armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;

uAsmq&marmf
armf&J@uAsm
armf&J@ awmfvSefa&;

bmomjyefol? armifvS0if;(jrif;+cH)
wnf;jzwfol? ausmfaqG/ +idrf;csrf;ol

1
 armf&JhuAsmrsm;
trSm
pmaytEkynmvuf&m tawmfrsm;rsm;[m ppftpkd;&acwf tquf
qufrSm yGifhcGifha0cGifh r&cJh=uyg? wcsKd@ ryGifhrDu aºucJh=u&w,f? wcsKd@ zl;cGifh
ikHcGifhuav;awmifr&vkduf? wcsKd@ zl;prSm aºucJh=u&w,f?
xkwfa0cGifhr&&SdwhJ pmaytEkynm vuf&mawGxrJ Sm ‘armfpD wkef;&J@
uAsmrsm;’ bmomjyefpmrlvnf; wcktygt0ifyg? OD;0if;az (armifprG ;f &nf) qk&d if
armfpDwkef;uAsmawGukd t*FvdyfbmomrS bmomjyef+yD; w±kwfbmom/ *smref
bmomwkd@e@J wkduf=unfhppfaq;um tawmfvkH;yef;cJhygw,f? 'gayrJh ppftpkd;&
acwfawGrSm pmtkyftjzpf xGufcGifh r&&SdchJyg? &Spfav;vkH;rsdK;qufxrJ S wcsKd@&aJ bmf
awG[m armfpDwkef; uAsmrsm; bmomjyefpmrlukd e,fpyfrSwqifh xkdif;EkdifiHbuf
o,fxkwfzkd@ }udK;pm;cJh=uygao;w,f? 'gvnf; aysmufuG,fqkH;±_H;oGm;w,fvkd@
=um;od&ygw,f? armf&J@ uAsmrsm;ukd zwfzl;ol/ }udKufESpfoufolawGtwGuf
armf&@J uAsmawGudk wpkwpnf;wnf; zwf±E_ idk cf iG rhf &Sw
d m[m pmaye,frmS vpf[m
csufwck jzpfaew,fvkd@ xifygw,f? tck 'D[muGufukd jznfh ay;zkd@ usaemf }udK;yrf;
=unfh vkdufwmyg?
usaemfukd,fwkdifvnf; armf&@J uAsmawGukd ESpfoufygw,f? awmfvSef
a&;vrf;c&D;twGi;f e,fpyfu awmifjrif}h uD;awG/ &Sr;f jynftv,fyidk ;f u awmifjrifh
}uD; awGrSm vrf;av#mufc&D;oGm;aewJhtcsdefawGrSmqkd&if armf&J@ uAsmawGukd
ykd+yD; owd&aerdygw,f? armfvnf; awmfvSefa&;twGif; awmifjrifh}uD;awGay:rSm
c&D; oGm;&if; uAsmawGukd cHpm;a&;zG@J chJw,f r[kwfvm;?
aemuf+yD; vlyk*~Kdvft&vnf; armfpDwkef;ukd }udKufESpfoufygw,f?
w±kwfjynfrSm tawG;tac:taeeJ@ajym&if armfpDwkef;tawG;tac:ukd usaemf
t}udKufqkH;yg? w±kwfjynfrSm vlyk*~dKvftaeeJ@usaemf t}udKufqkH;uawmh armfpD
wkef;eJ@‘usL;aumhvsef’wkd@ygyJ? armfrSm tm;enf;csufawG &Sdcsif&SdrSmyg? 'gayrJh
t&mudpaP wGtay: tbd"rRmenf;eJ@ cGjJ crf;ppfaq;awG;ac:wJh ol@&@J awG;ac:enf;ukd
}udKufygw,f? ol@&@J ppfa&;enf;y&d,m,fawGudk }udKufygw,f?ol@&@J awmfvSefa&;
tEkynmukd }udKufygw,f? usL;aumhvseu f dk vnf; ol@&@J ºu,f0wJh pOf;pm;awG;ac:
r_awG/ ppfa&;jy\emtygt0if jy\emajz&Sif;enf;awG/ okH;oyfcsufawGukd
}udKufygw,f?
aemuf+yD; armfukd uAsmq&mwOD;tjzpfvnf; usaemf ESpfoufygw,f?
ol@ukd uAsmq&mwOD;tjzpf cGx J kwf=unfhjrifzkd@ usaemf }udK;pm;=unfhrdygao;w,f?
2
2 33
armf&JhuAsmrsm;
'gayrJh r&yg? armf&J@ b0a&m / armf&J@ uAsmawGyg awmfvSefa&;eJ@ cGJr&atmif
qufpyf ae=uygw,f?
usaemf[m w±kwfpmwwfaywwfwOD; r[kwfyg? [muGufuav;
wckukdjznfhqnf;vkdwhJ qEN&,f/ armf&@J uAsmawGukd ESpfoufwhpJ dwf&,fwkd@a=umifh
}udKk;pm;=unfhjcif; jzpfygw,f? wESpfausmf tcsdef,l&ygw,f? usaemhf bmomjyefukd
ppfaq;wnf; jzwfay;wJh (aemuf+yD; w±kwf pmwwfaywwfrsm;vnf; jzpf=uwJh)
a&;abmf a&;buf OD;ausmfaqG (armifpGrf;&nf&J@ nD) eJ@ uAsmq&m +idrf;csrf;ol
wkd@qkd&ifvnf; usaemhf eD;yg; tcsdefukefcH }udK;yrf;ay;=uygw,f? armf&@J uAsmawGukd
OD;jroef;wifh bmomjyefxm;wmawGukd usaemf}udKufygw,f? olu pum;ajyeJ@
jyefwmyg? 'gayrJh cHpm;em;vnfvkd@ &ygw,f? “'Da&jrifhopf” t*Fvdyfbmom
pmtkyx f J ygwmawGuydk J bmomjyef&wmqkad wmh OD;jroef;wifh bmomjyefu rpkyH g?
wcsKd@qkd&if uAsmwyk'fvkH; tjynfht0 ryg&Sdyg? aemuf+yD; w±kwf bmomxJrSm ygwhJ
armf&@J uAsmawGehJ uGv J Gw
J mawG &Sdygw,f?
armf&@J uAsm t&a&m/ w±kwfpm&J@ xl;jcm;csuft&yg uAsmxJu pmvkH;
awG[m uspv f spyf gw,f? pm q,fah jcmufv;Hk uAsmwkd ok;H yk'q
f &dk if pmvk;H enf;enf;
eJ@t"dy`m,f trsm;}uD;ygatmif a&;xm;wmyg? olvkd pmvkH;enf;enf;eJ@ bmom
jyefzkd@uawmh b,fvkdrS ( usaemfhtwGuf) rjzpfEkdifyg? 'gwifru ol@uAsm awGrSm
ta&mif aA'awG/ w±kwf *E<0ifyjHk yif0xˆKawG/ a&S;acwforkid ;f a=umif;awG/ a&S;acwf
tawG;tac:awGeJ@pyfvsOf;wJhta=umif;tcsufawGukdvnf; xnfhoGif; a&;zGJ@xm;
ygao;w,f ? 'ga=umif h ol @ uAsmawG u k d Armpmzwf o l a wG cH p m;em;vnf z k d @
vSnfhajymif;tokH;jyK&wm awG&Sdygw,f? usaemfwkd@twGufaumif;wmuawmh
&Sif;vif;csufawGa&m/ uAsmeJ@ pyfvsOf;wJh cHpm;em;vnfcsuf pmwrf;awGyg &Sdae
jcif;yg? 'DbmomjyefuAsmrSm um&efukdufa&;ukd OD;pm;ay;rxm;yg? pum;ajy
oufoufvnf; bmomrjyefcsifyg? cHpm;em;vnfvkd@ &atmifawmh twwfEkdifqkH;
}udK;pm;xm;ygw,f? (t*Fvdyf bmomjyef &Sm&or#e@J wkduf=unfh+yD; aygif;pyfwm
vnf; vkyfygw,f?) b,fvkdyjJ zpfjzpf tm;enf;csufawG &SdaeOD;rSmyg? aemuf+yD;
'DbmomjyefuAsmpmtkyfav;xJrSm armfa&;om;cJhor# uAsmtm;vkH;ryg0ifyg? 49
ckESpf awmfvSefa&; atmifyG&J +yD;wJ haemufykdif; a&;om;wJhuAsmawG ryg0ifao;yg?
OD;0if;az (armifpGrf;&nf) bmomjyefchJzl;wJh armf&J @ol@ZeD;‘ ,efckdufa0h’ta=umif;
tcspfuAsmwyk'fvJ 'DpmtkyfrSm ryg&Sdyg? aemifrSm qufvufwifjyEkdifzkd@ }udK;pm;
ygOD;r,f?
 armf&JhuAsmrsm;
cse&f mS ;
(1925 ckESpf )
· csrf;csrf;jrjr aqmif;umv
igwukd,fxJ &yfaeqJ
‘&Sef;usef;’jrpfa&tvsOf
vdarRmfu|ef;&J@OD;pGef;teD;rS pwif
ajrmufbufqD c&D;ESifacsaygh?
· =unfhprf;
awmifawGæawmifawG
ar#mfavwkdif; wcGifwjyifrSm
eDvGif 0if;yaeav&J@?
· awmtxyfxyf[mvnf;
&J&eJ Darmif;/ aq;&nf oGef;avmif;xm;onfhES,fæ?
· jrpdrf; zefom;jyiftoGif
azmufxGif;jrif&atmif =unfvifaewJh
jrpfa&jyifrmS
ajrmufjrm;vSpGm/ avSem0gawG
olOD; igOD;/ acgufwkH@vl;vm
pkefqefae=uygw,f?
· us,fajymvSpGm/ tZÉm jyifxuf
vif;,kefiSufwkd@/ xkd;wuf0JysHae=uqJ
=unfvifwhJ jrpfa&jyif/ atmufajca&eufrSmvnf;
ig;awGaysmfjrL; ul;cwfae=uw,f?
84
armf&JhuAsmrsm;
· ESif;r_efaumif;uifxrJ Sm
ouf&Sd tm;vkH;
+ydKifqkdif vkH;yef;ae=uw,f
vGwfvyfr_ukd &,lqGwfcl;zkd@twGuf?
· twkdif;tqrJh us,fajymvSay
r_dif;ndK@&DarSmifae
tkdb,fhær[m yx0Dajr?
· oifhuH=urRm&J@ t&Sifocif
zefqif;&Sif[m tb,folygvJ?
· a[m'Dae&mukd wcgwacgufu
aqGo[m oli,fcsif;awGeJ@
vufwGJtwl a&mufcJhzl;w,f?
· “jrifhrm; ckdifrwf/
awmifxGwfpdwf"mwf ESpfumvrsm;”[m
wrf;w vGrf;qGwfp&m
twdwfyef;csDum;wcsyfygyJ?
· ausmif;om;t±G,f/ vli,fb0
tm;rmefopfrsm;/ Ekd;=um;xufoef
EkdifiHta&;/
aqG;aEG;jiif;ckH=u/ a0zef!¸efjy=u
pmaya&;&m/ tjzmjzmrSmvJ
olig yg0if/ wkdufyq GJ ifch=J u
rif;qkd;&mZmawGqkdwm
rpifbifykyfyrm/ pufqkwf±GH&SmwJh oabmxm;eJ@
xDrxifcJh=uygbl;?
55
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
· rSwfrdao;&J@vm;
jrpfvnfacgif ta&muful;oGm;cJh=u
w&dyf&dyfajy;aewJh avSuav;ukd &Sif;csuf
ykwfcwfaewJh v_dif;*,ufawGu
qGzJ uf[ef@wm; ae=uykHawGæ? ?
csef & S m ; ? ? [leefjynfe,f&@J jynfe,f±kH;pkduf&m òr@awmfjzpfwhJ csef&Sm;rSm armf[m
twdwfumvwkef;u ausmif;aecJhzl;w,f? 'Dòr@[m awmfvSefa&; v_yf&Sm;r_twGif;
ol yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJhzl;wJh ae&mvnf; jzpfw,f? 'DuAsmxJrSm 'Dòr@ukd acgif;pOf tjzpf
wyfxm;ygw,f?

‘&S e f ; usef ; ’? ? [leefjynfe,f ta&S@ykdif;u jrpf}uD;woG,f&J@ emrnf yg?

awmifrS ajrmufokd@pD;qif;um [leefjynfe,fxJu ‘wkHxif a&uef’xJokd@ pD;0if
oGm;w,f?

vd a rR m f u |ef ; ? ? csef&Sm;òr@&@J taemufawmifbuf ‘&Sef;jrpf’xJ&Sd usOf;ajrmif;

&SnfoG,fwhJ u|ef;wu|ef;yg? ‘apGvku|ef;’qkdwhJ wjcm;emrnfwckvJ &Sdygao;w,f?

bG J @ rnf & rif ; pk d ; &mZmrsm;? ? ppf b k & if a wG e J @ tpk d ; & AsL±k d u&uf
t&m&Sd}uD;awGukd &nf!$ef;xm;wmyg?

7
6
 armf&JhuAsmrsm;
aemuf c H o rk d i f ;
1921-ckESpfrSm w±kwfjynf uGefjrLepf ygwDukd pwifwnfaxmifchw J ,f?
'g[m w±kwfjynforkdif;rSm wkd;wufzGH@òz;wJh acwfumvw&yfukd pwifzGifh vSpf
vkdufjcif;yg? armf&@J vrf;a=umif;rSef!¸efjyr_atmufrSm wjynfvkH;u awmfvSefa&;
v_y&f mS ;r_[m Ek;d =um;wufºupGm zG@H òz;vmw,f? 1922-ckEpS f eJ@ 1923-ckEpS ?f tef,iG f
rD;&xm;eJ@ owÎKwGif;qkdif&m tvkyform;oydwf}uD;eJ@ ‘27’yDuif; -[efckd rD;&xm;
vrf; tvkyform;awG&J@ EkdifiH a&;oydwf}uD;wkd@[m a&S@pOfaemufquf qkdovkd
ay: xGufvmcJhw,f? 1924-ckESpf? awmfvSefwJh nD!Gwfa&;wyfaygif;pk}uD;w&yf
zG J @ pnf ; wnf a xmif + yD ; awmf v S e f a &;zG H @ òz;wk d ; wuf r _ u k d
wG e f ; aqmf j r‡ i f h w if a y;vk d u f j yef w ,f ? 1925-ck E S p f r S m +cd r f h + cd r f h o J o J ayguf u G J
ay:xGufvmcJhwmuawmh wurBmvHk; odrfhodrfh wkefoGm;apwJh arv 30-&uf
v_ y f & S m ;r_ } uD ; eJ @ a[mif a umif j ynf e ,f u taxG axG o yd w f } uD ; wk d @ ygyJ ?
[leefjynfe,fukd A[kd tcsuftcsmjyKxm;wJh v,form; v_yf&Sm;r_awGuvnf;
wjynfvHk;&Sd jynfe,f (10 ) ck ausmftxd ul;pufawmuf avmifvmw,f?
wjynf v H k ; rS m awmf v S e f a &; rk d ; ouf r k e f w k d i f ; }uD ; +cd r f h + cd r f h o J o J jrnf [ nf ;
±kdufcwfvmcJhyg+yD?
1925-ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv? a&Smuf&Sef;a'orSm armf[m v,form;
noifwef;ausmif;awG pwifzGifhvSpfcJhw,f? ta&twGuf( 20 ) ausmfw,f?
aus;vufawm±Gm ( 20 ) ausmfrSm v,form; or*~awGvnf; zG@J chJw,f? tJ'DESpf
ZGefvrSm a&Smuf&Sef;a'o ygwDuvyfpnf;ukd ukd,fwkdif OD;pD;zGJ@pnf;EkdifcJhw,f?
uGrfwkH jynfe,frSmvnf; v,form;or*~awGukd pwifxlaxmifvmEkdif=uyg+yD?
uGrfusKd;rSm qkd&if v,form;awG&@J rdrdukd,fukd umuG,fa&; vufeufukdifwyfawG
ay:xGe;f vmw,f? twkid ;f twm }uD;rm;+yD; t&Sed t f [kejf yif;xefvw S hJ tvkyo f rm;
v,f orm; v_yf&Sm;r_awGu tvkyform; vlwef;pm;[m a&S@wef;ta&mufqkH;
awmfvSef a&;&J@ acgif;aqmiftiftm;pk jzpfa=umif;/ v,form; vlwef;pm;[m
tm;txm;&qkH; r[mrdwf jzpfa=umif; av;av;eufeuf oufaojyvkdufwmygy?J
awmf v S e f a &;'D a & jrif h w uf v mwmeJ @ tr# nD ! G w f a &;wyf a ygif ; pk t wG i f ; u
vlwef;pm;( 2 ) &yf wkdufyGeJ @J ygwDwGif; vrf;pOf ( 2 ) &yf wkd@&@J wkdufyGaJ wG[mvnf;
8
armf&JhuAsmrsm;
wae@wjcm; onf ; oef x uf jruf v mw,f ? wk d u f y G J & J @ tcsuf t csmuawmh
awmfvSefa&;&J@ acgif;aqmifr_ jy\emyg? xkdtcsdeftawmtwGif;rSmyJ ajr&Sif}uD;
eJ@ t&if;&Sif}uD; vlwef;pm; wkd@ &J@tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd ukd,fpm;jyKwJh csefau±Sdwf[m/
taumuf}uH+yD; rormwJh enf;eJ@awmfvSefa&;&J@acgif;aqmifr_tm%mukd &,l
odrf;ykdufvkdufw,f? ygwDwGif; vuf,m tacsmif0g'&J@ xdyfoD; ‘csifwl±SL;’[m
“&Sod r# vkyif ef;tm;vk;H cseaf u±Sw d f xH jyeftyfa&;”qkw d hJ tnHch aH &;0g' vrf;pOfudk
tpG r f ; uk e f tus,f t jyef @ wG e f ; aqmf usif h o k H ; aew,f ? 1923-ck E S p f r S m
“"e&S i f a wmf v S e f a &;eJ @ awmf v S e f w J h "e&S i f vl wef ; pm;”“w±k w f j ynf
trsKd;om;awmfvSefa&;eJ@ vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGif;&Sd vl wef;pm;rsm;” qkdwJh
aqmif;yg;(2)yk'fukd ol[m a&S@pOfaemufquf yGx J kwfvmw,f? 'Daqmif;yg;awG[m
wu,f p if p pf r S m tqd y f y if awG y g? tvk y f o rm; vl w ef ; pm;uk d
“r&ifhusufao;bl;” “trSDckduif;uif; &yfwnfEkdifwJh awmfvSefa&; tiftm;pk
r[kwfbl;”pojzifh oGm;ykyfavvGifh pGyfpGx J m;ygw,f? v,form; vlwef;pm;[m
vnf ; “a&S ; ±k d ; pOf v mawG u d k vk d u f e mwJ h or±k d ; usawG / awmf vS e f a &;
v_y&f mS ;r_twGi;f yg0if&ef cufco J al wG”pojzifh ajymvmjyefw,f? "e&Sif vlwef;pm;
tiftm;pkrsm;ukd v,form;awGe@J E_dif;,SOf+yD; “pkaygif;r_&Sdol”/tvkyform;rsm;eJ@
E_dif;,SOf+yD; “ukHvkH ºu,f0ol”pojzifh ajr‡mufyifhajymqkd+yD; “awmfvSefa&;ukd
"e&Sifvlwef;pm;u acgif;aqmifoifhw,f”qkdwhJ ,kwWdrhJ ajymvkH;ukd wifjycJhw,f?
use;f uk@d axmifuawmh ‘vuf0’J wdr;f apmif;wJh wHcg;ydw0f g'ukd &yfcw H ifjyvmw,f?
v,f o rm;awG [ m Ek d i f i H a &;uk d “pd w f 0 if p m;r_ ” r&S d b l ; vk d @ oG m ;yk y f a vvG i f h
ajymcJhw,f? awmfvSefa&; twGif; v,form;&J@tqifhae&meJ@ tcef;u¾ukd
vspv f sL±_cw hJ ,f? csiw
f ±l LS ;eJ@ use;f uk@d axmifw@dk [m ajymykaH jymenf; rwln=D uayr,fh
ESpfOD;pvkH;&J@ wu,fh vuQ%muawmh 'Drkdua&pDawmfvSefa&;&J@ acgif;aqmifr_
tqifhae&mrS tvkkyf orm; vlwef;pm;ukd z,f&Sm;zsufodrf;ypfa&;yJ jzpfygw,f?
armf u 1926-ck E S p f / rwf v rS m “w±k w f j ynf v l @ tzG J @ tpnf ; twG i f ; rS
vl w ef ; pm;rsm;uk d cG J j crf ; pd w f j zmcsuf ” qk d w J h xG e f ; ajymif w J h u srf ; uk d
a&;om;azmfjyvkdufw,f? 'Dusrf;u ‘vuf0J’ eJ@ vuf,m tacsmif0g'wkd@ukd
jyif ; jyif ; xef x ef acsywk d u f c k d u f + yD ; “puf r _ v k y f i ef ; ypP n f ; rJ h v l w ef ; pm;[m
usaemfwkd@awmfvSefa&;&J@ acgif;aqmif tif tm; jzpfw,f”vkd@ &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm
!¸ e f j yvk d u f y gw,f ? ( armf p D w k e f ; vuf a ±G ; pif u srf ; / pmrsuf E S m -9 )
v,form;vlwef;pm;[m ypPnf;rJh vlwef;pm;&J@ tus,f jyef@qkH;eJ@ tm;tukd;&qkH;
r[mrdwfjzpfa=umif;ukdvnf; azmfjyxm;w,f? awmfvSef a&;&J@ acgif;aqmifr_
9
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
tcG i f h t m%m jy\em[m awmf v S e f a &; tEk d i f t ±_ H ; eJ @ quf p yf aewJ h
jy\em}uD;jzpfa=umif;ukd 'Daqmif;yg;u wygwDvkH;eJ@ jynfol w&yfvkH;tm; !¸efjy
vkdufygw,f? armf&@J 'D!¸efjyr_[m awmfvSefa&;ukd atmifyGJ wyG+J yD; wyGJ qGwfcl;
&,lEkdifatmif tvif;a&mif ay;cJhygw,f?
'Dvkd jyif;xefwhJ wkdufyGJ tajctaerSm armfu 'DuAsmukd a&;zG@J cJhwmyg?

[Grf[Javmf
· ([Grf[Javmf qkdwm a&S;uAsmpmayxJrSmygwJh a0g[m&
wck y g? t0ga&mif }uKd ; =um ausmuf j ym\m'f ar#mf p if /
ausmufjymom'fbkHaqmifvkd@ t"dy`m,f ,lEkdifygvdrfhr,f?)
( 1927-ckESpf/ aEGOD; )

· urf;&dyfaomifp/ r_efysys
w±kwfjynfr&J@cg;tv,f
,efpjD rpf0,f
jrpfacsmif; jrpfvufwuf toG,foG,f
aygif;qkH pD;qif;ae=uw,f?

· war#mfwac: c&D;vrf;uav;
a0;a0;vHvH/ weHwvsm;
awmife@J ajrmufukd oG,fwef;xm;vsuf?

· rkd;ESif;jrLawGu
tkH@ysr_dif;a0vkd@?

·‘vdyf’eJ@ ‘a¹r’wkd@u
jrpfrif;r[mukd
qD;um ydwfqkd@xm;=uav&J@?

