley Chistopher

5.1 Should

5.2 To loosen/loose/to lose

5.3 It + to be + adjective + infinitive

5.4 Onỉy

Unit 6: A business letter

6.1 Phrasal verbs-to turn

6.2 Stative verbs

6.3 Do —pro form

6.4 Conditionals
 6.5 Prepositions in final position

Unit 7: Advertisement from Time Magazine

7.1 Compound nouns with ‘break’

7.2 Adverbials with present perfect

7.3 Future passive

7.4 -ing clauses

7.5 Opportunity/chance/occasion/possibility

Unit 8: From Bonecrack by Dick Francis

8.1 Both

8.2 Compound adjectives

8.3 There

8.4 Order of adjectives

Unit 9: From Camping Club Sites list and yearbook

9.1 Approximations

9.2 Little/a littlc/few/a few

9.3 -s genitive

9.4 Mass and count nouns

Unit 10: Article from Scientific American

10.1 Defining and non-defining relative clauses

10.2 Tenses in time and condition clauses

10.3 Long/a long time

10.4 Expressions with ‘time’

Unit 11: From Cambridge Water Company circular

11.1 Passive infinitive

 11.2 Adverb+comparative

11.3 Conditionals

11.4 Infinitive of purpose

Unit 12: A letter

12.1 Since

12.2 Used+infinitive/used to+-ing

12.3 To get

12.4 So/not-pro forms

12.5 Had better

Unit 13: Advertisement from The Observer

13.1 Else

13.2 Perfect infinitive

13.3 Inversion after adverbials

13.4 No+comparative+than

Unit 14: Article from The Sunday Times

14.1 Present perfect passive

14.2 Within

14.3 By+-ing

14.4 ‘Pure’ future

Unit 15: Article from Cambridgeshire, Huntingdon and Peterborough Life

15.1 As/like

15.2 To riiake+object+adjective

15.3 But

15.4 Past participle

Unit 16: From A choice of kings by John Mortimer

16.1 Would

16.2 Age expressions

16.3 Passive+infinitive

16.4 Reflexive and emphatic pronouns

Unit 17: From Supemature by Lyall Watson

17.1 Most

17.2 -ing clauses

17.3 Prepositions in time expressions

17.4 Past perfect tense

17.5 Conditionals

Unit 18: Article from Gestetner Gazette

18.1 To be+infinitive

18.2 Phrases in apposition

18.3 Compound adjectives

18.4 Was able to/could

Unit 19: From Lorenzo the Magnificent by Maurice Rowdon

19.1 Phrasal verbs - to fall

19.2 All the+comparative

19.3 To be+passive infinitive

19.4 To have+object+past participle

Unit 20. A business letter

20.1 It...+noun clause

2U.2 Concession clauses

 20.3 Mass noun?

20.4 Relative clauses

Unit 21. Article from The Sunday Times

21.1 So

21.2 Phrasal verbs - to push

21.3 Negatives

21.4 Future continuous tense

Unit 22: Article from The Times

22.1 Non-defining relative clauses

22.2 Present perfect continuous tense

22.3 Adverb+adjective collocations

22.4 Phrasal verbs - to be

22.5 No+comparative+than

Unit 23: Article from The Financial Times

23.1 -s genitive/‘of’ genitive

23.2 Passive infinitive

23.3 To keep+adjective

23.4 -mg clauses

23.5 It + to be + adjective + infiriitive

Unit 24: Article from Evening Standard

24.1 Cleft sentences

24.2 Enough

24.3 Phrasal verbs - to drop

24.4 Do —emphatic
Unit 25: Advertisement from The Observer

25.1 Particular

25.2 To get + object-fpast participle

25.3 just

25.4 Could be+-ing

Unit 26: From Writers on organisations by D. S. Pugh et al.

26.1 Negative prefixes

26.2 Sentence connectors-result

26.3 Still

26.4 Verbs+prepositions

26.5 Phrasal verbs — to carry

Unit 27: From Catalogue of Cavendish Philatelic Auctions

27.1 Shall

27.2 Verb prefixes

27.3 Such

27.4 Noun+infimtive

Unit 28: From Grammar by Frank Palmer

28.1 Conditionals

28.2 To cake — in time expressions

28-3 Compound adjectives

28.4 To be+infinitive

Unit 29: From Mathematical puzzles and diversions by M. Gardner

29.1 Noun+adverb+adjective

29.2 Result clauses

 29.3 Object+infinitive

29.4 Any, anyhow, etc.

29.5 Conditionals

Unit 30: Article from The Sunday Telegraph

30.1 Past participle

30.2 Infinitive expressing consequence

30.3 Past perfect tense

30.4 Adverbs

Unit 31: Cambridge Proficiency, June 1972

31.1 Some

31.2 Infinitive clauses

31.3 Way

31.4 Adjective suffixes -able/-ible

Unit 32: Cambridge Proficiency, December 1972

32.1 Sentence connectors — concession

32.2 Perfect passive infinitive

32.3 -ward/-wards

32.4 To grow

Unit 33: Cambridge Proficiency, June 1973

33.1 Verb + -object + -ing

33.2 Past continuous tense

33.3 Will

33.4 Nouns in -ing

Unit 34: Cambridge Proficiency, June 1974

 34.1 Phrasal verbs - to come

34.2 Actually

34 3 Very

34.4 Have to/must

34.5 Prefix-self-

Unit 35: Cambridge Proficiency, June 1974

35.1 To suggest

35.2 Indirect questions and requests

35.3 Expressions with ‘hand’

35.4 Do —emphatic

Unit 36: Cambridge Proficiency, December 1975

36.1 What

36.2 Sake

36.3 To dare

36.4 Double genitive

36.5 Phrasal verbs — to do

---//---

GIÁO TRÌNH
ANH VĂN CHO SINH VIÊN

ADVANCED ENGLISH FOR TRANSLATION

Authors: Dennis Chamberlin - Gillian White