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, 2 TABLES
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11I)WIN S. K‘,OBlNSON*
t Publicationauthorizedby the Director, U. S. GeologicalSurvey. Manuscript receivedby the Editor hlay 4, 1970.
* Department of GeologicalSciences,Virginia PolytechnicInstitute, Blacksburg,Virginia 24061.
Copyright @ 1970by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists.
920
Upward Continuation
(4
RIR + 2 sin CY+ (.r - x’) cos ~21
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cussed extensively in the literature anti mosl til)\~arcl-cotriinued profiles attcl the percenl error
interpreters develop some intuitive insiglit for ior the upward continuation results are given in
analyzing them, equation (AC) sl~ould prow use- ‘l’ablc 1, Results uere obtained Cram Fortran
ful as an aid in studying total intensity survey Itrograms designed to operate on an 113&I 360
data. ,\IOD 65 system. The grid operators based upon
equations (1) and (3~) were squaw with dimen-
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
sions of 21 X21 grid units. Examples of grid
The remainder of this discussion is directed to- operator coefficients are given in ‘I’able 2.
ward application of equations (I) and (3~) to The results of applying equation (1) to total
anomalous magnetic fields and examination of intensity data show that the upward continuation
922 Robinson
1.5 -
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I.0 -
-1.5 I 1 I I -1.5 I I I I I I
0 IO L 30 40 50 0 40 50
Horizontal Distance in Grid Units m Horizital Dgance 7: Grid Units
2
‘E Of r /,,/////A I I
2;
I
1 ii 1
“5
6 IQ t j
.G
r 15 L -I
$01
Horizontal Plate Vertical Plate
~.‘IG.1. Total magnetic field intensity along north-south profilesover horizontal and vertical [‘late models.IL
mensionsof the modelsare 15X 15X2 grid units for the horizontal plate and 2X41X 11 grid units for the vertical
plate. Amplitudes of magneticfield profilesare in units of field intensity N divided by magnetic.momentper unit
volume M. Profilesare shownfor field inclinations of 01= 70 degrees and 30 degrees.
yields a field which closely reproduces the actual component from total intensity data Since such
total intensity anomaly at the upper level. Insofar operations shift the positions of arromaly maxima
as these models represent actual field anomalies, and minima, they should product additional in-
their projected magnetic anomalies indicate that sight into possible anomaly sources when com-
for practical purposes application of equation (1) pared with corresponding total i IIt ensity data.
yields a good approximation of the total intensity
CONCLUSIONS
at higher levels.
Application of equation (3~) yields a reasonably For practical situations the wellknown upward
accurate representation of the vertical field in- continuation equation (1) expressed in rectangu-
tensity at higher continuation levels. The distor- lar coordinates can be applied to total intensity
tion of vertical intensity data is greater than the magnetic field data to obtain rea+mably accurate
corresponding distortion of total intensity data. representations of the total field intensity at the
This results from using a grid operator of in- higher level.
adequate size. Figure 4 and Table 1 show the re- Extraction and upward continuation of vertical
sults of applying larger operators from which a intensity data from total intensity data may be
very close representation of the vertical field can achieved from the vertical derivative of a mag-
be obtained. The small distortion which this netic potential equation presentecl by Hughes and
illustration reveals is related to the assumption of I’ondrom (1947). Derivative equations presented
constant field inclination. These examples show by them were incorrect and are rcderived in this
that it is feasible to extract the vertical intensity discussion. The extraction and 111 Iward continua-
Upward Continuation 923
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HP-30-I-21 VP-30-I-21
-----+I
I--’
HZ/ 1 ‘
Yr-
\
I _‘ _
. . I
/I
N
t
N HP-30-4-21 S
I.01 , I I I I
;“_z;mj I I I I
N HP-70-I-21 S
I
N HP-70-4-21 S
L
Horizontal Distance in Grid Units
in Figure 2.
RESULTS FROM 21X21 GRID UNIT UPWARD
;:N+,
CONTINUATION OPERATOR
49X49 Grid Unit Operator 90 X99 Grid Unit Operator -I’ -0.06
Model Upward
Per-
Upaard Per- -0.08 E
Com-
puted ,g;d cz& I%% $;;d kg-
Table 2. Grid operator coefficients for extracting and upward continuing to a level of one grid interval
the vertical field intensity from the total field intensity given on a plane surface. Actual grid operator
is symmetrical about the left column; only one half of the operator is shown in the tables. Top Lj
table is for operation at 70 degrees inclination; bottom table is for 30 degrees inclination.