· a±$}udK;=um&,f
b,f0,f b,fqDrsm;
ysHoef;cGJcGm oGm;wmvJ
11
10
 armf&JhuAsmrsm;
odEdkifygyJ?
· 'DrSm
c&D;onfuawmh
usef&pfaecJh&aygh?
· ylaZmfyoaeonfhES,f
t&ufcGufukd ukdifajr‡muf
ajrrSm oGef;avmif;aerd?
· t&Sdeft[kefe@J cufxefvS
rmef}uD;aewJh jrpfa&pD;uvJ
w'D;'D;eJ@?
· v_dif;awGu armufarmufrkd@rkd@
olwkd@ukd trDvkdufvkd@
&ifxJ v_dif;cwfaeygaygh ?
12
armf&JhuAsmrsm;
&Sif;csuf
t0ga&mif a±$}udK;=um ausmufjymom'far#mfpif? ?
[leef jynfe,f/ 0lcsef&S,fawmif(a¹rawmif)&Sd t0ga&mifief;iSufqkdwJh
ausmuf a qmif ay:rS m wnf & S d ygw,f ? ok H ; jynf a xmif a cwf & J @
‘0l’jynfaxmifukd pwifwnf axmifcsdefu ±kd;&mykHjyifwck &SdchJzl;ygw,f?
a&S;oa&mtcgu ewfom;wyg;[m t0ga&mif a±$=udK;=umiSufukd pD;+yD;
'Dae&mukd jzwfausmfoGm;cJhzl;w,f vkd@ qkdygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Demrnf
wGifaewmyg?
euf±_dif;r_efa0; c&D;vrf;uav;? ? yDuif; - uGrfusKd;
rD;&xm;vrf;ukd ajymwm jzpfygw,f? xkdpOftcsdefu ,efpDjrpfrSm
jrpf;ul;wHwm;}uD; r&Sad o;yg? jrpfawmifbuf c&D;waxmufudk uGru f sK;d -
0l[ef@ rD;&xm;vrf;vkd@ ac:+yD; ajrmuf buf c&D; waxmufukdawmh
?
ayzif; - 0l[ef@ rD;&xm;vrf; vkd@ ac:ygw,f?
‘vdyf’eJ@ ‘a¹r’? ? [ef@,efrSm&SdwJh ‘vdyf’awmif eJ@ 0lcsefu
‘a¹r’awmif wkd@ukd qkdvkdwmyg? 'Dawmif( 2 ) vHk;[m jrpfukd uef@vef@
jzwf+yD; rsufESmcsif;qkdif wnf&Sd ae=uwmyg? jrpfukd uef@vef@jzwf
yd w f q k d @ xm;wJ h taetxm; jzpf y gw,f ? yl a Zmf y oaeonf h E S , f ?
? t&ufeJ@ ajrrSm oGef;zsef;w,fqkdwm[m a&S;wkef;u ylaZmfyowJh
yGv
J rf;obif tcrf;tem;wrsK;d rSm vkyaf vh vkyx f &Sw d hJ "avhx;Hk pH wckyg?
'DuAsmxJrSm armfu ylaZmfyoaew,fvkd@ qkdvkdwm r[kwfyg? xkdpOf
xktd csed u f armf&@J v_u
d v
f J v_ycf wfaewJh &ifwiG ;f cHpm;csuu f dk zGiq
hf w
dk ifjy
xm;jcif; r#om jzpfygw,f?
rmef}uD;aewJh jrpfa&pD;? ? 'Dae&mrSm ,efpDjrpfukd &nfn¸jzpfyg
w,f?
13
 armf&JhuAsmrsm;
aemuf c H ork d i f ;
1926-ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv? uGrfusKd;rS pwifvkdufwJh ajrmufykdif;csDwufa&;
wkdufyGJ[m ygwD&J@ acgif;aqmifr_eJ@ jynfolvlxktrsm;pkwkd@&J@ axmufcHr_&&Sd
cJw
h ma=umif/h ESp0f ufrjynfrh t D wGi;f rSmyJ [leef/ [lay/ zluse/f use;f &S;D / tef;a0S; æpwJh
jynfe,frsm;ukd ajrmufykdif;csD wyfrawmfu a&S@pOfaemufquf odrf;ykduf EkdifcJh+yD;/
e,fcs@J pepfe@J ajrmufyidk ;f ppfb&k iftyk pf w
k @dk &@J azmufjyefa&;tkycf sKyf}u;D pk;d r_udk jyif;xefpmG
xkd;ESufwkdufckduf vkdufyg w,f? ajrmufykdif;csDwufa&;wkdufyGJ atmifycGJ H vkdufjcif;u
tvkyform; v,form; v_yf&Sm;r_awG a0qmòrifqkdifpGm zGH@ òz;wkd;wuf vmapzkd@
tm;&Sd&Sd wGef;aqmf ay;vkdufw,f? armf&J@ acgif;aqmifr_atmufrSm v,fo
rm;v_yf&Sm;r_awG[m t[kefjyif;xefvSwhJ rkd;oufrkefwkdif;yrm tvGefw&m t&Sdef
jref+yD; jyif;xefvmygw,f? 'gayrJh v,form; awmfvSeaf &;ukd b,fvkdoabmxm;
rvJ qkdwJh jy\emtay:rSm jyif;xefwJh vlwef;pm; wkdufyGJeJ@ vrf;pOfwkdufyGJwkd@
wnf&Sdaeygw,f? ajr&Sif t&if;&Sif vlwef;pm;eJ@ ulrifwef vuf,m*kd%f;wkd@u
v,form;v_yf&Sm;r_ukd “csnfhe@J vGef; w,f”“*sykd;awav v_yf&Sm;r_e@J vlysif;awG
&J@ v_yf&Sm;r_jzpfw,f”pojzifh oGm;ykyfavvGifh pGyfpGJcJhygw,f? ygwDwGif; vuf,m
tacsmif0g'&J@ xdyfoD; csifwl±SL;uvnf; ulrifwefazmufjyefa&;tiftm;pkukd
a=umufvef@+yD; vuf,mtacsmif0g'vrf;pOfukd acgif;rmrm xdef;odrf;qkyfukdif
xm;ygw,f? }uD;jrwfwhJ v,form;awmfvSefa&;ukd qef@usif+yD; tvkyform; v,f
orm;awGukd vufeufjzKwfum/ awmfvSefwJh vlxktzGJ@ tpnf;awGukdvnf;
zsufodrf; ypfcJhw,f? 'Dvkdtajctaeukd &nf!G‡ef;um armfu“[leef v,form;
v_yf&Sm;r_ pkHprf;a&;tpD&ifcHpm” m”xJrSm v,form;v_yf&Sm;r_awGtay: ygwDwGif;
ygwDyu oGm;ykyfavvGifhajymqkdcsufawGudk ±_wfcsazmfjycJhwmyg? csifwl±SL; [m
acgif;aqmifr_tm%mukd rw&m;&,lxm;+yD; armf&J@ rSefuefwJh &yfcHwifjy csufukd
y,f c scsif a ewmrk d @ csef a u&S d w f w pwp vS r f ; vmwJ h opP m azmuf v k y f } uH
owfjzwfa&;ajcvSrf;ukd atmifjrifxajrmufoGm;apcJhygw,f?
aemufqkH;usawmh 1927-ckESpf/ {+yDv 12-&ufae@wGif &Sef[kdif; rSm aoG;ajr
14
armf&JhuAsmrsm;
us wefjyefawmfvSefa&; tpkvkduft+yKHvkdufowfjzwfr_}uD;ukd usL;vGefcJh=uyg
w,f? 0l[ef@rSm&SdwJ trsKd;om;tpkd;&&J@obmywd 0rfusifa0huvJ ‘vuf0J *kd%f;’
ta&+cKHxm;r_ukd wpwpcGmcs+yD;/ aemufxyfwefjyefawmfvSefa&; vkyf}uHr_ topf
wckudk pDrHcJhjyefygw,f? {+yDv 27- &ufae@wGif ygwD&J@ yOPrt}udrfajrmuf
ygwDuGef*&ufukd 0l[ef@òr@rSm ac:qkdusif;ycJhygw,f?
armf[m uGef*&ufrSm csifwl±SL; &J@ vuf,mtacsmif0g'vrf;pOfukd
yxrqkH;t}udrf eufeuf±_dif;±_dif; a0zefchJ+yD;/ ajr,mawmfvSefa&;/ v,form;rsm;
tm; wufwufºuºuvufeufwyfqifa&;/ aus;vufEkdifiHa&;tm%m ckdifrmap
a&;wkd@twGuf rSefuefwduswhJ vrf!¸efrsm;ukd wifjyvkdufw,f? 'gayrJh uGef*&uf
[m csifwl±SL;&J@ csKyfukdifv$rf;rkdf;r_atmufrSm usif;y&wmjzpfawmh armf&J@ tqkd
jyKcsufukd a0zefaqG;aEG;+yD; y,fcscJhygw,f? ygwDwGif;u vuf,mtacsmif0g'&J@
opPmazmuf r_a=umifh tvkyform; v,form;v_yf&Sm;r_twGuf qkd;0g;}uD;av;wJh
ta&;edrfhr_ukd }uKHawG@apcJhygw,f? Zlvkdif 15-&ufae@rSm 0l[ef@u 0rfusifa0h[m
awmfvSefa&;ukd ajymifajymifwif;wif; opPmazmufum csefau&Sdwf-0rfusifa0hwkd@
yl;aygif;+yD;/ uGefjrLepfygwDe@J tvkyform; v,form;xk}uD;ukd qef@usif vkdufwm
a=umifh +cdrfh+cdrfhoo J q J ifE$cJ hJwhJ yxrqkH;aom r[mawmfvSefa&;}uD;[m ta&;edrfh
oGm;cJh&ygw,f?
armfu “1927-ckESpfu csifwl±SL;&J@ tnHhcHa&;0g'a=umifh
[k d w k e f ; u awmf v S e f a &; ta&;ed r f h c J h & w,f ? uG e f j rLepf y gwD 0 if w k d i f ; [m
'D v k d a oG ; eJ @ &if ; cJ h & wJ h ork d i f ; qk d i f & moif c ef ; pmuk d rarh o if h b l ; ” ( armf vuf
a±G;pifusrf; pmrsufESm 361 )qkd+yD; axmuf jycJhygw,f? r[m awmfvSefa&;}uD;
±_H;edrfhawmhr,fh t}udKae@rSmyJ armfu “t0ga&mif}udK;=um ausmufjymom'f ar#mf
pif”qkdwhJ 'DuAsmukd a&;cJhwmyg? awmfvSefa&; tajctae[m tvGefta&;}uD;+yD;
pkd;&drfp&m taetxm; usa&mufaewmukd xif[yf +yD; 'DuAsmukd a&;zG@J xm;wm
jzpfygw,f? ?
15
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;

usif u ef ; awmif
( 1928 - ckESpf / aqmif;OD; )
· awmifajcqDu
a0a0pnfpnf
&JwHcGefeJ@atmifvHeDawG
ai;aerd?
· awmifxyd q f u
D tajrmuf aoewfoHawG
pnfpnfnHnH
wkdufpnf wkdufarmif;oH
ppfwHykd; ppfc&moHawG
=um;aerd?
· ydwfqkd@r_ tzkHzkH
tiftm; tvHk;t&if;
rmefpG,f waigaig
&efolwyfawG
txyfxyf 0kdif;xm;ae=u&J@?
· toifh }udKwif
jyifxm;+yD;om;yg
uwkwfawG˜wmawG˜cHwyfawG
'gwifru
òzr& zsufr&atmif
euf±_dif;pGm yEMufcsxm;wJh
aoGpnf;r_ wHwkdif;}uD;vnf;
wnfaqmufxm;+yD;om;?
· ‘0Srf,efus,fh’u
wtkef;tkef;nHawmh æ
· owif;ykd@csuf
a&mufvmw,f
“n&dyfckdum t+rD;ukyf
&efolawG ajcukefokwfvkd@
qkwfoGm;=u+yD ajy;ukef+yD”wJh? ?

· igwkd@uawmh
eur`wd
rwkefrv_yf/
0ifhºum;rm;rwf
wnf+idrfpGm &yfvsuf? 17
16
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
17

&Si;f csuf aemufcH orkid ;f

usif u ef ; awmif ? ? usef ; &S D ; jynf e ,f t a&S @ yk d i f ; ‘,k e f & S i f ; ’‘eif u ef ; ’ 1927 ckESpf/ “8v 7&uf”uGefz&ifhaemufykdif;rSm armfacgif;aqmif+yD;
‘apG @ c|rf ; ’c±k d i f r sm;eJ @ [l e ef j ynf e ,f ta&S @ yk d i f ; u ‘vif ; ’c±k d i f w k d @ t=um;/ wjynfvkH;ukd odrfhodrfhwkefatmif ±kdufcwfoGm;apwJh aqmif;OD;aumuf&dwfcsdef ykef
‘avmfa&Smif;’ awmifpOfawmifwef;awG &J@ tpdwftykdif;wckrSm wnf&Sdygw,f? uefxºur_}uD; ay:aygufvmcJhum jynfolvlxk}uD; ukd,fwkdif&@J wyfrawmf jzpfwhJ
ol@&J@ ywfywfvnf {&d,m[m vDaygif; ig;&mh ig;q,f &Sdygw,f? jrifhrm;wJh w±kwfjynf tvkyform; v,form; wyfeDawmfukd zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmif vkdufyg
±k;d rawmifawGe@J rwfapmuf wJ@ ausmufawmifausmufurf;yg;awG&+dS yD; opfyifawG w,f? 1927 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmv? armf acgif;aqmifwhJ wyfeDawmf[m usifuef;
xlxyfovkd awmuvnf; eufw,f? awmifay:a&mufzkd@ ao;i,fusOf;ajrmif;wJh awmifukd wufvmcJh+yD;/ yxrqkhH;aom aus;vufawmfvSefa&; tajccHa'oukd
vrf;av; 5oG,fom&Sd w,f? ajrtaetxm; tvGefrwfapmufvkd@ ppfa&;t& pwifwnfaxmifvkduf=uw,f? aus;vufuae òr@ukd 0kdif;/ aemufqkH;usrS wjynf
tcsuftcsm usw,f? 'Dawmif wef;ay:rSm armf[m olwkd@&J@yxrqkH;aom vHk;rSm atmifyGJ t&,la&;qkdwhJ vrf;a=umif;ukd pwifzGifhvSpfvkdufjcif;vnf; jzpf
aus;vuftajccHa'oukd pwif xlaxmifcJhygw,f? ygw,f? 'g[m w±kwfjynf awmfvSefa&; oabmw&m;rsm;teuf yxrqHk;aom
&JwHcGef? ? a&S;acwfu tokH;jyKcJh=uwJh wHcGeftrsKd;tpm;yg? 'DwHcGefawG&@J rSefuefwJh vrf;a=umif; jzpfovkd/ rmhufpf/ vDeif0g'trSefw&m;ukd qkyfukdif+yD;
xdyzf sm;rSm iSuaf rG;awG / om;arG;+rD;,yfawG ta&mif 5 rsK;d eJ@ tvSwefqm qifxm; w±kwfjynf awmfvSefa&; tckdiftrmvufawG@tajctaeeJ@ aygif;pyfay;wJh xGef;
ygw,f? ajymifwhJ pHerlemvJ jzpfygw,f?
atmifvH? ? rsufarSmufacwfrSm a,bk,s ac:qkdavh&SdwhJ tvH trsKd;tpm; armf&@J awmfvSefa&; vrf;pOf!¸efjyr_atmufrSm 1928 ckESpf/ {+yDv uae
wckygyJ? Zlvkdifvtxd usifuef;awmif&dS wyf eJ@jynfolwkd@[m rdrdwkd@xuf tqaygif;
‘0Srf,efus,fh’? ? usifuef;awmifrSm &SdwJh uif;pcef;}uD; 5 ckxJu rsm;pGm ykdrsm;wJh &efol awGukd t}udrf}udfrf tvDvDwGef;vSefwkdufyGqJ ifchJ&ygw,f?
rwfapmuf+yD; tcsut f csm tusq;Hk uif;pcef;yg? 'Dpcef;[m ‘eifuef;’eJ@ ‘,ke&f iS ;f ’ “olwvl igwrif; tuGu J GtJ jym;jym;tkyfpkd;wJha'oawG wae@wjcm; ykdrkd rsm;jym;
qkdwhJ c±kdif ( 2 ) ckuae xkdpOfu wyfeDawmf !¸ef=um;a&;Xme&SdwhJ ‘ppfzsif’ukd vmaeovkd ajr,mawmfvSefa&;[mvnf; wae@wjcm;ykdrkdeuf±_dif;vmaew,f?
oGm;csif&if rkcs jzwf&r,fh pcef;jzpfw,f? ‘0Srf,efus,fh’ rSm jyif;xefwhJ wkdufyGJ jynfolvlxk&J@EkdifiHa&;tm%m[m wae@xufwae@ ykd+yD;us,fjyef@vmaeovdk/
wyGu J dk jzwfausm+f yD;wJah emufrmS &efo[ l m nwGi;f csi;f xGuaf jy;oGm;+yDqw dk o
hJ wif; wyfeDawmf eJ@&eJ D wyf zG@J wkd@[mvnf; wae@xufwae@ ykd+yD; }uD;xGm;wkd;yGm; vmae
a&mufvmcJhw,f? wkdufyGJjzpfpOfuawmh wkdufyGJ[m 31 &ufae@ta&mufrSm w,f”(armfvufa±G;pifusrf; pmrsufESm 58 ) 'gayrJh ygwDwGif;rSmvnf; jyif;xef
"m;jyAkv d f [Ju
h si;f [m wku d yf uJG dk uk,
d w
f idk f }uD;=uyf+yD; ‘0Sr, f efus,’hf ukd jyif;xefwhJ onf;oefwJh vrf;pOf 2 &yfwkdufyGJ wnf&Sdaew,f? tJ'Dwkef;u ygwDA[kd&J@
xkd;ppfqifw,f? 'gayrJh xkd;ppfqifvmwJh wkdufyGJ 4 }udrfpvkH;ukd wGef;vSefypf acgif;aqmifr_tm%mukd csLcsLykdifutykdifpD; odrf;,lxm;+yD;“òr@jyukd t"du
EkdifchJw,f? naebuf wkdufyGJ tvGef@ukd jyif;xefvmwJhtcsdefrSm wyfeDawmf[m xm;a&;oabmw&m;”qkdw@J‘vuf0J’qifuef;awmwkd;0g'ukd wifjyvmw,f?
‘ppfzsif’rS pdefajymif;}uD;wvufukd ajymif;a±$@o,f,l+yD; 2 csuf ypfvkdufw,f? olut&if;&Sifvlwef;pm; pdwf0g' urBmhtjrifukd rlwnf+yD;/ xkdpOf u awmfvSefa&;
,m,D 'Da&edrfhrSma&mufaewmukd todtrSwfrjyKbJ/ tajctae[m tquf
rjywf awmufav#muf“jrifhwufvmaew,f”vkd@ avvHk;xGm; 0g'jzef@cJh+yD; wyfeD
awmfukd òr@awG twkdufckdif;cJhw,f? ygwDwGif;u vuf,maoGzDa&; tqkd;jrif0g'D
19
18
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
vifajymifuvnf; r[mawmfveS af &;}uD; +yD;wJah emufyidk ;f tajctae[m yde;f ydwf
atmif arSmifaew,fv@dk ±j_ rif+yD;/ “tajctae [mtaumif;rjrifoif”h “a&S@tvm;
tvm[m tvGef@ukdr_ef0g;aew,f” “vSnfhvnfwkdufckdufwhJ ajymufusm; ppfqif
a&;”ukdom pOf;pm;&r,f qkdwmukd pGpJ G+J rJ+rJ qkyfukdifum wifjyvmw,f? 'g[m
tajccHa'o zGiv hf pS af &;r[kww f hJ vSnv hf nfaomif;use;f a&; awmyke;f "m;jy0g'om csef e J @ auG @ wk d @ ppf c if ; wJ h yG J
jzpfygw,f?
armf[m 'Dqifuef;awmwkd;0g'eJh tqkd;jrif0g'wkd@ukd qef@usifwkdufyGJ
qifcJhw,f? 'gwifru armf[m w±kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif;rSefukd !¸ef (1929 ckESpf/ aqmifOD;)
jyay;wJhtjyif rSefuefwJhay:vpDeJ@enf;y&d,m,fwkd@ukdvnf; a&;qGJcsrSwf ay;
cJhygao;w,f? “tkyfpkd;ol vlwef;pm;&J@ EkdifiHa&;tm%m tòyòy tuGu J GJ jzpfaewJh · ‘=uufOta&mi/f wdrfawmifozG,f
tcsdefrSm }uD;rm;us,fjyef@+yD; awmifhwif;wJ ha'oawGxuf olwvl igwrif; tuGJ rif;a&;us,f”wJh
uGJ tjym;jym; tkyfpkd;aewJh a'oawGrSm ppfa&; wkd;cs@J r_awG vkyf&r,f? tkyfpkd;ol tajymif;tvJawGu jrefvGef;pG
vlwef;pm;&J@ EkdifiHa&;tm%m ,m,D wnf+idrfaewJh tcsdeftcgrSm wyftiftm;ukd ppfbk&ifawG&@J ppfyGaJ wG
jzef@c+JG yD; t&JpeG @f cswD ufwmrsK;d ukd a&Smif&mS ;&r,f?” (armf vufa±G;pifusr;f / pmrsuEf mS onf;oefjyif;xefae=uaygh?
56 / 57 ) vkd@wifjycJhygw,f?
1928 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv 10 &ufykdif;twGif;rSm [leefjynfe,frS wm0ef · vl@jynfvl@±Gm/ aejynfawmfrSm
ay;vku d wf hJ ygwD uk, d pf m;vS,t f zG@J [m tcuftcJ twm;tqD;awGukd xk;d azmuf rkd;OD;us r_dawGyrm
ausmfjzwf+yD;/ usifuef;awmifukd a&muf&Sdvmum ‘vuf0’J aoGzDa&; rSm;,Gif; 'kuQtemeJ@
wJhvrf;pOfukd usifhokH;aqmif±Gufygawmhw,f? olwkd@[m armf ‘,kef&Sif;’rSm a&muf trkef; t+idK;awGom ae&mwum?
aewmukd csuaf umif;,l+yD; trSwf 28 eJ@ trSwf 29 wyf&if;}uD; 2 &if;ukd [leefjynf
e,fawmifykdif;ukd 0ifa&mufwkdufckdufapcJhvkd@ wyfeDawmf[m t}uD;tus,f ±_H;edrfh · olwkd@wawGuawmh
r_e@J }uHKawG@chJ&ygw,f? 'Dowif;ukd armf =um;& wJhtcg 31 wyf&if;}uD;&J@ trSwf “0rfvsef”qyfxrif;tdyfruf
3 wyf&if;ukd olukd,fwkdif ukd,fus OD;pD;um/ uGrf&SD; jynfe,f ta&S@ykdif; okd@wquf pdwful;w,Of,OfeJ@
wnf; awmufav#muf csDwufapcJhw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefu usifuef;awmifrSm wyf&if; rufvkd@aumif;ae=uav&J@/
1 &if;wnf;om usef&pfcJhwmrkd@ umuG,fydwfqkd@a&; wyftiftm; vkHavmufr_
r&Sdyg? 'DvkdrsKd; tajctae &SdaeqJ =o*kwfv 30 &ufae@rSm [leefe@J usef;&SD; c±kdif 2 · tvHeDum;
cku &efol@wyf[m wyfeDawmf yifrwyf jyefrvmEkdifao;wJh tcsdeftckdu ftwef@ “xif;”jrpfe'Dukd ausmfeif;
ukd tcGifh aumif;,l+yD;/ wyf&if;}uD; 4 &if;&SdwhJ wyftiftm;eJ@ usifuef;awmifukd “vk,H if”eJ@ “pef@[ef”qD
0ifa&mufum xkd;ppfqif wkdufckdufygawmhw,f? 'gayrJh wyfeDawmf[m armf&J@ xkd;qif;vmcJh+yD
ppfa&;tawG;tac: vrf;!¸erf a_ tmufrmS waoG; woHwnf;aom pnf;vk;H nD!w G f atmifpnfoHvJ nHchJ+yDaygh?
r_ eJ@ jyif;xefonf;oefwhJ wkdufyGu J kd &ifqkdif jzwfoef; um aemufqkH;rSm &efol@
wyfukd upOf@uvsm; òyuGo J Gm;atmif acsr_ef; wkdufckduf Ekdifvkdufygw,f? 'DuAsmrSm · ‘a±$pifzvm;’wjcrf;wzJh
armfu ‘0Sr, f efus,’hf u ckcu H muG,af &; ppfyu JG dk v_u
d v
f x
J ufoefpmG *k%jf yKzG@J qdk odrf;qnf;vkd@ jyef&cJh
xm;wmyg ? ? wu,fygyJ 21
20
 armf&JhuAsmrsm;
&Sif;csuf
v,f,majrawG/ a0=u jcrf;=ueJ@
tvkyfawGursm;/ rtm;rvyf&ygbl;? ? '%f&meJ@ csK@d wrhJ a_ wGvJ r&Sad o;bl; ”qk+d yD; yg&cdS yhJ gw,f? wkid ;f jynf&@J wnfwhH ckid +f rJwhJ
‘csef’eJ@‘auG@’wkd@ ppfcif;=uwJhyGJ? ? 1929 ckESpf/ rwfveJ@ {+yD vtwGif;?
ulrifwef eefusi;f ppfb&k if cseaf u&Sw d ef @J uGr&f ;DS ppfb&k if( auG@&dS ) vDpek &f if ykid cf sKef&DS
wkd@ [leef-[layjynfe,frsm;;&J@ tkyfpkd;r_tm%mukd vk,uft& ,l=uzkd@ qifE$J
cJh=uwJh ppfyGJyg? ‘auG@’qkdwm uGrf&SD; ppfbk&if*kd%f;ukd twkdaumuf ac:a0:wm
jzpfygw,f?
pdwful;,Of(0rfvsef)qyfxrif;tdyfrufaumif;? ? xefpif; c&D;oGm;rSwfwrf;
orkdif;0wˆK(acgif;tkH;atmufurSwfwrf;)xJrSm qif;&JEGrf;yg;+yD; ar#mfrSef;csuf
vkdtifqEN rjynfh0ol/ pmwwfaywwf‘vlpdef;’qkdol[m/ [efwefòr@ u
wnf;ckdcef;rSm aexkdifjyD;/ wmtkdbkef;}uD; ‘vGD0kef;’xHokd@ rdrd&J@ rGJjymusaer_ukd
nnf;nLajymqkdvkdufw,f? ‘vGD0kef;’u ol@ukd acgif;tkH;wvkH;ay;+yD; acgif;tkH;eJ@
ttdyfckdif;w,f? tJ'Dtcsdef[m wnf;ckdcef; xrif;qkdifykdif&Sifu ‘0rfvsef’vkd@ ac:wJh
vl;qyfxrif; csuaf ewJh tcsed af yg?h vlped ;f [m acgi;f tk;H ay: acgi;f cs+yD; tdyv f udk w
csufcsif;yJ tdyfrufrufw,f? tdyfrufxrJ Sm olukd,fwkdif[m ya'o&mZf e,f&Sif
y,f&Sifrsm;xH apmifr=unfh±_zkd@ oGm;a&mufuefawmhwma=umifh ESpfq,ftcsKd@
avmuf pnf;pdrf*k%fodefawGukd cHpm;pHpm;&owJh? 'gayrJh wa&;Ekd;vmawmhrS 'g[m
tdyfrufwckom jzpf+yD; qkdifykdif&Sif csufaewJh vl;qyf xrif; awmifrS rusufao;bl;
qkdwm odvmygw,f? 'D0wÎKudk,fYu tewW0g' tawG; tac: ukd 0g'jzef@ tr$ef;
wifxm;wmyg? aemifvmaemufom;vlawGu pdwful;,Ofcsifpdwf&SdwwfolawGukd
pdwful;,Of qyfxrif; tdyfrufaumif; qkdwhJ 'Dpum;ukd tokH;jyK um oa&mfavh&Sd
ygw,f? uAsmxJu 'Dae&mrSmawmh csefau&Sdwf pwJh ulrifwef ppfbk&if awGukd
oa&mfavSmifajymif+yD; tokH;jyKxm;wm jzpfygw,f?
‘xif;’jrpf? ? zkusifh jynfe,f eif[Gc±kdif taemufawmifykdif;rSm jrpfzsm;cHum
awmifbuf&Sd csefxif/ pef@[ef qkdwhJ c±kdif (2 ) ckukd jzwfoef;+yD; uGrfwkef jynfe,f
xJokd@ pD;0ifw,f?
‘vkH,if? ? c±kdifemrnfyg? zkusifh jynfe,f taemufawmifykdif; usKdvHk
jrpfnmrSm wnf&Sdygw,f?
‘pef@[ef’? ? c±kdif emrnf? vHk,if c±kdif&@J taemufbufrSm wnf&Sdygw,f?
22
armf&JhuAsmrsm;
‘a
‘a±$±$pifzvm;’
vm;’?? ? 'uQd% &mZ0if “u|rf;,d ta=umif; orkdif; ykH0wˆK”xJrSm
“wkd@wkdif;jynf[m e,fajrwnfwhH jynfhpkHr_qkdwJh‘a±$zvm;’r&ao;ovkd xdckduf
e,fajrykdifeufeJ@ waygif;wpnf;xJ &Sdr_wkd@ukd wifpm;xm;wmyg?
aemuf c H o rk d i f ;
usifuef;awmifwef; awmfvSefa&; tajccHa'o xlaxmifEkdifr_e@J zGH@òz;
wkd;wufr_wkd@u armf wifjycJhwhJ “aus;vufawmfvSefa&; tajccHa'o xlaxmif/
aus;vufuae òr@ukd0kdif;/ aemufqkH;usrS wjynfvkH; atmifyGJ t&,la&; ”
qk d w m[m w±k w f j ynf a wmf v S e f a &;&J @ rS e f u ef w J h wck w nf ; aom
vrf ; a=umif ; jzpf a =umif ; ouf a ojyvk d u f w ,f ? w±k w f j ynf a wmf v S e f a &;
vrf;a=umif;qkdif&m jy\emukd vufawG@usus ajz&Sif;ay;vkdufwmvnf;
jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh 1928 'kwd, ESpf0uf ykdif;eJ@ 1929 ESpfOD;ykdif;twGif; csefau&Sdwfu
[l e ef - usef ; &S D ; jynf e ,f w k d @ rS m &S d w J h azmuf j yef a &;wyf a wG u k d pk p nf ; um/
usifuef;awmifwef;okd@ csDwuf+yD;/ “&Sif;vif; okwfoifyGJ}uD;” vkyfvmwJh
f m tcgor,rSm ygwDxu J ‘vuf0’J aoGzDa&; t&JpGef@ 0g'DawGu òr@jyvkyfief;tm;
tcsuftcsm tjzpfxm;a&;ukd rlvutwkdif; pGJpGJ+rJ+rJ qkyfukdif xm;ae=uw,f?
vuf,maoGzDa&; tqkd;jrif 0g'DawGuvnf; “tm%meD a&&Snf wnfwHh
Ekdifyghrvm;”qkdum oHo, 0if ae=u+yD;/ awmfvSefa&;&J@ tvm; tvmtay:
,kH=unfpdwf ukefcef;ae=uw,f?
'DvkdrsKd; tajctaeukd &nfpl;+yD;/ armfu “w±kwfjynfrSm
tm%meD b ma=umif h w nf w H h E k d i f o vJ ” “usif u ef ; awmif w ef ; wk d u f y G J ” pwJ h
xGef;ajymifwJh aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd a&;om;cJhygw,f? rmhufpf/ vDeif 0g'qkdif&m
tajccHrrl sm;t& w±kwjf ynfawmfveS af &;&J@ zG@H òz;wk;d wufrw _ &m;rsm;ukd euf±id_ ;f pGm
cG J j crf ; pd w f j zmum w±k w f j ynf a wmf v S e f a &; vrf ; a=umif ; jy\emuk d
oabmw&m;a&;bufrS &Sif;vif;+yD;/ ‘vuf0’J vuf,m tacsmif0g'wkd@ukd ukefpif
jywfom;pGm a0zefwkdufckdufchJygw,f?
“w±kwfjynfppfbk&if*kd%f;rsm;&J@yÉdyuQrsm;eJ@wkdufyGJrsm;[m
e,fcs@J EkdifiHrsm;&J@ yÉdyuQe@J wkdufyGrJ sm;ukd xif[yfjyjcif; jzpfw,f”vkd@ ( armf vuf
a±G;pifusrf;/ pmrsufESm 47 ) xJrSm armfu !¸efjycJhw,f? e,fcs@J EkdifiHtoD;oD;u
w±k w f j ynf u k d aoG ; cG J xm;wJ h tajctaeatmuf r S m “ppf b k & if *k d % f ;
23
 armf&J@ 'DuAsm[m tJ'Dvkd tajctaersKd;atmufrSm a&;zGJ@cJhwmyg?

armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;

tcsi;f csi;f [m b,fenf;eJ@rS aphpyf Ekid rf mS r[kwb f ;l ? aphpyfrr_ eS o

f r#[m ,m,Dom
jzpfw,f? 'Dae@ ,m,Daphpyfr_[m reufzef&J@ ykdrkd}uD;us,fwJh ppfyGJtwGuf
pkdif;jyif;aejcif;om jzpfw,f” ( ‚ pmrsufESm) armfu xyfrH+yD;“w±kwfjynf&Sd
tm%mjzLrsm; uGJjym;r_eJ@ ppfcif;r_ tqufrjywf jzpfay:jcif;ukd usaemfwkd@ csKef,ef yGJawmfaeh
od&edS m;vnfw,fq&dk if tm%meD ay:ayguv f mjcif;/ wnfwhH Ekid jf cif;eJ@ wae@wjcm; (ouf}uD;±G,ftkdrsm;ae@)
wk d ; wuf } uD ; xG m ;vmjcif ; wk d @ uk d oH o , jzpf a wmh r S m r[k w f a wmh y g” (armf ( 1929 ckESpf / atmufwkdbmv )
vufa±G;pifusrf; / pmrsufESm 49 ) vkd@ &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm !¸efjyxm;ygw,f?
ppfbk&ifawG t&rf;rJh ppfcif;wkdufckdufr_u jynfolvlxk}uD;tay: {&mr}uD;rm;wJh
cg;onf;em=unf;r_e@J 'kuyQ ifv,fa0r_ wk@d udk zdp;D jzpfay:apcJ+h yD;/ jynfov l x l }k uD;tm; · vl@b0onfum;
awmfvSefa&;&SdrSomv#if rdrdwkd@ukd,fwkdif&J@ xGufaygufvrf;a=umif; wckukd tkdvG,fvSyguvm;?
&&SdEkdifa=umif; av;eufpGm cHpm;apcJhygw,f? 'Dvkd od&SdvmwmeJ@wòyifeuf · 'gayrJh
‘tvkyform; v,form;wkd@&J@ vufeufukdifoD;jcm; tm%mykdifa'o’awG aumif;uif}uD;uawmh
xlaxmifa&;/ awmfvSefa&; tajccHa'oawGzGifhvSpfa&;wkd@ twGuf tusKd;&SdwJh rtkdvG,fbl;aygh?
tajctaeawGukd jzpfay:ap cJhygw,f? · ESpfpOf ESpfwkdif; 'D"avh
“ yDuif;eJ@ xsiu f si;f òr@rsm;udk rodr;f yku d rf u D ulrifwefppfb&k ifopf rsm;&J@ vltkdrsm;&J@ csKef,efae@?
*kd%f; 4 *kd%f; jzpfwhJ csefau&Sdwf*kd%f; / uGrf&SD; ppfbk&if*kd%f; / zkef,Gd&Sef*kd%f; eJ@ · 'DESpf 'Dcsdefcg
,if&&dS eS ;f *k%
d ;f wk@d [m use;f pk@d vifudk qef@usiw f u
dk cf u dk zf @dk ,m,D nD!w G cf hJ =uayr,fh csKef,efyGJawmfae@[m
yD u if ; eJ @ xsif u sif ; òr@rsm;uk d od r f ; +yD ; wJ h a emuf u sawmh tJ ' D nD ! G w f r _ [ m aemufwcg a&mufvmjyefacsaygh?
csufcsif;òyuG+J yD;/ olwkd@ tcsif;csif; tjyif;txef twkduftcH jzpf=uum csefau&Sdwf · ppfajrjyifrSm
*kd%f;eJ@ uGrf&SD; ppfbk&if *kd%f;wkd@[m ppfcif;awmhr,f wuJuJ jzpfae=uw,f” awmyef;0gawG
( armf vufa±G;pif usrf; / pmrsufESm 47 ) 1929 ckESpfrSm armfu csefau&Sdwf*kd%f; twkdif;xuf tvGef
eJ@ uGrf&SD; ppfbk&if*kd%f;wkd@ ppfcif;aejcif;qkdwJh tcgtcGifhaumif;ukd tusKd;&Sd&Sd ar$;vkd@ ysH@vkd@?
tokH;cs+yD;/ trSwf 4 wyfeDawmf&J@ t"dutiftm;udk ukd,fwkdifOD;pD;vsuf zkusifh · aqmif;OD;avuvJ
jynfe,fxo J kd@ 3 acguf0ifa&mufum usef;&SD; eJ@ zkusifh jynfe,fwkd@&@J e,fjcm; wESpfwcg qkdovkd
a'oawGrSm wESpfcef@ vSnfhvnfwkdufyGJ qifaecJhygw,f? usef;&SD;awmifykdif; tm;aumif;armif;oefeJ@aygh?
eJ@zkusifhjynfe,f taemufykdif;wkd@rSm awmfvSefa&; tajccHa'oawG zGifhvSpf+yD;/ · aEGOD;±_cif;eJ@ rwlyg
ajr,mawmfveS af &; qifEu J$ m a'oEW&vufeufuidk w f yfz@JG awGuvdk nf; xl axmif aEGOD;±_cif;xuf ykdvSygw,f?
ay;cJhw,f? · us,fajyma0;vHoDacgif
trdajr&J@ awmawmifa&ajr
c&D;vrf; ar#mfrSef;av&m/ ae&mwumrSm
aiGESif;&nfyufzsef; vef;vkd@ ±$ifvkd@ ? ?

25
24
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;

&Si;f csuf
aemuf c H o rk d i f ;

csKef,efyGJawmfaee@? ? w±kwfouU&mZf ukd;vukd;&ufae@[m csKef,efyGaJ wmf

ae@yg? a&S;acwfwkef;u ukd;*%ef;[m ol&d, udef;*%ef;trSwftom; jzpfygw,f?
ol&, d aeESppf if; wxyfwnf;uswt hJ cgq+dk yD; a&S;wke;f u ‘csKef,ef’qkw
d hJ emrnfay;
cJhwmyg? tJ'Dae@wae@vkH; awmifawGay:wuf/ *E<rmyef;&J@tvSeJ@ &eH@ukd cHpm;
=unfEl;=uwm ±kd;&m "avhxkH;pHwckygy?J 1929 ckESpf&@J csKef,efyGaJ wmfae@[m ol&d,
ESp/f q,fv/ q,fhw&ufae@jzpfygw,f?
vl @ b0u tk d v G , f w ,f / 'gayrJ h aumif ; uif u rtk d v G , f b l ; ?
xefrif;qufacwfwkef;u uAsmq&m ‘vD[hJ’&J@ “aumif;uifbkHrSm rsufESmqkdwm
&SdchJ&if olvnf; tcsdefwef&if tkdrif;±GwfwG jzpfrSmyJ”qkdwhJ uAsmwyk'f &SdchJzl;w,f?
armf&J@ 'DuAsmxJrSmawmh txufyguAsm&J@ ajymif;jyeft"dy`m,fyg? oabmuawmh
vl@b0[m tajymif;tvJjrefw,f? 'ga=umifh usaemfwkd@ taeeJ@ tcsdefukd
±kdaojrwfEkd; wefzkd;xm;+yD; awmfvSefa&;wkdufyGJ twGif;rSm xufoefwufºupGm
yg0ifoifhw,fvkd@ qkdvkdwm jzpf ygw,f?
awmyef;0g? ? awm*E<rmyef;ukd &nf!¸ef;xm;wmyg?
1928 ckESpf/ ESpfaESmif;ykdif;eJ@1929ckESpf/ ESpfqef;? “wefjyefawmfvSefa&;
'Da&usqif; ae+yD; awmfveS af &;'Da& jyefwufp jyKaecsed f jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh [kw d ek ;f u
wyfeDawmfeJ@ a'oygwDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xJrSmom tqkd;bufjrif+yD; pdwfysufwJh
tawG;tac: &SdaecJhwmr[kwf? ygwDA[kdrSmvnf; tay:,H tjcif;t&mrsm;&J@
vSnfhpm;r_udk cH&vkd@ pdwfysufwhJ avoHay:vmw,f” ( armf vufa±G;pifusrf; /
pmrsufESm97 ) vuf,mtqkd;jrif0g'D vifajymifuvnf; “tvHeDukd b,favmuf
?
=um =um v$ifhxlxm;EkdifrvJ”qkdwhJ ,kwWdrhaJ jymqkdcsufukd wifjyvmw,f? 'Dvkd
awmfvSefa&;&J@ aomhcsufus ta&;ygwJhtcsdefumvrSm armfu ‘vuf0J ’
vuf,m tacsmif0g'awGukd jywfjywfom;om; wkdufyGJqif+yD;/ “ tvkyform;
v,form; vufeuf ukdifoD;jcm; tm%m ykdifa'o xlaxmifa&;”qkdif&m
rS e f u ef w J h vrf ; pOf u k d pG J + rJ p G m xd e f ; od r f ; cJ h w ,f ? trS w f 4wyf e D a wmf u k d
ukd,fwkdifukd,fus OD;pD;acgif; aqmifum ppfajrjyifokd@ tjrefcsDwuf+yD;/ usef;&SD;/
zkusifhe@J uGrfwkHqkdwhJ jynfe,f 3 ck&@J e,fpyfa'orSm vSnfhvnfwkdufyq GJ ifchw J ,f?
azaz:0g&DvtwGif; ‘a±G@usif;’rSm }uD;rm;wJh atmifyGJukd qifE$J&,lEkdifcJh+yD;/
a±G@usi;f rSmyJ tcsut f csmuswhJ use;f &S;D jynfe,fawmifyidk ;f qkid &f m tajccHa'oukd
pwifxlaxmifEkdifcJhygw,f? rwfv aemufykdif;rSm zkusifh jynfe,f twGif;okd@ 3
}udrfwkdif 0ifa&mufum qufwkduf qkd ovkd rsm;jym;vSwJhatmifyGJrsm;ukd
qifE$J&,lcJh+yD;/ zkusifh jynfe,f taemufykdif; rSm awmfvSefa&; tajccHa'oukd
pwif w nf a xmif v k d u f j yef w ,f ? 'D u Asm&J @ ±k y f y k H v$ m [m xk d p Of t csd e f u

27
26
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
a0a0qmqm zGH@òz;wkd;wufaewJh awmfvSefa&; tajctaeeJ@ ajzjzef@jyvkdufovkd
ppfa&;vkyfief;rSm awmfvSefa&; tm;rmef awG jynfhòz;aewmukd avu
xif[yfo±kyfazmf xm;wmyg? awmfvSefppf *k%fjyKuAsmvnf; tvHeDukd
jzpfygw,f? ? ajzay; jzef@ay; aeacsaygh ? ?

ES p f q ef ; 1 &uf a eh
(1930 ckESpf / ZEM0g&Dv )
· eif[G/
csi;fvsL/
auG;[G?
· c&D;vrf;a=umif;u t=uyftusOf;/
rwfapmufvSwJh
awmif=um;&J@ uif;pcef;uvJ
tEW&m,fawG jynfhwif;?
&S i f ; csuf
eif [ G / csif ; vsL/ auG ; [G ? ? zkusijhf ynfe,f taemufyidk ;f u c±kid 3f ck&@J emrnfyg?
auG;[G c±kdifukd aemufykdif;usawmh rif&SD;c±kdifvkd@ emrnf ajymif;vkdufyg w,f?
xkdpOfu trSwf 4 wyfeDawmf usef;&SD;csDwufa&;vrf;a=umif;[m ulxif uae
c&D;pygw,f? csifvsL/ auG;[G/ eif[G c±kdifwkd@e@J taemufus@J usef; jynf e,f&@J ‘0l,d’
awmifw@dk udk qufwu dk jf zwfoef;cJ&h ygw,f? 'DuAsmxJrmS eif[G c±kid u
f dk a&S@uxm;&
wmuawmh w±kwfuAsm zG@J oDr_rSm um&efukdufa&;ukd OD;pm;ay;xm;&wma=umifh
jzpfygw,f?

· awmu eufvSygbd ‘0l , d ’ awmif ? ?‘,d’ukd owfykH 2rsKd; 2 pm; a&;=uygw,f? 'Dawmif[m zkusifh
a&n‡darSmfyifawGuvJ jynfe,fe@J usef;&SD; jynfe,f wkd@&@J e,fpyfrSm wnf&Sdygw,f ?
pkdpdpdeJ@ acsmfvJ csifp&m?

· 'Dae@ 'D&uf
OD;wnfcsuf aemufcHorkdif;
b,fvJ?

· ‘0l,d’awmifajcwnfhwnfhæwJh
!¸efaeav&J@? 1929 'DZifbmv? armf[m zkusihf jynfe,f/ pef@[efc±kid /f ulxif±mG rSmwyf
eDawmf&@J ygwD uGezf &ifu h dk OD;pD;usi;f ycJyh gw,f? 'g[m emrnfausmf “ulxifueG zf &if”h
· awmifajcok@d æ ygy?J (wcsKd@u ul&SefuGefz&ifhvkd@vnf; ac:=uw,f? bmomjyefol) uGefz&ifhu armf
awmifajcokd@æ? uk,d wf idk f wifoiG ;f wJh “w±kwjf ynf uGejf rLepfygw/D trSw4f wyfeaD wmf e0rt}udrf
uGefz&ifhqkH;jzwfcsufrl=urf;”ukd twnfjyKcJhygw,f? “ygwDwGif; rSm;,Gif;wJh
· yef;csDum;vdyfukd tawG;tac:rsm;u
tac:rsm;ukd jyKjyifa&;” &;”aqmif;yg;[m 'DqkH;jzwfcsufxJu wpdwfwykdif;
29
28
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
jzpfygw,f? ulxifuGefz&ifhu ygwDeJ@ wyfrawmf wkd@&J@ vrf;pOf 2 &yf wkdufyGJ a&;om;cJhwmyg? ?
qkdif&m ºu,f0vSwhJ tawG@ t}uHKawGukd euf±_dif;pGm aygif;±kH;okH;oyfxm;ygw,f?
t&if;&Sif vlwef;pm; ppfa&;vrf;pOfukd a0zef±_wfcsygw,f? ygwDwGif;&Sd ypPnf;rJh
vlwef;pm; rqefwJh tawG;tac: rsKd;pkHukd jyKjyifay;cJhovkd ygwDeJ@ wyfrawmf
wnfaqmufa&; qkdif&m vrf;pOfOD;wnfcsufjy\emukdvnf; t&if;cHusus
ajz&Si;f ay;cJw
h ,f? ul xifueG zf &ifh usi;f yaewke;f rSm cseaf u&Sw d [f m zkusihf jynfe,f/
usef;&SD;jynfe,f eJ@ uGrfwkHjynfe,fwkd@u "m;jywyfawGukd pkpnf;jyifqif+yD;/ zkusifh
jynfe,f taemufykdif; awmfvSefa&;tajccHa'oukd 0ifwkdufum “okH;jynfe,f uGrfcsef; vrf;c&D;rSm
acsr_ef; okwf oifa&;”ukd vufawG@ taumiftxnfazmfchw J ,f? ( 1930 ckESpf / azaz:0g&Dv ? )
1930 ckESpf/ ESpfqef; 1 &ufae@“ulxif uGefz&ifh ”+yD;qkH;oGm;csdefrSm
armf[m trSwf 4 wyfeDawmfukd OD;pD;acgif;aqmif+yD;/ ppfqifa&;AsL[m
tajymif;tvJ vkyfum/ csefau&Sdwf &J@ wefjyefawmfvSefa&; “&Sif;vif; okwfoifyGJ · rkd;aumif;uif wcGifwjyifvkH;
}uD ; ”uk d w k d u f c k d u f a csr_ e f ; &if ; usef ; &S D ; jynf e ,f t a&muf r S m qGwfqGwfjzL azG;azG;v_yfvkd@?
awmfveS af &;tajccHpcef;opfudk pwifwnf aqmuf cJyh gw,f? “ulrifwef ppfb&k if · qD;ESif;awmxJ? jrLawGxJ
*kd%f;tcsif;csif; tcsdef=um=um ppfjzpfaewkef;rSm csefau&Sdwf*kd%f;eJ@a&m / csDwufqJ
uGrf&SD;ppfbk&if*kd%f;eJ@yg òyif+yD; usef;&SD; jynfe,fukd odrf;zkd@/ wcsdefwnf;rSm pdwfxrJ Sm wufºuv_yf&Sm;
zkusifhjynfe,ftaemufykdif;eJ@ us@J usef;jynfe,ftaemufykdif; wkd@ukd yg t&wkdufzkd@/ avmaerdw,f?
'D j ynf e ,f 3 ck r S m wyf e D a wmf &J @ ppf t if t m;uk d w k d ; csJ @ um vl x k & J @ · ODacgif;ay: rkd;aewmu
oD;jcm;tm%mykid af 'o xlaxmifz@dk ” ( armf vufa±G;pif usr;f /pmrsuEf mS 102)qkw d hJ jrifhrm;vSwJhawmifawGav?
ppfAsL[m pDru H ed ;f }uD;ukd taumiftxnfazmf+yD;/ wjynfv;Hk rSm awmfveS af &;'Da& · jrifhrm;rwfapmufwhJ awmifawG=um;u
jrifhwufvmatmif wGef;wifay;cJhygw,f? csxm;wJh uif;pcef;rsm;ukd
1930ckESpf/ ZEM0g&Dv 3 &ufae@rSm wyfeDawmf[m ulxifuae pxGuf wkdufckdufjzwfoef;oGm;=uwJhtcg
+yD;/ ajrmufbufuae csifvsL/ auG;[G/ eif[GpwJh òr@awGe@J taemufus@J usef; jynf wyfOD;tvHeD[m
e,f/ ‘0l ,d’awmifwkd@ukd qufwkdufjzwfausmfum usef;&SD;jynffe,fokd@ w[kef xefvSwhJ avt[kefrSm
xkd;csDwuf cJhw,f ? oefrmpGm wzswfzswfeJ@aygh?
ZEM0g&Dv 5 &ufae@? ppfcsD&m vrf;c&D;twGif;rSmyJ armf[m “rD;yGm; · 'Dc&D;
uav; rS awmrD;}uD;okd@”qkdwhJ ausmf=um;wJhaqmif;yg;ukd a&;om;um/ vuf,m b,fukd OD;wnf+yD; oGm;aewmvJ?
tqkd; jrif0g'D vifajymif&@J “tvHeDukd b,favmuf=um=um v$ifhxlxm;EkdifrvJ ” · aveD=urf;=urf;
qkdwhJ tqkd;jrifajymqkdcsufukd wnf=unfav;eufpGm a0zefaxmufjy+yD; qefhusif qD;ESif; jrLrifv$rf;wJh
cJhygw,f? ‘uef@usef;’jrpfqD
armf&J@“ESpfqef; 1 &ufae@”uAsm[mtJ'DcsDwuf&mc&D;pOftwGif; rSm csDæcsD?

31
30
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
· wkdufyGt
J rdef@cs/ rae@uyJ pcJhaygh? cwfwhJ '%fwkd@udk tr_rxm;bJ uGrfcsef;okd@ qkdufa&mufoGm;+yD;/ 'DatmifyG&J @J t&Sdef
t[kefe@J ‘usD;tef;’ukd w[kefxkd; csDwufwkdufckdufchJygw,f?
·tvkyform; v,form; 'DuAsmukd ppfcsDwufqJ vrf;c&D;twGif;rSm a&;zG@J chJwmyg? ?
wyfeDawmftiftm; tajrmuftjrm; xifusKd;rS csef&Sm;okdh
“usDtef;”odrf;zkd@ xkd;qif;oGm;=u+yD? ?
( 1930 ckESpf / Zlvkdifv )
31

&Sif;csuf
· ZGefv?
ewfppfonfawGu
‘ykyfokd; aqG;ajr@r_’awGukd
okwfoif &Sif;vif;
uG r f c sef ; ? ? usef;&SD;jynfe,f taemufykdif;u c±kdifwck&@J emrnfyg? wkdufckdufacsr_ef;=uawmhrSmygvm;?

uef@usef;jrpf? ? awmifrSajrmufokd@ a'gifvkdufoG,fwef;aewJh &Sef;&SD;jynf

e,fu jrpf}uD;woG,f jzpfygw,f?

usD;tef;? ? usef;&SD;jynfe,ftv,fykdif;u tcsuftcsmuswhJòr@? uef@

usef;jrpf&@J taemufbufurf;rSm wnf&Sd?

aemufcH orkdif;

1930 ckEpS /f ZEM0g&D vukeyf idk ;f rSm trSwf 4 wyfeaD wmf[m armf&@J u, dk w
f idk f
ukd,fusOD;pD;acgif;aqmifr_atmufrSm zkkusifhjynfe,f taemufykdif;rS c&D;pxGufchJyg
w,f?‘0l,’d awmifudk w[kex f ;dk tvsit f jref jzwfoef;um use;f &S;D jynfe,f twGi;f
ykdif;okd@ xkd;azmuf 0ifa&muf+yD; usef;&SD;jynfe,f awmifykdif;rSm awmfvSefa&; tajccH
a'oopf zGifhvSpfchJygw,f? “usef;&SD;jynfe,ftm; t&,la&;”qkdwhJ r[m AsL[m
pDrHudef;ukd taumiftxnfazmfa&;twGuf avjyif;±kdufcwfwhJ'%f/ qD;ESif; ±kduf

33
32
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
,kH=unfukd;pm;
· {&mr tm;xm;=uw,f?
ig;}uD;eENm eJ@
*VKef&mZmwkd@tm; · woef;aom wyftiftm;
ayaygif;waomif; &Snfvsm;wJh tvkyform;v,form;wyfrawmf
yef;yGm; ykd;}udK;&Snf}uD;eJ@ +yHK;aysmfnD!Gwf
wkyfcsnfaESmifwnf; pdwf"mwfwufºu
zrf;awmhr,fwhJ qD;awmhr,f? wkdufyGJukd
tòyifE$J=uawmhr,f?
· ‘uef@usef;’a&jyif&@J a[m[kdwzuf
vufaewJh ta&mif[m
teDa&mifygyJ? · usef;&SD;rSm
rkefwkdif;ppf[m
· ‘[Grfukef;avG@’tm; odrf;usKH; ±kdufcwfoGm;
‘[efcsufnD aygif;pnf;a&;wyfrsm;’u [leefe@J [lay
awmufav#muf0ifar$oGm;?

· cHpm;r_ euf±_dif;pGm
v_dufv_dufvSJvSJ oDqkdae=uwmuawmh
“EkdifiHwum aw;oDcsif;”ygyJ?

