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1.

If a particular type of polythene has a molecular mass of 1,40,000 g/mol, what is its
degree of polymerisation ? [1]
Ans.-
Molecular mass of polythene= 1,40,000 g/mol.
We have to find Degree of Polymerisation.
D.P= Molecular Weight / Monomer Weight
Monomer weight of polythelene = 14
140000
Therefore, D.P. =
14
Or, D.P. = 10000 (Ans.)

2. A tension test recorded an engineering strain of 0.0046 against the engineering stress
of 345 MPa of a material within its elastic range, Find out the elastic modulus of the
material and the type of metallic alloy. [1]
Ans.-
Engineering strain = 0.0046
Engineering stress = 345 MPa
Young’s modulus Y = 𝜎𝑓 / 𝜀𝑓
345
Or, Y =
0.0046
Or, Y = 75000 MPa (Ans.)
It is a Silica base of Metallic alloy.

3. The final thickness of a hard copper sheet is 1.0 mm. It was produced by cold
working with 25% deformation. What was the starting thickness of the metal before
cold working ? [1]
Ans.-
Final thickness of a hard copper sheet = 1.0 mm.
25% deformed.
Suppose x= 0.25
So that 0.75x= 1
1
x=
0.75
Or, x= 1.33 (Ans.)
4. Atomic radii of two metal atoms are 0.128 nm and 0.133 nm respectively. Find out
whether they form an solid solution, and they form, state what type of solid solution it
is. [1]
Ans.-
(0.133−0.128)
Percentage change in radii = × 100
0.128
= 3.91 %
3.91 % is less than 15%
Hence, they form solid solution. (Ans.)
Type of solid solution- Solid Solubility.

5. Brass has a peritectic reaction at a temperature of 9030C, with 36.8% Zn (β phase) in


the middle and 32.5% Zn at α-phase end and 37.5 Zn at liquidus end. Find out the
percentages of liquid phase and α-phase present at the peritectic point. [1]
Ans.-
𝑋𝑍
Percentage of liquid phase = × 100
𝑋𝑌
XZ = 37.5-36.8
Or, XZ = 0.7
XY = 37.5-32.5
Or, XY = 5
0.7
Liquid phase percentage= ×100= 14%
5
When the liquid reacts with the crystals precipitated out of liquid and forms new type of
crystals.

6. The fracture toughness equation of a material is given by KIC = σf √𝝅. 𝒂 . If the


material has a strength of 300 MPa, and a fracture toughness of 4 MPa √𝒎 . Find out
the largest internal crack in microns the material will support without cracking, σf =
strength MPa, a= Crack size, m. [1]
Ans.-
We need to determine size of a crack that will propagate in the steel under given
KIC = σf √𝜋. 𝑎
Or, 4 = 300√𝜋 × √𝑎
4
Or, √𝑎 =
300√𝜋

Or, √𝑎 = 7.52 × 10-3


Or, 𝑎 = 5.66 × 10-5 m (Ans.)

7. Assuming that the true stress-true strain curve follows the relation: σ=σ0 + K 𝜺𝒏𝒑 ,

whereσis the true stress, σ0 is the flow stress at plastic strain=0, εp= true plastic

strain, and n is the strain hardening exponent. Show that the rate of strain hardening,
𝒅𝛔
is a function of n,σ,σ0, εp. Estimate the value of dσ/dεp , where n=0.3, σ=300
𝒅𝛆𝐩

MPa, σ0 =200 MPa, εp=0.05 [2]

Ans.-

σ=σ0 + K 𝜀𝑝𝑛 (i)

Differentiating w.r.t. 𝜀𝑝 ,
𝑑𝜎
= 0 + k.n.𝜀𝑝𝑛−1
𝑑𝜀𝑝

𝑑𝜎
Or, = k.n. 𝜀𝑝𝑛−1
𝑑𝜀𝑝

Substituting the value of k from equation (i)


