Science, Technology and Development 36 (1): 36-43, 2017

ISSN 0254-6418 / DOI: 10.3923/std.2017.36.43

© 2017 Pakistan Council for Science and Technology

Biodiversity Abundance and Distribution in Ayub National Park, Rawalpindi-Pakistan

1
Mohammad Qasim, 2Ghulam Ali Bajwa and 3Muhammad Jamshed Iqbal
1
World Wide Fund for Nature-Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
2
Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan
3
Pakistan Wetlands Programme, Islamabad, Pakistan

Abstract: National Parks are protected areas, which help to conserve biodiversity. Present study was
conducted to assess flora and fauna in Ayub National Park, Rawalpindi. The study recorded 39 plant
species belonging to 26 families. Four families including: Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Moraceae and Poaceae
were found dominant. Paper mulberry, Broussonetia papyrifera gave the highest relative cover (RC),
while Lantana camara and Otostegia limbata gave the highest relative density (RD). The highest
Importance Value Index (IVI) and Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR) were 23.6 and 6.7, respectively, for
O. limbata. Three plant communities were delineated, including: Lantana camara, Euphorbia
helioscopia, Cenchrus ciliaris, Parthenium hysterophorus, Dodonaea viscosa, Ranunculus muricatus and
B. papyrifera, O. limbata, L. camara. The McIntosh species diversity index and Shannon species
distribution index showed rich species diversity and their even distribution in the plant communities. The
park was found the home of 60 bird species, representing 34 families. Cisticolidae, Phylloscopidae and
Sylviidae were the dominant bird families. The highest number of bird species was resident (63.3%)
followed by category of common birds (51.7%). Five small to medium sized mammal species were found
belonging to three families. The abundance of invasive species, B. papyrifera and L. camara, is serious
threats to the native flora and the ecosystem. Besides, the park is also facing habitat fragmentation. Based
on these findings, it is concluded that management strategy should be developed to control spreading of
invasive plant species and improving habitat of the park.

Key words: Biodiversity, Ayub National Park, Vegetation, Avifauna, Mammals, Pakistan.

INTRODUCTION climate change and climate extremes and human

Biodiversity is a comprehensive concept which
describes the variety of manifestations of life on earth.
It encompasses all forms of life, including plants,
animals and microorganisms. Biodiversity also relates
to all levels of biological organizations comprising
genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem
diversity (Gaston and Spicer, 2004; Meduna et al.,
2009; Chanie and Tesfaye, 2015). The first
widespread use of the definition of biodiversity was
put forward by the United Nations in 1992, which
involved different aspects of biological diversity
(Gray, 1997). The biodiversity is a natural resource of
paramount importance. It provides both monetary and
nonmonetary benefits in terms of economic, cultural,
scientific, educational and aesthetic to human being
(Leverington et al., 2010; Kolahi et al., 2012). All the
ecological services provided by different ecosystems
depend on their biological diversity.
The biological diversity is facing serious threats,
like habitat fragmentation, species migration and
changes in species composition, forest degradation
and deforestation, the spreading of invasive species,
Corresponding Author: Ghulam Ali Bajwa, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan
E-mail: gabajwa64@gmail.com
interferences (Bukhari and Bajwa, 2011; Bajwa and
Waseem, 2013; Bajwa et al., 2015). Recognizing the
importance of biodiversity and threats it is facing, all
governments are giving top priority to biodiversity
conservation. Different approaches have been adopted
to conserve biodiversity at national and international
level. Among these approaches, protected areas are
playing a vital role in biodiversity conservation.
National parks are the most extensive type of
protected areas worldwide, which comprise the
highest percentage (23%) of the total area covered by
protected areas globally (Chape et al., 2005). They are
classified under category II of the IUCN categories of
protected areas. These parks have been established to:
(i) protect the ecological integrity of one or more
ecosystem for present and future generations, (ii)
exclude exploitation or occupation detrimental to the
purposes of designation of the area, and (iii) provide a
foundation for spiritual, scientific, educational,
recreational, and visitor opportunities, all of which
must be environmentally and culturally compatible
(Muhumuza and Balkwill, 2013). The most dominant

