BASIC ENGLISH

()PERATIONS
roo 3tc
TIIINGS ,---/\---\ QUALITIEB
l0oGhooral r 5ll O9Poeltr
IDUGI?tot rrtal. irrr |errrr
co{r | lrDDLl 'trlt
Sltvarrr actD I IAD
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ioi'snrrse"ut avENT xtNE lx^rs
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-- exemPtl BOrLtro I crol,D
il'.. I ;t" rxcHANo! r'11 . :I::' couu:tr

THE ABC OF BASIC ENGTISH

arroat I
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XIOWN I DATX
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THE F'IRST STEP
il; l"ir"iitr"r. trcrtor' ::*:
rrELL cu? I P8!ALa
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In learning any language it is necessary

3x'Ezl EAnLt
ll^iitt I 'rni
PLAlrt Nori ELAI?IC I ILL
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I iii" tLt't? NUHa:R sNow
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first of all to have some idea of the differ-
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ent sorts of words in that language. There
i-J | "*i*s eLAst owtat
are more than 1,500 separate languages
tuLL I oPPDSltt
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rrArarlrt oBNTJRaL | ?uDl.lc
iiiiucr I ;.;i;,. covEnnt tlrt PArr oooD I roucn
;- - -- I cRAtI{ taltf? traAr onaat I taD
".otrer onasa t^Pal 3IBEL
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still in use, and they are as different as the
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ii"t',. lillr, *llro" ;llil :Il::il." BoLLor lsrnr

so that no sort of word or form of dress has

tralontat.t I lol|t
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i"a I cnrt.r HEA? FLBaiunf lttcaB Lrr(3 I t"rctar
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3ux*rn
so wide a distribution as to seem natural
ltlstolt Por6ot 'uGGEsrtoN
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in all parts of the earth.
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fn one country it may be the right thing
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to put a gold ring or a silver chain round
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the chest and the chin may be covered by
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jewels and ornaments ; or by a coloured
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common-{hanged to a stiff one at night.
So it would be foolish to go everywhere
i ;;;.. 1"".t l1l:.Ll:*"^tt'":o^t"-'
RBeuBst w^L( rEntout I rlotourt
;;H l iiii.,". Lartar wat atr^&t I coNJrrclta
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cuR*Exevt with the question, " What sort of ' collar '
do they have here ? " It is better to say :
suDDat I crr.crom,
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necks ? f' Or, again, " How are the legs

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romi I DRINr ulaL lEA 19:: wtDt I ro
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 covered ? " Then we are at least taking
a general point of view, and there is less
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danger of getting a wrong answer-or no
answer at all.
It is the same with words. There may
not be ' nouns ', ' adjectives ', ' verbs',
or 'pronouns ' ; but everywhere there are
things. So the first and most natural
question about a Language ls, " What
n:unes has it for Things ? "
So we will make a start with'the names
of things ; but first of all it is necessaxy
to get a sort of map of the system in its
complete form.
O; page xii are all the Basic words
very small print. This baby list is only for
those with very sharp eyes, and by
turning to the folding page at the front
you will see what words are in the 850
and why the system is so simple. When
you get to the end of the book you will
be able to put this statement into verse.l
Basic, however, is not designed for mak-
ing verses, and we a^re interested here in how
it is that we are able to get things done
by the use of the four chief sorts of words.
a Though the uords you see in th'is baby size
May be clear to readers w'ith aery) sharp eyes,
You'll go to the list at the front, ,if you'rc wisa,
Fot the answers to'all yowr Whats and Whys.
l. Thtngs
Of the 850 Basic Words, ro less than 600
afe names of. Things. ft is important to
have a good number of names for Things,
because if we went about with a knowledge
only of the names of Thitrgs, we would be
able to make ourselves clear for a very
great part of the time.
Even without the n:unes of things, xre
might, no doubt, get a long way by
ft pointing, and by other acts and signs. The
trouble is that sometimes it is not clear
what we are pointing at ; one thing gets
in the way of another, and we may not be
near enough to make ourselves ctrear.
But if we have a knowledgr of the ?rames
of things, it is much more probable that
our hearers will be in a position to see
from the signs on our faces, or from our
behaviour, what we woutd have said if we
had made use of other sorts of words.
The names of things take the place of
pointing ; the other words, to which we are
coming later, take the place of the other
signs which we make.
:
3
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(a) Nauns oF Prcrgnenrn Tnrucs Questlons and Examples
If you are good at making pictures with " The
iri' At a meal, for example, if we say
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tt,
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SevenPicture-makers " (p. 15), see which of them
itl
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n'Apple " when the fruit comes in, we may are rightly named by your friends ; and why they
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go wrong when they give a wrong answer.