· tvkd
avjyif;rkefwkdif;u
rkd;aumif;uifa&mufaewJh
ighukd
qGJcsaeygayghvm;? ?
&Sif;csuf

xif u sKd ; ? ?zkusifhjynfe,ftaemufykdif;rSm wnf&Sdw,f? a&S;acwfu xifusKd;òr@vkd@

ac:=u+yD;/ ,ckcwfrSmusawmh ‘csefxif;’c±kdif vkd@ ac:=uw,f?
ewf p pf o nf ? ? a&S ; wk e f ; u w&m;r#w+yD ; / ±k d ; om;rS e f u ef w J h p pf w yf u k d
“ewfppfonf”vkd@ac:=uw,f? 'DrSmawmh &JpGrf;owWde@J jynfhpkH+yD; ‘wkdufvnf;
35
34
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
wkduf&/J wkdufvnf; wkdufwwf ’wJh tvkyform; v,form;wkd@&@J wyfeDawmfukd ol@&@J ausmuke;f }uD;u vnf; vDaygi;f b,favmuf&n S v
f sm;w,fqw dk mukd cef@reS ;f vk@d
&nf!¸ef;zGJ@qkdxm;wmyg? r&bl;? 'D*VKef}uD; t&Sdeft[kefe@J ysHoef;+yDqkd&if ol@awmifyHawGu aumif;uifxrJ S
ykyfokd;aqG;ajr@r_awG? ?ulrifwefazmuf jyefa&;*kd%f;ukd &nf!¸ef; xm;jcif; wdrfawGukd atmuf okd@ twGJ vkdufjyKwfusapw,f ”vkd@ a&;xm;ygw,f?
jzpfygw,f? 'D u AsmxJ u ig;}uD ; eEN m wk d @ / *VKef & mZmwk d @ qk d w muawmh
yef ; yG m ; yk d ; }ud K ;&S n f ? ? &Snfvsm;wJh }udK;&SnftrsKd;tpm; wckyg? “usKef; ul r if w ef a zmuf j yef a &;*k d % f ; &J @ tES p f o m&t& tm;enf ; ayr,f h
u|if;ta=umif; orkdif;ykH0wˆK”qkdwhJ w±kwfpmtkyfxrJ Smææ[efrif;quf {u&mZf tiftm;awmifhwif;r_ &Sdoa,mifa,mif jzpfaewmukd wifpm; zG@J qkdxm; wmyg?
‘0l’rif;jrwf vufxufwkef;u bk&ifrif;jrwf[m usKef;u|if;tm; uGrfwkHjynfe,f
awmifykdif;okd@ oHwreftjzpf apv$wfchJw,f? usKef;u|if;u c&D;oGm;r,fhqq J rJ Sm uef @ usef ; a&jyif ? ? usef;&SD;jynfe,fu uef@usef;jrpf ukdajymwmjzpf ygw,f?
&Snv f sm;vSwJh }h udK;wacsmif; cs;D jr‡iyhf gv@dk bk&ifx
h H awmif;qk+d yD;“awmifyidk ;f u bk&if [G r f u k e f ; avG @ ? ? ( 1898-1931 ) ? [leef jynfe,f Zmwdom;? 1927 ckEpS rf mS
}uD;ukd tao tcsm }udK;wkkyfcsnfaESmifum/ {u&mZfrif;jrwftm; ±kdao0yfwGm; w±kwjf ynf uGejf rLepfygw0D if jzpfc?hJ 1928 ckEpS u f sawmh zsiu f se;f a'o awmfveS x f
cpm;zl a jrmf a p&atmif ac:aqmif c J h y gh r ,f b k & m;” vk d @ av#muf w if c J h w ,f ? ºur_rmS OD;aqmifcw hJ ,f? zsiuf se;f a'ow0kud rf mS ajymufusm;ppfudk pGpJ +JG rJ+rJ &yfcq H if
'DuAsmxJu “ aywaomif;tvsm;&SdwhJ }udK;&Snf”qkdwmuawmh tvkyform; E$+J y$ ;D ‘[leef- [lay-use;f &S;D ’tajccHa'oukd pwifziG v hf pS cf w hJ ,f? ygwu D , dk pf m;vS,f
v,form; vufeufukdif wyfrawmf &J@ pGrf;&nfe@J tiftm;}uD;rm;awmifhwif;r_ukd /'k-wyfrr–;/ 'k-wyfrawmfr;– / wyfeaD wmf trSwf 3 wyf&@J wyfr;– pwJw h m 0efawGukd
wifpm; okH;pGJxm;wmyg? wqif+h yD;wqifh xrf;aqmifcw hJ ,f? 1931 ckEpS /f atmufwb dk mvrSm &efo&l @J “wwd
ig;}uD ; eEN m eJ @ *VKef & mZm? ? ork d i f ; yk H 0 wˆ K xJ r S m ygwJ h ig;}uD ; eJ @ iS u f } uD ; ,t}udrf 0kdif;ywfacsr_ef;a&;xkd;ppf”ukdqef@usifawmfvSefwJh wkdufyGJtwGif; *k%f
jzpfygw,f? ‘u|rhfppf’&J@ “ vGwfvyfpGm c&D;vSnfhvnf oGm;vmjcif;” qkdwJh ajymifpGm/ ol&aJ umif;yDopGm toufpGef@v$wfoGm;cJhygw,f?
pmtkyfxJrSm “ayrif ( ajrmufbufyifv,f ) wGif ig;}uD; waumif &Sdw,f? [ef c suf n D yl ; wG J p pf q if a &;wyf ? ? t"duwyf&J@wkdufppfukd taxmuf
ol@udk < Kun >( ig;}uD;eENm)vkd@ac:w,f? 'Dig;}uD;- }uD;rm;vkdufykHuawmh tuljyKzkd@/ eab; awmifyHykdif;uae [efcsufnDnD wkdufckdufwhJ wyfzG@J yg? xkdpOfu
ol@ukd,f[m vD ( w±kwfrkdif )aygif; b,favmuf&Snfvsm;w,fqkdwmawmif wyfeaD wmf&@J trSw1f -&J*srd ifu h t"duwyftjzpf wm0ef,w l u
dk cf u
dk f aepOftwGi;f
cef@rSef;vkd@ r&Ekdifbl;? ‘[Gmtm; ’u iSuf}uD;uawm h*VKef&mZmvkd@ ac:w,f? wyfeaD wmf trSwf 3wyfz@JG [m eefcse;f ok@d ppfcs+D yD; [efcsun f n D D wku d yf qJG ifcyhJ gw,f?

aemufcH orkdif;

“ulxifuGefz&ifh”&J@aemufykdif; armf&J@awmfvSefa&;vrf;pOf !¸efjyr_

atmufrSm awmfvSefa&;tajctae[m t}uD;tus,f zGH@òz;wkd;wufvmcJhygw,f?
tajccH pcef;awGq&dk ifvnf; wjynfv;Hk rSm jynfe,f 10 ckausmt
f xd ys@H E@HS }uD;xGm;
vmw,f? 1930 ckESpf/ arvtwGif;csefau&SdwfeJ@ zkef,Gd&Sef/ ,if&SDpef; pwJh
37
36
 armf&JhuAsmrsm;
ppfbk&ifawG AvkH;AaxG; ppfcif;ae=uvkd@ awmfvSefa&;zGH@òz;wkd;wufr_twGuf
tusKd;&SdwJhtajctae jzpfay:apcJhygw,f? 'DtajctaeatmufrSm vDvDpef;
csKyfukdifxm;wJh A[kd EkdifiHa&;OD;aqmiftzG@J u “awmfvSefa&;'Da&jrifhopf”qkdwmeJh
“jynfe,fwck /(ok@d r[kwf ) jynfe,f tcsK@d rmS awmfveS af &;OD;pGmatmifycJG aH &;”qkw
‘vuf0’J aoGzDa&; qkH;jzwfcsufwkd@ukd csrSwf twnfjyKcJh=uw,f? ‚wkd@u w±kwf
jynfawmfvSefa&; zGH@òz;wkd;wufr_qkdif&m a&&SnfoabmaqmifwJh vuQ%m/
wajy;nDr&SdwhJ vuQ%mwkd@ukd todtrSwf rjyK=ubl;? awmfvSefa&;rSm tiftm;
pkaqmif;zkd@ vkdw,fqkdwmukdvnf; vufrcH? armf wifjywJh aus;vufuae
òr@awG u k d 0k d i f ; / aemuf q k H ; usrS wjynf v k H ; rS m Ek d i f i H a &;tm%m
t&odrf;,la&;qkdwm[m ‘tvGefw&mrSm;,Gif;wJh’“v,form;tawG;tac:&J@
a'opGJ t,ltqeJ@ or±kd;us t,ltqawG jzpfw,f”vkd@ ykwfcwfpGyfp=GJ uw,f?
ol w k d @ u wjynf v k H ; rS m taxG a xG tk H º ur_ } uD ; qif E $ J u m/ Ek d i f i H a &;tm%m
odrf;ykdufEkdifr,fh &ifhrSnfhwhJ tcGifhtcgaumif;a&muf+yDvkd@ ,kwWdrhpJ Gm xifjrif,lq+yD;/
wjynf v k H ; a'o toD ; oD ; rS m csuf c sif ; awmf v S e f y k e f u ef r _ a wG v k y f = uzk d @
&yfcHwifjyvm=uw,f? 0l[ef@òr@ukd A[kdjyK+yD; taxGaxGawmfvSefykefuefr_
qifE$Ja&;qkdwJh pDrHudef;}uD;w&yfukd a&;qGJum/ wjynfvkH;rSm wyfeDawmfu
OD;aqmifOD;±GufjyK+yD; tcsuftcsmuswJh òr@rsm;tm; taxGaxGxkd;ppf}uD;vkyfzkd@
38
armf&JhuAsmrsm;
!¸ef=um;vkdufw,f? “0l[efòr@rSm wyfawG pkpnf; aygif;qkH=u? ,efpDjrpfrSm
jrif ; awG u k d a&wk d u f = u”qk d w J h rS m ;,G i f ; wJ h aºu; a=umf o H u k d v nf ;
azmfxkwfwifjyvmw,f?
d hJ
vDvpD ef;&J@ 'Dvdk ‘vuf0’J aoGzaD &;tacsmif0g'vrf;pOf tusK;d quftjzpf
awmfvSefa&;tiftm;awG[m qkd;0g;wJh qkH;±_H;epfemr_awG }uHKawG@chJ&w,f? armfu
vDvpD ef;&J@ tJ'‘D vuf0f ’J aoGzaD &; tacsmif0g'vrf;pOfudk jywfjywfom;om; wku d yf JG
qif+yD;/ aus;vuftajc cHpcef;awG wnfaqmufum/ aus;vufuae òr@awG
0kid ;f xm;a&;qkwd hJ rSeu
f efwhJ vrf;pOf ukd wav#mufv;Hk pGpJ +JG rJ+rJ &yfcx H ed ;f odr;f cJw
h ,f?
Zlvkdif vukefrSm csef&Sm;òr@ukd xkd;ppfqif wkdufckdufwhJ wyfeDawmf trSwf 3 &J*dsrifh
[m t±_H;eJ@ &ifqkdifvkduf&w,f? pufwifbmv a&mufawmh vDvDpef;u
wyfeaD wmf trSwf 3 &J*srd ifh eJ@ trSw1f &J*srd ifh wk@d udk wyfeaD wmf trSwf 1 ppfrsuEf mS
wyfrawmf tjzpf yl;aygif;vkdufzkd@ trdef@ay;+yD;/ aemufw}udrf twif;tusyf
csef&Sm;òr@tm; twkdufckdif;jyefw,f? armfu 'DrSm;,Gif;wJhqkH;jzwfcsufukd tcsdefrD
[ef@wm;um/ ygwD A[kdukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJ@eJ@ wyfeDawmf trSwf 1 ppfrsufESm
wyfrawmfrS au'g wcsKd@wkd@tm; tvGef w&m}uD;rm;wJh pdwf&Snfonf;cHr_eJ@
azsmif;zsem;cs+yD;/ cse&f mS ; tm; odr;f ,lwudk cf u
dk f a&;pDruH ed ;f ukd pGe@f vw$ af pcJyh gw,f?
wyfrsm;ukd jyefvnf jzef@c+JG yD;/ ‘csmvif’‘,k&d eS ’f ‘vDvif’‘zif&eS ;f ’‘us;D tef;’tp&Sw d hJ
c±kdifrsm;ukd wkdufckdufodrf;ykdufapum/ usef;&SD; taemufawmifykdif;eJ@ [leefjynfe,f
ta&S@ykdif; wkd@rSm }uD;rm;us,fjyef@vSwJh a&mifeDa'o}uD;ukd xlaxmifapcJhw,f?
trSwf 1 ppfrsufESmwyfrawmfukd tvGefw&m zG@Hòz;wkd;wufap+yD;/ Tenf;tm;jzifh
wjynfvkH;rSm 'Da&jrifh wufvmapa&;ukd wGef;aqmf ay;cJhygw,f?
tJ'DtcsdefumvrSmyJ 'DuAsmukd a&;om;cJhwm jzpfygw,f ? ?
39
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;

“yxrtjud r f 0 k d i f ; 0ef ; acsrS K ef ; a&;
xk d ; ppf j uD ; tm;wG e f ; vS e f w k d u f c k d u f j cif ; ?”
( 1931 ckESpf / aEGOD; ?)
· aqmif; a[rEWæ
aiGESif;jzLrkd;aumif;uifatmufrSm
wawmvkH; jzmaeatmif
ary,f±GufawGætvHeDawG
wifhqef;pGm eDarmif;pGm
a0qmaevsuf?
· ewfppfonfawG&@J
axmif;axmif;xaewJh
trsufa'goawG[m
tZÉm e*g;aiG@wef;xJtxd
xkd;0ifoGm;acsaygh?
· ESif;yGifh qD;&nfwkd@
zkH;v$rf;jynfhv#rf;aewJh
‘vkHuef;’u
awmifapmuf awmifurf;yg;waxmif[m
±kd;wkd;&dyfwdwfom jrif&
r_dif;ys r_efa0vsuf?
· r=umao;rDuyJ
‘usef;a[Gusef’ukd
oHòyif[pfaºu;/ nmoHay;vkd@
trdt&
zrf;qD;EkdifchJ=uyg+yD?
· ESpfodef;tiftm;&SdwhJ
&efo&l @J wyfawGu
A[kd tajccHa'oukd
xkd;ppftxyfxyfeJ@
0kid ;f ywfvm=ujyef+yDqydk ?J

· zkefawG waxmif;axmif;xukefaygh
rD;ckd;awGtl+yD; wvlvlwufaevnf;
aumif;uifwjcrf;om
rnf;arSmif zkH;v$rf;EkdifrSmyg?

· xºuEkd;=um;vmwJh
a±$e*g;}uD;vkd
tvkyform; v,form;awG
41
40
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
ukaÉukÉm vSovkd rwfapmufvSwJh awmifurf;yg;awGuvnf; ab;rSm 0kdif;&HumqD;xm;
wpdwfw0rf;wnf; ygw,f?
aoGpnf;vufwGJvm=uawmhæ? usef ; a[G u sef ? ? ol[m csefau&Sdwf&J@ opPm&Sd aemufvkdufacG;yg? xkdpOfu
trSwf 18wyfr&J@wyfrr–; jzpfygw,f? yxrt}udrf wefjyefawmfvSefa&; “0kdif;0ef;
‘yk u sLd ; awmif ’ wckdrSm
·‘yk acsr_ef;a&; xkd;ppf”twGif; ol[m &efol@wyf“a&S@wef;ppfrsufESm”&J@ OD;pD;uGyf uJ
tvHeDawGav a&;r–; jzpfygw,f?
axG;a&m,Sufwif eJ@ zk e f w axmif ; axmif ; rD ; ck d ; wvl v l ? ? csefau&Sdwf "m;jywyfu tajcc Ha'o
ysm;yef;cyfovkd ukd usL;ausm0f ifa&mufwu dk cf u dk w
f t
hJ cg ppfonfawG jrif;awG eif;acs=uvk@d ajr}uD;u
v_yf&Sm;ae=uav&J@? zkefawG waxmif;axmif; xae+yD;/ vlowfrD;±_d@/ ypPnf;awG vk,uf=uvkd@ rD;ckd;awG
&Si;f csuf tlxGufaeum aumif;uifwckvkH; rD;ckd;awGe@J rnf;arSmifaewmukd qkdvkdwmyg?
yk u sKd ; awmif ? ? '¾m&DxJu awmiftrnfyg? cGefvGefawmif&J@ taemuf
ajrmufykdif;rSm &Sdw,f? rkd;aumif;uifukd xrf;xm;wJh wkdif}uD;vkd@ ajymprSwf
aqmif ; a[rEW ? ? [leefe@J use;f &S;D a'owk@d rmS aqmif;OD;&moDe@J a[rEW aqmif; jyK=uw,f? 'Dae&mrSmawmh azmufjyefwhJ ulrifwef tkyfpkd;r_ukd qkdvkdwmyg?
&moDqkdwhJ&moDOwk 2 rsKd;pvkH;rSm ESif;awG odyfxlxyfygw,f? 'DuAsmrSmuawmh
a[rEWaqmif;&moDukd!¸ef;qkdxm;wmyg? yxrt}udrf “0kdif;0ef;acsr_ef;a&;
xkd;ppf}uD;”ukd wkH@jyefwkdufckdufcJh&wm[m 1930 ckESpf/ ESpfukefykdif;&J@ ( a[rEW
aqmif;&moD ) rSm jzpfygw,f? aemufcHorkdif;
vk H u ef ; ? ? òr@e,f emrnfyg? usef;&SD;jynfe,f ‘&Sif;aumf’c±kdif&@J ta&S@
ajrmufykdif;rSm wnf&Sdygw,f? ab;ywfywfvnfrSmu awmifwef;awG txyfxyf vDvpD ef; uk,
d pf m;jyKwJh 'kw, d t}udraf jrmuf ‘vuf0’J aoGzaD &;tacsmif
0kdif;&Hwnf&Sdaeygw,f? awmifawGu rwfapmufovkd yx0Dtaetxm;t& 0g'[m 1930 ckESpf/ *|efvrS pwif+yD;/ 3 vtwGif;“wjynfvkH;rSm taxGaxG
tcsuftcsm usygw,f? tkHºuawmfvSefr_azmfaqmifa&;” “òr@jyawGukd t"duxm; xkd;ppfqifa&;”qkdwJh
awmif a pmuf awmif u rf ; yg; waxmif ? ? rwfapmufvSwhJ awmifawG rkduf±_;&J pDrHudef;ukd t}uD;tus,f usifhokH;cJhw,f? 'ga=umifh awmfvSefa&;vkyfief;
tvGefrsm;jym;vSwmukd wifpm;xm;wmyg? awmifxGwf awmifxdyfawGu jrifhrm; rsm;[m }uD;rm;wJh qkH;±_H;epfemr_awG }uHKawG@chJ&ygw,f? armfu 'Dvkd rSm;,Gif;wJh
vrf;pOfukd jywfjywfom;om; wkdufyGq J ifchJwma=umifh pufwifbmv/ ygwD&@J qXr
t}udrf/ wwd,ajrmuf A[kkdaumfrwD pkHnDtpnf;ta0;rSm ygwDA[kdukd }uD;pkd;
csKyfuidk x
f m;wJh “vDvpD ef;vrf;pOf”[m tqk;H owfomG ;cJyh gw,f? 'DtcgrmS awmfveS f
a&;[m aemufw}udrf vsijf refpmG zG@òH z;wk;d wuf vmygw,f? 'Dtcsuu f cseaf u&Sw d f
&J@ ulrifwefazmufjyefa&;*kd%f;ukd t}uD;tus,f xdwfvef@ajcmufjcm; oGm;ap
cJhw,f?
1930 ckESpf / ESpfukefykdif;[m ,if&SD;awmifrSm csefau&Sdwfe@J zkef,Gd&Sefwkd@

43
42
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
okwfoifEkdifch+J yD;/ vufeufcsol waomif; okH;axmifausmf &SdchyJ gw,f? ( vuf euf
ppfbk&if tcsif;csif;AvkH;AaxG; ppfcif;wkdufckdufaer_ +yD;qkH;cgeD; tcsdefyg? ulrifwef 13000 ausmf &&SdchJygw,f ?)
wkd@[m wyftiftm; wodef;avmufukd ta±$@tajymif;vkyf/ wyfukd pkpnf;+yD; csefau&Sdwf azmufjyefa&;*kd%f;[m ±_H;edrfhr_ukd tcJrausbJ 1931 ckESpf/
ulrifwef usef;&SD;jynfe,fOuUX vGDwDzifu aoemywdcsKyftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ aEGOD;rSm aemufxyfppftiftm; 2 odef;ukd pkpnf;um rmefpG,f waigaige@J 'kwd,
usef;a[Gusefu a&S@wef;ppf rsufESmwyfrawmf&J@ wyfr–;csKyftjzpfvnf;aumif; t}udrf “0kdif;0ef; acsr_ef;a&; xkd;ppf”ukd vkyfvmjyefygw,f? armf&J@acgif;aqmifr_
wm0ef,l+yD; A[kdtajccHa'oukd usL;ausmfwkdufckdufvm=uygw,? csefau&Sdwf atmufrSm wyfeDawmf[m xkd;ppf 2 ck&@J =um;;umv tcsdefukdtokH;cs+yD;/ wyfe@J
"m;jywyf[m ‘cGjJ zef@0kdif;0ef;wkduf ckdufa&;’ppfenf;y&d,m,fukd csrSwfusifhokH;um/ jynfolukd v_H@aqmfum usL;ausmf xdyg;vmr,fh &efolukd acsr_ef;okwfoifzkd@
usef;&SD;jynfe,f ‘usD;tef;’a'orS zkusifh jynfe,f usif;eefòr@txd vDaygif; 8 toifhjyifqifxm;=uygw,f?
&mausmf &Snfvsm;wJh ppfrsufESmrSm wyfr}uD; 8 ckukd jzef@cG+J yD; ajrmufrS awmifokd@ yxrt}udrf xk;d ppft+yD; 'kw,d t}udrf xk;d ppf rpwifao;rD tcsed f umv
xkd;ppfqifvmygw,f? 'g[m yxrt}udrf “0kdif;0ef;acs r_ef;a&; xkd;ppf}uD;”ygy?J tawmtwGif;rSmarmfu 'D uAsmukd a&;cJhwmyg ? ?
armfu use;f &S;D jynfe,f/ &Si;f ,GcD ±kid /f avmfyef;a'orSm trSw1f ppfrsuEf mS
wyfrawmf&@J ppfrsuEf mS aumfrwD0if wyfr;– rsm;uGezf &ifu h dk ac:qku d si;f ycJyh gw,f?
tJ'u D eG zf &ifrh mS òr@jyawGudk tqufrjywf xk;d ppfqif wku d cf u
dk af &; qkw
d hJ rSm;,Gi;f wJh
wifjycsufukd pdppfa0zef+yD;/ a&S@wqifh zGH@òz;wkd;wufa&; ajcwvSrf;jzpfwhJ“&ef
wufigqkwf/ &efem; ig±_yf/ &efyef; igwkduf/ &efajy; igvkduf”qkdwhJ ppfa&;rlukd wif
jyum twGif;ykdif;txd &efolukd ppfjr‡L/ tcGifhaumif;apmifh+yD;rS &efolukd
wkdufckdufacsr_ef;ypfa&;qkdwJh ppfaoe*FAsL[mukd wqifhwuf zGH@òz;wkd;wuf apcJh
ygw,f? use;f &S;D jynfe,f taemufyidk ;f eJ@ zkusijhf yn ef ,f taemufyidk ;f tajccHa'orS
wyfeDawmftiftm; 4 aomif;cef@[m armf&J@ ppfaoe*FAsL[mpDrHudef;twkdif;
ykrd o
dk mvGerf sm;jym;wJh ppftiftm;ukd 0Srzf D c±kid /f a&Smufyak 'orSm pkpnf;=uygw,f?
vlxk tajccHaumif;udk tokH;jyK+yD;/ &efol csefau&Sdwf wyf&@J t"dutiftm;ukd
ppfjr‡Lac:aqmifum/ apmifhqkdif;ykef;ckdvkd@aumif;wJh vkHue/f ,Gifhxkda'o w0kdufrSm
wyef;omwJh wyftiftm;eJ@ 0kid ;f ydwf acsre_ ;f vku d yf g w,f? yxrwku d yf [
JG m vku H ef&dS
usef;a[Gusef&J@ wyfukd wkdufckdufwmjzpf+yD; “vl wa,muf jrif;waumifrS
rvGwfapbJ wyfrr–; ‘vsef’tygt0if wyfom; 9 axmifukdyg zrf;qD;&rdchJygw,f?
wqufwnf;qkdovkd xefawmuf,Gif&@J wyfrukd wkdufckdufch&J m/ wyfr&J@ w0uf
ausmfausmfukd acsr_ef;okwfoif”EdkifcJhjyefygw,f?
1930/ 'DZifbm 27&ufae@rS 1931 ZEM0g&Dv 1&ufae@txd (5)&uf
twGif; wkdufyGJ 2 }udrfwkdufchJ&mæ&efol&@J wjcm;ppfa=umif;toD;oD;ukd a=umuf
vef@w=um; aemufjyefqkwfajy;apcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh yxrt}udrf wefjyef awmf
vSefa&; “0kdif;0ef; acsr_ef;a&; xkd;ppf”ukd tEkdif,lum +yD;qkH;oGm;apcJhygw,f?
'Dx;dk ppfudk wk@H jyefwu dk cf u
dk w
f hJ ppfyt
JG wGi;f rSm &efol pkpak ygi;f waomif;ausmf acsre_ ;f
45
44
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;

wdrf,Hrkd;xufu qif;oufvmwJhyrm?

“'k'k w d , tjud r f 0 k d i f ; 0ef ; acsrS K ef ; a&;xk d ; ppf t m;

ckcHwkdufckdufjcif;/”
( 1931 ckESpf / aEGOD; ? ) · vDaygif; ckESpf&m
q,fhig;&ufeJ@
tjyif;ESifcJhygw,f?

· wdrfjzL(ykdif,Gif)awmifxdyf · r_dif;jymarSmif&D
wvdyfvdyf wufvmwJh wdrfrsm;[m uef@usef;jrpfrSonf
a'grmefv_dif;eJ@ yg;jyif;axmifvmwJh pdrf;vef;a0pnf
'Dv_dif;rsm;&J@ tvm;yrm? “rifpef;”awmif}uD;qD
atmifpnfoH [def;nHpGm
· wdrfjzLawmifajc csDwufvmEkdifcJh+yD?
atmf[pfoHawG [def;nHae
a&;}uD;okwfjym · avjyif;rkkefwkdif;
vkHyef;ae}uygw,f? a0S@pkdif;±kdufcwf
t&Sdeft[kefe@J xkd;0ifvmovkdrsKd;
· n‡Kd;a&mf yiftkdf}uD;awGo¾ef &efoltzkHzkH / wyfrsKd;pkHukd
rEkysdKawmhwJh tukefokwfoif&Sif;vif;vkdufygw,f?
ouf}uD;±G,ftkdawGygrusef
tm;vkH;nDnm zszs · tvkdæ
tm;ay;ulr/ yg0ifae=uav&J@/ ikd±_dufolwcsdK@ &Sdvkd@ae&J@?

· usnfaoewfwkd@&@J · “cHuwkwfukd wckcsif;aqmufwnf

twif;t=uyf wGef;ykd@r_atmufrSm wyfukd wckcsif;pD wkdufzsuf”
a&Smifz,fvkd@ rjzpfawmhyg 'D ppfy&d,m,ftwGuf
wyfeDawmf[m
rkd;;ysHAkdvfcsKyfawG
47
46
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
oufjyif;cs [m owif;ausmf=um; emrnf}uD;ygw,f? olwkd@owif;awG=um;od&wJhtcg
aemifw&aevJ vlpGrf;aumif;vkd@qkdwJh AkdvfcsKyfvD[m tJ'Da'oukd0ifrwkd;&JbJ(rkd;rysH&JbJ)
tykyd gyJ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm a&Smif&Sm; ae cJhzl;w,f”vkd@ qkdygw,f? 'DuAsmxJrSmuawmh
tcsdefaESmif;cJh+yD? ? wyfeDawmfukd &nf!¸ef;okH;pGx J m; wJh a0g[m&yg? ?
&Sif;csuf aemuf c H o rk d i f ;