36
 Sci. Technol. Dev., 36 (1): 36-43, 2017
approach for preservation of biodiversity in National
Parks is protectionism approach or fines and fence
approach. In this approach, all human activities are
excluded except for tourism (Adams, 2004).
Pakistan is a home to an ecologically unique
biodiversity. It spans over nine major eco zones, from
the mangroves at the Arabian Sea in the South to the
Alpine Tundra in the North. It is home of many
species of endemic wildlife and is rich in indigenous
crop diversity with an estimated 3,000 varieties of
cultivated plants. So far plant species identified in
Pakistan include: 6000 higher plants, 189 ferns, 775
algae and 4500 fungi. Similarly, Pakistan is a home of
174 mammals, 668 birds, 177 reptiles, 22 amphibians,
198 fishes. In order to conserve biodiversity, 29
National Parks have been established in different eco-
zones of Pakistan. Ayub National Park, located in
Sub-tropical Broadleaved vegetation type, is one of
the oldest National Parks in the country. The Park is
catering the needs of excursion facilities to twin cities
of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, and to visitors from
Fig. 1: Map of Ayub National Park, Rawalpindi.
Data collection and sampling procedure: Three
techniques of data collection were used in this study
including: transect lines with line intercept, transect
lines and survey based on semi structured
questionnaire. The plant species diversity was
assessed on transects lines with line intercept method.
Three transect lines of 30 m length each were laid
randomly in the park following method as described
37
other parts of the country. Besides, native flora and
fauna is conserved in the Park. The Park, however,
lacks comprehensive baseline data of flora and fauna,
which is essential for management of any park on
scientific bases. Present study, therefore, was
conducted to assess (i) species diversity, (ii) species
abundance, and (iii) their distribution in Ayub
National Park for establishing baseline data.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area: The study was conducted in Ayub
National Park, Rawalpindi (formerly known as Topi
Rakh Park) at 35°34'07.6 latitude (N) and 073°05'04.0
longitude (E). The Park was established in Sub-
tropical Dry Broadleaved Forests before 1947 and
spread over 2,300 acres (Fig. 1). The park falls under
the jurisdiction of Wildlife and Parks Department,
Government of the Punjab. The climate of the site
area as characterized by the region comprises rainy
hot summers and cool dry winters.
by Mueller and Ellenburg (1974). The plant species
were counted and samples were preserved on plant
mounting sheets and identified, using Herbarium
collection of Pakistan Forest Institute.
The avifauna of the park was assessed, using
transect method, where a predetermined transect of 40
m was traversed. The identification of the bird species
was conducted according to Grimmett et al. (2008).
 Sci. Technol. Dev., 36 (1): 36-43, 2017
Furthermore, the status and occurrence of bird species
was characterized following methods as described by
Roberts (1991 and 1992). The small and medium
sized mammals were estimated through interviews
with the locals, using semi structured questionnaire.
Data analysis: Parameters of plant species
abundance, including, relative cover (RC), relative
frequency (RF) and relative density (RD) were
estimated, using the following formulae:
Total intercept length of species
% RC =
Total intercept length of all species
Frequency of species
% RF = × 100
Total frequency of all species
Total individuals of a species
% RD =
Total number of plants of all species
The relative cover, relative frequency and relative
density were summed up to determine Important
Value Index (IVI) for each plant species. Similarly,
the Summed Dominance Ratio (SDR) for each species
was estimated from Importance Value Index (IVI).
18.0
16.0
Occurrence (%)
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
Fig. 2: Plant families and their occurrence (%) in Ayub National Park, Rawalpindi.
The highest RC was found 6.9% for B.papyrifera,
followed by 6.3% recorded for Otostegia limbata. The
lowest RC was 1.0% for Ficus elastica and Cassia
fistula. The highest RD was found 6.5% for L.camara
and O. limbata, while the lowest RD was found 0.7%
for eleven plant species (Table 1). The highest RF
estimated was 12.9% for seven plant species. The
highest IVI and SDR was 23.6 and 6.7, respectively,
