CCBP 2017 10october LR PDF

The Magazine for ENERGY EFFICIENCY and WATER CONSERVATION in Industrial Cooling Systems
October 2017
COOLING SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
12 Refrigeration Energy Efficiency

Audit in Myanmar
24 A Review of Solid-Form Scale

and Corrosion Inhibitors
CKS
PI
CH
COOLING TOWERS & CHILLERS

TE
ER
W
TO
18 Evaluating Air Compressor

N G
LI
Cooling Systems
HO
2
O
kW
CO
CO2
&
RE
LL
HI
5C
COM E ME E T THE COMPANIES
W HO ARE INV ENTING
THE FUTURE
OF HVACR
Register for free † ahrexpo.com
CHICAGO McCORMICK
PLACE • JAN 22-24, 2018
65,000+ 2,000+ † See Thousands of New Products

† Attend Seminars &
Industry Manufacturers ASHRAE Winter Conference
Professionals & Suppliers † Earn Professional Credits
COLUMNS O C T O B E R 2 0 1 7 | V O L U M E 3 , N O . 4
|
COOLING SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
12 Refrigeration Energy Efficiency Audit

at a Myanmar Fish Processing Plant
By Bo Kuraa, BKU Consult
24 A Review of Solid-Form Scale

and Corrosion Inhibitors
By Michael Hunter, APTech Group 5
COOLING TOWERS & CHILLERS
18 Evaluating Air Compressor Cooling Systems

By Air Technology Group, Hitachi America
12
COLUMNS
4 From the Editor
5 Resources for Energy Engineers
Chiller & Cooling Tower Technology Picks
30 Industrial Cooling System Industry News

18
34 Advertiser Index
coolingbestpractices.com 3
| 1 0 / 1 7 COLUMNS
FROM THE EDITOR
This past year I had the pleasure of meeting Mr. Bo Kuraa, an expert EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
energy efficiency auditor based in Denmark. He’s had an interesting Blackhawk

Brandon Aitken Engineering Manager
career and currently trots the globe optimizing industrial utilities-often Equipment
for UNIDO. In recent years, he has spent a lot of time on refrigeration

Manager, Demand Side Ball
and process cooling systems. I hope you enjoy his report on a fish Doug Barndt
Energy-Sustainability Corporation
processing plant in Myanmar.
Richard Feustel Senior Energy Advisor Leidos
Corrosion and scale are the enemy of all process cooling systems, reducing their
William Jerald Energy Manager CalPortland
efficiency tremendously. Michael Hunter, the Global Technical Director for APTech Group,
has provided us with an interesting review of solid-form scale and corrosion inhibitors. Global EH&S/
Varroc Lighting
Jennifer Meier Plant Engineering
Systems
Industrial Energy Managers

Air compressors are often a major “customer” of the process cooling system. The Manager
Air Technology Group, from Hitachi America, provides us with a useful article titled,
Thomas Mort
“Evaluating Air Compressor Cooling Systems.” The article reviews six different types Thomas Mort Senior Auditor
Consulting
of cooling systems used for air compressors.
Corporate Energy Team
Brad Reed Toyota
Leader
The article also includes interesting water-use supply information including the fact U.S.
Public Supply water use (driven by population growth of 230 to 301 million from 1980 Koch
Brad Runda Global Director, Energy
to 2005) grew by 33 percent to 44 billion gallons of water per day. Domestic (home) Industries
use made up 58 percent of the total while commercial/industrial facilities (using public
Uli Schildt Energy Engineer Darigold
water) made up 42 percent of the total. This increase in water demand by the public has
been offset by decreases in thermoelectric power, irrigation and self-supplied industrial Energy Performance Michelin North
Thomas Sullivan
Manager America
use. Self-supplied industrial use was down 31 percent, over the same time period, to
31 gallons per day. It’s important to note manufacturing employment, over this period, Paint & Powder Booth Fiat Chrysler
Bryan Whitfield
declined by almost 19 percent. Employment in several major water-using industries Specialist Automotive
(primary metals, paper, petroleum) showed even larger declines. As manufacturing

hopefully rebounds, in the U.S., efficient water use should continue to be a priority.
Thank you for investing your time and efforts into Chiller & Cooling Best Practices.
ROD SMITH
Editor
tel: 412-980-9901
rod@airbestpractices.com
2017 MEDIA PARTNERS
4 coolingbestpractices.com
COLUMNS 1 0 / 1 7
|
RESOURCES FOR ENERGY ENGINEERS