1931 ckESpf/ ZEM0g&Dv? qÏrt}udrfajrmuf A[kdaumfrwD pwkwˆt}udrf

rif a wmif ? ? zkusifh eJ@ usef;&SD;e,fpyfa'ou‘0l,d’ awmifukd &nf!¸ef;
wmyg?
wd r f j zLawmif ( yk d i f , G i f a wmif ) ? ? usef;&SD;jynfe,f/ usD;tef; c±kdif/ ta&S@
awmifykdif; wkefukòr@e@J vDaygif; 20 cef@tuGm ta0;rSm wnf&Sdygw,f? refcsL; rif;
wyg;jzpfwhJ csif;,efusKH;rif;quf ouU&mZf(1796 rS 1820txd)&J@rSwfwrf; wck
xJrSm azmfjyxm;wmu 'Dawmif[m“awmifxGwfawmifwef;awGu xl;jcm;qef;
us,fw,f? t+rJwef;wdrfjzLawG eJ@a0qkdif; zkH;tkyfaeavh&dS dw,f”vkd@ qkdygw,f?
'ga=umifh wdrfjzLawmifvkd@ emrnf wGifaewmyg?
!‡Kd;a&mf yiftkdawG ? ? taemuf[ef rif; qufacwf(bDpD 206 rS at'D
25 txd) wke;f u“axmifwiG ;f u ,ufrwckay: wifxm;cJw h hJ a&Smuf0rf&@J rSww
f rf;
pmtkyf”qkdwJhtxJrSm“!‡Kd;a&mfopfyif/ tkdrif;&ifha&mf”vkd@ yg&SdcJhygw,f? 'g[m
opfyifawGukd vlwa,mufyrm ±kd;±kd;uav;eJ@ wif pm;xm;wmyg? 'DuAsmxJrSm
uawmh wyfeDawmfe@J jynfolvlxktwGif;&Sd tkdrif;&ifh a&mfolrsm;/ emrusef; jzpfae
olrsm; eJ@ roefrpGrf; jzpfaeolrsm;ukd!¸ef;qkd&mrSm toufygyg tokH;jyK xm;wm
jzpfygw,f?
rk d ; ysH A k d v f c sKyf ? ? xefrif;qufacwfu &JpGrf;owWde@J jynfhpkHwhJ emrnfausmf
Akdvf csKyf ‘vDuGrf’ jzpfygw,f? “&mZ0ifrSwfwrf;yg AkdvfcsKyf vD&@J twˆKy`wWd”xJrSm
“taemufajrmufu ukef;jrifhvGifjyifrSm twGif;rGef*kdvD;,m;a'o[m us,fjyef@
pGm wnf&adS eygw,f? a&S;acwfwek ;f u tJ'rD mS rSw D if;aexkid w f hJ ‘a&SmifE’k vlrsK;d rsm;
48
rsuEf mS pkn
H t D pnf;ta0;rSm 0rfrifu vDvpD ef;&J@ vrf;pOfudk a0zefwu dk cf udk f r_vyk +f yD;
ygwDA[kd&J@ acgif;aqmifr_tm%mukd vk,lvkdufygw,f? 'gayrJhvnf; olu “òr@jy
t"duxm;a&;oabmw&m;”ukd qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;jyefygw,f? olu vDvD
pef; vrf;pOfxuf ykdrkd vuf0u J swhJ tacsmif0g'vrf;pOfukd tus,ftjyef@ usifhokH;
vmaewmyg? armfu 0rfrif&J@ vrf;pOfukd jywfjywfom;om; qef@usifum A[kd
awmfveS af &; tajccHa'o&Sd wyfe@J jynfou l adk cgi;f aqmif+yD; awmfveS af &; wku d yf u
J G dk
}uH@}uH@ckdifckdif qufvufqifEc$J hyJ gw,f?
csefau&Sdwf[m A[kdawmfvSefa&;tajccHa'oukd wkdufckdufwJh yxr
t}udrf “0kdif;0ef;acsr_ef;a&;xkd;ppf”¶_H;edrfhoGm;&wmukd tcJrausEkdifbJ 1931 ckESpf/
{+yDvrSm wyftiftm;2 odef; xyfrHpkpnf;vmjyefygw,f? ‘[J,ifcsif’u aoem
ywdtjzpf wm0ef,l+yD;/ A[kd awmfvSefa&;tajccHa'ookd@ OD;wnfum/ 'kwd,
t}udrf wefjyefawmfvSefa&; “0kdif;0ef; acsr_ef;a&;xkd;ppf”ukd pwifqifE$Jvm
jyefygw,f?
'kwd,t}udrf “0kdif;0ef;acsr_ef;a&;xkd;ppf”twGif;rSm csefau&Sdwf[m
“tajcckdifckdife@J ykdifykdifEkdifEkdif csDwufwkdufckdufa&;/ wyfpcef; tqifhqifh csxm;a&;/
0kdif;ydwfr_t0ef;t0kdif;ukd usOf;oGm;atmif csKH@ypf a&;”qkdwhJ cHuwkwftqifhqifhe@J
wkdufckdufa&; ppfenf;AsL[mukd ajymif;vJ tokH;jyKcJhw,f? usD;tef;rS usifheif txd
wyfawGudk ppfa=umif; 4 a=umif; cGu J m wyftvk;H t&if;eJ@ xk;d ppfqif+yD;/ usL;ausmf
xdyg;vmygw,f? olwkd@ usD;tef;c¶kdif zkxifòr@ukd a&mufwJhtcg/ eifwl;c¶kdif
wkefa&Smufòr@e,feJ@ uGrfcsefc¶kdifwkd@rSm csufcsif;yJ cHuwkwfawG tckdiftrm wnf
aqmuf=uygw,f? 'Daemuf ukd,fhOcGHxJu ukd,frxGufwJh vdyfawGvkd ykkef;ckdae
=uw,f? wcg wyfeDawmfukd tajccHpcef;rS xGuf+yD;/ olwkd@&@J tckdiftrm uwkwf
pcef;awGukd vma&mufwkdufckdufatmif t¶_;trl; aoG;aqmifjr‡LqG,f=ujyefw,f?
'ge@J wcsdefwnf;rSm ygwDwGif;rSmuvnf; ‘"m;jyzrf;&iff "m;jyAkdvfukd
t&ifqkH; vuf&zrf;’qkdovkd &efol&@J t"dutiftm;ukda¶G;+yD; xkd;ppfqi/f jref
49
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
jrefqefqef w[kefxkd;eJ@ taota=u wkdufckdufa&; qkdwhJ ‘vuf0’J &yfcHcsufu a¶G;pifusrf; / pmrsufESm 202 )
wrsKd;/ wkefukòr@ukd A[kdjyKxm;wJh jrpf0gjrpf ta&S@bufurf;&Sd tajccHa'oukd 'D u Asm[m 'k w d , t}ud r f “ 0k d i f ; 0ef ; acsr_ e f ; a&;xk d ; ppf ” uk d
pGef@v$wf+yD;/ wyfeDawmf t"dutiftm;ukd uef@usef;jrpf taemufbufurf;okd@ wGef;vSefwkdufckduf tEkdif&+yD;wJhaemufrSm a&;zG@J cJhwm jzpfygw,f? ?
a¶$@ajymif;qkwfcGma&;qkdwhJ aemufxyf vuf,m &yfcH wifjycsufuwrsKd;/ pojzifh “wmyk;d wD”
&Sdaeygw,f? armfu 'Dvkd rSm; ,Gif;wJh &yfcH wifjycsuf 2 rsKd;ukd jywfjywfom;om; (1933 ckESpf / aEG&moD ? )
qef@usifum &efol@tajctaeukd taotcsm cGJjcrf;pdwfjzm+yD;aemuf “wyftif
tm;ukd pkpnf;/ tm;enf;wJh &efolukd t&ifwkduf/ qufpyfv_yf&Sm;aewJh &efolukd
wokwcf si;f acsre_ ;f ” qkw d hJ ppfqifa&;vrf;!¸ecf suu f dk usio hf ;Hk aqmuf¶u G cf yhJ gw,f? · teD t0g
csefau&Sdwf "m;jywyf&J@ ppfa=umif; 4a=umif;teu/f 0rfusif;,d&J@ tpdr;f eJ@tjym
ppfa=umif; wa=umif;[m ajrmufykdif;uae ajymif;a¶$@a&muf&Sdvmump jzpfw,f? +yD;awmhæ
yx0D ajrtaetxm;ukdvnf; rod/ awmifwufuvnf; ru|rf;usif/ a=umufpdwf vdarRmf&,f pdrf;jym&,f c&rf;&,f
awGay:ae=uvkd@ ododomom tm;enf;wJhwyfjzpfw,f? wyfeDawmf taeeJ@ oufwHa&mifpkHjc,faew,f?
tJ'D&efolukd t&ifqkH;wkdufckduf/ tJ'DaemufrS ppfa=umif;toD;oD;u &efo@l
wyfawGukd wokwfcsif; &Sif;vif;okwfoifzkd@ qkH;jzwfvkdufw,f? wyfeDawmf&J@ · aumif;uifrkd;om;xJ
&J & if h + yD ; wk d u f & nf c k d u f & nf e J @ jynf h 0 wJ h ppf o nf o k H ; aomif ; [m 4 vwm vGifhysHa0h0J
umvtwGi;f rSm jyefvnfpzk @JG wm/ tem;,l&if; tm;arG;wmwk@d vky+f yD;/ zkxifòr@e,fe@J b,folæb,fysKdjzLukdifpGJwJh
uyfaewJh wkefukòr@e,fwGif;u awmif}uD;wawmifay:rSm ppfae&m,lum/ a&mifpkH cg;pnf;}udK; ykd;yk0gygvJ?
v#Kd@0SufpGm pkpnf;aexkdif=uw,f? tusKd;&Sd+yD; wyef;omwJh ajrtaetxm;ukd
odrf;ykduf&,l xm;um cHuwkwfrsm;aqmuf+yD;/ &efol&@J rsufESmcsif; qkdift&yfrSm · rkd;¶Gm+yD;aemufæ
ykef;atmif; aecJh=uwmyg? aemufwcg
arv 15 &ufae@usawmh 0rfusif;,d &J@wyf[m ratmifhtnf;Ekdifawmh taemufqDrSm
bJ zkxifòr@rS xGufcGmvm+yD;/ wkefukòr@ukd usL;ausmfxdyg;wm vkyfvmygw,f? 16 apGapmif;,GJ@,GJ@
&ufae@usawmh wyfeDawmf+cHKckdwkdufckdufzkd@ jyifwm;wJh *GiftwGif;okd@ olwkd@ 0if aea&mifjcnfay:vmcJh?
vm=uw,f? wyfeDawmf[m a&Smifwcif ¶kwfw&uf tvpftikdufrSm &efol@wyfukd
txdematmif xk;d ESuw f u dk cf u
dk +f yD;/ &efoal wGudk tjyKwfacsre_ ;f vku d yf gw,f? 'Daemuf · ‘uGrf;’awmif[m
atmif y G J t &S d e f e J @ zk x if ò r@uk d OD ; wnf u m w[k e f x k d ; csD w uf v mcJ h w ,f ? vGifhysHa¶G@vsm;/ wdrfom;xJrSm
yxrOD;qkH;t}udrf yGOJ D;xGufwkdufyGrJ SmyJ &efol wyfr 2 ckukd acsr_ef;EkdifchJ+yD;/ &efol rSdefcsnfwcg vif;csnfwvSnfh
ppfa=umif;wckvkH;ukd wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;oGm;apcJhyg w,f? pdrf;jrvkduf
wyfeaD wmf[m r[m AsL[mcHppfro S nf r[mAsL[mxk;d ppfo@dk csucf si;f r_dif;nKd @vkdufe@J ?
ajymif;vJ+yD;/ zkxifòr@&@J ta&S@bufokd@ awmufav#muf odrf;usKH;&Sif;vif;um/ arv
16 &ufae@rS arv 30 &ufae@txd 15 &uftwGif;“ vDaygif; 700 c&D;ukd csDwuf/ · onf;onf;rnf;rnf;
wkdufyGJ 5 yGw J kduf/ vufeuf 2 aomif;ausmf &&Sdapvkdufum “0kdif;0ef; acsr_ef;a&;xkd; wku
d yf jJG zpfchJ
ppf”ukd tm;&yg;& xdxdrdrd}uD; csKd;zsufòzcGif;Ekdifvkdufygw,f ”( armf vuf tJ'DESpfwkef;uaygh?
51
50
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; 1929 ckESpf/ aZEMr0g&mDvf ?&csJ eh f-uauGA@ ppf
s myrGJ jzpfs ymGm;;vkeD;eD; tcsdefyg? armfu
'Dvdk tusK;d tjrwf&w dS hJ tcGit
hf cgudk qkyu f idk u
f m trSwf 4 ppfa=umif; wyfeaD wmfudk
ukd,fwkdifudk,fus OD;aqmif+yD;/ usifuef;awmifuae usef;&SD;jynfe,f awmifykdif;eJ@
zkusifhjynfe,f taemufykdif;okd@ pwifppfcsDvmcJhygw,f? azaz:0g&Dv 9 &ufae@rSm
· ¶Gma&S@wHwkdif;eH&Htm;
‘a¶G@usi;f òr@’ajrmufbuf vD20 tuGmrSm&Sw d ‘hJ [Gryf ;dk ±$’D ok@d a&mufvmw,f? use;f &S;D
usnfqHtqdyfzl;rsm; a'o &efol@wyfrS vsLppf,D &J@ wyfu a emufrS xufcsyfruGm uyf+yD; vkdufygvm
azmufxGif;oGm;cJhw,f?
w,f? armfu [Grfykd;¶D_; em;u wmykd;wD teD;w0kdufukd tompD;&EkdifwhJ ajrtae
txm;tjzpftokH;jyKum &efolukd acsr_ef;okwfoifypfzkd@ tajrmftjrif&Sd&Sd qkH;jzwf
·uGrf;awmif&@J usnfayguf'%f&m
vkdufw,f? azazmf0g&Dv 10 &ufae@rSm wkdufyGpJ wifjzpfyGm;cJhygw,f? wyfeDawmf
qif,ifjc,foxm;cJhwmawG[m
wyfzGJ@wzGJ@u &efolukd a&S@wnfhwnfhrS aoG;aqmifjr‡LqG,fw,f? aemufwzGJ@u
'Dae@'DtcgusrS ab;rS vSnfhywfauG@0kduf+yD;/ &efol@aemufykdif;ukd a&mufatmifoGm;cJhw,f? uGrf;
yk+d yD;vS
awmifukd &,lodrf;ykduf xm;+yD;/ &efol@qkwfvrf;ukd jzwfawmuf um a&S@aemuf
ykd+yD; cspfp&m aumif;aew,f? ? n‡yfyl;n‡yfydwf wkdufckdufvkduf=uw,f? w&ufwm t}udwfte,f wkdufckduf+yD;/
&efolukd twkdif;twm}uD;rm;pGm acsr_ef;okwfoifEkdifchJw,f? &efol wyf&if;}uD;r–;
&Sif;csuf ‘a&SmufZpfzif ’eJ@‘usKef;[Gef’wkd@tygt0if &efol800 ausmfukd vuf&zrf;rd+yD;/
vufeuftajrmuftjrm;vnf; odrf;qnf;&&SdcJhygw,f? 'g[m usef;&SD;jynf e,f
wmyk d ; wD ? ? a'otrnf? usef;&SD; jynfe,f/ ‘a¶G@usif;òr@’&J@ ajrmufbuf awmifykdif;okd@ ppfcsDwufjcif;a=umifh wyfeDawmf yxrOD;qkH; &&SdvkdufwJh atmifyGJ
‘ukef;vD’aygif; 30 cef@ tuGmta0;rSm wnf&Sd? ‚ae&mrSm awmiftxyfxyf jzpfovkd/ armf&@J awmfvSefa&;vrf;pOfqkdif&m }uD;jrwfwhJ atmifyGv J nf; jzpfygw,f?
oG,fwef;aewJh awmifpOfawmifwef;awG &Sdae=uygw,f? 'gayrJh 1931 ckEpS /f ZEM0g&v
D aemufyidk ;f usawmh 0rfrif[m aemuf w}udrf
ygwD A [k d & J @ acgif ; aqmif r _ t m%muk d vk , l t k y f p D ; vk d u f j yef w ,f ? ol u
teD/ t0g/ tpdrf;/ tjym/ vdarRmf/ c&rf;/ pdrf;jym
jym?? ? ae&J@tvif;a&mifxJ wwd,t}udrf‘vuf0J’aoGzDa&; tacsmif0g'vrf;pOf&J@ }uD;pkd;r_ukd pwifvkduf
rSmyg0ifwJh tajccHta&miftaoG; ckESpfrsKd; jzpfygw,f? 'DuAsmxJrSmuawmh jyefw,f? 1933ckESpf/ESpfOD;ykdif;rSm‘vuf0’J aoGzDa&; vrf;pOfukd usifhokH;cJhwhJ twGuf
rkd;¶Gm+yD;prSm ay:xGufvmwJh oufwHukd &nf!G‡ef;xm;wmyg? ulrifweftkyfpkd;&ma'o&Sd ygwD&@J tiftm;awG[m tvGef}uD;rm;wJh ysufpD;qkH;¶_H;
r_awG jzpfchJ&w,f? ‘vuf0’J aoGzDa&; tacsmif0g'DawG v$rf;rkd;aewJh ygwDA[kd
uG r f ; awmif ? ? wmykd;wD&@J taemufawmifbuf 6 vD / 7 vDcef@tuGmrSm [mvnf; tvGe@f udk rv$o J mra&SmifomwJh taetxm;a=umifh A[kt d ajccH a'oukd
uGrf;awmifvkd@ac:wJh awmifwvkH;&Sdw,f? a&S;acwfwkef;u ppfyaGJ wG qifE=$J u&mrSm &Sef[rJ S‘a¶G@usif;’okd@ ajymif;a¶$@vkduf &w,f? xkdpOfu 0rfrif eJ@ vsL0rfc|ifwkd@[m
'Dawmifwef;&J@ awmif=um;t0if0 rwfapmuf+yD; tcsuftcsmuswJh ae&mrSm armfhukd qkdAD,ufa'o (vGwfajrmufa'o)ygwDe@J wyfeDawmf wkd@&@J acgif;aqmif
uif;pcef;wck t+rJ pDrHxm;avh&Sd=uw,f? 'ga=umifh uGrf;awmifrSm ppfyGJawG r_ae&mrS yxkwfxm;cJh=uygw,f? ygwDwGif;vrf;pOf2&yfwkdufyGJ t}udwf te,f
pDrHjyifqifavh&Sd+yD;/ uGrf;awmif[m ppfyGJawGay:aygufjzwfoef;&r,fh awmifjzpf jzpfyGm;+yD;/ txGwftxdyfokd@a&muf&SdchJjcif;ygy?J
w,fvkd@ qkd=uw,f? 'DuAsmxJrSmuawmh wmykd;wDu awmiftoG,foG,fukd 1933 ckESpf/ aEG&moDrSm armf[m vkyfief;awGukd vSnfhvnfppfaq;
a,bk,s !¸ef;qkdxm;wmyg? zkd@wmykd;wDukd wacgufjyefa&mufvmwJhtcg ygwDukd tEW&m,fjzpfapcJhwhJ ‘vuf0’J
aemufcH ordik ;f aoG z D a &; tacsmif 0 g'vrf ; pOf u k d &if q k d i f + yD ; / rS e f u ef w J h v rf ; pOf a tmuf r S m
atify&GJ &SdchwJ hJ tjzpftysufawGukd jyefvnfatmufarh owd&rd&if; u ‘wmykdwD’

53
52
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;

qkdwJh 'DuAsmukd jynfhòz;v#Ha0wJhtm;rmefeJ@ a&;zGJ@cJhwm jzpfygw,f? jymarSmifpdrf;ndK@

opfyifawGu/ tkyfqkdif;r_dif;a0
om,maeav&J@? ?
a[Gcsef;
( 1934 ckESpf/ aEGOD; )

&Sif;csuf
· ta&S@O'nf
a&mifeDjzm t¶k%fusif;
rkd;pifpif vif;awmhrnfy?J
· tcsif;wkd@æ a[G c sef ; ? ? usef;&SD;jynfe,f/ ta&S@awmif e,fpyfa'orSm wnf&SdwJh c¶kdifwck&J@
c&D;xGuf&wm trnfyg/ta&S@bufrSm zkusihfjynfe,fe@J e,fcsif;qufpyfae+yD;/ awmifbufuGrfwkH
apmvGef;vScsnf&J@vkd@ jynf e ,f e J @ vnf ; eD ; ygw,f ? xk d p Of u w¶k w f j ynf u G e f j rLepf ygwD qk d i f & m
rajym=ueJ@? uGrfwkHjynfe,feJ@ &Sef;&SD;jynfe,fwkd@&J@ygwDaumfrwD[m a[Gcsef;òr@&J@ ta&S@buf
· pdrf;jrpkdvef; ‘0if0kygh’ajrjyef@vGifjyifrSm tajcpkdufxm;cJhygw,f?
awmifwef;awGrsm;pGm
Z&mrcsOf;/ rtkdrif;ao;cif tcsif ; wk d @ ? ? a&S;acwfu vltcsif;csif; ¶kdaoav;pm;or_eJ@ ac:cJh=uwJh
ajccs&OD;rnfyif? tac:ta0:yg? ,ckacwf‘toifwkd@/ cifAsm;wkd@’qkdwmeJh cyfqifqifygyJ? 'DuAsm
· a[m'DbufrSm xJrSmuawmh wyfeDawmf&@J ppfonfawmfrsm;ukd &nf!¸ef;wmyg?
¶_cif;omvScsnfh
òyifbufuif;atmif vSae=uw,fav? ta&S @ tÀ0
tÀ0g?g? ? ta&S@yifv,fukd qkdvkdygw,f?
· ‘a[Gcsef;òr@’
òr@¶kd;&J@ tjyif [kdwbufrSm
jrifhrm;wJhawmifaovmawG
awmifxGwfawGu
aemufcH orkdif;
edrfhcsnfwcg jrifhcsnfwvSnfhe@J
ta&S@tÀ0gqDxd ta&muf
'kd;,kdayguf qufae=uav&J@? 1933 ckEpS /f atmufwb dk mv? cseaf u&Sw
d [
f m oef;eJ@cs&D w
dS hJ ol@"m;jywyf
· ppfonfawmfu awGudk ta¶$@t ajymif;vky+f yD;/ qGaJ c:vmum av,mOftpif; 2 &mukd tok;H jyKvsuf
awmifbuf awmifwef;rsm;ukd vSrf;ar#mf=unfh A[kdqkdAD,ufa'oukd qef@usifwkdufckdufwhJ yOPrt}udrfajrmuf “0kdif;0ef;acsr_ef;a&;
“uGrfwkH”ukd ai;aerdw,f? xkd;ppf}uD;”ukdpwifqifE$Jvmjyefygw,f?xkdpOfu‘vuf0J’aoGzDa&; tacsmif0g'
·ykd+yD;awmhawmif vrf;pOfukd OD;aqmifol 0rfrif [m OuUXarmf&@J rSefuefwhJvrf;pOfukd z,f&Sm;jcif;eJ@
qef@usifjcif;wkd@ tpGrf;ukefjyKum/ ol@&@J ‘rl0g'opf’qkdwm wpkHvkH;ukd acgif;rmrmeJ@
55
54
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
tus,ftjyef@usifhokH;aeygw,f? &efolukd twGif;ykdif;xJa&mufatmif r#m;ac:/
wyef;omwJh ppftiftm;ukd pkpnf;+yD;/ &efolukd wyfzGJ@wckcsif;pm;ypfa&;qkdwJh
rSefuefwJh vrf;pOfukdqef@usifum yOPrt}udrfajrmuf 0kdif;0ef;acsr_ef;a&;xkd;ppfukd
qefhusifjcif;[m“awmfvSefa&;vrf;a=umif;eJ@ e,fajrodrf;ykdufa&; ukdvkdeD vrf; avmf p ef ; uG r f ; ?
a=umif;wkd@&@J ,wdjywf wkdufy”GJ tjzpf,lq+yD;/ &efole@J taotvJ t}udwfte,f (1935 ckESpf / azaz:0g&Dv?)
wkdufapcJhwma=umifh wyfeDawmf&J@tiftm;awG jyKef;wD;qkH;¶_H;oGm;cJh&ygw,f?
'Daemufykdif;rSmvnf; olu cHppfao ppfqifa&;twGif;rSm or¶kd;us0g'ukd xyfrH · taemufavu t[kefjyif;aeav&J@?
usio hf ;Hk vmjyefw,f? olu armf&@J tajctae ukv d nS ahf jymif;a&;/ ¶_;H edrrhf r_ S atmifyJG · ief;awGæief;awG
okd@ ul;ajymif;a&;qkdwhJ tajrmftjrif&SdwhaJ y:vpDukd y,fcs+yD;/ “&efolukd a=umuf us,fajymtZÉmrSm
aeouJhokd@ ae&mwumrSm tapmifht=uyfcs+yD; ckcHumuG,f wkdufckduf=uw,f” atmfvkd@ ac:vkd@ jrnfaºu;ae&Sm=u
( armf vufa¶G;pifusrf;/ pmrsufESm 182 ) wyfeDawmfukd vHk;0O\kH vufOD;r_rhJwhJ jzLazG;wJh/
cHppfoufouf taetxm;okd@ usa&mufoGm;apawmhw,f? qkdAD,ufa'o ESif;awG a0ae+yD;/ aiGvvnf; omaeao;wJh
(vGwfajrmufa'o) [m tvGef}uD;rm;wJh +cdrf;ajcmufr_cH&ovkd awmfvSefa&; rkd;aomuft¶k%fOD;tcsdefrSm?
[mvnf; tvGef}uD;av;wJh ta&;edrfhr_ukd }uHKawG@cJ h& ygw,f? · aiGESif;awGa0/ aiGvvJomwJh
tJ'tD csed u
f ygww D iG ;f yke;f ckad ewJh "e&Siv f wl ef;pm;uk, d pf m;vS,f avmb tJ'Dt¶k%fOD; tcsdefrSmyJaygh
aZmwkdufol vifajymif[m 0rfrif&@J rSm;,Gif;wJh vrf;pOfaemufukd xufoefwuf jrif;cGmoHawGuvJ wazsmif;azsmif;eJ@
ºupGm vkdufygum/ rSm;,Gif;wJh “v#yfwjyuf rkefwkdif;ppfqifwkdufckdufa&;”qkdwmukd ppfc&moH ppfwHykd;oHawGuvnf;
yG J x k w f v mw,f ? 'D p pf q if a &;uk d b,f a vmuf r sm; 0g'jzef @ vk d u f o vJ q k d & if wkd;oGm;vkduf us,fvmvkduf
&efolaexkdif&m awmifukef;&J@ ‘xdyf’txdyif a&muf&SdoGm;w,f? ol[m armf&@J aysmufoGm;vkduf ay:vmvkdufeJ@?
ppfa&;vrf;pOfukd qef@usif+yD;/ 0rfrifusifhokH;aqmif¶GufaewJh ae&m,lppfeJ@ · rwfapmufvSwhaJ wmif&@J
cHuwkwfppfwkd@ukd atmf}uD;[pf us,f tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mu fvkyfvkdufwm yg? awmif=um;uif;pcef;[m
armf u 'D v k d r sKd ; rS m ;,G i f ; wJ h vrf ; pOf w k d @ uk d wnf = unf a v;euf p G m oHr%dwHwkdif;vkd ckdifrmw,fvkd@
a0zefqef@usifcJhygw,f? ajymae=uayr,fh
1934 ckESpf / *sLvkdifv? yOPrt}udrfajrmuf 0dkif;0ef;acsr_ef;a&; xkd;ppfukd tckawmhjzifh
wGe;f vSeaf e&wJh ta&;}uD;tcgor,rSm armf[m a[Gcse;f òr@ta&S@buf&‘dS 0if0yk g’h awmifxdyfzsm;xd
ok@d a&muf&v dS m+yD;/ uGrw
f Hk eJ@ use;f &S;D jynfe,f qkid &f m ygwaD umfrwD tpnf;ta0;yGJ +rJ+rHckdifrmwJh ajcvSrf;us}J uD;awGu
ukd usif;ycJhygw,f? 23 &ufae@ t¶k%fusif;vkd@ vif;awmhr,fh tcsdefrSm armf[m jzwfoef;ausmfv$m;
wyfeDawmf wyfr_;wyfom;wcsdK@e@J twl a[Gcsef;òr@ tjyifbuf&Sd awmifpOfawmif csDwufvmcJh=u+yD?
wef;rsm;rS awmifurlwckay:wuf+yD;/ ajrtaetxm;ukd tuJcwf=unfh¶_&if;u ·ajcvSrf; jyefpvkd@
awmfveS f a&;taumif;jrif0g'awG jynfv h #r;f a0òz;aewJh 'DuAsmukd a&;csvu dk w
f myg? jyefpwJh ajcvSrf;
avmpef;uGrf;ukd vGefwhJtcg