for O. limbata, followed by 22.1 and 6.6, respectively,
for L. camara. The lowest IVI estimated was 1.4 for
C. fistula, while the lowest SDR estimated was 0.9 for
F. elastica and C. fistula.
Three plant communities were delineated based
on their IVI and SDR. The plant community of
Lantana camara, Euphorbia helioscopia, Cenchrus
ciliaris was found in the hilly part of the park. The
natural vegetation in this plant community was intact.
The other plant species associated with this plant
IVI = RC(%) + RF(%) + RD(%)
Importance value index
SDR =
3
The plant communities were correspondingly
named according to higher summed dominance ratio.
The plant species diversity and distribution within
each plant community was further ascertained, using
McIntosh Species Diversity Index (McIntosh D) and
Shannon Maximum Species Distribution Index
× 100 (Shannon Max. E). The estimates were calculated,
using Species Diversity and Richness Software,
version 4.1.2.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
× 100 Flora: The results of the present study indicated a
rich flora in Ayub National Park. A total of 39 plant
species, belonging to 26 families, were recorded. The
plant families Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Moraceae, and
Poaceae showed equal representation (15.3%) in the
park (Fig. 2).
Plant family
community were Acacia modesta, B.papyrifera,
Convolvulus arvensis, Cynodon dactylon, Dodonaea
viscosa, Eragrostis airoides, F.bengalensis, Malva
neglecta, Phalaris minor, Rumex chalepensis,
Sonchus asper, Stellaria media, Torilus leptophylla
and Vicia faba. The second plant community
delineated was Parthenium hysterophorus, Dodonaea
viscosa, Ranunculus muricatus. This plant community
was found around the zoo in the park. The other plant
species associated with this plant community were:
Asparagus officinalis, Calendula arvensis, Carissa
opaca, Duchesnea indica, Fumaria indica, Grevillea
robusta, Melia azedarach, Nasturtium officinale, Olea
ferruginea, Salix tetrasperma, Saussurea heteromalla
and Zizyphus mauritiana. The third plant community
delineated was: B. papyrifera, O. limbata, L. camara.
This plant community was found around the roadsides
of the park. The other species found in this plant
38
 Sci. Technol. Dev., 36 (1): 36-43, 2017
community were: Albezia lebbeck, C. fistula, community of L.camara, E.helioscopia, C.ciliaris,
F.elastica, Malva neglecta, Medicago polymorpha, followed by P.hysterophorus, Dodonaea viscosa,
Morus alba, Nerium indicum and Plantago major. R.muricatus (Table 2). Similarly, Shannon Max. E
showed even distribution of plant species within plant
McIntosh D showed rich diversity of plant
communities.
species in respective plant communities. The index
showed the highest plant species diversity in plant
Table 1: Phytosociological characteristics of plant species in Ayub National Park, Rawalpindi.
Plant species RC (%) RD (%) RF (%) IVI SDR
Acacia modesta 1.6 0.7 2.9 1.6 1.1
Albizia lebbeck 1.1 0.7 6.5 5.4 1.3
Asparagus officinalis 2.5 2.9 9.7 12.6 2.9
Broussonetia papyrifera 6.9 7.2 5.9 17.1 5.4
Calendula arvensis 1.9 1.5 3.2 3.0 1.5
Carissa opaca 2.8 3.7 9.7 13.7 3.2
Cassia fistula 1.0 0.7 3.2 1.4 0.9
Cenchrus ciliaris 4.5 5.1 11.8 19.1 5.6
Convolvulus arvensis 2.2 1.5 2.9 3.0 1.6
Cynodon dactylon 3.7 3.7 11.8 16.8 4.9
Dodonaea viscosa 3.1 5.1 12.9 18.9 5.2
Duchesnea indica 1.7 1.5 3.2 2.8 1.4
Eragrostis airoides 1.7 2.2 2.9 3.2 1.6
Euphorbia helioscopia 5.0 5.1 11.8 19.6 5.8
Ficus benghalensis 1.6 0.7 2.9 1.6 1.1
Ficus elastica 1.0 0.7 3.2 1.4 0.9
Fumaria indica 1.1 1.5 3.2 2.3 1.2
Grevillea robusta 1.6 0.7 3.2 2.01 1.1
Lantana camara 6.1 6.5 11.8 22.1 6.6
Malva neglecta 3.9 3.6 2.9 6.9 2.9
Medicago polymorpha 2.0 2.2 12.9 14.9 3.8
Melia azedarach 1.5 0.7 3.2 1.9 1.1
Morus alba 1.1 0.7 6.5 5.4 1.3
Nasturtium officinale 1.8 1.5 3.2 2.9 1.4
Nerium indicum 1.6 1.5 9.7 10.3 2.1
Olea ferruginea 1.5 0.7 3.2 1.9 1.1
Otostegia limbata 6.3 6.5 12.9 23.6 6.7
Parthenium hysterophorus 3.4 5.1 12.9 19.2 5.3
Phalaris minor 2.8 2.2 5.9 7.9 2.3
Plantago major 2.0 2.2 12.9 14.9 3.8
Ranunculus muricatus 2.7 4.3 12.9 17.7 4.8
Rumex chalepensis 2.6 2.2 5.9 7.8 2.3
Salix tetrasperma 1.5 0.7 3.2 1.9 1.1
Saussurea heteromalla 2.5 3.7 12.9 16.9 4.5
Sonchus asper 1.4 1.5 2.9 2.2 1.3
Stellaria media 1.8 2.2 2.9 3.3 1.7
Torilis leptophylla 1.1 1.5 2.9 1.9 1.2
Vicia faba 2.1 2.2 2.9 3.6 1.7
Zizyphus mauritiana 1.5 0.7 3.2 2.0 1.1