CHILLER & COOLING TOWER TECHNOLOGY PICKS
SPX Cooling Technologies Announces It includes a bolted stainless-steel collection leadership positions in the HVAC, detection
New Recold LC Evaporative Condenser basin, and all parts exposed to circulating and measurement, and engineered solutions
SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc., a full-line, water are heavy-gauge series 300 stainless markets. Based in Charlotte, North Carolina,
full-service industry leader in the design and steel. For convenience, 6-10 gasketless doors SPX Corporation had approximately $1.5 billion
manufacture of cooling towers, fluid coolers, per cell can easily be removed for access to in annual revenue in 2016 and more than
evaporative condensers and air-cooled heat interior components. 5,000 employees in about 15 countries. SPX
exchangers, announces the new Recold® LC Corporation is listed on the New York Stock
The Recold LC’s copper heat transfer coils resist
Evaporative Condenser. Its unique design Exchange under the ticker symbol “SPXC.” For
corrosion and offer superior thermal efficiency,
reduces refrigerant charge by up to 40 more information, please visit www.spx.com.
allowing for a compact footprint and a long
percent, and lowers fan energy consumption
service life. The bacteriostatic, recyclable coils
by up to 50 percent compared to conventional Aircuity Launches 2.0 Platform
also weigh 30-40 percent less than galvanized
evaporative condensers. for Smart Commercial Buildings
steel coils, require less refrigerant charge and
accommodate multiple rack systems. Aircuity creator of measurably better
Well-suited for condensing halogenated
environments, announced the launch of its 2.0
refrigerants in supermarket refrigeration
The unit’s high-efficiency, low-sound, platform. Aircuity 2.0 is ideal for a wide variety
systems, small refrigerated warehouses and
electrically commutated motors with direct of commercial buildings looking to significantly
modular HVAC applications, the Recold
drive airfoil impellers, require no routine reduce energy costs, improve cognitive function
LC is an induced-draft counterflow system
maintenance. Integral speed control and productivity, and achieve quantifiable
incorporating patent-pending heat transfer
eliminates the need for an external variable results as part of a smart building strategy.
technology and single-piece installation.
speed drive. The Recold LC also includes PVC
drift eliminators removable for inspection. Aircuity 2.0 includes the brand new MyAircuity
With standard unit heights less than 10.5 ft.,
web and desktop apps, delivering actionable
the Recold LC meets many municipal code
For more information on the new Recold LC out-of-the-box insights, transparency, and
height requirements and offers advantages
Evaporative Condenser, visit: http://spxcooling. accountability to building owners and facility
for rooftop installations where low visibility
com/products/recold-lc-evaporative-condenser. managers implementing demand control
is important. Benefits include single-piece
ventilation – one of the highest total
installation, single-point power connection, About SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc. return on investment energy conservation
factory-installed controls, and factory wiring
SPX Cooling Technologies, Inc. is a leading measures available.
and testing.
global manufacturer of cooling towers,
pp The MyAircuity web app was designed
evaporative fluid coolers, evaporative with users’ input, and moves beyond
condensers and air cooled heat exchangers simple data trends to deliver deeper
providing full-service cooling solutions and analytics of cost and energy savings,
support to customers in the power generation, indoor environmental quality
petrochemical, industrial, refrigeration, responses, and occupant behaviors.
The redesigned user interface
and heating, ventilation and air conditioning
presents the highest priority
(HVAC) markets for more than 100 years. For information for each stakeholder,
more information, please visit www.spxcooling. on demand or delivered to their inbox
com. SPX Cooling Technologies and its product or mobile device.
brands are part of SPX Corporation.
pp The MyAircuity desktop app embeds
the company’s two decades of
About SPX Corporation
experience and deep understanding
The new Recold® LC Evaporative Condenser’s design
SPX Corporation is a supplier of highly of the complexity and life cycle of
reduces refrigerant charge by up to 40 percent, and
lowers fan energy consumption by up to 50 percent. engineered products and technologies, holding airside projects. From concept through
| 1 0 / 1 7 COLUMNS

design to start-up and turn-over, the as the most robust, efficient, and verifiable accuracy and reliability, the new Extech
engineering toolset ensures high airside solution available, while also laying the pressure meter delivers with unrivaled
quality, properly integrated and cyber- foundation for future development, making flexibility to tackle every job. The SDL700
secure implementations.
Aircuity the smart air platform. operates in three ranges: 30, 150, and 300 psi
Aircuity 2.0 also includes physical system using corresponding transducers (available
About Aircuity separately), making it easy to use across a
upgrades. Among other initiatives, Aircuity
made a significant investment to enhance the Aircuity creates smart airside solutions through range of systems. Plus, the pressure meter
intelligence of its devices so the system can its intelligent building platform, significantly expands its measuring capabilities with a wide
better “watch itself” and has migrated its reducing energy costs and improving the indoor range of 10 measurement units including bar,
data center to Microsoft Azure. The result is environmental quality for occupants. As the psi, kg/cm², mmHg, inHg, mH2O, inH2O, atm,
increased availability, reliability and security, demand control solution, Aircuity optimizes hPA, and kPA.
increasing the return on investment for ventilation rates through its patented technology.
As part of Extech’s SDL datalogging
Aircuity’s customers. As a result, commercial, institutional and lab
instruments family, the SDL700 records
building owners can lower operating costs,
Aircuity will be working with their customers directly to a Microsoft Excel® file, eliminating
protect occupants and verifiably reduce energy
to migrate its entire portfolio, over 700 error-prone file conversions or imports, and
use by as much as 60 percent. Founded in 2000
installations in 17 countries, to the new making it easy to perform data analysis or
and headquartered in Newton, MA, Aircuity’s
platform so all will benefit from the new prepare reports at a later time or at another
solutions have benefited over 400 organizations
features. Aircuity 2.0 was designed with this location. The large backlit display indicates
such as Google, Amazon, Eli Lilly, Masdar City,
migration in mind, so the process takes as real-time measurements, while data can also
the University of Pennsylvania, and the University
little as 30 minutes per system. be saved to a 4 GB SD card (included) for
of California-Irvine. For additional information
easy transfer to a laptop or PC. Sampling
on the company and its solutions, please visit:
Since its launch in 2000, Aircuity has been rates can be set from once every second to
www.aircuity.com.
the leader in demand control ventilation and nearly once every nine hours. Up to 20 million
indoor environmental quality solutions. It is readings can be stored on one SD card. Up to
implemented at leading institutions such as Extech Launches New SDL700
99 readings can also be recorded manually
Datalogging Pressure Meter
Michigan State University, Eli Lilly and Google. in onboard memory. A built-in tilt stand and
Aircuity 2.0 further distinguishes Aircuity Extech Instruments, a world leader in test and tripod mounting point make it easy to set up
measurement tools, announced the launch of the meter exactly where you need it. (TR100
the SDL700 Pressure Meter and Datalogger. mini tripod available separately)
The versatile new handheld meter is designed
to measure and monitor pressure conditions Data functions include Min/Max, Zero (for
in HVAC systems, as well as in process offsetting the meter for relative measurements),
control and compressor control systems in and Data Hold. The configurable Auto-Power-
industrial settings. The new meter offers users Off can be set to save batteries or disabled for
a rugged design with flexible programming extended monitoring.
configurations, and the convenience of
The meter offers added peace of mind with a
datalogging readings in Excel format directly
three-year warranty from Extech and comes
onto an SD card.
with 6 x AA batteries, 4 GB SD card, and a
Whether diagnosing and repairing pressure- hard-carrying case. Learn more by visiting
The MyAircuity web app moves beyond simple data related problems or performing periodic http://www.extech.com/sdl700.
trends to deliver deeper analytics of cost and energy predictive maintenance to ensure safety,
savings, indoor environmental quality responses and
occupant behaviors.
COLUMNS 1 0 / 1 7
|