if say-" Please
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be almost as clear as we Or might your pictures have been more clear ?
l;:t give me an apple ". Is it a help to your merqory to get some of t]re
l, names two by two ; like boy and girl, sun anrd
The simplest words of all, then, are the iltoon, harnmev and nail,, horse and cart, needle
lil n€unesof the separate things which it is and thread ? If so, make a list of those which
li' go naturally together.
possibleto get by pointing ; the things Put together all the words in the 200 which
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'
round the room, the things which are are names of different parts of clothing (boot,
coat, collar, dress, gloae, hat, pochet, shirt, shoe,
moved or marketed everywhere, one by shirt, soch , stoching , trowsers) . You have, in
,ill,
rl.
one. l addition, button, hooh, and band, which may go
ll'l';, vrith them.
Itii"
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In Basic there are 200 of these, and when Now do the same with the parts of tb.e body
I'
the things of which they are the signs are which is dressed with so much care (arm, chin,
,i': ha'ir, leg, hnee, ?nu,scle, nerae, stomach, throat, toe,
ir::;f not themselves present to be pointed at and tongwe).
iii
by the learner, a picture will do equally Then take the things in connection with the
rii building of a house (arch, board, brich, floor, Pife,
rli:
well.2 roof , screu), windou and the rest) ; and from those
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.' r If you are ready to make complete statements go on to such as may be seen in a roorn (bath,
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from the very start, you may say This is , . , . book, box, bwlb, curtain, cush'ion, drauer, loch,
oaen and the like). In this way you will quickly
:

€very time yoo do any pointing at things in

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the room or at pictures. But most learners will get an idea of the different worC-groups in the
I
be wiser to go quickly through the first,20 pages Basic system.
,i ; ;
before making any decision about the best form What general word might these be grouped
iiii of simple statement. trnder : cup, egg, forh, plate, potato, spoon, tray ?
lit
tl, r Afrong the 200 there are four words which (meal).
tl',r .area little different from the rest. These Make a list of l0 names among the 200 about
'i,i,i". whose sound, form, and sense you have no doubt
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are angle, circl,e, l,ine, squ,a,re. They ate not
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material things ; but they may be pictured, and whatever. Let them be names of things which
,
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l't the pictures give everything which is needod. are generally near-to be touched or seen.
i,l{l These will be of use later as a sort of frame in
which new words m.ay be fixed for purposes of
learning. A different list will probably be
necessary for every country ; but if the sounds
are simple enough, here are 12 from which you
may be able to make a selection: hand, head,
booh, box, door, h,at, man, paint, paper, side, table,
tree.
4
 (b) cENERAL NAMEs
Sometimes, though there may be no
doubt that a word is used for a material
thing, it is hard to give a clear picture of
the thing itself ; a huilding,for example, or
amine. This is because there are different
sorts of buildings whictr themselves have
pictures (such as church, howse, hospital) ;
and beca.use a mine is not a separate thing.
All such words are grouped among the
400 " General names ".
{
Then there are solid substances ; metal,s,
for example, like copper. These are
certainly very material. In fact they are
what things are made of ; but only a little
of them is in any one place, and even
then it generally has the form of some
other thing with a common name. So it
is hard to make good pictures of sub-
stances. But it is pot)tibl* to take a bit
of any one of them and make a change in its
form or, with the help of a business man,
get money for it. With these come the
triquids, like blood and milk,
Air, mist, smohe, and steam, may
l;i
be put in the same division because
lr
I .;, they are made of material parts and
their behaviour is like that of substances ;
and foods, like bread, butter, t"q cheese.
6 7
There are 50 words of this sort,
and because they are names of substances
they are almost as simple to get fixed in
the memory as the words which go with
pictures. Here is the list :-
Air , blood, brass, bread, butter , cnnttuas,
chalk, cheese, cloth, coal , copper , corh, cotton,
dust, earth, glass, gold, ice, ink, iron, leail,
leather, linen, rneat, milk, mist, oil,, paid,
paper, paste, powder, rice, sal,t, sand, silk,
silaer, smoke, s?Low, soap, sowp, stearn, steetr,
stone, sug6[r , t'in , uater , w6lr6 , wine, wood,
utool.
Another important group of the general
names, of which it is frequently possible to
give the sense by pointing (arrd sometimes
by pictures) is that of the parts or diaisions
of material things. Such are back, base,
body, cover, edge, end, front, ruiddle, page,
side , tof .
Then there are persons, named sometimes
in relation .to set6 ar .farnily (rnan, wnrna.fi,
father , rnoth,er, son, daughter, brother, sister),
and sometimes because of what they do
(cook, jwdge, rna,llatger , porter , seraant) ;
comm on acts (a shaka , & bite, a grip , a kick, a
&iss, a laugh, a smile, a cowgh, a sneeze<r
driaing, reading, teaching, andwriting) ; the
divisions of time (minute, houcr, doy, night,
ueek, rnonth, year); birth and death,
sutnnler and winter, peace and zsa,r,
question and enswer, c&u,se and effect, uork
and flay, Profot and /oss, art and science,
col,aur and form, Iaw, crime, and punish-
ment, prose and aerse; words for thefeelings
(like pleaswre and pain, hope and fear, loue
and hate, belief and doubt) ; words for the
senses(like touch, taste , and smell) .
At this point you will have got some
idea of more than half the names of
things and almost half the complete Basic
word-Iist. So this is the right place for
a little note about the other general nanres
which are not names of material things, or
parts of material things, like the great
mass of the words which we have taken
first. As separate words, they are happity
all quite as simple as the names of material
things to get into the memory ; but their
behaviour when put with other words is
sometimes not so regular. A little more
attention has to be given to them, till any
tricks they may have are clear from
examples. With so small a number of
words this is not hard ; and most of the
necessary knowledge will come auto-
rnatically from the examples themselveso
from hearing others, and from reading.
Questions and Examples
Make a list of general names used for a number
of things which themselves have pictures (animal',
apparatus, building, insect, instrument, machine,
plant, structure, aessel,l. Make a list of those
which are not separate from the other material
things round them (harbour, mine, mountain,
riaer, road, waae).
Put the 50 names of material things into four
groups so that you may say ' a bit of ' (chalk,
bread, and so on) ,' arnass of ' (coal, stone, and so
on), ' a drop of ' (blood, utater, and so on), ' a
grain of.' (pouder, rice, sand). Which will come
into more than one group ?
Because it is possible Jor all of them to be
measured, you may say " an a,tnou,nt of " any
of them. What other things (in addition to
material substances) are frequently said to be
measured, in the sense that ' an amount of '
them is talked about for purposes of comparison,
though we are not able to put them in the
scales ? (agreement, approual, change, competit'i,on,
erp ansion, growth, increase, organization, pleastcre,
quality , shame and so on).
f{ere is a list of 100 of the simplest names of
things which the learner will be wise to get into
his head at a very early stage :-
apple, baby , bach , ball , bed,, bell, bird, boat, booh,
hox, boy, bridge, brothar, cat, coat, col,our, country,
ootu, doy, door, dress, d,r'inh, egg, fall,.father, firc,
fly, front, garden, gi,il, gra,ss,
.fish, floor, flouer,
hair, hand, hat, head, help, hole, horse, hou,se,li,ght,
looh, tna%, milh, rnoney , mother, na,rne, need, n'ight,
nose, pa'int, paper, picture, P'ig, flace, plant,
Play , pull ,
rain, ring , roorn, rlun, sand , school , shoe ,
side, s'ister, shy, sleep, snou), song, start, st'ich,
stop , story , street, surnrnel, sr,tn, table, ta'i|,,
thing , thought, top , tozun, train, tree, toun, Lcse , ualk ,
zuash, utater, aa!, uind, wind,ou, winter, u)ood,
worh, year.
 (c) FoRMs FoR NUMBER
Rule.When a word is used for two or
more things qf the same sort, an ' s ' is
put at the end of it.
There a-re four which make a change of
form--foot (feet) , tooth (teeth) , rna.n (men1,
wornan (women). The sense of. trousers and
scfssors makes it natural for them to have
the 's ' ending, but we may say " one
Itg of his trousers ", or " one blade of
the scissors ". There is no change for
sheep. These facts may be sad, but what
are seven among such a number ? And if
you do go wrong it is not very important.
For talking, only {hese have to be spe-
cially kept in mind.l
r What is the use of the s on all these words ?
In addition to the four changes of form,
there may be some change in ttie last ihree
letters (though the sound is much the same as if
gnl)t ' r ' had been put at the end) of words ending
i\ f, fe, y, ,s, ft, sE, ch, or o, for writing. Here ii
t4" compl-efs list-but you will probably be
wise to make no attempt to get it into your head
l,t at this point :
ir
(1) Leoaes, selues, shelacs, hniaes.
_(?) All ending in y with a stopped souncl (see
17q before it (that is, all batboy-, doy, hty, mdnhey,
?l?y,./a,y, tra!, and way) have ine y chang6d -
into ies; as 6rrtny, armies, and berry, bcrries.
(3) All ending in s, fi, sh, ch, or o have cs at
tJre end and not simply s; as arch, arches, and
match, rnatches.
r0
Queetlons and Examples
Make a list of all the words with the endings
s and x, and put all the forms for the ' plural '
(more than one) in writing, so that you may see
how simple and natural the business of ' plurals '
is in Basic English. Would you have put
' glasss r, of ' taxs ', if you were free to give all
' plurals ' their most natural form in writing-
for a smooth sound at the end ?
The wool of. sheep is cut with scissors to make
lrousers tor men (and sometimes uomen). That
gives you 5 of the changes of form. Why do the
other 2 not get into the system ? (Because
their feet and their tceth are not good for the
digestion).
Put a mark against any of these words which
have been given the wrong ' plural' form :
leafs, boxes, sea,s, arches, clys, potatos, traies,
horses, sleep, sheep, smashs.
There is one word which is not ever used in the
' plural '. You may be able to see which it is if
you go through the list of general names. (News).
Give some examples of words which, ovon
without the addition of ' s ', give the idea of
number (group, comrnittee, fatnily) .
We say : " T. have two sheep ". Why not say :
" I have tvro brother " ? The answer is that in
this example it is clear enough, but " Come with
your brother " is not clear if more than one
brother is to come with you. So Basic, like other
Ianguages, is happy to tnake the change, even
ifa small number of the 850 words are hot quite
regular.
p.
ll
 (d) A and rHE Questioils,, and Examples
Sometimes a thing is talked about as any If we are on an island and we have only one
knife, would you say : Give me a, knife, or thc
one of a group which has the same name ; knife ?