Table 2: Species diversity and distribution in plant communities in Ayub National Park, Rawalpindi.
Plant Community McIntosh D Shannon Max. E
Lantana camara, Euphorbia helioscopia, Cenchrus ciliaris 2.83 0.93
Parthenium hysterophorus, Dodonaea viscosa, Ranunculus muricatus 2.70 0.92
Broussonetia papyrifera, Otostegia limbata, Lantana camara 2.39 0.96

Avifauna: The results showed a rich avifauna in the
park. The avifauna comprised 60 species belonging to
34 bird families. Three families, including:
Cisticolidae, Phylloscopidae and Sylviidae, found
dominant with 11.7% representation each The status
39
of the avifauna showed that 51.7% of the bird species
were common, 30.0% were abundant, 5.0% very
abundant, 3.3% common to abundant, 3.3% frequent,
1.76% abundant to very abundant, 1.7% resident,
1.7% scarce, 1.7% as uncommon and one species
 Sci. Technol. Dev., 36 (1): 36-43, 2017
scarce (Table 3). Occurrence of the bird species resident/irregular year-round visitor (1.7%),
showed the highest representation (63.3%) of the resident/summer visitor (1.7%), resident/summer
resident bird species, followed by summer visitor but not breeding (1.7%), resident/wintering
breeding/wintering birds (16.7%), resident/summer (1.7%), summer breeding (1.7%), summer
breeding (13.3%), summer wintering/double passage breeding/double passage or ordinary migrant (1.7%)
or ordinary migrant (6.7%), breeding/resident (5.0%), and wintering/summer breeding/resident (1.7%).
wintering (5.0%), breeding/wintering (1.7%),