𝑑𝜎 𝜎−𝜎0
=[ 𝑛 ].n. 𝜀𝑝𝑛−1
𝑑𝜀𝑝 𝜀𝑝

𝑑𝜎 𝑛
Or, = (σ-σ0)
𝑑𝜀𝑝 𝜀𝑝

Given that, n=0.3, σ= 300 MPa, σ0 =200 MPa and εp= 0.05

Therefore,
𝑑𝜎 0.3
= (300-200) ×
𝑑𝜀𝑝 0.05

𝑑𝜎 0.3
Or, = 100 ×
𝑑𝜀𝑝 0.05

𝑑𝜎
Or, = 600 MPa (Ans.)
𝑑𝜀𝑝
8. A plate of iron is exposed to a carburizing (Carbon Rich) atmosphere on one side and
a decarburizing (carbon-deficient) atmosphere on the other side at 7000C. If a
condition of steady-state is achieved, calculate the diffusion flux of carbon through
the plate, if the concentrations of carbon at positions of 5 mm and 10 mm beneath the
carburizing surface are 1.2 and 0.8 kg/m3. Assume a diffusion coefficient of 3×10-11
m2/s. How will you attempt the same problem, if not-steady state conditions exist.
Ans.- [2]
From the Fick’s first law,
𝑑𝐶
J= -D
𝑑𝑋
is utilized to determine the diffusion flux.
Substitution of the value above into this expression yields.
𝐶𝐴 −𝐶𝐵
J= -D
𝑥𝐴 −𝑥𝐵

Where,
D=3×10-11 m2/s
CA= 1.2 kg/m3, CB= 0.8 kg/m3
xA= 5×10-3 m, xB= 10-2 m
Putting the values,
1.2−0.8
J= -(3×10-11)
(5×10−3 −10−2 )

J= 2.4 × 10-9 kg/m2-s (Ans.)

9. A sodium Silicate glass has no surface defects as etching has removed them, but has
cracks inside from 2 µm to 5 µm in length. Calculate the surface energy of glass if
fracture strength= 100 MNm-2; Young’s modulus= 70 GNm-2. [3]
Ans.-
As per equation
1

σf = ( 𝜋𝑎𝑠 )
2𝐸𝛾 2

Where,
𝜎𝑓 = Fracture Strength= 100 MNm-2
E = Young’s modulus = 70 GNm-2
𝛾𝑠 = Surface energy of glass
a = crack length
If a= 2×10-6 m then
1
2×70×109 .𝛾𝑠 2
100 ×106 = ( )
𝜋×2×10−6

Or, 𝛾𝑠 = 0.45 J/m2


If a = 5 ×10-6 m then
1
2×70×109 .𝛾𝑠 2
100 ×106 = ( )
𝜋×5×10−6

Or, 𝛾𝑠 = 1.12 J/m2 (Ans.)

10. A continuous and aligned glass fibre reinforced composite consists of 40 vol % of
Glass fibres having a modulus of elasticity 69 GPa and 60 vol% of a polyester resin
that, when hardened, displays a modulus of 3.4 GPa. Calculate the modulus of
elasticity of this composite in the longitudinal directions. [3]
Ans.-
40 vol% of glass fibres
Modulus of elasticity= 69 GPa
60 vol% of polyester resin
Modulus of elasticity= 3.4 GPa
Modulus of elasticity of composite
Em = (fE)ge + (fE)pr
Or, Em = (0.4×69) + (0.6×3.4)
Or, Em = 29.64 GPa

11. A transformer core is wound with a coil carrying an alternating current at a


frequency of 50 Hz. Assuming the magnetization to be uniform throughout core
volume of 0.02 m3, Calculate the hysteresis loss. The hysteresis loop has an area of
80,000 units, when the axes are drawn in units of 10-4 Wbm-2 and 10-2 Am-1.
Ans.- [3]
Energy lost during each cycle = area of loop
Area of the loop = (10-4× 10-2×80000)
Or, Area of the loop = 8 Wb/m3
Volume of the transformer core= 0.02 m3
Energy lost in the core in each cycle
Bmax= 8 ×0.02
Bmax = 0.16 Wb
Power loss due to hysteresis = (Bmax)1.6. f
Hence, Power loss = (0.16)1.6 ×50
Or, Power loss = 2.66 Watt (Ans.)

12. Calculate the radius of the largest interstitial void in the FCC lattice,if it occurs at
𝟏
the (𝟐 , 𝟎, 𝟎) position. The radius of the atom is to be taken as R. [4]

Ans.-
1
For FCC lattice, the largest interstitial void such as the (2 , 0,0) lies along <100>

directions. Thus the radius of the largest interstitial void and the radius of the interstitial
site are :
a=0.3571 nm
√2𝑎
RFCC =
4

√2×0.3571
Therefore, RFCC = Or, RFCC = 0.1263 nm
4
2rinterstitial + 2RFCC = a

0.3571−2×0.1263
rinterstitial =
2

Or, rinterstitial = 0.0522 nm (Ans.)

