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1 FOCUS
Iron is an element with many Guide for Reading
desirable properties. It is abundant, easy to shape when heated,
Key Concepts
Objectives
and relatively strong, especially when mixed with carbon in steel.
• What always happens during a 2.4.1 Describe what happens during
Iron has one main disadvantage. Over time, chemical change?
objects made of iron will rust if they are • What are four possible clues
a chemical change.
left exposed to air. The brittle layer of rust that a chemical change has 2.4.2 Identify four possible clues
taken place?
that forms on the surface of the object • How are the mass of the that a chemical change has
flakes off, exposing more iron to the air. reactants and the mass of the taken place.
In this section, you will learn to recognize products of a chemical reaction
related? 2.4.3 Apply the law of conservation
chemical changes and to distinguish them
from physical changes. Vocabulary of mass to chemical reactions.
chemical property
chemical reaction
reactant
Guide for Reading
Chemical Changes product
The compound formed when iron rusts is iron oxide (Fe2O3). Words such as precipitate Build Vocabulary L2
burn, rot, rust, decompose, ferment, explode, and corrode usually signify a law of conservation of mass
chemical change. The ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical Compare and Contrast Table Have
Reading Strategy students make a table to compare
change is called a chemical property. Iron is able to combine with oxygen to
Predicting Before you read,
form rust. So the ability to rust is a chemical property of iron. Chemical predict what will happen to the physical and chemical changes.
properties can be used to identify a substance. But chemical properties can mass of a sample of matter that
be observed only when a substance undergoes a chemical change. burns. After you read, check the Reading Strategy L2
accuracy of your prediction and
Figure 2.13 compares a physical change and a chemical change that Predict Before students read the sec-
correct any misconceptions.
can occur in a mixture of iron and sulfur. When a magnet is used to sepa-
rate iron from sulfur, the change is a physical change. The substances
tion, have them predict the meanings of
present before the change are the same substances present after the reactant and product. Ask students what
change, although they are no longer physically blended. Recall that during a they are basing their predictions on.
a physical change, the composition of matter never changes. During a
chemical change, the composition of matter always changes. When the mix-
ture of iron and sulfur is heated, a chemical change occurs. The sulfur and
2 INSTRUCT
iron react and form iron sulfide (FeS).
A chemical change is also called a chemical reaction. One or more sub-
stances change into one or more new substances during a chemical reaction.
A substance present at the start of the reaction is a reactant. A substance What evidence do you see in the
produced in the reaction is a product. In the reaction of iron and sulfur,
photo that a chemical reaction has
iron and sulfur are reactants and iron sulfide is a product.
occurred? (The metal has changed color.)
Chemical Changes
Figure 2.13 A mixture of iron filings and sulfur Use Visuals L1
can be changed. a A magnet separates the iron
from the sulfur. b Heat combines iron and sulfur Figure 2.13 Discuss the difference
in a compound. Classifying Which change is a between physical and chemical
chemical change? Explain. b changes. Ask, What substances are
present before and after the change
Section 2.4 Chemical Reactions 53 in photo a? (iron and sulfur) What sub-
stances are present before and after
the change in photo b? (iron and sul-
fur before, iron sulfide after )
Section Resources FYI
Print Technology
The Roman numerals were omitted
• Guided Reading and Study Workbook, • Interactive Textbook with ChemASAP,
from iron(III) oxide and iron(II) sulfide
Section 2.4 Assessment 2.4
to avoid having to explain the Stock
• Core Teaching Resources, • Go Online, Section 2.4
system, which is explained on p. 254.
Section 2.4 Review
• Transparencies, T18–T19
• Laboratory Manual, Labs 2–3
• Laboratory Practicals, 2-1 Answers to...
• Small-Scale Chemistry Laboratory Figure 2.13 b; A new substance is
Manual, Lab 2 formed.
54 Chapter 2
a b
Conservation of Mass
Use Visuals L1
Figure 2.15 When the liquids in Figure 2.15 Explain that the photos are
photograph A are mixed, they
react. None of the products are
before and after views of a reaction. Ask,
gases. Analyzing Data How do Why are the containers covered? (The
you know that a reaction took covers prevent evaporation of the solu-
place and that mass was con-
served during the reaction?
tions and loss of mass.)
with ChemASAP
Expected Outcome
NaClO H2O2 CuSO4
Analyze and Conclude You’re The Chemist
KI yellow yellow brown ppt 1. yellow 1. Add KI + NaClO to various foods. A black
KI + starch black black black 2. The mixture turns a blue-black color. color indicates the presence of starch.
KI + paper black black black 3. They all turn a mixture of KI and starch black. 2. Most table salt contains 0.01% KI. Wet only a
4. Starch; both turn blue-black, which suggests portion of a small pile of salt with starch. Add
KI + cereal black black black the presence of starch. CuSO4 or H2O2. A black color indicates the
L3 5. The results may be the same in reactions that presence of KI.
For Enrichment
are similar to the one with KI and starch, but 3. If an antacid tablet contains starch, it will
Have students design and carry out an different in other reactions. turn black when treated with KI + NaClO.
experiment to quantify the amount of KI 4. The color fades. A picture can be drawn with
in iodized salt. colored ink. Areas can be treated with NaClO
to bleach parts of the picture.
56 Chapter 2