Table 3: Bird species and their status in Ayub National Park, Rawalpindi.
Common name
Family: Accipitridae
Common kite
White-eyed buzzard
Eurasian sparrow hawk
Family: Alaudidae
Crested Lark
Family: Ardeidae
Indian pond heron
Little egret
Family: Cerylidae
Pied kingfisher
Family: Charadriidae
Red-wattled lapwing
Family: Cisticolidae
Graceful prinia
Zitting cisticola
Rufous-fronted prinia
Common tailorbird
Family: Columbidae
Eurasian collared dove
Spotted dove
Rock pigeon
Family: Coraciidae
Indian roller
Family: Corvidae
Rufous treepie
House crow
Family: Cuculidae
Greater coucal
Family: Dicruridae
Black drongo
Family: Emberizidae
Rock bunting
Family: Estrildidae
Indian silverbill
Family: Halcyonidae
White throated kingfisher
Family: Hirundinidae
Pale martin
Barn swallow
Family: Laniidae
Long-tailed shrike
Family: Meropidae
Little green bee-eater
Family: Motacillidae
Rosy pipit
Water pipit
White wagtail
Scientific name Status Occurrence
Milvus migrans A SB/R
Butastur teesa A R/SB
Accipiter nisus F R/SV
Galerida cristata A R
Ardeola grayii C R
Egretta garzetta C R/IYRV
Ceryle rudis C R
Vanellus indicus A R/SV
Prinia gracilis C R
Cisticola juncidis C R
Prinia buchanani A R
Orthotomus sutorius C R
Streptopelia decaocto AVA R/SB
Streptopelia chinensis C SB/W
Columba livia A R
Coracias benghalensis C SB/R
Dendrocitta vagabunda C R
Corvus splendens VA R
Centropus sinensis C R
Dicrurus macrocercus A R
Emberiza cia C SB/W
Lonchura malabarica C R/SB
Halcyon smyrnensis C R
Riparia diluta C SB/W
Hirundo rustica A SB/W
Lanius schach C R/SB
Merops orientalis A SB/R
Anthus roseatus CA SB/W
Anthus spinoletta C W
Motacilla alba A B/W
Contd….
40
 Sci. Technol. Dev., 36 (1): 36-43, 2017
Concld……

Family: Muscicapidae
Indian robin Saxicoloides fulicata C R
Black redstart Phoenicurus ochruros C SB/W
Little forktail Enicurus scouleri UC R
Family: Nectariniidae
Purple sunbird Nectarinia asiatica C R/SB
Family: Paridae
Great tit Parus major C R/W
Family: Passeridae
House sparrow Passer domesticus VA R/SB
Spanish sparrow Passer hispaniolensis C W/DP/OM
Family: Phylloscopidae
Eurasian chiffchoff Phylloscopus collybita A W
Greenish warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides C SB/W
Tytler’s leaf warbler Phylloscopus tytleri S SB/DP/OM
Tickell’s leaf warbler Phylloscopus affinis C SB
Family: Psittacidae
Rose ringed parakeet Psittacula krameri A R/SB
Family: Pycnonotidae
Red vented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer A R
Himalayan bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys C R
Family: Rallidae
Common moorhen Gallinula chloropus A R
White-breasted waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus C R
Family: Rhipiduridae
White-browed fantail Rhipidura aureola C R
Family: Scolopacidae
Common sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos C W/DP/OM
Temminck’s stint Calidris temminckii A W/DP/OM
Greenish sandpiper Tringa ochropus C W/DP/OM
Family: Strigidae
Spotted owlet Athene brama C R
Family: Sturnidae
Common myna Acridotheres tristis VA R/SB
Family: Sylviidae
Booted warbler Hippolais caligata C SB/W
Lesser whitethroat Sylvia curruca A SB/W
Brook’s leaf warbler Phylloscopus subviridis F SB/W
Clamorous reed warbler Acrocephalus stentoreus C W
Family: Timaliidae
Common babbler Turdoides caudata A R
Striated babbler Turdoides earlei CA R
Family: Upupidae
Common hoopoe Upupa epops C W/SB/R
Family: Zosteropidae
Oriental white eye Zosterops palpebrosus A R
A= Abundant; C= Common; VA= Very Abundant; CA= Common to Abundant; UC= Uncommon; AVA= Abundant to Very Abundant;
CA= Common to Abundant; F= Frequent; S= Scarce; R= Resident; SB/R= Summer Breeding/ Resident; SB/W= Summer Breeding/
Wintering; W= Wintering; SB= Summer Breeding; SB/DP= Summer Breeding/Double Passage or Ordinary Migrant; B/W=
Breeding/Wintering; SB/R= Summer Breeding/ Resident; R/SB= Resident/Summer Breeding; W/DP or OM= Wintering/Double Passage
or Ordinary Migrant; R/SV= Resident/Summer Visitor but not breeding; R/IYRV= Resident/Irregular Year-Round Visitor; R/W=
Resident/Wintering; W/SB/R= Wintering/Summer Breeding/Resident.