13. If the lattice parameter of alpha- iron is 286 picometer, what is its atomic radius ?
Ans. [5]
Latice parameter of alpha-iron = 286 pm
For alpha-iron, then atomic radius
√3
r= a
4
286×√3
Or, r =
4
Therefore, r = 124 pm (Ans.)
14. In a tension test, gage diameter = 10 mm, gage length =50 mm, and the
maximum load reported as 3000 kgf. What will be the ultimate tensile strength ?
Ans. [4]
Gage diameter = 10 mm
Maximum load = 3000 kgf

Area = 4 (10)2 = 78.5 mm2

Ultimate tensile stress, σu = 38.22 kgf/mm2 (Ans.)

15. Find the kinetic energy of photon whose de-Broglie wavelength is 1.0 fermi–
meter. Given that rest energy of photon E0=0.938 eV.
Ans.
In case pc>E0 a relativistic calculation is required. Hence first we calculate pc
Thus,
E = pc & E= hc/λ
So, pc= hc/λ
Or, pc = (4.136×10-15eV.s)(3×108m/s) / (1.0×10-15m)
Or, pc = 1.24×109eV
Or, pc = 1.24 GeV
As pc>E0,
Hence the total energy of photon is
E = √(E02 + p2 c 2 )

Or, E = √(0.9382 + 1.242 )


Or, E = 1.555 GeV
Kinetic energy is
K.E = E – E0
Or, K.E.= (1.555 – 0.938) GeV
Or, K.E.= 0.617 GeV
Or, K.E.= 617 MeV

16. A reaction – bonded silicon nitride ceramic has strength of 300 MPa and a
fracture toughness of 3.6 MPa √𝒎. What is the largest – size internal crack that
this material can support without fracturing ? Assume 𝜰 = 1. [6]
Ans.
Fracture toughness = 3.6 MPa √𝑚
KIC = 3.6 MPa

σ = 300 MPa
𝛶=1
Largest size internal crack = ac
1 KIC 2
ac = ( )
ᴨ ϭ𝛶
1 3.6
Or, ac = ( )2
ᴨ 300×1

Or, ac = 0.000046 mm or 4.6×10-5 mm

17. If a particular type of polythene has a molecular mass of 140,000 g/mol, what
is the degree of polymerization ? [5]
Ans.
The repeating unit or mass for polyethylene is [–CH2–CH2]. This unit has molar
mass = 2× 12 𝑔 + 1 × 4 𝑔 = 28 𝑔.
140,000 g/mol
D.P =
28 g/mol

= 5000 (Ans.)

18. Lattice parameter of chromium is 286 picometer. Calculate its atomic radius.
Ans. [5]
We all know that, chromium has BCC crystal structure and lattice parameter
4𝑟
a=
√3
where r is atomic radius
Therefore,
4𝑟
286 =
√3
Or, r = 123.84 pm (Ans.)

19. How many atoms would be there in 5 moles of Neon gas? [5]
Ans.
According to Avogadro’s,
Neon is a monoatomic gas.
Here the number of molecules =number of atoms.
Now 1 gram mole of any gas contains 6.023 × 1023 atoms.
So, 5 moles of Neon gas contain 5 × 6.023 × 1023 atoms,
i.e. 30.115 × 1023 atoms. (Ans.)
20. What is the atomic percentage of Cu in 70% Cu +30% Zn brass.( Cu = 63.5,
Zn = 65.4). [5]
Ans.
Given data :
ACu = 63.5 , AZn = 65.4
CCu = weight percent composition of Copper
CZn = weight percent composition of Zinc.
We know that, atom percent composition of copper,
𝐶𝐶𝑢 .𝐴𝑍𝑛
% Cu = × 100
𝐶𝐶𝑢 𝐴𝑍𝑛 +𝐶𝑍𝑛 𝐴𝐶𝑢
70×65.5
Or, % Cu = × 100
70×65.5+30×63.5
% Cu = 70.65 %. (Ans.)

21. A unidirectional fibre-epoxy composite contains 60% by volume fibres and 40%
epoxy resins 1-20 mg/m3. Calculate the weight percentages of fibre and epoxy resin
is the composite material. If the young’s modulus of the composite, assuming rule of
mixtures to hold good. [4]
Ans.-
60% by volume fibres
Young’s modulus of the fibre= 400 Gpa
40% epoxy resin
Young’s modulus of the epoxy resin = 50 Gpa
Young’s modulus of the composite = Em = ??
Em = (fE)ft +(fE)ex
Or, Em = (0.6 × 400) + (0.4× 50)
Or, Em = 240 +20
Or, Em = 260 Gpa (Ans.)

