Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted To:
Sir Rizwan Zafar
Submitted By:
Umar Fayyaz
Adnan Imran
Introduction
• The required energy is depends upon to an extent on the rise time and pulse
width of arc
• Energy level for a standardized mixture may be low as 0.002mJ.
• In general it may be considered that 1mJ. Is sufficient to produce ignition of
fuel-air mixture.
Spark Energy & Time Duration
• The ignition systems are classified depending upon how the primary energy
for operating the circuit is made available as:
1. Battery Ignition System
2. Magneto Ignition System
Requirements of Ignition System
• It should provide a good spark b/w the electrodes of the plugs at the correct
timing
• It should function efficiently over the entire range of engine speed
• It should be light, effective & reliable in service
• It should be compact and easy to maintain
• It should be continent and easy to handle
Battery Ignition system
Battery Ignition system
• It consist of following parts
1. Battery 1 2 3 4
2. Ignition Switch
3. Ballast Resistor
4. Ignition coil
5. Contact breaker
6. Capacitor 5 6 7 8
7. Distributor
8. Spark plug
Ignition Parts
• Battery: Provides power for system
Two types of battery are used for spark ignition engines
I. Lead acid Battery
II. Alkaline Battery
• Ignition coil: Changes battery voltage to 30,000V during normal operation and
has a potential to produce up to 60,000V.
The ignition coil consist of magnetic core of soft iron wire or sheet & two insulated conducting coils
called primary & secondary windings.
Ignition Parts
• Contact Breaker: it is mechanical device use to making & breaking the
primary circuit of ignition coil.
It consists of essentially a fixed metal point against which another metal
point bears which is being on spring loaded pivoted arm.
• Capacitor: The principle of ignition capacitor is same like the electric
capacitor which is very simple: two metal plates are separated by insulated
material-are placed face to face.
Ignition Parts
• Distributer: The function of distributer is to distribute the ignition surges
to the individual spark plugs in the correct sequence & at the correct instant
in time.
• Spark Plug: The spark plug provides the two electrodes with a proper gap
across which the light potential discharges to generate a spark and ignite
the combustible mixture within the combustion chamber.
Operation Of Battery Ignition System
It is special type of ignition system with its own electric generator to provide
the necessary energy for the system
• It is mounted over the engine and replace the all parts of coil ignition system
except the spark plug
• Magneto when rotated by the engine it is capable to produce the high
voltage & dose not need a battery as external source
Schematic Diagram
Comparison b/w Battery Ignition & Magneto Ignition
Modern Ignition System
It provide the higher output voltage & use the electronic triggering to maintain the
required timing. These system also called the high energy electronic ignition system
These are the following advantages of TCI System:
• Reduce ignition system maintenance
• Reduce the wear of the components
• Increased reliability
• Extend spark plug life
• Improved Ignition of lean mixture
Schematic Diagram of TCI
Capacitive Discharge Ignition (CDI) System
• A capacitor rather than the induction coil is used to store the ignition energy.
• The capacitance and the charging voltage determine the amount of energy stored.
• Ignition transformer step up the primary voltage generated at the time of spark by
the discharge of capacitor through the thyristor to the high voltage required at the
spark plug.
• The CDI trigger box contain the capacitor, thyristor power switch, charging device,
pulse shaping unit & control unit
Schematic Diagram of CDI
Fire Order
• Every engine cylinder must fire once in one cycle
• Three factor must be considered before deciding the optimum firing order of an
engine
i. Engine vibration
ii. Engine cooling
iii. Development of back pressure
• 4 stroke 4 cylinder ignition system must fire for every 180 degree of crank rotation
• For six cylinder engine only 120 degree of crank rotation
Spark Advance Mechanism
• Mechanism that shift the ignition point under part load operation
• The diaphragm of a vacuum unit is moved by changes in gas pressure
• Position of diaphragm is determined by the differential at any given movement b/w
the prevailing vacuum & atmospheric pressure
• Vacuum advance mechanism is operates independent of the centrifugal advance
mechanism
• Vacuum advance mechanism operates in conjunction with the centrifugal advance
mechanism to provide the total adjustment required when engine is operating
under the part load
Vacuum Advance Mechanism Cont.
• A typical advance mechanism showed in figure given below:
Ignition Timing & Exhaust Emission
• Idling, declaration & running rich Typical distributor advance curve for
lower HC & CO exhaust emission
with closed throttle are some
engine operating conditions which
produce excessive unburnt
hydrocarbons & carbon monoxide
in exhaust.
• The emission quality is greatly
effected by ignition timing .
How Ignition System Works
Engine
Electronics
(Sensors)
Introduction
• The performance and emissions that
today's engines deliver would be
impossible without the electronics that
manage everything from ignition and
fuel delivery to every aspect of emissions
control. Electronics make possible V8
engines that deliver excellent
performance, good fuel economy and
produce almost no pollution. But there's
a price to be paid for today's technology,
and that price is complexity.
Inductive Sensors
1. Sensor housing
2. Output signal wires
3. Coaxial coated protection
4. Permanent magnet
5. Inductive coil
6. Pole pin
7. Trigger wheel
G. Air gap
Hall Effect Sensors
• Used on both carbureted and fuel injected engines since 1981, the oxygen (O2) sensor is the key
sensor in the fuel mixture feedback control loop.
• Mounted in the exhaust manifold, the O2 sensor monitors the amount of unburned oxygen in the
exhaust. On many V6 and V8 engines, there are two such sensors (one for each bank of cylinders).
• The O2 sensor's responsiveness and voltage output can diminish with age and exposure to certain
contaminants in the exhaust such as lead, sulphur, silicone (coolant leaks) and phosphorus (oil
burning). If the sensor becomes contaminated, it may not respond very quickly to changes in the
air/fuel mixture causing a lag in the PCMs ability to control the air/fuel mixture.
Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) Sensor