sometimes as a special example about which
something has been said before.
A man
The //ta/r:" that man of whom you have
knowledge ".
If anyone says, " Please give me a
camer& " , you are then free to make the
selection from all the possible cameras in
the stores ; so that if your friend gets a
good one it will be a pleasing surprise.
But if he says the camera, you are limited
to the special camera which he has in his
mind (one which, in his opinion, is equally
clear in your mind).l
We do not say ' a gold ' (ot ' iI sno* '),
because gold is not one of the things which
are all in front of us to be talkcd ahout or
pointed at; only part of it is cvcr there.
Some names of ' things ' which are very un-
like natural things are loolced on as if they
were names of substances ; for this reason
we do not say ' a behaviour ' ,' a learning ',
or'a
damage'.
I So the is a sort of pointing ' adjective '-
not quite so strong as this or that, to which we
are coming later.
ii;
'l' I
T2
If your house has 4 doors-one at the front,
one at the back and two at the sides-would you
say : Let us go in at a front door, or the front
door ? Would it be possible to go in at the side
door ?
On a bright night we generally take a look at
the moon, not a rnoon. Why ? (Because it is
not wise to see more than the one moon). Are
there any other things which would generally
be talked about with the, beeause there is only
one of them ? (Yes, the stcn, the shyl.
Why do we generally give a push and a. hick,
not the push and the hich ?
Make a selection of words like behaaiour, with
which, because of their sense, a(n\ will probably
be least used (attention, control, cotton, s'i,laer,
thunder, and so on).
What would be the sense of. a catton, a siluer
a pai,nt
-What?
words are there which do not ever take
a before them ? (damage , learnimg , news, tran sport,
waiting, weather).
Make this story complete, putting in a and the
as needed and giving reasons :
Mr. Anyman. Please give me - ccwnera, on
-
shelf there.
Mrs. Anyuoman. Are you going to take
picture ?
h[r. Anyman. Yes, if baby will keep quiet.
-
lltlrs. Anywornan. She has smile on her face,
now. Do be quick. -
Mr. Anyman. Now ! But there seems to be
ma,rh on her nose. -
Mrs. Anywoman. No, it was fly,so that will
be the chief thing in -
Picture.
-
13