22. In a tension test, the engineering stress and engineering strain were found to be 500
Gpa, and 0.50, respectively. Calculate the true stress and true strain. [4]
Ans.-
Engineering stress (µ) = 500
Engineering strain (α) = 0.50
True stress(1+µ) = 500(1+0.5)
Or, True stress = 750 Mpa
True strain = ln(0.1+α)
Or, True strain = ln(1+0.5)
Or, True strain = 0.41 (Ans.)

23. A sample of glass has a crack of half length 2 µm. The young’s modulus of the glass
is 70 GN/m2 and specific surface energy is 1 J/m2. Estimate the fracture strength.
Ans.- [7]
Δf = (Eγ/4c)1/2
Where, Δf = fracture stress,
Ε = young’s modulus
γ = specific surface energy,
c = half length of crack
According to the given problem,
c =2 mm; γ = 1J/m2
E = 70 GN/m2
Δf = (70×109×1/4×2×10-6)1/2
Or, Δf = 0.935×108 N/m2

24. If aluminium deforms at an axial tension of 6-9 Mpa in direction [010] on (111)
[110] Slip system, what is its critical resolved shear stress? [3]
Ans.-
Axial tension = 6.9 Mpa
Direction [010] on (111) slip system make an angle of 45
Θ =54.7
Direction [010] on [110] slip system make a angle of 54.7
Β =54.7
µ = δ×cos θ×cos 54.7%
Or, µ = 2.819 MPa

25. A unidirectional fiber- epoxy composite contains 65% by volume fibres and 35%
epoxy resin. Calculate the weight percentages of fibres and epoxy resin in composite
material. If young’s modulus of the fibre is 400 Gpa and that of epoxy resin matrix
is 50 Gpa, Determine the young’s modulus of the composite. [7]
Ans.-
Basic is 1m3 of composite material. Therefore,we have 0.65 m3 of fibres and 0.35 m3
epoxy resin
Density = mass/volume
ρ = m/ν
now, mass of fibres = ρfνf
Or, m = 1.48×0.35
Or, m = 0.962 mg
Mass of epoxy resin = ρrνr
Wt% fibres = (0.92/0.962+0.42)×100% = 69.61%
Wt% epoxy resin = (0.42/0.962+0.42)×100% = 30.39%
Also, given that,
Ef = 400 Gpa;
Er =50 Gpa;
We know that,
Young’s method of composite
Ec = EfVf + Er Vr
Or, Ec = 400×0.65 +50×0.35 Or, Ec= 277.5 Gpa (Ans.)

26. A 13 mm diameter tensile specimen has a 50 mm gage length. The load


corresponding to the 0.2% offset is 6800 kg and the maximum load is 8400 kg.
fracture occurs at 7300 kg. The diameter after fracture is 8 mm and the gage length
at fracture is 65 mm. calculate the yield stress and tensile stress. [6]
Ans.-
Specimen diameter = 13 mm, gage length =50 mm
Maximum load = 8400 kg, fracture load = 7300 kg
Gage length at fracture =65 mm , diameter of fracture section =8 mm
Load corresponding to 0.2% off set = 6800 kg
The original area of cross-section, A0= П/4×132= 132.73 mm2
Yield stress = load at yield point/A0 = 6800/132.73 = 51.23 kg/mm2
Tensile strength = maximum load/A0 = 8400/132.73 = 63.29 kg/mm2 (Ans.)
28. Using nernst equation, calculate the potential of the hydrogen electrode,Eh at pH= 8.
Ans.- [5]
Using nernst equation,
E = 0.401 + (0.592/2).log8
Or, E = 0.374 volt
29. Whether iron (atomic radius =0.1238 nm) and nitrogen (atomic radius =0.071 nm)
can form substitutional solid solution ? [5]
Ans.-
Atomic radius difference
= ((RFe - Rn)/Rn)×100 %
= ((0.1238-0.071)/0.071)×100 %
= 74.37 %

30. A tensile stress of 200 Mpa is applied by a metal having elastic modulus of 200 Gpa.
Find out the strain. [8]
Ans.-
We know that
σ = Ee
Or, e = σ/E
Or, e = 200/200×103
Or, e = 0.001

31. For intrinsic gallium arsenide, the room-temperature electrical conductivity is 10-6
(Ohm-m)-1 the electron and hole mobilities are, respectively, 0.85 and 0.04 m2/V-s.
Compute the intrinsic carrier concentration at room temperature.
(Material Science and Engineering, An Introduction, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, William D.
Callister, Jr, seventh edition, page- 682)
Ans-
Since the material is intrinsic, carrier concentration may be computed using formula
𝜎
ni =
|𝑒|(𝜇𝑒 +𝜇ℎ )

10−6
Or, ni =
(1.6×10−19 )(0.85+0.04)

Or, ni = 7.0× 1012 m-3 (Ans.)