57
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 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
awmifawGæawmifawGuvnf; r_awGjzpfapcJhygw,f? 1935 ckESpf/ ZEN0g&Dv a&mufawmh c&D;pwifcsdefu 8 aomif;
yifv,fjyifuho
J kd@ pdrf;vkd@ jymvkd@æ? cef@&SdwhJ vltiftm;[m 3 aomif;avmufom usefawmhwhJtxd avsmhyg; qkwf
a*g,m,Gef;awmhr,fh ae0ef;}uD;uvnf; ,kwfoGm;cJhygw,f? 'Dvkdta&; }uD;wJhtcgor,rSm us,fjyefh}uD;rm;wJh ygwD0if
aoG;ta&mifuho J kd@ eDvkd@ apG;vkd@? ? xk[m 0rfrif tacsmif0g'vrf;pOf&J@ rSm;,Gif;r_ukd vufawG@t& odjrifvm=u+yD;/
&Sif;csuf armf&@J ywfvnfrSm ckdif+rJnD!GwfpGm pkpnf;vm=uum 0rfrif&@J tacsmif 0g'vrf;pOf
ukd jywfom;pGmqef@usirf e_ @J zDqefr_ jyKvm=uygw,f? 'ga=umifh wyfeaD wmf[m armf&@J
avmf p ef ; uG r f ; ? ? auG@usK;d jynfe,f/ pGi;f ,dòr@ ajrmufbufu avmfpef;awmif&@J awmfveS af &;vrf;pOftwkid ;f csw D ufa&;c&D;pOf&@J a&S;¶_ OD;wnfcsuu f dk ajymif;vJum
tjrifq
h ;Hk awmifxyd af wmifxw G f wckyg? auG@usK;d uae qpfc|r;f txdayguw
f hJ ta&; &efoltiftm; enf;yg;csnfheJ@ &mokd@ csDwufvmcJh=uygw,f?
}uD;wJh vrf;a=umif;ay:rSm wnf&Sdygw,f? aus;vuf oHaygufoDcsif;wyk'fxrJ Smæ 1935 ckESpf/ ZEM0g&Dv&J@ vOD;ykdif;rSm wyfeDawmf[m 0lusef;jrpfukd tvsif
“aovmawmif / aovmawmif tjref jzwful;+yD;/ auG@usKd;jynfe,f&Sd pGif;,dòr@ukd odrf;ykdufvkduf=uw,f? tJ'Dv 6
avmf p ef ; uG r f ; wJ h aovmawmif &ufae@rSm ygwDA[kdaumfrwD[m }uD;jrwf+yD; orkdif;t"dy`m,fav;eufr_&dSwJh
awmif c sif ; vuf q uf / ,S u f E G , f a ewJ h aovmawmif EkdifiHa&;OD;aqmiftzG@J wkd;cs@J tpnf;ta0;ukd ac:qkdusif;ycJhJygw,f? pGif;,d tpnf;
nOf h , H c sd e f c g/ avajyrvm ta0;[m w¶kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwDe@J w¶kwfjynfawmfvSefa&; zGH@òz;wkd;wufr_
av¶l k ; ok e f o k e f wk d u f w wf y gwJ h a ovmawmif / qkid &f m }uD;jrwfwhJ tvSnt hf ajymif;w&yfjzpfygw,f? ‚tpnf;ta0;u ‘vuf0’J
ae@cif ; cd s ef c g/ aerom aoGzDa&;tacsmif0g'vrf;pOf&J@ }uD; pkd; v$rf;rkd;r_ukd tqkH;owfapvkduf+yD; armfukd
wd r f v $ m zk H ; aewJ h aovmawmif ? ” wygwDvkH; wyfrawmfw&yfvkH;&J@ acgif;aqmiftjzpf tqifhae&m owfrSwfay;
qkd+yD; yg&Sdygw,f? vkdufw,f? tJ'D tcsdef&@J aemufykdif;upvkd@ armf&@J rSefuefxufjrufwJ h acgif;aqmif
r_atmufrmS w¶kwf jynf awmfveS af &;[m atmifyJG wyG+J yD;wyGJ qufwu dk q
f w
G cf ;l
vmEkdifcJhwmyg?
1935 ckEpS /f ZEM0g&v D 'kw, d q,f&ufywftwGi;f rSm/ wyfeaD wmf[m jyKjyif
zG@J pnf;a&;vky+f yD;aemuf pGi;f ,drx S uG cf mG um armf&@J ppfa&;vrf;pOftwkid ;f c&D;&Sncf sD
aemufcH orkdif; wuf y G J u k d q uf v uf q if E $ J c J h = uygw,f ? avmf p ef ; uG r f ; uk d wk d u f c k d u f
odrf;,l+yD;wJhaemufrSm ‘xkHZpf’ukdausmfjzwf/ ‘csdapG’jrpfukd ul;/ qpfc|rfjynf
e,fvlusKd;rSm }ukdKwifjyifqifr_rsm;vkyfum ,Dyif;ae&muae ,efpDjrpfukd jzwf
ul;=u+yD;/ trSwf4ppfrsufESm wyfeD awmfrS wyfrsm; ajrmufykdif;rSm aygif;qkH=u
ygw,f? 'Dtcg qpfc|rfjynfe,fu ppfbk&if &J@wyfawG jyefvnfpkpnf;_yD; wyftvkH;
t&if;eJ@ ydwfqkd@vm=ujyefwma=umifh wyfeDawmf[m pDrHudef;ukd ,m,D tajymif;
1934 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmv? w¶kwfjynf tvkyform; v,form; tvJ vkyu f m/ &efoal r#mv f ifrh xm;wJh enf;vrf;t& wyfujdk yefacgu/f ta&S@bufudk
wyfeaD wmf[m vDaygi;f 2aomif; 5axmif &Snv f sm;wJh c&D;&Sncf sw
D ufy}JG uD;ukd pwif csDwuf/ csdapGjrpfukd aemufw}udfrfjyef vnful;jzwfum ‘xkHZpf’ukd xyfrH& ,l
vkdufygw,f? 'g[m ppfAsL[m tcif;tusif; tpDtpOf w&yfygyJ? 'DvkdrsKd; vkdufjyefw,f? azazmf0g&Dv 25 &ufae@rSm ‘xkHZpf’uae pxGu+f yD;/ 26 &ufae@rSm
}uD;rm;aom a¶$@ajymif;r_}uD;&J@ ueOD;umvrSm 0rfrif&@J ‘vuf0’J aoGzaD &; tacsmif jyif;xefvw S whJ u
dk yf u
JG dk qifEw J$ udk cf udk uf m/ avmfpef;uGr;f ukd aemuf w}udrf jyeford ;f
0g'vrf;pOf }oZm anmif;aecJhwma=umifh wyfeDawmftm; }uD;rm;vSwhJ qkH;¶_H;epfem vkdufjyefw,f? 'DatmifyGJ&J@ t&Sdeft[kefukd,lum pGif;,dòr@ukd jyefvnfodrf;
59
58
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
vku d w
f thJ wGuf c&D;&Sncf sw
D ufy&JG @J yxrqk;H t}udrf f }uD;rm;vSwhJ atmifyu JG dk qGwcf ;l
Ekdifvkdufjyefygw,f? · awmifwkd@/ tkdæawmifwkd@?
'DuAsmukd 'kw, d t}udrf avmfpef;uGr;f ukd odr;f yku d v
f u dk +f yD;wJh aemufyidk ;f 'kef;pkdif;taomhESif
rSm a&;cJhwmyg? ? jrif;awGukd
ESifwHulvkd@ t&Sdefjr‡ifhvkdufwhJtcg
ukef;ESD;jyKwfrusao;yg
pm q,fhajcmufvkH; uAsmwkdokH;yk'f? jyef+yD;OD;vSnfh
(1934- 1935) ckESpf ? iJh=unfhvkdufawmh
tvkd
xdwfceJqkd
pdwfxrJ Sm tHhtm;oifh
[1 ] rkd;tjrifhukd xdzkd@
okH;ayeJ@okH;vufrom
vkdawmhyguvm;?
(2)
· awmifwkd@/ tkdæawmifwkd@?
yifv,feJ@jrpfjyifukdarSmufvSef
ajAmif;qefajrmufºu
{&mr}uD;rm;vSwJh
v_dif;wHykd;awG
wvddyfvdyfwufvmaeonfhES,fæ?

· tylwjyif; taotvJ
tm;&p&m ZGJebJeJ@
w[kefxkd; oJorJ rJ J ajy;ae=uwJh
ppfajrwvif;xJu
taxmiftaomif;aom ppfjrif;}uD;awG yrmES,fæ?
(3)
·awmifwkd@/ tkdæawmifwkd@?
rkd;,Hukd xGif;azmufwhJ "m;wvufES,f
toGm;c|efxuf rysufrauG;vG,f?
· awmifwkd@/ tkdæawmifwkd@?
61
60
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
rkd;}uD;òyus/ ajrcawmhr,f awmifwvkH; eJhwvkH; yl;uyfxdqufae=uygw,f? awmif&@J rsufESmpm okH;buf[m
acgifwkdif tv,fu xlrxm;onfhES,fæ? ? rwfapmufwJh awmifx&HawG jzpfae=u+yD;/ awmifay:wufEkdifwJh vrf;r&Sdygbl;?
awmif&J@ awmifbuf rsufESmpmuom enf;enf;yg;yg; nDnmajyjypfygw,f?
'Dawmifukd aus;iSufawGom vrf;ayguf+yD; wd&p>mefawGoGm;vmwJh tla=umif;vrf;
usOf; uav;awGom &Sdygw,f? vlra&muf jrifhrkd&fawmifqkdovkd 'Dawmif awGay:
&Sif;csuf vlawG ajc&mrcsEkdif/ vl&dyfvlajc awG@&cJygw,f”vkd@ azmfjyxm; ygw,f?
aemufcH orkdif;
rk d ; uk d x d z k d @ oH k ; ayeJ @ ok H ; vuf r om vk d a wmh y guvm;
guvm;?? / 'g[m awmif&J@ 1934 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmv? w¶kwfjynf tvkyform; v,form;
jrifhrm;r_ukd wifpm;zG@J EG@J xm;wJh vlxkaw;oHxu J pmom;ukd rSDjirf; ukd;um;+yD; okH;pGJ wyfeD awmf[m awmfvSefa&;tiftm;rsm;ukd umuG,fxdef;odfrf;a&;/ trsKd;om;
xm;wmyg? vlxkaw;oHxJrSm “tay:rSmu‘t¶kd;¶kyf’awmif/ atmufrSmu ysuf okO;f r,fh tEW&m,fudk wm;qD;vSnahf jymif;a&;eJh ajrmufyidk ;f ppfrsuEf mS rSm *syefcck H
‘&SpfaxG’awmif/ rkd;ukdxdzkd@okH;ayeJ@okH;vufrom vkdawmhwJhawmifawGaygh? a&;ppf qife$Ja&;wkd@twGuf pwifaqmif¶Gufvkdufyg+yD? tJ'guawmh urBmukd
'D a wmif a wG a y:wuf & if vl v nf ; acgif ; ik d u f u s/ jrif ; uk e f ; ES D ; vnf ; jyKwf u s odrfhodrfhwkefoGm;apwJh vDaygif;ESpfaomif;ig;axmif &Snfvsm;wJh c&D;&SnfcsDwuf
&wJhawmifawG”vkd@yg&Sdygw,f? t¶kd;¶kyfawmifta=umif;ukdawmh *Ce% rod&yg? yGJ}uD;ukd pwifvkdufjcif;ygyJ? wyfeDawmf&J@ trSwf (1)ppfrsufESmwyfrawmf[m
&SpfaxGawmifqkd wmuawmh auG@usKd;jynfe,f ta&S@awmifykdif; avGpefhc¶kdifrSm usef;&SD;jynfe,f awmifykdif; rifusef; jrpf&@J taemufbufuae+yD;/ pwifc&D;xGuf
wnf & S d y gw,f ? 'D c ¶k d i f & J @ ork d i f ; rS w f w rf ; wapmif x J r S m “&S p f a xG a wmif e J h cJhwmyg? wESpfwm tcsdefumvtwGif;rSm jynfe,faygif;(11 )jynfe,fukd jzwf
‘+id r f ; csrf ; a&;awmif ’ (xk d u f z sif h a wmif ) wk d @ [m 0g;,if ; vd y f u ef h v ef h u mvk d oef;+yD;/ pef;&SD;jynfe,f ajrmuf ykdif;okd@ atmifjrifpGm a&muf&SdEkdifchJygw,f? armf&@J
awmffvSefa&;vrf;pOf!¸efjyr_atmufrSm wyfeDawmf[m olrwlatmif }uH@ckdifawmifh
wif;wJZh o JG wWed hJ cufc+J yD;/ tEW&m,f}uD;rm;vSwhJ twm;tqD;awGudk wku d cf udk f ausmf
eif;Ekdifch=J uw,f? jrifhrm;vSwhJ awmifwef; }uD;awGehJ rwfapmufwhJ ¶kd;rawmif}uD;
awGudk jzwfausmfcJh=uw,f? a&pD;oef+yD; tEW&m,f}uD;vSwJh a&pD;aomifawGukd
w[kex f ;dk ul;jzwfausmv f m$ ;cJ&h ovkd 0kid ;f 0ef; ydwq
f @dk ra_ wG/ =um;jzwf wku d cf u dk rf a_ wG/
[efhwm;r_awGvkyfvmwJh ulrifwef azmufjyefa&;"m;jywyf&@J tiftm; odef;tcsKd@
udv k nf; acsre_ ;f +yD;/ aemufq;Hk rSm c&D;&Snf csw D ufyJG yef;wkid o f @dk atmifjrifpmG a&muf&dS
oGm;EkdifcJhygw,f?
wyfeaD wmf&@J csw D ufyv JG rf;c&D;twGi;f rSm awmifwef;}uD;ig;oG,f jruf¶idk ;f
awm}uD;awG/ qD;ESif;awmifawG/ EGHawmvGifjyifawGehJ ra&rwGufEkdifwhJ awmifjrifh
}uD;awGukd jzwfoef;ausmfv$m;cJh&ygw,f?
'DuAsmwkdoHk;yk'f[m awmifukd txl;wvnfzGJ@qkdxm;wJh ‘awmifbGJ@’
uAsmyg? awmifawGudk jzwfoef;ausmfv$m;zkd@ jyifqifpDrHaeqJumvrSm 'DuAsmukd
a&;cJhwmyg? 'DuAsm[m wyfeDawmf&@J jrifhjrwf+yD; }uD;rm;xnf0gvSwhJ ol&aJ umif;
¶kyfykHv$m ukd awmifawGeJhwifpm;+yD; o¶kyfazmfxm;wmvJ jzpfygw,f? “&efolukd
63
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 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
b,fawmhrS tnHhrcH bJ &efolukd tukeftpif wkdufckdufacsr_ef;” wJh wyfeDawmf&@J
awmf v S e f w J h ol & J a umif ; 0g'pd w f " mwf u k d *k % f j yKa&;zG J @ jcif ; vnf ; jzpf w ,f ? ajy;ae vdrfhaewJh
w¶kwfjynfuGefjrLepfygwD&J@ acgif;aqmifr_atmuf&Sd w¶kwfjynf tvkyform; avmufpmvkH;av;avmufyJ xifw,f?
v,form;wyfeaD wmf[m w¶kwjf ynfawmfveS af &;rSm rk;d aumif;uif&@J a'guw f idk f
r¾Kdifukd ukdifajr‡mufyifhcsDxm;olrsm; jzpf=uw,fqkdwhJ ta=umif;t&mukd t"du · ‘usifqm’qkdwhJ
xm;+yD; o¶kyfazmfa&;zG@J whJ uAsmjzpfygw,f? ? a¶$o0J g jrpfa&awGu
w&pyf ¶kdufykwfay;aeawmh
rkd;wdrftxdjrifhrm;
c&D ; &S n f c sD w uf y G J urf;yg;apmuf}uD;awGu aEG;axG;ae=uw,f?
(1935 ckESpf / atmufwkdbmv )
· ‘wmwl;’jrpful;wHwm;
• uefhvefhjzwfxm;wJh
oH}udK;vkH;}uD;awGuawmh
· b,favmufa0;a0; ausmcsrf;p&m at;pufae=uw,f?
b,favmufcufcuf
csDwuf&wmukd · war#mfwac:
wyfeDawmfu ra=umufbl;? w,lZemausmf
‘rifpef;’awmif ESif;vGifjyifay:u
· jrpf}uD;ig;oG,fehJ qD;ESif;yGifhav;awGurS
awmifaygif;waxmif[m yk+d yD;ESpo
f uf
r_p&mrS r[kwfbJ? cspfruffp&maumif;w,f?

· wGef@vdrfauG@aumuf&pfywf · wyfrawmf}uD;okH;ck
awmifpOfig;xyfukdvnf; jzwfoGm;+yD;wJhtcgrSmawmh
jrL;ºuckefaygufaewJh olwkd@[m tm;&¶$ifvef;pGmeJh
v_dif;=uufcGyfav;awGavmufyJ xifw,f? t+yHK;awG yef;ES,fqif
yGifhvkd@ a0vkd@? ?
· ajctpkHatmufu
t&Sdeft[kef}uD;wJh &S i f ; csuf
‘0lrkHawmif’
cH@vnf; cH@nm;/ jrifhvnf; jrifhrm;ayr,fh awmif p Of i g;xyf / / wmh,Gdawmifwef;? csDxifawmifwef;?
rkHusKawmifwef;? ukzef;awmifwef;/ ,GJ@csdefawmifwef;wkd@ukd
&nfn¸ef;xm;wmyg? 'DawmifpOfig;xyfwkd@ukd 'uQd% awmifpOfawmifwef;rsm;vkd@
65
64
 armf&JhuAsmrsm;
+cKH+yD; ac:ygw,f? usef;&SD;/ [leef/ uGrfwkef/ uGrf&SD; pwJh jynfe,fawG
e,fedrdwfcsif; qufpyfaewJhae&mrSm cG+yD; wnf&Sdae=uygw,f?
0lrkHawmif? ? 'Dawmif[m ,leefjynfe,fta&S@ajrmufykdif;eJ@
auG@usKd;jynfe,f taemufykdif; e,fpyfa'orSm wnf&Sdygw,f? awmifxGwfaygif;
20 &SdwhJteuf t"duawmifxGwf[m ,leefjynfe,f/ vlu|rfhc&kdifrSm wnf&Sdum
awmif&@J ajrmufbufrsufESmrSmawmh usifqm;usef;jrpf &Sdw,f?
awmif&@J ykHo¿meftaetxm;[m iGm;iGm;pGifhpGifh ºum;ºum;0ifh0ifhe@J
rwfapmufpGm wnf&Sdae+yD; vDaygif; 70 ausmf auG@0kduf&pfacG wnf&Sdaeygw,f/
usifqm;jrpf? ? 'Djrpf[m ,efpDjrpf&@J jrpfnmykdif;eJ@ qufpyfae+yD;
qpfc|rfjynfe,fe@J ,leefjynfe,fxu J kd pD;0ifjzwfoef;oGm;ygw,f?
wmwl;jrpf? ? usif;[kdife@J qpfc|rfjynfe,f e,fpyfa'o&Sd vkdifcsLawmifrS
jrpfzsm;cHvmwJh jrpfyg/ jrpfnmykdif;ukd “wmhusif;c|rf”vkd@ ac:+yD; ajrmufbuf
,G@J pef;c&kdifxJ jzwfoef;+yD; rifusef;jrpfxu J kd pD;0ifoGm;w,f?
oH}uKd;vkH;}uD;rsm;? ? wmwl;jrpfay:u “vlwifh”wHwm;ukd &nfn¸ef;xm;wmyg/
'DwHwm;[m oH}uKd;wHwm; jzpfygw,f? 'DwHwm;ukd &Snfvsm;wJh oH}uKd;vkH;}uD;
19 acsmif;eJ@ zG@J pnf;wnfaqmufxm;ygw,f?
rifpef;awmif? ? ‘wmh&$,fawmif’(qD;ESif;awmif) vkd@vnf; aemufwrsKd;
ac:ygao;w,f? 'Dawmif[m qpfc|rf;/ csif;[kdif/ uef;pk/ &Sef;&SD; pwJh jynfe,fawG
ukd e,fedrdwfpnf;a=umif;cGJxm;wJh awmifpOfawmifwef;awGyg?
tjrifhqkH;awmifxdyf[m yifv,fa&rsufESmjyiftxuf rDwm ig;axmifausmf
&Sdygw,f? awmifay:rSm wESpfywfvkH; qD;ESif;awG ykHaeatmif usa&muf+yD;
avzdtm;vnf; enf;ygw,f? vlol ta&muftayguf r&SdwhJ awmifyg?
ppfa=umif; okH;a=umif; wyfrawmf? ? wyfeDawmf trSwf(1) trSwf(2) eJ@
trSwf(4) ppfrsufESm wyfrawmfrsm;ukd &nfn¸ef;wmyg?
aemufcHorkdif;
1935 cESpf/ ZEM0g&Dv? wyfeDawmfu auG@usKd;jynfe,f/ u|if;,dukd
wkdufckdufodrf;ykdufvkduf+yD;/ ygwDA[kd[m tJ'DrSm orkdif;a&;t"dy`m,fyg&SdwhJ ygwDA[kd
Ek d i f i H a &;OD ; aqmif t zG J @ &J @ tpnf ; ta0;yG J } uD ; (u|if ; ,d tpnf ; ta0;yG J )uk d
ac:qkdusif;ycJhw,f? 'Dt}udrftpnf;ta0;yGrJ Sm ygwDwGif;}uD;pkd;aewJh “vuf0”J
tacsmif0g'vrf;pOfukd tqkH;owfapvkduf+yD;/ armftm; wygwDvkH;&J@ acgif;aqmif
66
armf&JhuAsmrsm;
tjzpf tqifah e&m owfrw S af y;cJw
h ,f? 'g[m w±kwjf ynfawmfveS af &;&J@ ta&;}uD;
umvrSm ygwDe@J wyfeDawmfukd u,fwifvkdufwmjzpfovkd/ w±kwf jynfawmf vSef
a&;ukd u,fwifvkdufwmvnf; jzpfw,f? tJ'Dtcsdefupvkd@ armf&@J tajrmftjrif
&SdwhJacgif;aqmifr_atmufrSm w±kwfjynfawmfvSefa&;[m wdusrSefuefwhJ OD;wnf
csuftwkdif;atmifyGJrSonf ykdrkd}uD;rm;wJhatmifyGJqDokd@ a&S;±_ wufvSrf;vmEkdif
cJhygw,f?
u|if;,dtpnf;ta0; +yD;wJhaemufrSm wyfeDawmf[m armf&J@ OD;aqmif
r_atmufrSm tm;rmef jynfhòz;+yD; rdrdwkd@qEMt&wufºupGmeJ@ “vuf0J”aoGzDa&;
tacsmif0g' }uD;pkd;pOfu wnf&SdchJwhJ vufOD;r_rhJwhJtajctaeukd vufOD;r_&Sdatmif
ajymif;jyefvSefvkdufygw,f? ygwDA[kdeJ@wyfeDawmfukd armfu OD;pD;acgif;aqmif+yD;/
awmifpOfig;xyfeJ@ 0lrkefawmifwkd@ukdausmf/ usifqm;(a±$oJ0gjrpf) wkd@udk ykdifEkdif
u|rf;usifpGmjzwf/ wmwl;jrpfukd w[kefxkd; w&=urf; ul;vmcJh=uw,f? tJ'DESpf
*|efv? qpfc|rf;jynfe,f taemufykdif;u “armufukef;”rSm trSwf(4) ppfa=umif;
rSwyfzGJ@rsm; pkpnf;aygif;qkH+yD;/ twlwuG ajrmufykdif;okd@ csDwufvmcJh=uygw,f?
xkdpOfu trSwf(4) ppfrsufESmwyfrawmftwGif; acgif;aqmiftjzpf ckdatmif;aewJh
usef;ukd@axmif[m ygwDA[kd&J@ ‘*syefckcHawmfvSefa&;twGuf ajrmufykdif;okd@
csDwufa&;’æqkdwJh trdefhukd zDqefum olvSnfhzsm;vkd@&EkdifwJh wyfeDawmf&J@
wyftcsKd@ukd awmifykdif;okd@ vdrfnmac:aqmifoGm;cJhw,f? 'Denf;eJ@ wyfeDawmfukd
aemufw}udrf xyfrH+yD;/ epfemqkH;±_H;r_awG jzpfapcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifh armfu usef;ukd@
axmif&J@ vuf,maoGzDa&; aoG;cGJa&;0g'udk jywfjywfom;om; wkdufyGJqifcJh&
ygw,f?
armf&J@ rSefuefwJhvrf;!¸efr_atmufrSm wyfeDawmf[m ajrmufykdif;okd@
qufvufcsDwuf+rJ csDwufcJhw,f? qD;ESif;awmif}uD;awGjzpfwJh usm;usif;pef;
awmifpOfawmifwef;awGudkausmf/ urf;rjrif vrf;rjrif/ vlolvJr&Sd/ t+rJwap
jrLckd;awGoma0aewJh jrufcif;jyifukd jzwf/ rwfapmufvSwJhobm0 t&Htwm;
wckjzpfwJh‘vmqpf’awmif=um;*dwf0pcef;ukd ausmfv$m;/ vDaygif;waxmifr#&Sd+yD;
qD;ESif;awG txyfvkduftykHvkduf xlxJpGm zkH;aewJh rifawmifwef;ukd jzwfoef;/
vsLzefh(awmifajcmufvkH;)awmifukd vGefcJh+yD;aemuf &Sef;&SD;jynfe,fajrmufykdif;okd@
wnfhwnfh/ wef;wef;rwfrwf w[kefxkd;csDwufcJh+yD;/ 0lcsDrSm wyfpGJjcif;eJ@ &Sef;&SD;
jynfe,fajrmufykdif;rSm wyfeDawmfwyfzGJ@rsm; aygif;qkHjcif;wkd@ukd atmifjrifpGm
aqmif±Gufjcif;jzifh/ wurBmvkH;okd@ *k%fowif;ausmf=um;oGm;apwJh vDaygif;
2aomif; 5axmif c&D;&SnfcsDwufyGJ}uD;ukd+yD;ajrmuftqkH;owfvkdufygw,f?
}uD;jrwfwJhc&D;&SnfcsDwufyGJ}uD;[m wESpfwmumvtwGif;rSm usef;&SD;/
67
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
uGrfwkef;/ zkusifh/ [leef/ uGrf&SD;/ auG@usKd;/ ,Giferf/ &SD;tef;/ qpfc|rf/ uef;pk/ &Sef;&SD;
pwJhjynfe,frsm;;ukd jzwfausmfc&D;ESifcJh&w,f? vlolacgifvSwJhawmawmifawG/
cGefvGefawmifaovm
a=umufrufzG,f jrpfawG acsmif;awGukd atmifjrifpGm jzwfausmfchJ+yD;/ ta&twGuf
wodef;tiftm;&SdwhJ &efol@wyf&@J 0kdif;0ef;r_/ ydwfqkd@r_/ vkdufvHwkdufckdufr_/ =um;jzwf
wkdufckdufr_ awGukd acsr_ef;zsufqD;ypfEkdifcJhw,f? c&D;&SnfcsDwufyGJ&J@ }uD;jrwfwJh
t"d y ` m ,f [ m armf a jymovk d “ ork d i f ; rS w f w rf ; rS m yxrqk H ; t}ud r f j zpf w ,f ?
a=unmpmwrf; jzpfw,f? 0g'jzefhcsDa&;wyfzGJ@jzpfw,f? ysKd;}uJpufjzpfw,f”?
c&D;&SnfcsDwufyGJu “wyfeDawmfom;awG[m ol&Jaumif;awGjzpf+yD;/ e,fcsJ@
eJo
h @l aemufvu dk af cG;cseaf u&Sw
d w
f @dk vdk vlpm;rsK;d awG[m bmrS tok;H rusb;l qkw d mukd
wurBmvkH;ukd a=unmvkdufw,f”“wyfeDawmf&J@ vrf;a=umif;uom olwkd@ukd
vGwaf jrmufa&;qDo@dk ta&mufy@dk ay;Ekid w f vhJ rf;a=umif; jzpfw,fqw dk mukd jynfe,f
11 e,f&Sd oef;aygif; 200 avmuf&SdwhJ jynfolawGukd a=unmvkdufw,f” ‚[m
“jynfe,f 11 jynfe,fxJrSm rsKd;aphawG trsm;}uD;}uJcscJhw,f? 'DrsKd;aphawG[m
tan‡mufawGaygufvmvdrfhr,f? t±GufawG xGufvmvdrfhr,f? tyGifhawG yGifhvm
vdrfhr,f? toD;awG oD;vmvdrfhr,f?aemifus&if tm;xkwf&usKd; eyfvdrfhr,f?
tcsKyftm;jzifhqkd&&if c&D;&SnfcsDwufyGJ}uD;[m usaemfwkd@ tEkdif&+yD; &efolawG
±_H;oGm;wmeJh tqkH;owfcJhw,f”
wyfeDawmf&@J c&D;&SnfcsDwufyG}J uD;ukd *k%fjyKzG@J qkdxm;wJh 'DuAsm[m
1935 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmv / wyfeDawmfu rifpef;awmifukd jzwfausmf+yD;/ &Sef;
&SD;ajrmufykdif;okd@ a&mufcgeD;qJqJ tcsdefumvrSma&;om;cJhwm jzpfygw,f?