Accessories include: 30 psi Pressure Transducer Energy efficiency is at the core of the Rebel’s
(PT30); 150 psi Pressure Transducer (PT150); design, gaining up to 15 percent energy savings
300 psi Pressure Transducer (PT300); TR100 from Rebel’s standard direct drive airfoil supply
Mini Tripod and a Universal Power Adaptor and ECM fans. The factory-installed energy
(UA100-240) for extended datalogging. recovery wheel captures and recycles lost
energy, increasing the HVAC system efficiency
About Extech Instruments and reducing the mechanical cooling capacity
Extech Instruments, a division of FLIR Systems, by as much as 30 percent to help exceed AHRI
Inc.’s Instruments segment, is recognized as and ASHRAE 90.1-2016 standards. The Rebel air handler gains up to 15 percent energy
a leader in handheld test and measurement savings from its standard direct drive airfoil supply
In addition to the advanced, embedded and ECM fans.
tools worldwide. Founded in 1971, Extech is
technology found in the Rebel air handler,
known for its depth and breadth of innovative For more information about Daikin chillers,
its smaller footprint improves building
testers and meters suited for electrical, contact your local Daikin Applied sales office
aesthetics. The Rebel air handler also has
HVAC, building/restoration, as well as a host or visit www.DaikinApplied.com to find an
improved sightlines to meet architectural and
of environmental testers for measurement office near you.
municipality mandates.
of sound, light, humidity and other factors.
All Extech meters are distributed worldwide
through leading representatives, distributors
and OEMs. The company is headquartered
in Nashua, NH USA and is ISO 9001 2008
certified. For more information, please visit
www.extech.com.
How to Order: Extech’s SDL700 is available

precision controlled
now from Extech distributors around the process chillers
world. To find a distributor in your area,
please visit our website: www.extech.com improved productivity &
reduced costs
Daikin Applied Launches Rebel Chilled nano’s C1 offers precise water
Water Air Handler temperature control and rapid
response to changes in ambient and
Building on the innovative and award-winning thermal load. Energy efficient and
reliable compressors combined with a
Rebel® heating and cooling rooftop platform, patented NO-FROST in-tank evaporator
comes Daikin Applied’s Rebel rooftop air provide the lowest opera�ng costs
available on the market today.
handler. Rebel offers engineers and building
• op�mum energy efficiency
owners a customizable chilled water solution
• quality components
featuring segment-leading technologies, • easy to install
providing for a complete single-sourced • space saving design
system. Combined with either Pathfinder® or “nano provided a product which met our needs
Trailblazer® air-cooled chillers, users capitalize and could be installed outdoors. As we continue to
on the 22+ IPLV performance of an air-cooled grow, we’ll certainly be back in touch!”
nano-purification solutions
chiller for a complete system solution to match inquiry@n-psi.com
their application needs. 704.897.2182
| 1 0 / 1 7 COLUMNS

Daikin Applied
Daikin Applied, a member of Daikin Industries,
Ltd, designs and manufactures technologically
advanced commercial HVAC systems for
customers around the world. Customers turn
to Daikin with confidence they will experience
outstanding performance, reliability and energy
efficiency. Daikin Applied equipment, solutions
and services are sold through a global network
of dedicated sales, service, and parts offices.
For more information or the name of your
local Daikin Applied representative, call 800-
432-1342 or visit, www.DaikinApplied.com.
About Daikin Industries Ltd.