32. 1023 m-3 arsenic atoms is added to high-purity silicon. Calculate the room-
temperature electrical conductivity of this material.
(Material Science and Engineering, An Introduction, William D. Callister, Jr, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc, seventh edition, page- 690)
Ans.-
We know that the conductivity of doped semiconductor material is determined by the
formula
σ= n.|e|.𝜇𝑒
Or, σ= (1023 m-3).(1.6 × 10-19 C).(0.07 m2/V-s)
Or, σ= 1120 (Ohm-m)-1 (Ans.)

33. The electrical conductivity and electron mobility for aluminium are 3.8 × 10-7
(Ohm-m)-1 and 0.0012 m2/V-s, respectively. Calculate the Hall voltage for an
aluminium specimen that is 15 mm thick for a current of 25 A and a magnetic field
of 0.6 tesla (imposed in a direction perpendicular to the current).
(Material Science and Engineering, An Introduction, William D. Callister, Jr, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc, seventh edition, page- 690)
Ans.-
The Hall voltage VH may be determined using formula
𝑅𝐻 𝐼𝑥 𝐵𝑧
VH =
𝑑
Hall coefficient (RH) is determined from this Equation
𝜇𝑒
RH = -
𝜎
0.0012
Or, RH = -
3.8 ×107
Or, RH = -3.16 ×10-11 V-m/A-Tesla
Now, putting the value of RH in main formula, we get,
(−3.16 ×10−11 ).(25).(0.6)
VH =
15×10−3
Or, VH = -3.16 ×10-8 V (Ans.)

34. Steel gear, having carbon content of 0.2% is to be gas carburized to achieve carbon
content of 0.96% at the surface and 0.4% at 0.5 mm depth from the surface. If the
process is to be carried out at 927°C, find the time required for carburization.
Given, diffusion coefficient of carbon in given steel = 1.28×10–11m2 /s.
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 , page-
207)
Ans.-
𝑑𝑐 𝑑2𝑐
We have = D× . . . . (1)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 2
The solution of Eq. (1) can be written as
(cs-cx)/(cs-c0)=erf[x/2√Dt] . . . . (2)
Here,
x = 0 .5 mm = 0.5 ×10–3 m
D = 1.28 × 10–11 m2 /s
cs = Surface concentration of diffusion element in the surface = 0.9%
co = Initial uniform concentration of the element in the solid = 0.2%
cx = Concentration of the diffusing element at a distance x from the surface = 0.4%
Substituting the proper values in Eq. (2), we have
(0.9-0.4)/(0.9-0.2) = erf[0.5×10-3/(2×√(12.8 × 10−12 t )]
Or, 0.7143 = erf[69.88/√𝑡]
Let z = 69.88/√t
erf z = 0.7143 ..... (3)
From table, we find the erf z lies between 0.7112 and 0.7421 for which z lies between
0.75 and 0.80. One can find the number z by interpolation.
z = 0.755
From eq. (3)
t = (69.88)2/0.7552
t = 8566.35 = 142.8 min. (Ans.)

35. X-rays with wavelength of 0.58 Å are used for calculating d200 in nickel. The
reflection angle is 9.5°. What is the size of unit cell?
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 ,page-
113)
Ans.-
Given :-θ=9.5° ,wavelength λ= 0.58 Å
𝑎
d=
√(h2 +k2 +l2 )

d200 = a/√(22+0+0) = a/2


Now, from Bragg’s law , 2d sinθ = nλ,
we have,
2×d200×sin9.5° = 1×0.58
Or, 2×0.5a×0.165 = 0.58
Or, a = 0.52 Å (Ans.)

36. Calculate the line energy of dislocations in BCC iron. Given, the Burgers vector in
iron is of the ½ <1 1 1 > type and shear modulus of iron is 80.2 GN/m2.
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 , page
109)
Ans.-
For BCC iron, the lattice parameter, a = 2.87 Å.
shear modulus of iron , G= 80.2 GN/m2.
Magnitude of Burger vector, b = 2.87 √3/2 = 2.49 Å.
We have the relation for the line energy of the dislocation,
1
E = 2 Gb2

Or, E = {80.2×109×(2.49)2×10-20}/2
Or, E= 2.49× 10-9 J/m (Ans.)