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2. Qualities Questlone and Examples
There are lso names of quarities See what groups of names of qualities it would
be possible to make ; in relation, for example, to
(' adjectives ').1 They are used before colour, form, size and feeling.
the names of things to give some special Put together all the words like red, which are
names of simple qualities, starting with the
idea about the thing-a red book, the hard colours (blue, green, yellow, broutn, blach, g/a!,
sea.t, cold air.z whitel-wordg like sharp, haril and soft,sweet and
bitter, warrfi and cold which are the nearest to the
sensiis ; then the names of simple feelings like
t_A
, the, an! , all, eae1y , ilo, olhcr , soma, haffy, sad, tircd.
a"nd such rtg,g".neralry saidto be ' rajutti""r;i Make a list of the ' adjectives ' which are least
in the sense ttrat they-are put with th" ,ro*es of liko names of simple sense-qualities (chcaf and
things-; blt we.Inay iet thim come in separately d,ean, hanging, political, and so on).
as and *h"lt_they are needed. See piges li, A third selection will have in it all the words
and l SG.
2,9, 45, which do not seern to come naturally into the
I This not-e is only for those first group or the second. You wilf probabty
who are troubled
by doubts about th6 existence of qrr*iiti.r, *rr"" put quiah into this third group ; if so, it will
ti]gy corne to the business of p6itttitt g it ;h" bo becaase quich is used of motion, and motion
difierent sorts of things named Ly worcis. The is not a material thirrg;, or a sense, or a feeling,
simples.t o"T:r qualities are ttioru which ;;t but a change of place. There may be more than
somethi.ng about,ofour feelings and experieo..rj one opinion about the sorts of qualities, so that
about the effect of things on the r*rri" of touch tJre size of the groups given in different answers
(hard), or on the sense 6f colou , (riif , or on our will be very different. But your ansurer will be
ideas of value (good). other *oi.tr-'hur* taken of use in getting a general idea of the sorts of
the same form, but most of them are not narnes ' adjectives ' in the Basic language.
of sense-qlalities of any sort. As with the names
of things (p. 8) some names of qualitio ur* names These 25 names of qualities will probably be
ot lrery complex fictions. tho simplest to get by heart first :-
This fact,ltrat,qualities are so different, gives bl,ach, blue, clean, cold, dirty, first, good, graat,
us one reason *hy- we. will not necessaiitl be grecn, hard, high, hind, last, lihe, long, neu, old,
open, ready, red,, right, round, s6trne, straight, white.
Ilti"g.ggod senssby simply gettins-tfru *rai
rn tne nght.ord-er. by the rules I as when we say, Which are the five which go best with the dog
' a married book ' or ' a red answer '. in this picturel ?
But wtrrin
the words are in their right praces it ir ;i il;;
possible_ for others to be iertiin thai we travJ-^ii
knowlegqu of the ru_19s, and a,rrc ;rtiG
attempt to say something.
i,
,tl

I " The Seven Picture-Makers " here used may

be had from the Orthological Institute at ttre
price of I l- (25 cents).
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(a) + .
Questlons and Examplee
oPPosrrES
$f
\Mords like good, and bad have opposite
Make a list of the 10 words among the 50
opposites which are not in the list of twos (awahe,
senses, and it
is a good idea to get such blue, certain, complete, d,elicate, ill, ?teu), safe,
secret, wrong). Of these, neu is the opposite
words into your head together. 50 of the of old (page 56) ; blue is the opposite of the
names of qualities have opposites, and 40 of colour of an orange (page 95) ; urong, of an
expansion of the sense of right ; secret, of an
these are themselves names of qualities :- expansion of the sense of open. The opposite of
Go o d-bad, str aight-b ent, sw eet-bitt er, r.u arm-
delicate is frequently strong or rough ; of ill,
rI
healthy or well (pag" 79\. What General
cold, kind-cruel,, bright-dark, liaing-dead, Names give opposites of awahe, certain, com-
li!" ch,eap-dear , same-different, clean-dirty , wet-
plete, and safe ?
'tt Make a list of ' adjectives ', like electric and
dry, true-false, strong-feebl,e, male-fcmale, political, which have no opposites of any sort in
lf the Basic list.
uise-foolish, past-futu,re, red-green, first- What are the opposites of these words : tight,
last, early-IAte, right-left, tight-loose, quiet- smooth, sarne, suteet, priaate ?
I i'
ll Ts present or past the opposite of. futwre ?
,i loud, high-Iou , separate-mixed,, wide-narrors , Do you see any quality which might be the
fi opposite of fat ?
yo%ng-old, prir.tate-public, smooth-rough,
ha/fy-sad, I,ong-short, open-shut, compler- Flere are most of the opposites in verse :
Sweet-b'itter, wid,e-narrou), quich-slow,
simple, qwick-slow , great-small, hard-soft , T hi,ch-th'in, liaing-de ad, any -no,
S hut-op en, fir st-|, ast,
ho llow -s oli d, g en er a,l- s p e ci al,, normal - str a% g c, Great-small,, fwture-past, 1

thick-thin, black-white, C heap -dea;r, l, ate-early, high-lout.