69
68
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;

(1935 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmv?)

· wdrf,Hrkd;jrifhxJ
0ifhºum; rm;rwf
cHhnm;pGm&yfvsuf
awmifaovm ‘r[m cGefvGef’?

· vl@bkHcef;0g
±_cif;omukd
ai;arm=unfh±_ ae&Smav&J@?

· t±kd;uGv
J krwwf
tat;"mwf &pfywfxm;wJh aumif;uifxJ
0JywfysHoef; ausmufpdrf;e*g; okHoef;?

· aEG&ufawG a&mufrSjzifh
ESif;yGifhawG &nfaysmfpD;us
cGefvGefawmifrSonf
jrpfacsmif;awGqD pD;0ifjynfv#H
a&ab;'%fcH&wJhvlaygif;rsm;pGm
ig;vdyfrsm;yrm
a&atmufepfjrKyfoGm;&Sm=u?

· ESpftoacsF/ om;pOfajr;quf
aumif;usKd;qkd;usKd;awGtwGuf
b,folursm; ol@ukd/ (cGefvGefukd)
wefzkd;xm; tav;ay;
tuJjzwf ta&;xm;
oGefoifpum; ajym=um;cJhzl;ygovJ/

·tckawmhæ
71
70
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
oGefoifrSm=um;/ pum;qkdjrnf &Sif;csuf
ig ajym&av+yD?
cGefvGef? ? awmif&@J trnfyg? taemufbuf&Sd pdrf;pkdjrifhrm;wJ@‘zar#mf’ ukef;jyif
· tkdbhJæcGefvGef jrifrh S tpjyKum &Siu f se/f wdbuf e,fpyfro S nf ta&S@bufo@dk OD;wnf+yD;/ awmif
rkd;pGefxdrwwf/ rm;rwf0ifhºum; buf/ tv,fbufe@J ajrmufbufrsufESmrsm;okd@ vufokH;acsmif; qef@wef;cGx J kwf
'Davmufxd rjrifhrm;yge@J av? xm;ovkd jzmxGuf wnf&Sdaeygw,f? awmifwef;wckvkH;&J@ t&Snf[m ukef;vD
( w±kwrf idk )f aygi;f ESpaf xmifih g;&mcef@&w
dS ,f? 'Dawmif[m tm&Swudk &f @J t}uD;rm;qk;H
· tkdbhJæcGefvGef ±k;d rawmifwef; rsm;xJu wckyg? jrifqef;awmif[mvJ 'Dawmifwef;xJrmS tusK;H 0if
vGefvGef;vScsnfhaum yg&Sdygw,f?
ESif;awG
'DDavmufrxlajymeJ@av? vl @ bk H c ef ; 0g/ aEG O D ; ±_ c if ; om? ? rEk\vl@avmu&J@ ajymif;vJ wkd;wuf r_ukd
!¸ef;qkdxm;wmyg?
· rkd;xdatmif &Snfvsm;/ ‘,dxif; "m;’qkdwmukd
b,fvkdrsm; &EkdifygrvJ jrpf a csmif ; aw
awG ? ? t"dutm;jzifh ,efpjD rpfe@J jrpf0gjrpfw@dk udk ajymwm
'D"m;&&if/ "m;ukdqGEJ SKyf jzpfygw,f? 'DjrpfawG[m cGefvGefawmifrSm jrpfzsm;cHwmyg?
oifhukd okH;ykdif; ykdif;vkd@ ckwfypfvkdufr,f?
,dxif; "m
"m;? ? xD ; òyif eef ; òyif a cwf / ‘pk e f @ ,G D ’ a&;om;cJ h w J h
·wykdif;u “r[m vuFm ausmf”xJrSm “aumif;uif&J@ [kdwbufqDxd/ "m;a&mifazG;azG;
Oa&myokd@/ ykd@aqmif tyfESif;? vufaebd”vk@d yg&cdS yhJ gw,f? 'DuAsmxJrmS armfqv dk wdk mu tvGe&f n S v
f sm;vS+yD;
aumif;uif [kd wbufrSm rSD+yD;axmifxm;wJh “"m;&Snf}uD;”ukd qkdvkdwmyg?
· aemufwykdif;u
tar&dutwGuf
ay;quf vufaqmifrGef?

· usefwykdif;u
ta&S@wkdif; EkdifiHtoD;oD;xH
jyefvnftyfESHr,f?

· tJ'Dtcg
+idrf;csrf;om,m/ urBmajr[m
at;twl yltr#
vSvmayvdrfh? ?
73
72
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
aemufco
H rkid ;f vsLzefawmif
(1935 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmv?)
1931 ckESpf/ “9v/ 18&ufae@”ta&;tcif;+yD;qkH;oGm;+yD;aemufykdif;/
*syefusL;ausmfa&;orm;awGu w±kwfjynf ta&S@ajrmufykdif;&Sd jynfe,f (3) ckukd ?
usL;ausmfodrf;ykdufvkduf=uw,f? 'DaemufrSmvnf; 'De,fcs@J usL;ausmfa&; vufrJ · aumif;uifu jrifhrm;vSay
}uD;[m w±kwfjynfajrmufykdif;wckvkH;ukd xyfrHodrf;ykdufzkd@ vkyfvmjyefw,f? ulrif wdrfawGu jzLazsmhaiGa&mif
wefazmuf jyefa&; tpkd;&[m *syefukd ckcHwkdufckdufjcif;rjyK±kHomru aemufykdif;okd@ awmifbufqD ysHoef;
wa&G@a&G@qkwfcGmay;jcif;tm;jzifh wkdif;jynfukd a&mif;pm;vkdufw,f? 1935 ckESpf/ ief;iSufawG
ZGefvrSm 'Dtpkd;&[m *syefe,fcs@J orm;awGe@J “[,far;-oabmwlpmcsKyf”ukd ai;=unfhaerdw,f?
csKyfqkdvdkufjcif;tm; jzifh wkdif;jynfukd xyfrHt&Suf&apjyefw,f? wkdif;jynftwGuf
pkd;&drfzG,f tEW&m,f&SdwhJ tcsdefa&muf&Sdaeyg+yD? · r[mwHwkdif;}uD;qD
'Dvkd wrsKd;om;vkH;twGuf aoa&;&Sifa&;tcsdefrSm/ w±kwfjynf uGefjrL ta&mufrcsDEkdif&if
epfygwD/ ygwDA[kdaumfrwDu pnf;±kH;v_H@aqmfwJh “*syefckcHa&;/wkdif;jynfu,f igwkd@[m
wifa&;”v_yf&Sm;r_[m }uD;rm;tkHºuvmw,f? 1935 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv? w±kwf tm*vlawG
jynfuGefjrLepfygwDygwDA[kdu “*syefukd ckcHwkdufckduf+yD; wkdif;jynfukd u,fwifa&; ol&Jaumif;awG r[kwfao;bl;?
twGuf wrsKd;om;vkH;okd@ yef=um;csuf”ukd xkwfjyefvkdufw,f? ('g[m 8 v/ 1
&ufae@ a=unmcsufyJ jzpfygw,f?) 'Da=unmcsuf[m wkdif;cspfjynfcspf yk*~Kdvftm; · jzwfoef;vmcJh c&D;pOf
vkH;ukd twlwuG pnf;vkH;nD!GwfpGmeJ@ *syefukd ckcHawmfvSef=uzkd@ pnf;±kH;v_H@aqmf vufcsKd;+yD; a&wGuf=unfhawmh
vkdufwmyg? 1935 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmv? armf OD;pD;acgif;aqmifw@J w±kwfjynf vDaygif; ESpfaomif; &SdchJ+yDaum?
tvkyform; v,form; wyfeDawmf[m tcuftcJtrsKd;rsKd;ukd ausmfv$m;+yD;
&Sef;&SD;jynfe,fajrmufykdif;okd@ atmifjrifpGm a&muf&SdoGm;cJhw,f? · jrifhrm;rkdarmuf
armf&@J “cGefvGef awmifaovm”uAsm[m 'D c&D;&Snf csDwufyGt J wGif; vsLzefawmif&@J awmifcarmufrSm
cGefvGefawmifukd jzwfausmfaepOf a&;om;cJhwhJ uAsmyg? taemufavxJ
tvHeDawG wvlvl vGifh0vJ kd@ygvm;?

· 'Duae@
wkd@vufxJrSmu
&Snfvsm;vSwhJyef;yGm; ykd;}udKk;&Snf
jymr_dif; pdrf;eufaewJh e*g;}uD;ukd csnfzkd@
'Dtjyma&mif e*g;}uD;ukdaum
b,faomtcgrS
csnfaESmif&&SdrSmygvdrfh? ?
75
74
 armf&JhuAsmrsm;
&Sif;csuf
vsLzef a wmi
wmiff ? ? ‘eif & S ’ a[G t rsKd ; om; uk d , f y k d i f t k y f c sKyf a &;a'o
awmifykdif;u
ul,iG cf ±kid f ('Dc±kid [
f m rlvwke;f u uef;pk jynfe,fxrJ mS yg&cdS yhJ gw,f?) &J@taemuf
awmifbufrSm wnf&SdwJh awmifyg? yifv,fa&rsufESmjyiftxuf rDwm3500
&Sdygw,f? a¹rvdrfa¹raumufvkd aumufauG@wJh awmifwufvrf;awG&Sdw,f?
vrf;wnf aqmufa&;twwfynm&J@ tpGr;f a=umifh awmifwufvrf; (6)oG,[ f m
awmifxdyftxd aygufygw,f? awmif&@J 'Demrnf[m a&S;wkef;u emrnfyg?
r[mwH w k d i f ; }uD ; ? ? ta&S@buf [kday jynfe,f&@J pefh[kdifuGrf;ac: t0iftxGuf
*dwfwHcg;ayguf}uD;rS tpjyK+yD;/ taemufbufu usm;vDuGrf;ac: t0iftxGuf
*dwwf cH g;aygu=f uD;txd vDaygi;f waomif; ESpaf xmif &Snv f sm;ygw,f? uAsmxJrmS
uawmh 'Dww H idk ;f ukd a&S@wef;ppfrsuEf mS tjzpf !¸e;f qkad zmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfygw,f?
ajrmufykdif; &Sef;&SD;jynfe,fw0kdufrSm r[mwHwkdif;&J@wpdwfwykdif;[m wGef@vdrf
auG@aumufpGm wnf&Sdaewmrkd@ xkdpOfxkdumvu ajrmufykdif; &Sef;&SD;jynfe,f[m
*syefckcHa&;a&S@wef;ppfrsufESm jzpfcJhygw,f? tvm;wlpGmyJ 'Dae&m 'Da'o[m
wyfeDawmf c&D;&SnfcsDwufyGJu ta&mufcsDzkd@ &nfrSef;xm;wJh c&D;tqkH;u
yef;wkdifvJ jzpfygw,f?
tjyma&mif e*g;}uD ; ? ?wmtkdbmom0ifwkd@ukd;uG,f=uwJ@ ta&S@ O'nf
qkdif&m ewfrif;}uD; ( =umomyaw;+*dK[f) ukd a&S;wkef;u tjyma&mife*g;}uD; vkd@
ac:qkdcJh=uygw,f? a&S;acwfvlawGu =umomyaw;+*Kd[f[m rdp>mewf/ ewfqkd;
vkd@xif jrif,lqcJh=uw,f? 'DuAsmxJrSmuawmh 'Da0g[m&[m aumufuspf
pOf;vJ+yD;qkd;oGrf;&ufpufwJh jynfol@ bkH&efol csefau&Sdwftpkd;&ukd &nf!¸ef;xm;
wmyg? (rluw JG ckrmS uawmh zufqpf*syefw@dk udk &nf!e¸ ;f w,fv@dk vnf; qkyd gw,f?)
76
armf&JhuAsmrsm;
aemufcHorkdif;
1935ckEpS /f =o*kwv f ? c&D;&Sncf sw
D ufy}JG uD;&J@ vrf;c&D;twGi;f rSm armfu
pifòyifA[kd xlaxmifwJh usef;ukd@axmifukd qef@usif/ wyfeDawmfukd aoG;uGJapwJh
rSm;,Gif;wJh vrf;pOfukd jywfjywfom;om; wkdufckdufum/ wyfeDawmfukd OD;pD; acgif;
aqmif+yD; ajrmufykdif;&Sef;&SD;tajccHa'ookd@ w[kefxkd; qufvufcsDwufapcJhw,f?
1935 ckESpfpufwifbmvusawmh rifpef;awmifukd ausmfjzwf+yD; uef;pkjynfe,f
awmifykdif;okd@0ifa&mufcJhw,f? csefau&Sdwf "m;jy*kd%f;[mxkdpOftcsdefu“ayzif;/
xsifusif;òr@rsm;rSm ab;tEW &m,fqkdufa&mufae+yD? w±kwfjynfajrmufykdif;rSm ab;
tEW&,f qkdufa&mufae+yD?w±kwfwrsKd; om;vkH;rSm ab;tEW&,fqkduf a&mufae
+yD”(armfvuffa±G;pifusrf;-pmrsufESm 315)qkdwJh vrf;!¸efcsufukd tav;rrl
ab;csw d xf m;+yD; “jynfy&efurdk &Si;f rD jynfwiG ;f rD;ukt d &if+idr‡ ;f ” qkw
d w hJ idk ;f jynfa&mif;
pm;wJh wefjyef awmfveS af &; vrf;!¸ecf suu f dk acgi;f rmrm qufvuf qkyu f idk x f m;ae
w,f? 'gxufykdu+J yD; “uGefjrLepf acsr_ef;a&;”qkdwmukd vkyfvmjyefao;w,f? csef
au&Sdwf[molukd,fwkdif taemufajrmufykdif; “aomif;usef;r_ &Sif;vif;okwf
oifa&;”&J@ ppfaoemywdcsKyf wm0efukd,lum tiftm; (2) odef;ausmf&SdwJh
wyfrawmfukd pkpnf;xdef;n‡d+yD;/ ajrmufykdif;&Sef;&SD;jynfe,f awmfvSefa&;tajccH
a'oukd “0kdif;0ef;acsr_ef;a&;”vkyfvmw,f? vsLzefawmif teD;w0kdufrSm ydwfqkd@
wm;qD;a&; ppfrsufESm txyfxyfzGifhvkdufw,f? c&D;&Snf csDwufvmwJh wyfeDawmf
ukd 'Dae&muapmif+h yD; 0kid ;f ywfacsre_ ;f a&;vkyzf @dk t±k;l trl; }uHpnfvu dk w f myg? armf&@J
OD;aqmifr_atmufrSm ol&owWdeJ@ jynfhpkHwJ wyfeDawmf[m atmufwkd bmv
(2)&ufae@rSm a0[kdjrpf txdawmufav#mufaygufatmif wcsDwnf;eJ@ wkdufckduf
odrf;ykdufvkduf=uw,f? wqufwnf; &efol&@J t"du òr@awmf eefusif;/ usif;eif/
zifvseef @J ul,iG cf ±kid w
f @dk t=um; u ydwq f @dk wm;qD;a&; ppfa=umif;awGudk xk;d azmuf
jzwfausmfchJ=uw,f? atmufwkd bmv(7) &ufae@rSmawmh vsLzefawmif&@J a&S@u
‘csipf pfaºu@’rSm &efo&l @J jrif;wyf&if;}uD; 4 &if;ukd tEkid &f atmif xyfrw H u dk cf u
dk u
f m
tJ'Dae@nykdif;rSmyJ vsLzefawmifay: wcsDxJeJ@ ta&mufwufEkdifvkdufw,f?
vsLzefawmifukd jzwfausmf+yD;wJhaemufrSm wyfeDawmf[m 'Datmifjrifr_&J@
t&Sdeft[kefeJ@ ajrmufykdif; &Sef;&SD;jynfe,ftxd awmufav#mufcsDwufcJhw,f?
0lcsDòr@e,frSm ajrmufykdif;&Sef&SD;jynfe,fu wyfeDawmf wyfrsm;eJ@ aygif;qkH+yD;
atmifyGJcHEkdifcJhygw,f? urBmw0Srf; ausmf=um;cJhwJh vDaygif; ESpfaomif;ig;axmif
c&D;&SnfcsDwufyGJ }uD;[mvnf; atmifjrif+yD;ajrmufoGm;ygw,f? wyfeDawmf
vsLzefawmifukd jzwfausmfaeqJ tcsdefrSm armfu 'DuAsm ukda&;zG@J chJwmyg? ?
77
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
ESif; [yfvSygbdaum?
(1936 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv?)
· tHhrcef; vSyae
· ±_cif;omwJh trdajrajrmufykdif;wcGifrSm trdajr&J@
a&cJvGifjyifrSm ESif;awGaqmif; awmawmifa&ajrawGukd
a&cJvGifjyifu rkdifaygif;waxmif acwftqufqufrS
ESif;awG vGifhysHuckefaewmu rkdifaygif;waomif;? ra&rwGufEkdifwJh ol&Jaumif;awGu
OD;!Gwfc, t±kdtaoay;cJh=uygw,f?
· r[m wHwkdif;&J@ twGif;bufqD tjyifbufqD
ar#mf&nf=unfh±_vkdufwJhtcg · csif[Grfe@J [ef0lwD
=unfhav&m&m ESif;æ onfbk&if onf{u&mZfrsm;[m
ESif;awGcsnf;om? pmaytEkynm / rºu,f0cJh=uwm
ESajrmp&mygvm;?
· jrpf0gjrpf&@J jrpfa=u jrpfnmrSm
wvdyfvdyf vdrfhwufaewwfwhJ v_dif;vkH;awG[m · xefusKH;eJ@ pkefZkwkd@uvnf;
±kwfw&uf ,cktcg pmayuAsm/ ysKd@ vuFm/ ‘ zkefapmuf’bufrSm
+idrfouf&yfwef@oGm;=uygyaum? rjrifhrm;cJh=uygbl;?

· awmifwef;}uD;awGu · acwfwacwf&@J ‘rkd;usa±$ukd,f’

aiGa&mifa¹r}uD;awG vl;vGefh,drf;uae=uovkdvkdæ ‘*sif*spfcef’qkdoluvJ
za&mif;qiftkyf}uD; wv_yfv_yfajy;ae=uovkdvkdæ? av;aumuf}uD; ukdifpGJ
vif;,kef iSuf&J
· olwkd@[m aumif;uife@J xdpyfvsuf ypfzkd@omyJ olwwfw,f?
aumif;uifbkHay:wuf+yD;
olEkdifukd,fEkdif tjrifhcsif; òyif=uawmhrvkdvkdæ? · 'Dwacwf&@J
jrifhjrwfausmf=um;vmr,fholrsm;uawmh
· aeomcsdefa&mufvmawmh =unfh±_ar#mf&nf/ olwkd@&@J OD;wnfcsuf
tjzLxnfaiGESif;xkukd olwkd@a&S@rSm &SdaewJh a[m'Dacwf}uD;ukdygy?J ?
ae0ef;eDu tem;uGyfay;+yD;
tjyeftvSef ta&mifxyf
ta&mifcsif; pyf

79
78
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
&Sif;csuf zk e f a pmuf ? ? w±kwf “*E<0ifuAsmrsm;”jzpfwhJ “ukzd ek ;f ”eJ@“csLppf”wk@d xJu
“vDapmuf”uAsmukd &nf!¸ef;w,f? tck aemufykdif; vlawGu pmayvuf &m&J@
za&mif ; qif t k y f ? ? tjzLa&mifqiftkyfvkd@ qkdvkdwmyg? acwfumv trnftaeeJ@ ac:a0:ok;H pGaJ vh&=dS uw,f? 'DrmS awmh “pmay tEk ynm
csif ; [G r f ? ? csif&SD[Grf(bDpD 259-210)? ‚[m ajr&Sifvlwef;pm;xJu xl;c|efwhJ t&nftaoG;ukd qkdvkdcsifwmyg?
EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;jzpfw,f? ol[m jynfaxmif(6) ckukdacsr_ef;+yD; aemuf rk d ; usa&$ u k d , f ? ? w±kwfbmomeJ@ a&;om;xm;wJh “a&SmifEk trsdK;om;rsm;
wjynfvkH;pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;twGuf pDrHaqmif±GufcsufwoDwwef; }uD;ukd &J@ orkdif;ykHjyif” xJrSm a&SmifEktrsdK;om;awGu [ef(w±kwf) bk&ifxHay;wJhpmxJ
csrSwfusifhokH;cJhw,f? bG@J xl;/ &mxl;XmeEW&csD;jr‡ifhwhJpepfukd zsufodrf;ypf+yD;/ c±kdif rSm “awmifykdif;rSm awmifhwif;}uH@ckdifwhJ a,musfm;&ifhr}uD;awG &Sdovkd ajrmufykdif;
}uD;rsm;cGJum tkyfcsKyfwJhpepfukd usifhokH;cJhygw,f? ya'o&mZf ajr,mykdifqkdifr_ rSmvnf; [efvrl sKd ;r[kww f hJ tiftm;awmifw h if;wJh wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;awG &Sw
d ,f?
pepfukd csrSwf+yD;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mukd A[kduOD;pD;csKyfukdifwhJ oufOD;qHykdif EkdifiH tJ'D wkid ;f &if;om;awG[m rk;d usa&$u, dk af wGvnf; jzpfw,f”vk@d a&;om;xm;w,f?
awmfpepfudk wnfaxmifcw hJ ,f? w±kwjf ynforkid ;f rSm wk;d wuf ta&;ygwhJ tcef;u *sif * spf c ef ? ? wenf;tm;jzifh [GefxkdufusL (c&pfouU&mZf
yg0ifcJhzl;w,f? 1155-1227) jzpfw,f? 'Demrnf[m ol@ukd av;pm;or_eJ@ ac:wJhtrnfyg?
[ef 0 l ? ? [ef0lwd vsKdcs@J ( bDpD 157-87)taemuf [efrif;quf bk&if ol@eef;ouftwGif; tm&Se@J Oa&mywkduf}uD;(2) wkdufukd cG+yD; rGefukd EkdifiHawmf}uD;
jzpfw,f? taemuf [efrif;quf&@J EkdifiHa&;tm%mukd tm;opfavmif;ay;+yD;/ ukd xlaxmifchJygw,f?
oltm%mqkyu f idk x
f m;wJh &mpkEpS 0f ufavmuftwGi;f aoG;uGu J m olwvl igwrif;
e,fajr cGjJ crf;odrf;ykdufum tkyfpkd;aer_awGukd xkd;ppfqifwkdufckdufchw J ,f? 'Daemuf
A[kd tcsKyftjcm tm%m ckid rf ma&;pDrcH suaf wGudk aqmif±u G cf yhJ gw,f? w±kwjf ynf
ajrmufykdif;rSm rSDwif;aexkdifcJhwJh ‘a&SmifEk’vlrsKd;rsm;eJ@ vnf; ppfcif;cJhzl;w,f?
orkdif; t& wpkHw&m tusKd;jyKaqmif±GufcsufawG &SdchJzl;olyg?
xef u sKH ; ??? xef x k d u f u sKH ; vD p pf r if ( at'D 598-650) / apG r if ; quf
aemufqkH;ykdif;umvwkef;u pnf;vkH;nD!GwfwJh w±kwfjynf&J@ rif;qufwyg;yg?
ol[mvl@tzGJ@tpnf;&J@ xkwfvkyfa&;ukd jyefvnf&Sifoefvmapa&;/ e,fjcm;
umuG,fa&;/ tiftm;ckdifrmawmifhwif;a&;pwJh pDrHaqmif±GufcsufwcsKd@ukd
vkyfaqmifchw J ,f? 'Day:vpDawG[m vl@tzG@J tpnf ;zGH@òz;wkd;wufa&;twGuf wpkH
w&m wkd;wufwhJtcef;uyg0ifchJw,f?
pk e f Z k ? ? pkefxkdufausmufcGrf&if(c&pfouU&mZf 927-976) rif; quf
(5) quf xD;òyif eef;òyifacwf&@J aemufqkH;ykdif;umvu bk&ifwyg;yg? olwvl
igwrif; e,fajrykdif;jcm;tkyfcsKyfum aoG;;uGaJ ewJh tajctaeawGukd tqkH;owf
ay;cJhw,f? A[kd EkdifiHa&;tm%mukd tmiftm;awmifhwif;apcJhw,f? ol@&J@
qnfajrmif;wmwrHawG wnfaqmufjcif;/ oef;aumifpm&if;ukd &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
jzpfatmifvkyfjcif;/ ajr±kdif;azmfxkwfa&;ukd tm;ay;jcif;/ v,f,mxkwfvkyfa&;ukd
jyefvnf&Sifoefapjcif;wkd@[m vl@tzGJ@tpnf;ukd zGH@òz;wkd;wufap+yD; wpkHw&m
tusdK;jyKwJhtcef;u yg0ifw,f?