37. The diffusion coefficient for copper in aluminium at 500 °C and 600 °C are 4.8×10–14
and 5.3 ×10–3 m2 /s respectively. Determine the approximate time at 500°C that will
produce the same diffusion result (in terms of concentration of copper at some
specific point in aluminium) as 10–h heat treatment at 600°C.
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 , page-
210)
Ans.-
The composition in both diffusion situations will be at the same position, i.e.
x is also a constant. Thus
Dt = constant
Now,
D500× t500 = D600× t600
Or, t500 = D600× t600/ D500
Or, t500 = (5.3 ×10 -13m2 /s) (10 h ) /( 4.8 ×10 -14 m2 /s)
Or, t500= 110.4 h
38. To obtain a p-type semiconductor, boron (an element from third column) is doped in
pure silicon. This doped is carried through a B2O3 vapour phase of partial pressure
equal to 1.5 N/m2 . This atmosphere is equivalent to a surface concentration of
3 ×1026 boron atoms per m3 . Show that the time required to get a boron content of
1023 atoms per m3 at a depth of 2 µm is 3845 s. Given: the doping temperature =
1100°C and DBin Si at this temperature = 4 ×10–17 m2/s.
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 , page-
208)
Ans.-
We have
c1 = 0 , cs = 3 ×1026 atoms , c(x) = 1023 atoms
x = 2 ×10–6 m , D = 4 ×10–17 m2/s
c(x, t) = A – B erf (x /2√Dt )
Using appropriate values, we obtain
erf (x/2 √Dt ) = 0.99967
Using table , we obtain
x/2 √Dt = 2.55
Or, t = (22×10-12) / ( 2.552×4 ×2×10 -17)
Or, t= 3845 sec
Approximate calculations can be made using x = √Dt . c1 is negligible compared to c2 and for
the diffusion couple set up, this approximation yields the concentration at x as c(x) = 0.24 c2.

39. The Young’s modulus of a certain material is 180×103 mega Newton/m2 and its true
surface energy is 1.8 J/m2 . The crack length is 5 µm. Show that its fracture strength
is 273×106 N/m2 . Interpret your result.
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 ,page-
270)
Ans.-
Given data is -
ϒ= 1.8 J/m2 , E = 180 × 109N/m2 , c = 2.5× 10–6
The fracture strength is

2ϒ𝐸
σf = √
𝜋𝑐
2×1.8×180
Or, σf =√ 5 ×107.5
3.14×
2

Or, σf = 273×106 N/m2


We note the above calculated strength is approximately ¼ of the actually observed value.
The reason for the difference between the two values is as follows. When the material is
deformed plastically and the crack propagate, then the plastic work is done by the crack.
When the crack is plastically deformed, energy is also consumed. Since we have not taken
into account the plastic work required to propagate the crack and hence the calculated
value is lower. One can calculate the amount of plastic work required to propagate the
crack by the equation.

σg = [2E(𝛾 + 𝑝)/𝜋𝑐]1/2
where σg is actual fracture strength and p is the plastic work required to propagate the
crack.

2×180×(1.8+𝑝)
1000 = ×1015
3.14×2.5

Or, p = 25.32 J/m2 = 12.4× 𝛾

which is 12.4 times the surface energy. This shows that the effective surface energy that
includes plastic work is 12.4 times higher than its true surface energy.

40. A tensile test specimen having a diameter of 12.7 mm was loaded upto a load of 76
kN and its diameter was measured as 12 mm. Compare true stress and strain with
engineering stress and strain.
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 , page-
270)
Ans.-
Given data is -
d0= 12.7 mm , d = 12 mm , p = 76 KN
Initial area of cross-section (A0) =3.14×(12.7)2/4 = 126.6 mm2
The area of cross-section (A) after load of 76 kN = 3.14×122/4 = 113.04 mm2
Engineering stress (σ) = P/A = 76000 / 126.6 = 600.3 N/mm2
True stress (σ’) = P / A = 76000 / 113.04 = 672.33 N/mm2
True strain=
ϵ’= log( A0/ A)
Or, ϵ’= log (126.6 /113.04)
Or, ϵ’ = 0.113
Also
ϵ’= log (1 + ϵ ) = 0.113
Or, 1 + ϵ = e0.113
So, ϵ = 0.l2 (Ans.)