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-0.0016 -0.0016 -0.0016 -0.0015 -0.0014 -0.0013 -0.0012 -0.0011 -0.0010 - (I .0009 -0.0008
-0.0019 -0.0019 -0.0018 -0.0017 -0.0016 -0.0015 -0.0013 -0.0012 -0.0011 --0.0010 -0.0009
-0.0022 -0.0022 -0.0021 -0.0019 -0.0018 -0.0016 -0.0014 -0.0013 -0.0011 - (I .OOlO -0.0009
-0.0025 -0.0025 -0.0024 -0.0022 -0.0020 -0.0018 -0.0016 -0.0014 -0.0012 - 0.0010 -0.0009
-0.0028 -0.0028 -0.0026 -0.0024 -0.0021 -0.0019 -0.0016 -0.0014 -0.0012 - (1.OOlO -0.0009
-0.0029 -0.0028 -0.0026 -0.0024 -0.0021 -0.0019 -0.0016 -0.0014 -0.0012 1 U.0010 -0.0009
-0.0017 -0.0018 -0.0019 -0.0019 -0.0018 -0.0016 -0.0014 -0.0012 -0.0011 - 0.0009 -0.0008
0.0045 0.0033 0.0012 -0.0002 -0.0008 -0.0010 -o.oo;o -0.0010 -0.000’) - 0.0008 -0.0007
0.0364 0.0260 0.0117 0.0043 0.0013 0.0001 -0.0003 -0.0005 -0.0006 - 0.0005 -0 .ooos
0.2420 0.1257 0.0393 0.0133 0.0050 0.0019 O.OOU7 0.0001 -0.0001 - U.0002 -0.0003
1.0000 0.3392 0.0781 0.0244 0.0094 0.0041 0.0019 0.0009 0.0004 0.0001 -0 .oooo
0.4943 0.2588 0.0840 0.0305 0.0130 0.0062 0.0032 0.0017 0,0009 1).0005 0.0003
0.1662 0.1225 0.0619 0.0291 0.0143 0.0075 0.0042 0.0025 0.0015 U .0009 0.0006
____-
0.0742 0.0628 0.0411 0.0240 0.0137 0.0080 0 0048 0,003o 0.0019 0.0012 0.0008
0.0406 0.0366 0.0277 0.0188 0.0121 0.0078 0.0050 0.0033 0.0022 0.001.5 0.0010
0.0253 0.0236 0.0194 0.0145 0.0103 0.0072 0.0050 0.0034 0.0024 ii70017 0.0012
0.0172 0.0163 0.0141 0.0113 0.0086 0.0064 0.0047 0.0034 0.0025 U.0018 0.0014
0.0124 0.0119 0.0107 0.0090 0.0072 0.0056 0.0043 0.0033 0.0025 0.0019 0.0014
0.0093 0.0091 0.0083 0.0072 0.0060 0.0049 0.0039 0.0031 0.0024 0.0019 0.0015
0.0073 0.0071 0.0066 0.0059 0.0051 0.0043 0.0035 0.002Y 0.0023 0.0018 0.0015
0.0058 0.0057 0.0054 0.0049 0.0043 0.0037 0.0032 0.0026 0.0022 Il.0018 0.0015
___.. _
-0.0042 -0.0041 -0.0040 -0.0039 -0.0037 -0.0035 -0.0033 -0.0031 -0.0028 - (I.0026 -0.0024
-0.0050 -0.0050 -0.0049 -0.0047 -0.0044 -0.0041 -0 0038 -0.0035 -0.0032 U.0029 -0.0027
-.___
-0.0063 -0.0062 -0.0060 -0.0057 -0.0053 -0.0049 -0.0045 -0.0041 -0.0037 -- 0 0033 -0.0030
-0.0080 -0.0078 -0.0075 -0.0070 -0.0065 -0.0058 -0.0053 -0.0047 -0.0042 --11.0038 -0.0034
-0.0104 -0.0102 -0.0097 -0.0089 -0.0080 -0.0071 -0x62- -0.0055 -0.0048 - II .0042 -0.0037
-0.0141 -0.0137 -0.0127 -0.0114 -0.0100 -0.0086 -0.0074 -0.0064 -0.0055 - 0.0048 -0.0042
-_____
-0.0198 -0.0191 -0.0173 -0.0149 -0.0126 -0.0105 -0.00X8 -0.0074 -0.0062 - 0 .UOS3 -0.0046
-0.0285 -0.0271 -0.0237 -0.0196 -0.0158 -0.oi27 -0.0103 -0.0085 -0.0070 U.lJO59 -0.0050
-0.0351 -0.0350 -0.0313 -0.0250 -0.0194 -0.0151 -0.0119 -0.0095 -0.0078 - 0 .(I065 -0.0055
0.0613 -0.0033 -0.0325 -0.0292 -0.0225 -0.0171 -0.0132 -0.0105 -0.0085 - ll.0070 -0.0058
1 .oooo 0.2130 -0.0109 -0.0280 -0.0236 -0.0182 -0.0141 -0.0111 -0.0090 - - U.0073 -0.0061
0.9889 0.3402 0.0267 -0.0191 -0.0214 -0.0178 -0 0142 -0.0113 -0.0092 - 0 .UO75 -0.0063
___ ___.
0.5337 0.27il 0.0546 -0.0054 -0.0161 -0.0157 -0.0134 -0.0110 -0.0001 - 0 .I1075 -0.0063
0.3208 0.2077 0.0669 0 .OOBO -0.0090 -0.0123 -0.0117 -0.0102 -0.0087 0.0078 -0.0062
-_____ ____
0.2135 0.1570 0.0685 0.0180 -0.0019 -0.0082 -0.OOY4 -0.0089 -O.OOiY - o.nohY -0.0060
0.1524 0.1213 0 0646 0.0242 0.0041 -0.0041 -0.0069 -0.0074 -0 ooio - Il.0063 -0.0056
0.0485 0.0449 0.0357 0.0248 0.0152 0.0081 0.0034 0.0004 -0.0013 -- 11.0022 -0.0027