The COOL-FIT ABS Plus is designed for conveying water-based coolants with temperatures from -58˚F to 104˚F
Daikin Industries, Ltd. is a Forbes 1000 (-50˚C to +40˚C).
global company with 2014 revenues of nearly
$16 billion and more than 60,000 employees Cooling is now the principal consumer of bridges are eliminated, making COOL-FIT ABS
worldwide, making it the largest HVAC energy around the world. Energy-efficient Plus the ideal system to efficiently run cooling
manufacturer in the world. Daikin is engaged piping systems are becoming increasingly installations.
primarily in the development, manufacture, important in order to reduce operating costs.
sales and aftermarket support of heating, This ready-to-install pre-insulated system
Pre-Insulated plastic piping by GF Piping
ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration maintains its original properties for its
Systems is an innovative system solution for
(HVACR) equipment, refrigerants and other complete lifespan of 25 years. COOL-FIT ABS
consumers with special environmental care
chemicals, as well as oil hydraulic products. Plus is corrosion and incrustation proof. The
and operating cost savings in mind.
Daikin was named one of the world’s most nominal bore is maintained throughout the
innovative companies by Forbes magazine. COOL-FIT ABS Plus has a core pipe made of installation lifetime, and as a result, there is
For more information, visit www.daikin.com. ABS, insulated with high density polyurethane no increase in pressure drops, maintaining
(PUR). The insulation is protected with a efficient low pumping energy requirements.
black, water-tight and UV resistant polyethylene The production of COOL-FIT ABS Plus
GF Piping Systems Introduce
COOL-FIT ABS Plus Piping Solution jacket, making it suitable for outdoor use. generates a much lower CO2 footprint than
In addition, the entire system is completely any other metal production, from 40% to 60%
The COOL-FIT® ABS Plus Piping System from
diffusion and vapor tight. COOL-FIT ABS Plus lower depending on the type of metal.
GF Piping Systems is a fully pre-insulated
is designed for conveying water-based coolants
plastic piping system for secondary cooling GF Piping Systems has also launched a
with temperatures from -58˚F to 104˚F (-50˚C
and refrigeration featuring energy-efficient, complementary range from 10" to 18" (d250
to +40˚C) at an operating pressure of up to 10
non-corroding, maintenance free performance. up to d450) of COOL-FIT PE Plus. Following
bar, and within diameters from ¾" to 12" (d25
These features make it ideally suited for food the same principle of COOL FIT ABS Plus, the
to d315).
production, process cooling, cold storage, PE system only differs in the core pipes and
beverage production, supermarkets, dairies, The insulation for the system has a constant fittings, manufactured in PE for this range.
air conditioning and others. thickness on both pipes and fittings, as well Consequently, the jointing technology of
as thermal conductivity of 0.023 W/(m * K). electrofusion pre-insulated PE sockets enable
The demand for fresh/cooled food worldwide
The energy loss is minimized and thermal an efficient and quick assembly of the system.
is steadily increasing along with energy prices.
COLUMNS 1 0 / 1 7
|

About GF Piping Systems for heating, air conditioning, water heating
GF Piping Systems supplies a full range and commercial refrigeration equipment. It
of plastic pipe, fittings, valves, actuators, is often a specified requirement by Consulting
fusion machines, secondary containment, Engineers, Building Owners and Contractors
heat exchangers, custom products, and everywhere, from Australia to the USA.
sensors and instrumentation for industrial “We are very proud to be part of the AHRI
process control. For more information on WCCL Certification Program” said Paolo
the new 604/605 Valve, click here. For Ferraris, President of Geoclima. “The AHRI
further information, please contact: GF Piping WCCL Certification enables us to give our
Systems, 9271 Jeronimo, Irvine, CA 92618- customers further and stronger assurance
1904 USA; Toll Free (800) 854-4090, Fax of performance”.
(714) 731-6923; e-mail: us.ps@georgfischer.
com; Web: www.gfps.com On-site testing was carried out by CETIAT, an
independent laboratory under contract to AHRI,
Geoclima Achieves AHRI WCCL at Geoclima’s test centre. Tests were carried out
Certification. on both small and high capacity water cooled
Italian chiller manufacturer Geoclima is very Turbomiser and scroll chillers – as samples of
proud to announce they earned the trusted the complete Geoclima water-cooled chillers
AHRI Certified® mark, an assurance of the range – that were tested at part load and full
Need To
product’s performance, for the water cooled load capacity. To find AHRI Certified® products
range of products as an Original Equipment go to www.ahridirectory.org.
Manufacturer. AHRI WCCL Certification represents a key
milestone in Geoclima’s international growth
Reduce
With AHRI WCCL certification customers and
end-users are assured that Geoclima Water
Cooled Chillers will perform in accordance
strategy. With sales offices and production
in Italy, Russia, Thailand and Australia, the Plant Water
Consumption?
with the performance values declared in the company is currently branching out to the
technical documentation and in the selection USA and AHRI WCCL certification makes
software Geoselectool. In fact, although it is Geoclima a trust-worthy brand and a reliable
not mandatory, AHRI certification is worldwide
considered to be the major standard and the
partner for customers worldwide.
Geoclima is an Italian company with

We can help.
most trusted source of performance certification more than 20 years of experience in the
HVAC sector, specialized in the design
and production of non-standard chillers
for applications in air conditioning and
refrigeration systems, with particular attention For more information
to quality and the environment. contact us at:
Established in 1994 in Italy, Geoclima has
www.hydrothrift.com
continued to expand worldwide and it is
A GHH water-cooled chiller with screw refrigeration

now present in Italy, Russia, Thailand and
Australia and a new sales office in the USA 330-837-5141
compressors.
| 1 0 / 1 7 COLUMNS
FREE RESOURCES FOR ENERGY ENGINEERS
SUBSCRIPTION CHILLER & COOLING TOWER TECHNOLOGY PICKS