41. A piece of copper originally 305 mm long is pulled in tension with a stress of 276
MPa of 110 GPa young’s modulus. If the deformation is entirely elastic, find the
resultant elongation?
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 ,page-
271)
Ans.-
Given σ= 276 MPa , l0 = 305 mm , E=110 GPa
Since the deformation is elastic, strain is dependent on stress,
σ= ϵ E ..............(i)
Moreover, the elongation l is related to original length l0 as, ϵ = 𝑐𝑙/l0 .............(ii)
Combining (i) and (ii) and solving for ∆l,
we have
∆l = σl0/E
Or, ∆l = (276 MPa) × (305 mm) /(110× 103) MPa
Or, ∆𝑙 = 0.765 mm

42. A diffraction pattern of a cubic crystal of lattice parameter a = 3.16 Å is obtained


with a monochromatic X-ray beam of wavelength 1.54 Å. The first line on this
pattern was observed to have θ = 20.3°. Obtain the interplanar spacing and Miller
indices of the reflecting plane.
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 ,page-
115)
Ans.-
Now, from Bragg’s law ,
2d sinθ = nλ,
Or, d=nλ/(2sinθ)
Here, it is given:-
θ= 20.3° , λ=1.54 Å
n = 1 , a = 3.16 Å
So, d = 1×1.54/(2×0.3469)
Or, d = 2.22 Å
For cubic crystal, we have
d=a/√(h2+k2+l2)
Or, (h2+k2+l2) = a2/d2
Or, (h2+k2+l2) =3.162 / 2.222 = 2
Since (h2 + k2 + l2 ) = 2 and hence the Miller indices are (110) or (101) or (011).

43. The axis of a cylindrical crystal of copper lies in the (111) plane. A tensile stress σ is
applied along the axis of the crystal. Show that the resolved shear stress 𝝉 in any
direction on this plane is zero. What inference will you draw from this?
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 ,page-
370)
Ans.-
We have
𝜏R = σ cos ∅1 cos ∅2 ......(1)
Here, the angle ∅1= 90° for the plane (111) and hence cos ∅1= 0. Obviously, from Eq.
(1), the resolved shear stress 𝜏R for any value of ∅2is zero. Since all planes in the family
of {111} are not parallel to each other and hence we cannot conclude that the crystal will
not deform plastically. There are planes other than (111) and definitely they will have a
finite resolved shear. As soon as this will attain the critical value, plastic deformation will
be initiated.

44. A brass rod is to be used in an application requiring its ends to be held rigid. The
rod is stress free at 20°C. Determine the maximum temperature to which the rod
may be heated without exceeding a compressive stress of 172 MPa. Given, modulus
of elasticity = 100 GPa for brass and 𝜶= 20 × 10–6 /°C.
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 ,page-
417)
Ans.-
Given T = 20°C , 𝛼 = 20 × 10–6 /°C and σ = – 172 MPa
We have equation
σ = E 𝛼 (T – Tf)
Or, Tf = T – σ /E 𝛼
Or, Tf = 20° –[172/ (100 ×103×10-6 ) ]
Or, Tf =20°𝐶 + 86°𝐶
Or, Tf= 106°C (Ans.)

45. Aluminium has FCC structure. Its density is 2700 kg/m3 . Find the unit cell
dimensions and atomic diameter. Given at. weight of Al = 26.98.
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 ,page-
91)
Ans.-
𝑍×𝑀
Density =
𝑁𝐴 ×𝑎3

Density = 2700 kg/m3 = 2.7 gm/cm3


Density =
d = 4 × 26.98 /(6.023 ×1023× a3)
Or, a3= 6.6 × 10–23/cm3
Or, a = 4.048 ×10–10 m = 4.048 Å
For FCP structure,
r = a/ (2×1.414)
Or, r = 4.048/ (2×1.414)
Or, r = 1.43 Å
So, Diameter = 2 r = 2.86 Å (Ans.)

46. Find the interplanar distance of (200) plane and (111) plane of nickel crystal. The
radius of nickel atom is 1.245 Å.
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 ,page-
92)
Ans.-
Nickel has FCC structure. Given radius of Nickel (r) = 1.245 Å
Lattice constant
a = 4 r / √2
Or, a = 4 × 1.245/1.414 = 3.52 Å
d200 = 3.52 / √( 22+ 0 + 0 ) =1.76Å
d111=3.52 / √( 12 +12 +12 ) = 2.03 Å