Mammals: The results of present study showed the
presence of five mammal species in the park. The
species belonged to three families. Two families,
including Herpestinae and Arvicolinae, have had the
highest representation, while family Sciuridae has had
41
the lowest representation (Table 4). Among five
species, two species were of medium sized (Herpestes
javanicus and Herpestes edwardsii) and three species
were small sized (Funambulus pennantii, Rattus
rattus and Mus musculus).
 Sci. Technol. Dev., 36 (1): 36-43, 2017
Table 4: Mammal species in Ayub National Park,
Rawalpindi.
Common Name Scientific Name Family
Small Indian Herpestes Javanicus Herpestinae
mongoose
Indian grey Herpestes edwardsi Herpestinae
mongoose
Northern palm Funambulus Sciuridae
squirrel pennantii
House rat Rattus rattus Arvicolinae
House mouse Mus musculus Arvicolinae
Present findings showed a rich flora and fauna in
Ayub National Park. The plant community,
comprising L. camara, E. helioscopia, C. ciliaris,
showed greater species diversity. This may be
attributed to location of the plant community. Plant
community, L. camara, E. helioscopia, C. ciliaris,
was located in hilly area of the park, where the natural
vegetation was intact. Besides diversity, plant species
were distributed evenly among the three delineated
plant communities. The even distribution of plant
species indicates well established vegetation type in
each plant community.
These findings also showed the presence of large
scale of two invasive species, B. papyrifera and L.
camara in the park. Broussonetia papyrifera belongs
to the family Moraceae that grows fast and has better
adaptation potential as compared to other species in
the family (Zhao et al., 2005). Previously,
Broussonetia papyrifera has been reported as invasive
species in several countries, due to its aggressive
behavior (Morgan and Overholt, 2005). The other
invasive species, L. camara belong to family
Verbenaceae and have aggressive growing behavior
like B. papyrifera. Thus, this species has also
potential to alter the habitat. Earlier, Kohli et al.
(2006) have reported the ability of L. camara to
disturb the habitat. Besides, habitat disturbance,
invasive species are a great threat to local floral
biodiversity. Effects of invasive species on species
diversity have been reported by Vitousek et al. (1997)
and Mack et al. (2000). The invasive species suppress
the growth of native vegetation and consequently
change the ecosystem and landscape (Brooks and
Champ, 2006).
Current findings also showed a rich diversity in
avifauna. The highest percentage of the bird species
was recorded as resident and common. The results
also showed that the park also provided breeding
place for a number of bird species. This rich avifauna
in the park may be associated with rich floral
diversity. The presence of bird species of different
categories of status and occurrence indicates good
ecological health of the park. The estimation of rich
avifauna in the present study is in conformity with
previous findings reported from Islamabad and
Rawalpindi Region by Corfield (1983) and Sahibzada
(1998).
42
This study also reflected the presence of small
mammals in the park. The low number of small
mammal species in the park indicates habitat
fragmentation. The fragmented and dwindling habitats
affect adversely the abundance of small mammals
(Salvatori et al., 2001). Furthermore, the presence of
the four species, Herpestes javanicus, Herpestes
edwardsi, Rattus rattus and Mus musculus indicates
commensal behavior among these species. Rodent
species, including: Funambulus pennantii, Rattus
rattus and Mus musculus indicate existence of
diversified habitats and human settlements around the
park (Roberts, 1997).
Current study of rich native flora and fauna show
a positive role of the National Park in conservation of
biodiversity. However, there are some serious
concerns regarding the presence of invasive plant
species and habitat fragmentation. Future
management plans for Ayub National Park should be
designed to check spreading of invasive plant species
and deterioration of the habitats.
CONCLUSION
Based on the present findings, it is concluded that
Ayub National Park harbours and conserves rich
biodiversity. The vegetation consists of three plant
communities and, in each plant community, the plant
species are distributed uniformly. The avifauna
consists of common to scarce bird species that are
resident as well as visitors for breeding. The park is
facing three major threats, including: (i) presence of
invasive species, which may change species
composition drastically in future, (ii) fragmentation of
habitat, and (iii) human settlement around the Park.
Efforts, therefore, should be made to check spreading
of invasive species, maintain native flora and improve
habitat.
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