D I GI TAL E DI T I ON FREE WORL D WID E is coming in 2017. Geoclima group also other designs, the TSI economizer system is
PRINT EDITION FREE TO U.S. SUBSCRIBERS
includes companies specialized in production capable of both full and partial free cooling,
of AHUs, heat exchangers and flanges. dramatically improving the hours of free
This presence in different countries and in cooling available each year. It reduces the
different areas of HVAC makes it possible for overall kilowatts of energy used compared
Geoclima to provide complete service and to typical off-the-shelf commercial chiller
turnkey solutions. products, requiring running compressors
all year long.
For more information, visit www.geoclima.com
or send an email to info@geoclima.com Technical Systems’ waterside economizer
systems are integrated into a single factory
AHRI Certified® is the trusted mark of
built to order packaged system, with all
performance assurance for heating, ventilation,
components from a single source. Waterside
air conditioning, and commercial refrigeration
economizer systems can be tailored to
equipment.
specific site conditions and requirements,
simplifying the ordering process and saving
Technical Systems Announces time compared to modifying and recertifying
Waterside Economizer Systems
other off-the-shelf units.
for Air Cooled Chillers
Technical Systems announced the availability of a Technical Systems has had 45 years of
range of factory built to order air cooled chiller experience manufacturing built to order
products using integral waterside economizer refrigeration systems, and has used this
systems. These waterside economizer solutions expertise in developing the waterside
are designed for applications where cooling economizer. The product has evolved
operations must run all year round. They are to keep pace with industry standards
ideal for owners of data centers, manufacturing and code requirements, while increasing
EVERY ISSUE CONTAINS efficiency and reducing energy costs for year-
facilities, or process loads who want to benefit
BEST PRACTICES FOR from partial or free cooling to decrease their round cooling applications. TSI is a division
of RAE Corporation.
Cooling Towers utility bills and improve system reliability.
They lower the total kilowatts of energy used,
About RAE Corporation
Central Plant Chillers reducing utility costs and decreasing customers’
total cost of ownership. RAE Corporation, family-owned and
Cooling System Fluid running through the economizer’s

headquartered in Pryor, Oklahoma, is an
industry leader in the design manufacturing of
Components chiller system is passed through free cooling custom-engineered cooling and refrigeration
Subscribe Now! coils before running through the evaporator. systems. RAE’s expertise allows the company
This lets the cold ambient air do the cooling, to design top-quality systems to meet the
taking the load off the compressors. Instead specific needs of their customers. RAE designs
of continuing to run compressors for cooling, and manufactures products in four divisions:
the waterside economizer makes use of the Century Refrigeration, RAE Coils, Refrigeration
cold ambient air to do the job. Unlike some Systems and Technical Systems. For more
Subscribe at
coolingbestpractices.com
COLUMNS 1 0 / 1 7
|

information about the high-quality, made-in- Ideal applications for Asahi/America’s For more information contact: Asahi/America,
the-USA cooling and refrigeration systems COOLSAFE™ piping system include commercial Inc., 655 Andover Street Lawrence, MA
manufactured by all four of the company’s refrigeration, brewery and winery chilling, 01843. Call toll free 800-343-3618 or 781-
divisions, visit www.RAECorp.com. secondary cooling of food production, cold 321-5409. Fax 800-426-7058. Send an email
storage facilities and central plant HVAC systems. to asahi@asahi-america.com or visit Asahi
Asahi/America Introduces COOLSAFE online at www.asahi-america.com.
Pre-Insulated Piping System About Asahi
Asahi/America, Inc., the leader in Asahi/America, Inc. specializes in providing

thermoplastic fluid flow technologies, solutions for fluid handling systems,
introduces COOLSAFE™ pre-insulated piping individualized to meet virtually any customer’s
system for chilled media. COOLSAFE™ is a need. Asahi is a leading manufacturer of
cost effective complete system consisting of corrosion resistant thermoplastic fluid
a polyethylene inner layer, a polyurethane handling products including valves, actuators,
insulation core and a polyethylene outer pipe and fittings. The company maintains an
layer. Onsite installation labor is dramatically extensive custom fabrication department, and
reduced because the pipe and fittings are pre- provides on-site consultation, supervision and
The new COOLSAFE™ provides thermal conductivity
insulated at the factory. training where required. better than 0.026 W/m-K (0.015 Btu-ft/h-ft2-F).
Asahi/America’s COOLSAFE™ installs easily

using conventional butt or electrofusion
welding methods. The PE-inner by PE-outer
design allows the system to be simultaneously
butt welded, saving installation time and
providing a safer installation.
COOLSAFE™ components are molded and

insulated to strict tolerances to ensure easy
installation, and long-term insulation of
chilled media. COOLSAFE™ provides thermal
conductivity better than 0.026 W/m-K (0.015
Btu-ft./h-ft2-F).
Low-Temperature Fluidity
COOLSAFE™ is available in sizes
Popular
32mm–250mm (1"–10"), and is in stock 250,000
Competitive Fluids NXT 717
Dynamic Viscosity (cP)
now at Asahi/America. The COOLSAFE™ pre- 200,000

insulated piping system includes a complete 150,000
range of fittings, and is supported by Asahi/ 100,000
America’s extensive welding equipment fleet. 50,000
Asahi/America’s Type-21 ball valves and Type- 0
30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60
57 butterfly valves can be incorporated into
Lubricant Temperature (°C)
the COOLSAFE™ system to control flow.
| 1 0 / 1 7 COOLING SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION
REFRIGERATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY AUDIT

at a Myanmar Fish Processing Plant
By Bo Kuraa, Senior Consultant, BKU Consult
c This article contains pieces from TABLE 1