47. A tensile-testing apparatus is to be constructed that must withstand a maximum


load of 220,000 N (50,000 lbf). The design calls for two cylindrical support posts,each
of which is to support half of the maximum load.Furthermore, plain-carbon (1045)
steel ground and polished shafting rounds are to be used; the minimum yield and
tensile strengths of this alloy are 310 MPa (45,000 psi) and 565 MPa (82,000 psi),
respectively. Specify a suitable diameter for these support posts.
(Materials Science and Engineering,William D. Callister, Jr. ,Seventh Edition,John Wiley &
Sons ,page-164)
Ans.-
The first step in this design process is to decide on a factor of safety, N, which then allows
determination of a working stress according to Equation(1) . In addition, to ensure that the
apparatus will be safe to operate, we also want to minimize any elastic deflection of the
rods during testing;therefore,a relatively conservative factor of safety is to be used, say
Thus, the working stress σw is just
σw = σ y / N .................(1)
Or, σw = 310 / 5 = 62 MPa (19000 psi)
From the definition of stress,
A0 = (d/2)2× π = F / σw
where d is the rod diameter and F is the applied force; furthermore, each of the two rods
must support half of the total force or 110,000 N (25,000 psi).
Solving for d leads to
d = 2 √(F / π×σw )
Or, d = 2 √(110000 / π×62×106)
Or, d = 4.75 × 10-2 m
Therefore, the diameter of each of the two rods should be 47.5 mm. (Ans.)

48. The yield strength of a polycrystalline material increases from 120 MN m–2 to 220
MN m–2 on decreasing the grain diameter from 0.04 mm to 0.01 mm. Calculate the
yield stress for a grain size ASTM 9.
(Material science ,S.L. and Amit Kakani, New age international publishers , Feb 2004 , page-
370)
Ans.-
Hall patch formula is-
σy =σ i + Kd–1/2 ..............(1)
Now, substituting the two yield stresses and the two grain diameters in Eq. (1), one
obtains
120 = σ i + K (0.04 × 10–3 ) –1/2 .................(2)
Or, 220 = σ i + K (0.01 × 10–3 ) –1/2 ............... (3)
Solving (2) and (3), we obtain σ i = 20 MN m–2 and K = 0.633 MN m–3/2
Grain diameter for ASTM 9 is
d = 1 / √ (104× 256 / 645)
Or, d = 0.0159 mm
since Yield stress for this grain size is
σy = 20 + 0.633 × (0.0159 × 10–3 ) – ½
Hence, σy = 179 MN m–2 (Ans.)

49. When a silicon diode having a doping concentration of NA = 9 × 1016 cm-3 on p-side
and ND = 1 × 1016 cm-3 on n-side is reverse biased, the total depletion width is found
to be 3 µm. Given that the permittivity of silicon is 1.04 × 10–12 F/cm, Find the0
depletion width on the p-side and the maximum electric field in the depletion region.
Ans.- [GATE 2014]
Given NA = 9 × 1016/cm3 ; ND = 1016/cm3
Total Depletion Width x = xn + xp
Or, x= 3 µm
ε =1.04 × 10-12 F/cm
xn/xp = NA/ND
Or, xn/xp = 9× 1016-16
Or, xn= 9xp ………………………………………………..(1)

Total Depletion Width, xn + xp = 3 µm


Or, 9xp + xp = 3 µm
Or, xp= 0.3 µm
Max. electric field E = qNAxp/ ε
Or, E = (1.6 / 1.04)× 10-19+12 × 9×1016× 0.03 µm.
So, maximum electric field E = 4.15×105V/cm

50. A sample of glass has a crack of half length 2 µm. The young’s modulus of the glass
is 70 GN/m2 and specific surface energy is 1 J/m2. Estimate the fracture strength. [7]
Ans.-
Δf = (Eγ/4c)1/2
Where, Δf = fracture stress,
Ε = young’s modulus
γ = specific surface energy,
c = half length of crack
According to the given problem,
c =2 mm; γ = 1J/m2
E = 70 GN/m2
Δf = (70×109×1/4×2×10-6)1/2
Or, Δf = 0.935×108 N/m2

REFERENCES
[1] Materials Science and Engineering, made easy series, AMIE section A, Jain brothers,
Summer 2005
[2] Materials Science and Engineering, made easy series, AMIE section A, Jain brothers,
Winter 2005
[3] Materials Science and Engineering, made easy series, AMIE section A, Jain brothers,
Summer 2006
[4] Materials Science and Engineering, made easy series, AMIE section A, Jain brothers,
Winter 2006
[5] Materials Science and Engineering, made easy series, AMIE section A, Jain brothers,
Winter 2009
[6] Materials Science and Engineering, made easy series, AMIE section A, Jain brothers,
Summer 2007
[7] Materials Science and Engineering, made easy series, AMIE section A, Jain brothers,
Summer 2008
[8] Materials Science and Engineering, made easy series, AMIE section A, Jain brothers,
Winter 2008
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