50 opposites are formed by putting un- bef.ore H ard,-soft, si,mple-compler, blach-white,

the name of the quality, though till the loarner Red-green, public-Priaate, wrong-right, i

becomes expert in the art of writing it will be L eft-rig ht, fe ebl e - str ong,
best to make use of not.r Rough-smooth, short anil long,
S h oll, o w, m al, e -f em al, e, I o o s e -t'ig ht,
o l,i d, -
t able, automatic, beautiful, bcnt, brohcn, cutain, , Wise-foolish, bent-straight, old and, new,
chemical, clean, cleAr, comtnon, complcte, complcr, Warm-cold, cruel-hind, false and trorc,
conscious, cut, clastic, elcctric, cqual, ferlile, fircd, Bright-d,ar h, happy-sad,
free , frequent, k aPPy , he althy , important , hind , Clean-d,irty, g o od-b ad,,
lihc, married, medical,, military, mixcil, naturAl, ' Loud'quiet, wet-dry, orange-bl,ue.
necessary , norrnal , open,p arallel,phy sical , political,
probable, Q%iet, ready, regular, rcsponsible, safc, NorB : Some of the un- forms on the opposite
smooth, solid, straight, suteet,lircd', truc, wisc. page, ,such as unsrnooth, unsolid, unstraight, and
Un- may be used in addition with a number of unsweet are not pleasing to persons over 40 because
t}ne -ing aia -ed fiorms (see p. 82). they have not been in general use. But why not ?

l6 17

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t
t'
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d
u
il
(b) rs and ARE Questlons and Examplee
i rI
'.b

.[s and a.re are two forms of the word Da
I 'f
(about which more is said on page 100).
To make simple statements, the word is
(are, when there is more than one thing) is
put between the name of the thing and the
quality, or between two names of things.
Was (were, when there is more than one
thing) takes the place of rs for the past.
I
A ball' is round. Words ale signs,
N
.lr
F
The cows 6we marriad. The last examph
{
ti
was foolish.
fI
:t, Round, rnarricd, and foolish :tre said to
V
\
be qualities or properties of the things
t some of the possible statements would be foolish ?
t
{
,r, named. But some qualities and names,
when put together, do not make sense,
I
\ if it is our experience of things, keep in mind
like example 31 ; and you will have a better
knowledge of any language if you are able
to give reasons why any two words will
not go together (p. 14 note, and p. l8l).
(c) AND and oR
Anil is used for joining words together
The nca,n and the uofna,n a're tnerried.
Or is used for the idea of one of two :
The ]na,n or the uolnan ts tnarried.
For other uses of the ' conjunctions '
tnd and or, see page 58.
x Most languages have thie grouP- of quality
words, and Jtrange errors of thought m?-y be
produced by them. But in general- talk or
buginess letiers it is not hard to Put the words
together so that they will make some rort of sense.
18
Take the name of anything in the list, such as
paymenf, and put different ' adjectives' with it
in turn (on abl,e fayment, an aci,d, payment, a
a,iolent payment, cJ stichy paymenl and so on).
See which of them make sense in your opinion.
Then take those which make good sense, such as
o quich payment, and put the word is (or arcl
before one of the other ' adjectives ' which go
naturally with payment (A quich payment is
strange ; slow paytnents &re natural ; a second
payment is necessary and so on) ; till you are quite
certain how a payment may be talked about.
Then do the same with burst, flog, and Pig. Now
for the first time you are making complete state-
ments, such as are used in normal discussion.
Put all the natural statements you are able to
make about thc sad, story and sad storics (The sad,
story is ready ; sad stoyies are freqwent) into
past time. What makes you so certain that
If it is the sense of the words, take care to get all
the possible senses of the statement quite clear ;
the fact that our experience may get wider.
Certain names of qualities are in need of special
attention because they are less freely used than
the others. Some may only be used before the
name they go with, such as chief, future, same.
Others, as lihe, awahc, are not put before
the thing or person, but generally come after
:
some form of the operator bc.
J,
^-
IJ
^a.^^.
is
The baby awahe.
t9