an audit report developed for a fish ELECTRICITY INVESTMENT
SAVING [NO, LOW, MEDIUM
processing plant located in Yangon, OPPORTUNITIES [KWH/YEAR] OR HIGH COST] COMMENTS
Light in cold storage 3,022 Will improve the light level.
Myanmar. The objective is to show and freezing rooms. (0.6%)
Medium
Will reduce the maintenance.
factories the information they may Use of entrance room.
Estimated 4,000
Low
A test should be carried out – can be done by the staff of
(0.7%) the company.
want to have gathered on their
Defrosting – 16,300 Improved maintenance of the defrosting system (water
No
refrigeration systems and supporting Optimized Strategies. (3%) system) is recommended.
Insulation of piping – 18,000 Improved maintenance of the pipe insulation is
cooling systems. Low
Refrigeration. (3.3%) recommended.
The fish processing plant carries out cutting The remaining service life of the condenser should be
Maintenance
55,000 evaluated by professionals.
and filleting of fish; imported fish as well – Evaporative Low
(>10%) Implementation of the project will increase the cooling
Condenser.
as fish from local suppliers. In the year capacity and save energy.
2016 the production totalled 336,382 kg. Energy: Will improve especially the performance of the
Water Treatment –
Not estimated High evaporative condenser and the defrosting system.
The electricity consumption accounts for Ground Water.
Will reduce the needed maintenance level (cost).
just under 800,000 kWh/year of which
about 70% is consumed by the refrigeration TABLE 2
plant (compressors) or energy consuming ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION
CDD (REF. TEMP. = 0) CDD (REF. TEMP. = 15)
equipment (e.g. fans and pumps) related YEAR 2016 [KWH] [KG] YANGON, MM (96.17E,16.77N)
to the freezing of the final products. January 66,660 28,301.06 745 280
February 65,890 30,446.82 773 338
The total energy saving potential is estimated March 33,440 3,524.90 921 456
to be approximately 18% of the electricity April 49,500 9,692.80 949 499
consumed by the refrigeration plant (in 2016: May 65,560 33,969.00 942 477
543,637 kWh) divided between the following June 66,770 34,682.40 824 374
opportunities – see table 1. July 71,610 34,279.30 847 382
August 71,280 32,925.50 841 376
It is noted that the improvements carried out September 69,410 31,509.70 819 369
on the refrigeration system in certain areas will October 72,930 34,405.10 853 388
improve the cooling performance (capacity) November 74,250 30,858.80 828 378
and do not result in energy savings. It is also December 72,930 31,786.80 837 372
noted that an optimized refrigeration system Total: 780,230 336,382.18
will postpone the need for additional cooling
The table shows the total production and electricity consumption compiled on a monthly basis.
COOLING SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION 1 0 / 1 7
|
capacity in the form of investment in new and Piping and instrumentation diagrams/drawings The cooling performance is distributed to four
larger refrigeration compressors. (P&ID) do not exist anymore, so it was “consumers” – Cold Store 1, Cold Store 2, a
considered necessary to make the following blast freezer and a flake ice machine.
The Energy Intensity Baseline for schematic illustration (see Figure 3) of the
The production takes place in the period
Refrigeration functional relationship between piping and
8am-5pm on workdays, six days a week. There
The company records the production in [kg] system components.
will be public holidays in March and April
on a daily basis. The production consists of the
five following main products:
pp Barr (Fillet) pp Barra (Maw)

pp Barr CMP pp Flathead
pp Crab (Whole) (Portion)
In the baseline calculation the total production

in [kg/month] is applied as an indicator for
production.
The electricity consumption accounts for just

under 800,000 kWh/year – in 2016: 780,230
kWh. Note: Electricity generated at the GenSet
(diesel generator) associated with power
outages are not included in the calculation
since the company does not record any
GenSet data; e.g. hours of operation, diesel Figure 1. The graph shows the total production and electricity consumption compiled on a monthly basis.
consumption or kWh’s produced.
The table and the graph below (table 2

and figure 2) show the total production
and electricity consumption compiled on
a monthly basis.
The Refrigeration System Baseline

The refrigeration plant is a two stage,
closed intercooler ammonia (R717) system
consisting of three reciprocating compressors
of the brand MYCOM (see Figure 2), gravity
flooded evaporators and an evaporative
condenser (cooling tower). The plant is
estimated to be approximately 20 years
old and is in an acceptable maintenance-
related condition. However, the system is
insufficiently instrumented, and certain
essential instruments do not work or is
assessed to display wrongly (not calibrated).
Figure 2. The refrigeration plant is a two stage, closed intercooler ammonia (R717) system consisting of three
reciprocating compressors of the brand MYCOM – first in the image C1 (50 HP), C2 (50 HP) and C3 (75 HP).
REFRIGERATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY AUDIT AT A MYANMAR

FISH PROCESSING PLANT
TABLE 3. BASELINE – REFRIGERATION. – consequently the total production time is