81
80
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
tJ'DaemufrSm armfu 'D“ESif;”uAsmukd a&;zG@J chJwm jzpfygw,f?
aemufcHorkdif; jynfolhvGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmfu
eefusif;jrKdhukd
'DuAsmukd 1936 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&DvrSm a&;zG@J cJhwmyg? 'kwd, jynfwGif; odrf;ykdufvkdufjcif;?
ppfawmfvSefa&;[m *syefckcHa&;ppfyGJtjzpf ajymif;oGm;wJh uGif;qufumvyg? (1949 ckESpf/ {+yDv?)
tJ'Dwkef;u“vuf&Sdtajctae&J@ tajccHxl;jcm;csufuawmh *syefe,fcsJ@u
w±kwfjynfukd ol@ukdvkdeD jzpf atmiff ajymif;vJcsifaewm jzpfw,f”(armf vufa±G;
pifusrf;-pmrsufESm 128) csefau&Sdwf ulrifwefazmufjyefa&;*kd%f;[m uGefjrL · ‘usKHpef;’rSm
epfqef@usiaf &;/ jynfol qef@usiaf &;/ wkid ;f jynfa&mif;pm;a&; ay:vpDudk usio hf ;Hk ±kwfw&uf
vmwJt h avsmuf/ w±kwjf ynf ta&S@ajrmufyidk ;f ukd qk;H ±_;H oGm;apcJo h vkd w±kwjf ynf rkd;oufrkefwkdif;
ajrmufykdif; e,fajr }uD;wckvkH;[mvnf; &efol@vufwGif; usa&mufoGm;cJh&w,f? t[kefe@J a0S@pkdif; ±kdufcwfvm+yDrkd@
w±kwfwrsKd;om;tm;vkH;twGuf tvGefpkd;&drfzG,f aoa&;&Sifa&; ta&;w}uD; aumif;uif[m
umvukd a&muf&adS ewmyg? 1935 ckEpS /f c&D;&Sncf sw D ufy}JG uD;u(w±kwjf ynf uGejf rL 0g=uef@=uef@ pdrf;ndK @ndK @?
epfygwDeJ@ ygwD&J@ acgif;aqmifr_&SdrSomv#if jynfolawG&J@awmfvSefa&;ppfyGJ[m
w±kwfwrsKd;om;vkH;&J@ ar#mfvifhcsufukd jzpfapEkdifvdrfhr,f) qkdwmukd tiftm;&Sd&Sd · awmifhwif;wJhtiftm;/ wyfom;oeff;eJ@ csD
&Sif;vif;zGifhqkdjyovkdufygw,f? ygwD&J@acgif;aqmifr_atmufrSm “*syefckcHa&;/ jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf
wkdif;jynfu,fwifa&; v_yf&Sm;r_”[m wjynfvkH;rSm 'Da&jrifhwufvmcJhygw,f? ,efpDjrpfukd jzwfausmf ul;vmcJh+yD?
1935 ckEpS /f 'DZifbmvrSm w±kwjf ynfueG jf rLepfygw&D @J Ekid if aH &;OD;aqmiftzG@J tpnf;
ta0;ukd‘0g;a,mufayguf’rSm usif;ycJhygw,f? 'Dtpnf;ta0;rSm ygwD&@J 'Drkdua& · 0yfaewJh usm;
pDawmfvSefa&;umv tajccHvrf;pOfukd owfrSwfcJhygw,f? 'ghtjyif *syefckcHa&; acGaewJh e*g;
nD ! G w f a &; wyf a ygif ; pk q k d i f & m ay:vpD u k d v nf ; a&;qG J csrS w f c J h w ,f ? usm;awG 0yfaeouJhokd@
'D t pnf ; ta0; +yD ; wJ h a emuf r S m armf [ m “*syef e ,f c sJ @ orm; tcsuftcsmuswJhòr@
ukdqefhusifwkdufckdufa&; enf;y&d,m,f”qkdwJhaqmif;yg;ukd a&;om;cJhw,f? e*g;awG acGaeouJhokd@
'Daqmif;yg;rSm “uae@ vkyf& rSmu jynfolvlxk todef;toef;ukd pnf;±kkH;zkd@jzpf wkduf&cufwJhòr@
w,f? }uD;us,ftm;aumif;wJh awmfvSefa&;wyfrawmfukd pk±kH;zkd@ jzpfw,f? 'Dvkd 'Dòr@udk
tif t m; rsKd ; uom *syef e ,f c sJ @ o rm;eJ @ Ek d i f i H a &mif ; pm;wJ h r sKd ; zsuf a wG u k d twdwfua&m
tjyKwfwkdufEkdifr,f”vkd@ wqifhwuf !¸efjy vkdufw,f? (armf vufa±G;pifusrf;- ypPKy`erf mS yg
pmrsuf E S m 141)“usaemf w k d @ w±k w f trsKd ; om;rsm;[m atmifEkdifcJhyg+yD?
aemuf q k H ; aoG ; wpuf u sef o nf t xd &ef o l u k d wk d u f o G m ;zk d @ owW d & S d w,f ?
qkH;±_H;oGm;wJh t&mawGukd ukd,fhtm;ukd,fukd;+yD; jyef&atmif vkyfzkd@ pdwfqkH; · rkd;ajrodrfhodrfh/ +cdrfh+cdrfhnH
jzwfxm;w,f? urBm@ trsKd;om;rsm;&J@ tv,frSm rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnfEkdifwhJ rkd;ajrajAmif;qef/ arSmufvkd@vSef
pGrf;&nfvnf;&Sdw,f? (armfpDwkef; vufa±G;pifusrf;- pmrsufESm 147) vkd@vnf; awmfvSefajymif;vJ
xyfqifh azmfjycJhw,f? t&mtm;vkH;yJ
83
82
 armf&JhuAsmrsm;
v_ufvSJ xufoef/ tm;rmefwufºuvm=u?
· tckvufiif;/ csufcsif; rqkdif;rwG
vkyfzkd@vkdwmu
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tuGu J GJ tjym;jym;
xGufajy;oGm;wJh &efolawG
acsr_ef;okwfoifzkd@
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wkd;jznfh&OD;r,f?
· emrnfwufcsif/ *k%fwufcsifol
tm%m&ruf/ ief;ief;wufol
csLjynfaxmif bk&if‘&Sef&D’
emrnfvnf; rvSchoJ vkd
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ol[m
twk,lp&m/ bmrS r&SdcJhygbl;?
· oHa,mZOfqkdwm &SdchJv#if
aumif;uifbkHt&SifaomfrS
tkdrif;&ifha&mf ajymif;vJ&
obm0w&m;/ r&yfrem;
a&S@okd@csDwuf ajymif;vJoGm;?
· vl@avmu&J@
rSefuefwJhvrf;
w&m;wJhvrf;
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84
armf&JhuAsmrsm;
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usKH p ef ; ? ? eefusif;&J@ ta&S@buf (15)rkdiftuGmrSm wnf&Sdygw,f?
‘ppfusif;pef;’vkd@vnf; ac:=uygao;w,f? 'DuAsmxJrSmawmh usKHpef; qkdwm
eefusif;ukd &nf!¸ef;wmygy?J
rk d ; ouf r k e f w k d i f ; ? ? awmfvSefa&;rkefwkdif;ukd qkdvkdwmyg?
0g=uef @ =uef @ pd r f ; nd K @nd K@? ? ±k w f w &uf tajymif ; tvJ jyif ; xef p G m
jzpfay:vmwmukd qkdvkdjcif; jzpfygw,f?
0yf a ewJ h u sm;/ acG a ewJ h e*g;
e*g;?? ?“usif;vkHajrykHrsm;”qkdwJh *E<0ifpmtkyf
xJrSm ‘usL;aumhvsef’u ‘pGef;c|ef’tm; ‘usif;vkH’ (a&S;wkef;u eefusif;òr@
ukdac: wJhtrnf) &J@ tajctaeukd ajymjywJhtcg/ “usKHpef;u e*g;uvnf;
acGaew,f? qpfcsdefu usm;[mvnf; 0yfaew,f”vkd@ azmfjycJhygw,f? qpfcsdef(
eefusif;òrukd qpfcsdef-ausmufwkH;òr@-vkd@vnf; ac:a0:=uygao;w,f?) eefusif;&J@
ajrtae txm;[m jrifhrm;rwfapmufygw,f? ajrtaetxm;t& ta&;yg
tcsuf tcsmusw,fvkd@ qkdvkdwmyg?
csLjynf a xmif b k & if ‘ &S e f & D ’ ? ? csLjynfaxmif[m a&S;u rif;nDrif; om;awG
arG;zGm;&mae&myg? csijf ynfaxmif ysuo f Ok ;f oGm;awmh wyftiftm; tvk;H t&if;ukd
pkpnf;/ rif;nDrif;om;awGukd &mxl;awG cGJa0ay;um bk&ifukd,fwkdif uawmh
csLjynfaxmif&@J bk&iftjzpf cH,lvkdufw,f? jynfaxmiftcsif;csif; ppfcif; aewJh
xD;òyif eef;òyifacwf/ rif;nD rif;om;awG olwvl igwrif; cGjJ crf;odr;f yku d f tkypf ;dk r_awG
tm;aumif;aewJh tajctaerSm rdrdukd,fwkdif t&Sdeft0g}uD;oltjzpf jyefvnf
&Sifoefvmatmif tcsnf;ESD;tm;xkwf}udK;yrf;cJhw,f? orkdif; jzpfay:wkd; wufr_
tvm;tvmawGukd ausmckdif;cJh vkd@ vsLjynfaxmifu ppfcif; wkdufckduf
vmwJhtcg ±_H;edrfhoGm;cJh&ygw,f? aemufqkH; ‘&Sef&D’[m ‘0lusef;’jrpfab;rSm
rdrdukd,frdrd tqkH;pD&if oGm;cJhw,f?
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85
 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
oH a ,mZOf q k d w m &S d c J h v #if aumif ; uif b k H t &S i f a omf r S tk d r if ; &if h a &mf
ajymif ; vJ & ? ? ' g[m xefrif;qufacwf ‘vD[hJ’&J@ “ usif;xkH ewfom; tus,f aqmif±GufaewmeJ@ wcsdefwnf;rSm/ wbufu y&d,m,fqif/ t}uHqkd;eJ@
. om,memaysmfzG,f [ef aw;oHrsm;”qkdwhJ uAsmxJu 0guswck jzpfyg w,f? +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGq J w dk mukd vkyzf @dk jyifw,f? tjcm;wzufrmS awmh awmfveS af &;
ol&J@qkdvkdcsuft"dy`m,fukd armfu t"dy`m,ftopfwckzGifhqkday;vkdufw,f? wyfO;D twGi;f r q S ef@ usiaf &; *k% d ;f ukd pnf;±k;H um awmfveS af &; a&S@csw D ufaewmukd
oabmuawmh “obm0avmu}uD;[mpOfqufrjywf zGH@òz;wkd;wuf ajymif;vJ wm;qD;zkd@ t±l;trl; }uHpnfygw,f? ygwDwGif;rSm ykef;atmif;aewJh opPmazmuf
aew,f”vkd@ zGifhqkd vkdufjcif; ygy?J tom;xJuavmufaumifawG[m ratmift h nf;Ekid af wmhyJ ckex f u G v
f m+yD; tar&d
uef cseaf u&Sw d o f pPmazmuf*% dk ;f eJ@ eD;eD;uyfuyfy;l aygi;f um“,cktcg awmfveS af &;
vl @ avmu&J @ æawmf v S e f a jymif ; vJ a e=urnf o m? ? “vl@avmu}uD; tajctaezGH@òz;r_[m tvGefjrefygw,f? 'gukd usaemfwkd@ ar#mfvifhrxm;rdygbl;?
&J@ w&m;rSefuawmh b0c&D;=urf;yJ”qkdwhJ pum;ykHqkd±kd;wck &Sdygw,f? “ewfa'0g tck[mu odyfaES;wmukd a=umufwmr[kwfb/J odyfjrefwmukd a=umufaewmyg?
orkdif;ykHjyif0wˆK”xJrSm ewforD;‘rmuk’u “aumif;uifbkHrSm awG@&wJh ta&S@yif odyfjrefawmh usaemfwkd@twGuf tcuftcJ odyfrsm;ygw,f? enf;enf;aES;wmyJ
v,f[m t}udrftcsKd@pkdufysKd;v,f,mrsm;tjzpf ajymif;oGm;cJhzl;w,f? tckawmh aumif;w,f” vk@d twkid t f azmufnn D D t±l;trl; atmfvm=uw,f? armfuawmh
ewfawmifeJ@ ewfu|ef;wkd@rSm yifv,fa&awGusoGm;wmrkd@ w0ufeD;yg;[m ork d i f ; &xm;bD ; a&S @ csD w uf a ewmuk d t±l ; trl ; wm;qD ; zk d @ }uH p nf a e=uwJ h
a&wdrfykdif; jzpfoGm;+yD? ukef;ajrawGawmif jzpfoGm;rvm; rodbl;” vkd@ ajymqkd azmufjyefwhJ tawG;tac: a&pD; a=umif;ukd &nf±G,f+yD;/ 1948 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv
cJhwmukd xnfhoGif; a&;om;xm; ygw,f? 'Dqkd±kd;pum;ykH[m avmuDa&;&mawG 30&ufae@rSm“awmfvSefa&;u &;ukd qkH;cef;wkdifatmif qifE$J=u” u”qkdwJhaqmif;yg;ukd
tajymif;tvJ }uD;rm;vSayw,fvkd@ wifpm;ckdif;ESKdif;xm;wmyg? 'DuAsmxJ a&;om;xkwfjyefvkdufygw,f? ‚a&;om;jyKpkcsufxrJ Sm“ awmfvSefa&;ukd qkH;cef;
rSmygwJhpma=umif;wckvkH;&J@ t"dy`m,fuawmh “vl@tzGJ@tpnf; &J@zGH@òz;wkd; wuf wkdifatmif qifE$rJ Smvm;/ 'grS r[kwfw0ufwysufyJ vkyfrSmvm;” vkd@ euf euf
r_w&m;[m tqufrjywf ajymif;vJaew,f? tqufrjywf a&S@okd@ csDwuf ±_dif;±_dif; axmufjyxm;w,f? (armf pDwkef; vufa±G;pifusrf;- pmrsufESm 1266)
aew,f”qkdwmygyJ? ? 'g[m w±kwfjynfolawG&J@a&S@arSmufrSm usa&mufvmwJh }uD;av; wJhjy\em
jzpfw,f? armfu 'Dpmwrf;xJrSm &efol&@J EkdifiHa&;taumuf}uHaer_ukd tcsuf
aemufcH orkdif;
usus xdxdrdrd azmfxkwf zGifhcs vkdufw,f? ygwDwGif; azmufjyefa&; orm;awG&@J
1948 ckEpS /f pufwifbmvrS 1949 ckEpS /f ZEM0g&v D txd w±kwjf ynfo@l
vufeufcstnHhcHa&;vrf;pOfeJh aemufjyefqkwfa&; azmufjyefwJh ,kwWdrJh ajym
vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfrawmf[m armf&@J wku d ±f u
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‘u|rf;[kdif’eJ@ ‘zsifusif;’ qkdwhJ wkdufypGJ Of}uD;(3)ckukd ajymifajrmufpGm wkdufckduf+yD;
jynforl sm;uk“d awmfveS af &;ukd tqk;H wkid q f ifE=J$ u”vk@d wyfveS @f E;d_ aqmfvu dk yf gw,f?
atmifyq JG ifEidk cf w hJ ,f? ulrifwef&@J t"du wyftiftm;ukd acsre_ ;f ypf+yD;/ ,efpjD rpf
1949ckESpf/ {+yDv tapmykdif;rSm ulrifwefe@J “"m; "m;csif;/ vSHvSHcsif;
ajrmufbuf us,fajymvSwJhe,fajr}uD;ukd vGwfajrmufapcJhw,f? ulrifwef
&ifqidk w f udk yf qJG ifz@dk twGuf ‚wk@d &@J +idr;f csr;f a&; aphpyfaqG;aEG;yGJ t}uHtpnfudk
azmufjyefa&;orm;awG&@J tokdufa[mif;jzpfwhJ eefusif;ukd wkduf±kduf +cdrf;ajcmuf
yGiuhf s oGm;ap&ef ygw[ D m ulrifwefazmufjyefa&;*k% d ;f eJ@+idr;f csr;f a&;aphpyfaqG;aEG;
tusyf u k d i f + yD ; / ‘Ak d v f c sKyf usm;0yf a csmif ’ tm; buf p k H t if t m;awG òyuG J /
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ukda&;qGcJ srSwfchJw,f? 'gayrJh (20)&ufae@rSm ulrifwef azmufjyefa&; tpkd;& [m
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tar&duefeJ@ csefau&Sdwf azmufjyefa&;*kd%f;[m tcsdefwykdif; tem;&&Sdapa&;
aqG;aEG;yGJ [m òyuGo J Gm;cJh&yg+yD? csefau&Sdwf&@J t}uH,kwf[mvnf; yGifhusoGm;yg
twGuf pDrHcsufvkyfvmw,f? awmfvSefa&;ukd vkdufvHokwfoif+yD;/ jyefvnf
w,f? {+yDv21&ufae@ t±k%fwuftcsdefrSm “wjynfvkH;okd@ csDwufa&; trdef@”
tay:pD;&&Sdvmapzkd@twGuf olwkd@[m wyfºuif;wyfusefawGukd t}uD;tus,f
ukd armfu wyfrawmfw&yfvkH;okd@ xkwfjyefvkdufw,f? “w±kwfjynfe,fedrdwf
pkpnf;/ “,efpDjrpf wav#muf rkdifaygif; axmifcsDwhJ a'oumuG,fa&;”ukd t}uD;
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 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
twGif;&Sdor# ckcHaewJh ulrifwef azmufjyefa&;*kd%f;ukd jywfjywfom;om; ukefpif taqGrGef q7m=vkd,mppf+okdh
atmif acsr_ef;okwfoifum wjynfvkH;u jynfolawGukd vGwfajrmufap&r,f? jyef<um;csufuAsm
w±kwjf ynf e,fajr tcsKyf tjcmtm%m wnfwahH &;/ trScD u dk if;a&;eJ@ +yD;jynfph aHk &;
wkd@twGuf umuG,f=u” vkd@ jynfol@vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmfukd trdef@ay; (1949 ckESpf/ {+yDv 29 &ufae@?)
vkud wf ,f? &J&ifw h hJ w±kwjf ynf jynfo@l vw G af jrmufa&;wyfrawmf[m csucf si;f yJ
taemufbufrS pwifum jrpftoG,foG,fukd jzwful;/ ta&S@ajrmuf [lckdtxd
csDwuf/ ta&S@rSonf ,efpDjrpfaawmifbuf uDvkdrDwm 500 ausmf &Snfvsm;wJh
ppfrsufESmukdta&S@/ tv,f/ taemuf (3)ykdif; cG+J yD;/ ±Gyf±Gyfc|Hc|HppfcsDum ,efpDjrpf · vufzuf&nf=urf;0kdif;
ukd w&=urf;jzwful;vkdufw,f? {+yDv 23 &ufae@rSm OD;acgif;ukd xkdufpHawmifu ‘,GJ@[kdif;’rSm
zdxm;ovkd }uD;rm;wJh t=uyftwnf;}uKHawG@&ifqkdifae&wJh eefusif;òr@ukd &,l taqGeJ@twl0kdif;zGJ@
odrf;ykdufEkdifvkdufw,f? AkdvfcsKyf ‘usm;0rfacsmif’ &J@ tavmif;ukdvnf; ajrjr‡Kyf aomufcJh=u&wm
o+*dK[fvkdufw,f? 'DatmifyGJ[m urBm}uD;ukd zdef@zdef@wkefatmif±kdufcwfoGm;cJh arhEidk yf gy?J
w,f? armf[m eefusif;ukd odrf;ykduf&&SdwJh atmifowif;ukd vufcH&&Sd+yD; wJh
aemufrSm 'DuAsmukd a&;zG@J chJwmyg? 'DuAsmukd A[dk ppfaumfr&Sifu a&S@wef; · ‘,DusKd;’rSm
ppfrsufESmokd@ a=u;eef;eJ@ykd@+yD;/ wyfrawmfwckvkH;&Sd wyfr_;wyfom;rsm;tm; jzef@a0 uAsmay;ygwJh
ay;cJhwma=umifht}uD;tus,f cGeftm; jzpfapcJhw,f? wufºuapcJhw,f? taqGawmif;vSm
'DuAsm[m eefusif; vGwfajrmufa&; txdrf;trSwf armfuGef;uAsm xkdpOftcg rSwfrSwf&&
jzpfovkd jynfol@ awmfvSefa&;atmifyGu J kd csD;usL;axmyem jykKxm;wJh orkdif;0if opf±GufawGu
uAsm wyk'fvnf; jzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxk}uD;tm; tqkH;wkdif awmfvSefa&;ukd jrtaoG;rSm/ a±$a&;jc,fum
qifEo $J Gm;zkd@ v_H@aqmfvkdufwhJ wkdufyGJ qifhac:oHvJ jzpfygw,f? ? 0gaewJh tcsdefaygh?

· 31 ESpf=um
cGcJ GmcJh& EkdifiHa[mif; 'Dae&m
cktcg
jyefvnfa&muf&SdvmcJh+yD?

· azG@azG@0aJ 0
yef;awGaºuwJh
aEGOD;csdefcg
taqG&@J uAsmawG

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 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
zwfae&w,f? &Sif;csuf
· rauseyfcsufawG/ yGufxjyif;xef ‘vk d , mppf ’ ? ? (1887-1958) usef;pl;jynfe,f/ 0lusef; c±kdifZmwd jzpfw,f?
Aavmifqefrl/ onf;tljywfr#/ cHpm;&vdrfh? 'Dru
dk a&pD yk*K~ v
d w f OD;yg? “ csi;f armh wk;d wufwhJ pmaytoif;tzG@J ” &J@ “awmifyidk ;f
toif;”ukd uruxjyKay;cJo h v l nf; jzpfw,f? a&S;a[mif;uAsmrsm; a&;om;&m
· t&mudpPtm;vkH;wGif rSm u|rf;usifw,f? tapmykdif; ESpfawGwkef;u qGef,ufqif acgif;aqmifwJh
&ifcGifus,fus,f 'Drkdu a&pDa[mif; awmfvSefa&;rSm yg0ifchJw,f? qGef,ufqif&@J twGif;a&;r–;csKyf
tjrifus,fus,f wm0ef xrf;aqmifczhJ ;l w,f? “ atmufwb dk m awmfveS af &; ” +yD;wJah emuf rmhupf f
t+rJ xm0& 0g'&J @ =oZmouf a &muf r _ wpk H w &mcH & w,f ? rmh u f p f / vD e if wk d @ uk d
csifhcsdefE_dif;qoifhygw,f? tvG e f w ef z k d ; xm;ol y g? w±k w f j ynf u G e f j rLepf y gwD e J @ armf a cgif ; aqmif w J h
'Drkdua&pDopfawmfvSefa&;ukd pmem axmufcH+yD;/ tm;ay;ulnDcJhw,f? ol[m
· ‘cGefrif; a&uef’ armfukd tvGefav;pm;=unfndKolyg? armfeJ@ t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGm uAsmeJ@jzifh
uefa&wdrfbdaum ul;vl;qufqHcJhzl;w,f? w±kwfjynfopf xlaxmif+yD;aemuf ol[m A[kd
rajymeJ@av? jynfo@l tpk;d &tzG@J 0ife@J jynfv;Hk qkid &f m jynfo@l uGe*f &uf t+rJwef;aumfrwD0iftjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ yl g? “armfusiphf pf uAsmaygi;f csKyf”a&;om;xkwaf 0cJzh ;l ygw,f?
· ig;tvS=unfh
&&Sd&orSm 31 ES p f = umæjyef v nf a &muf & S d v mcJ h + yD ? ? armf[m 1919 ckESpfrSm
‘zkc|if;’jrpfxufru omygw,f? ? yDuif;u cGcJ mG cJw
h ,f? 1949 ckEpS rf mS yDuif;ukd jyefa&mufvmw,f? 31 ESp=f umw,f?
a&S;wkef;u òr@awGukd EkdifiHtjzpf ac:avh&Sdw,f? 'Dawmh EkdifiHa[mif;qkdwm òr@
a[mif;yJaygh?

cG e f r if ; a&uef ? ? yDuif; aEG&moDeef;awmf&Sd cGefrif;a&uef?

zl c |if ; jrpf ? ? us@J usef;jynfajrmufykdif;rSm wnf&Sdygw,f? (csifxefjrpf

[m xkefvkrS zk,efokd@oGm;wJh vrf;c&D;rSm wnf&Sdygw,f?) wkef[efrif;quf&@J
tapm ykdif;umvrsm;u ‘,ifppfvkH’[m t&m&SdrvkyfcsifwmeJ@ zlc|if;jrpfrSm
ig;r#m;&if; ykef; atmif;aevkdufw,f? aESmif;vlwkd@u tJ'Dae&mukd “qpfvkH urf;
ajcaomifckH”vkd@ ac:=uw,f? vkd,mppf &J@ uAsmxJrSm “ zif;[l(ol@Zmwd
arG;&yfajr) [m vkd,mppf &J@ urf;ajcaomifckH(ykef;ckd&m) jzpfvmawmhwmaygh”
vkd@ yg&SdchJw,f? 'ga=umifh armfu zlc|if;jrpfukd vkd,mppf&@J Zmwd 0lusef;c±kdife@J
xyfwljyK wifpm;+yD; a&;zG@J chJwm jzpfygw,f?

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 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;
aemufcHorkdif; (29)&ufae@rSm armfu 'D- csDvGDuAsmykHpH( pm 7 vkH;jzifha&;zG@J whJ um&efukduf 8
a=umif; uAsm) a&;zG@J ay;ykd@+yD;/ ol@ukdjyef=um;cJhygw,f? armfu uAsmxJrSm ol@&@J
ay:vGifvSwJh rwufºuwJhpdwfukd wnf=unfav;euf/ nifomaysmhaysmif;+yD;/
v_dufvw J hJ a0zefr_rsKd; vkyfaqmifchJygw,f? awmfvSefa&;ta&;awmfykHukd tav;
1949 ckESpf/ rwfv? w±kwfjynf wjynfvkH;rSm awmfvSefa&; atmifyGcJ H xm;zkd@/ w±kwfjynfopfukd tvkyftau|;jyKwJh pGrf;tm;awGtwGuf tm;ay;cJh
awmhr,fhumvrSm armf[m ygwD&J@ owWrt}udrfA[kdaumfrwD/ 'kwd,t}udrf ygw,f? vk, d mppf[m 'DuAsmukd zwf+yD;wJah emuf rlvu xm;cJw h hJ oabmxm;ukd
pkHnDtpnf;ta0;ukd OD;pD;usif;ycJhw,f? tpnf;ta0;rSm }uD;jrwfwhJ/ orkdif; t"d jyifvkdufygw,f? ?
y`m,faqmifwhJ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;ukd a&;om;jyKpk+yD;/ wjynfvkH;rSm atmifyGcJ HEkdif
a&;twGuf vrf;pOf/ vrf;!¸efehJ ay:vpDrsm;ukd wifjycJhw,f? ygwDy 'Drkdua&pD
yk*~dKvfrsm;ukd b,fvkdo abmxm;rvJqkdwhJ jy\emtay: aqG;aEG;ajymqkd&mrSm
armfu“ usaemfwkd@ygwDe@J ygwDy yk*~dKvfrsm; yl;aygif;aqmif±GufoGm;a&; ay:vpDrSm
wygwDvkH;taeeJ@tawG;tac:t&eJ@ vkyfief;t& wdwdusus jzpfatmif owfrSwf
ay;xm;&r,f?æ‚wkd@e@J pnf;vkH;Ekdifzkd@ nD!Gwfa&;rStpcsD/ ‚wkd@&@J tm;enf;csuf
eJ@ trSm;rsm;ukd *±kwpku d f oifw
h ifah vsmufywfpmG a0zefjcif; (ok@d r[kw)f wku
d yf q
JG if
jcif;jzifh ‚wkd@e@J pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;a&mufatmif aqmif±GufoGm;&ygr,f? ‚&J@
trSm;eJ@ tm;enf;csurf sm; tay: tvkv d u
dk f t}udKufaqmif oabmrsK;d usio hf ;Hk
ae&if rrSefygbl;? ‚wkd@tay: wHcg;ydwfay:vpDusifhokH;jcif;eJh +yD;vG,fpD;vG,f
jzpfuwwfqef; oabmxm;rsKd; usifhokH;&ifvJ rrSefuefygbl;”(armf vufa±G;
pifusrf;-pmrsufESm1327)vkd@ tpD&ifcHpmxJrSm !¸efjycJhw,f? armf[m ol@rdwf
aqG}uD;‘vkd,mppf’tay:rSmvnf;yJ trSefwu,f tJ'Doabmxm;rsKd;twkdif;
xm;cJhw,f?
1949 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&DvrSm armfu rdwfaqG}uD;vkd,mppftm; yDuif;
okd@vma&muf+yD;/ w±kwfjynfol@ EkdifiHa&;twkdifyifcH uGefz&ifh tpnf;ta0;wGif
yg0ifum EkdifiHawmfta&;udpPrsm;ukd twlwuG yg0ifaqG;aEG;&ef a=u;eef;ykd@ zdwf
ac:vku d yf gw,f? vk,d mppf [m rwfv(18)&ufae@rmS a[mifaumifuae yDuif;ok@d
a&mufvmw,f? ol[m armfe@J wkdif;jynfwckvkH; vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf uAsm/
vuFm/ *k%fjyKaw;awG a&;pyfcJholyg? 'gayrJh ol[m wOD;csif;qkdif&m &mxl;
tqifhae&mudpPrsm;ukdtjiif;tckH jyKvkdwma=umifh rwfv(28)&ufae@rSm “cHpm;
csufukd armfpDwkef;xHwifqufjcif;”uAsmukd a&;om;cJhw,f? rdrdtaeeJ@ &oifhwhJ
tav;xm; *±kpkdufr_ukd r&&Sdbl;vkd@ ,lqwJhtwGuf yDuif;uae xGufcGmoGm;cJh
ygw,f- vkd@ uAsmeJ@twlwG+J yD; a&;om;azmfjycJhw,f? ol[m ol@Zmwda'ookd@
jyefa&mufwhJtcgrSm wukd,fwnf; {u pm usifhovkd aexkdifygawmhw,f? {+yDv
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 armf&JhuAsmrsm; armf&JhuAsmrsm;

95
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 armf&JhuAsmrsm;

96