BASELINE – REFRIGERATION estimated to be approximately 2,400 hours/year.
HOURS OF OPERATION: 8,500 [H/YEAR]
VOLTAGE (AVERAGE): 390 [V] NAME TIME IN ENERGY During the workday, the finished products
POWER PLATE LOAD OPERATION CONSUMPTION
AMP PF [KW] [KW] FACTOR FACTOR [KWH/YEAR] are prepared for freezing in the blast freezer.
Comp. 1 42.0 0.79 22.4 37 0.61 0.80 152,409 The blast freezer is operated during the night
time – approximately from 9pm to 7am the
Comp. 2 42.0 0.79 22.4 37 0.61 0.80 152,409
next morning. When the blast freezer is in
Comp. 3 60.0 0.79 32.0 55 0.58 0.34 92,534 operation, two compressors are in operation;
Cooling Tower – Fans and pumps 23.0 0.47 7.1 ? ? 0.90 54,315 compressor 3 (75 HP) together with
Cold Store 1 – Fans 2.6 0.80 1.4 ? ? 0.80 9,520 compressor 1 or 2 (50 HP). When the blast
freezer is not in operation, compressors 1
Cold Store 2 – Fans 12.1 0.74 6.6 ? ? 0.80 44,880
and 2 are in operation.
Freezing Room – Fans (estimated) ? ? 3.0 ? ? 0.34 8,670
Flake Ice (estimated) ? ? 4.0 ? ? 0.85 28,900 Based on interviews of the staff of the company
and a number of short-time measurements
Total: 543,637
with a Fluke Power Analyzer and ACR amps
Total electricity consumption 2016 (grid): 780,230 [kWh] Refrig.: 70%
and temperature loggers, a baseline has been
Figure 3. A schematic illustration of the functional relationship between piping and system components.
|
calculated concerning the electricity consumed It is recommended to use jackets for insulated consumed by the refrigeration system can
by the refrigeration plant on an annual basis – pipes where appropriate (incl. bends, fittings, be saved. A simple payback calculation
see table 3. flanges etc.) to protect against mechanical should be made based on annual operation,
impact, sun light, birds etc. Insulation of cold electricity price and cost price of the
It is clear from the result that the consumption systems should be made with micro-cellular improved/new insulation.
of electricity for refrigeration accounts for cross-linked polyethylene foam with low water
about 70% of the total annual electricity vapor diffusion. The insulation thickness of Maintenance – Evaporative Condenser
consumption from the grid. chilled water, refrigerant and brine systems
An evaporative condenser is a condenser
should not be less than indicated in table 4.
Insulation of Refrigeration Piping cooled by ambient air combined with water
During the examination, it has been estimated sprayed through orifices and air baffles in
The primary concern with refrigeration and air-
that approximately 8% of the total cooling counter flow with the air. The water evaporates
conditioning pipe and ductwork is that surface
capacity equivalent to 3.3% of the electricity and the evaporation effect of the water drops
condensation may occur. Condensation not only
accelerates the rate of pipe corrosion but can
also severely impact on the heath of building
occupants. Insulation used on refrigeration and
air-conditioning pipe and ductwork must prevent
condensation and extend the working life of
pipework whilst also restricting energy loss. Table 4. The insulation thickness of chilled water, refrigerant and brine systems. Source: The Engineering ToolBox.
COMMISSIONING | ENERGY MANAGEMENT | BUILDING DIAGNOSTICS
APRIL 23-26, 2018

RIO ALL-SUITE n LAS VEGAS, NV
CONFERENCE & EXPO

APRIL 23-26
PRESENTED BY
LAS VEGAS, NV WHO ATTENDS CxENERGY? WHO SHOULD SPONSOR
n Commissioning Providers & EXHIBIT?
n MEP Engineers
AABC
n Energy Managers Manufacturers and Providers of:
n Lighting & Control Technologists
Cx Software & Tools
SPONSORS
n
n Energy Service Providers
n Building Automation & Systems
n Utilities
n HVAC Systems
n Plant & Facilities Engineers
n Sensors & Monitors
n Building Control & Automation Experts
n Energy Meters & Tools
n HVAC Testing & Balancing Professionals
n Instrumentation
n High Performance Building Scientists
n Code Consultants n Building Envelope Materials
n Building Owners & Managers n Lighting

FLOW AND ENERGY MEASUREMENT
n Government Officials n Design Tools

n Financing Experts
www.CxEnergy.com | info@commissioning.org | 202.737.7775
REFRIGERATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY AUDIT AT A MYANMAR

FISH PROCESSING PLANT
adds much to the condenser capacity. Today’s evaporative condensers
are enclosed in a steel or plastic enclosure with axial or centrifugal fans
at the bottom or at the top of the condenser.
In relation to the heat transfer (thus the efficiency), it is essential

that the evaporative condenser is kept clean and that the water used
is treated water, including the condenser is maintained regularly and
operated correctly. The evaporative condenser, as its name implies,
evaporates water in order for heat transfer to occur. However, this
process leaves behind impurities. A dirty condenser will cause the
condensing pressure increases – hence the compressors will consume
more power.
The condenser at the plant is dirty and needs a thorough cleaning. There
is a significant layer of scale on the condenser – in the magnitude of 1-3
millimeters (1/16 inches = 1.6 mm). The most common form of scale Figure 4. The evaporative condenser at the plant.
deposited on piping and heat exchangers is calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Calcium hardness and carbonate alkalinity are naturally dissolved in Cleaning is not a substitute for water treatment but part of an overall
water typically used for evaporative cooling make-up. However, the programme for effective bacteriological control.
amount of calcium carbonate in a given water supply can vary widely
depending on water source. It is recommended that cooling towers and evaporative condensers are
cleaned at least once a year or twice as per country specific legislation
The terms “Hard Water” and “Soft Water” typically refer to the amount requirements. The company has expressed concerns in connection with
of calcium and magnesium found in the water. Hard water is high in a thorough cleaning of the condenser since it is assumed to be corroded
calcium and/or magnesium while soft water is low in these minerals. in some places and may subsequently be leaking. The condenser has
Even minimal amounts of scale on the condensing coil surface will affect previously been changed due to corrosion – another argument for better
the performance of evaporative condensers. water treatment as this helps to maximize the service life of the equipment.
The evaporative condenser is estimated to be the cause of a 3-5˚C Only a thorough cleaning does not solve the problem. A well designed
higher condensing temperature as compared to a clean condenser. water treatment program has to be implemented. Which treatment of
A calculation made in the software “CoolPack” shows a reduction in the water is the correct, must be based on an analysis of the water –
compressor power consumption of more than 10% if the evaporative including the choice of the filtration method, e.g. a sand filter.
condenser is cleaned (condensing temperature is reduced) – Coefficient
Of Performance (COP): 2.46 → 2.72. Blowdown
Keeping surfaces clean within a cooling tower or evaporative condenser Another important issue is the “blowdown” or the “bleed rate”. The
not only ensures that the thermal performance is optimized: it also concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) will increase in the closed-
avoids the growth of biofilm and harmful bacteria, including legionella. loop system as the water evaporates. Bleeding off the system water by
“A well designed and consistently implemented water

treatment program will help to ensure efficient system
operation while maximizing the equipment’s service life. ”
— Bo Kuraa, BKU Consult
|
blowdown or purging is usually necessary to prevent scale building carbonate (CaCO3) – “Hard Water”. The terms “Hard Water” and “Soft
up in cooling towers and evaporative condensers, which can impair Water” typically refer to the amount of calcium and magnesium found
efficiency or structurally damage the unit. in the water. Hard water is high in calcium and/or magnesium while soft
water is low in these minerals.
Typically, TDS concentrations in the cooling water should be no
more than 2,000 – 3,000 mg/litre, but this will depend on specific Scale forms on the external surfaces of a heat exchange coil because
operating conditions. Blowdown can be controlled manually, by timer it is the hottest part of the system. Calcium carbonate has an inverse
or automatically. Automatic methods are usually based on conductivity solubility in water. This means that the warmer the water becomes, the
measurement, which is proportional to TDS concentration. Using less calcium carbonate can be held in solution. The outside surface
an automatically controlled system is preferable because TDS of the heat exchanger is the interface point where calcium carbonate
concentrations are monitored constantly, resulting in smaller is the least soluble and where scale tends to form first when the water
volumes of water being blowdown more frequently to maintain the becomes super-saturated with calcium carbonate.
concentration within the desired range, minimizing the total amount
Proper water treatment is an essential part of the maintenance required
of water discharged.
for evaporative condensers. The water related problems that occur in an
The amount of blowdown water required can be estimated using evaporative condenser can be broadly classified as:
the make-up water TDS concentration and desired maximum TDS
pp Deposits/Scale. pp Corrosion.
concentration in the cooling water.
pp Microbiological Growth.
TDS of feed water mg
liter [ ] x 100
A well designed and consistently implemented water treatment program
will help to ensure efficient system operation while maximizing the
Maximum increase in concentration of TDS mg
liter [ ] equipment’s service life. The treatment of the water, which is correct,
must be based on an analysis of the water – including the choice of
For example, for water with an average TDS concentration of the filtration method, e.g. a sand filter. Concentration ratios of around
400 mg/litre and a required maximum TDS in the cooling water 3:1-5:1 are typical for many cooling tower and evaporative condenser
of 2,000 mg/litre: installations, but these will depend on feed water quality and optimal
400 x 100 = 25% of make-up water flow TDS or specific ion (e.g. chloride) levels.
2,000 - 400
To prevent scaling and minimise blowdown, most makeup water will
Blowdown is usually discharged to drain, but there is an increasing
need some form of pre-treatment, which include:
trend to re-use this water provided that the water quality allows.
pp Softening (changing the chemical composition of some
Actions: of the dissolved salts) to reduce scaling; and
1. Check if the blowdown water volumes are known. If not, try to pp Demineralization or reverse osmosis to remove the
measure or calculate them. majority of TDS.
2. Determine if blowdown volumes can be reduced, possibly by
improving treatment of the make-up water. Water treatment is a science in itself and it is outside the scope of this
report to address the issue further. Note! If a chemical water treatment
3. Investigate whether blowdown can be automated.
program is used, all chemicals selected must be compatible with the
4. Investigate the potential for blowdown water to be re-used. units materials of construction as well as other equipment and piping
used in the system.
Water Treatment – Ground Water
For more information contact Bo Kuraa, Senior Consultant, BKU Consult, Denmark,
The company uses a “second quality” of water in connection with email: bku@aura.dk
defrosting and as make-up water to the evaporative condenser. The
water is pumped up from the underground (own well) and then filtered
To read similar Cooling System Assessment articles
in the reservoirs. The filter material is rice husk. At first sight, the water visit www.coolingbestpractices.com/system-assessments
looks pure, but contains presumably quite a lot of minerals, e.g. calcium
| 1 0 / 1 7 COOLING TOWERS & CHILLERS
Evaluating Air Compressor

COOLING SYSTEMS
By Air Technology Group, Hitachi America
Population growth in the U.S. has fueled

a 33% (since 1980) increase in demand
for Public-Supply water.
c Introduction of 31 percent from 1980 to 2005 (230 to 301 withdrawals peaked in 1980 at 210 billion
As the population continues to grow in million people).2 This population growth has gallons of water per day and were measured
the United States, industrial water use will led to a 33 percent increase in public supply in 2005 at 201 billion gallons per day. Partially
need to continue to fall to help offset the water use over the same period. Fortunately, due to sections of the Clean Water Act, that
increases in public-supply water use. Water- water use for thermoelectric power generation, were amended in 1972, power plants have
cooled compressed air systems provide an irrigation, self-supplied industrial uses, and increasingly begun to use wet recirculating
opportunity for sustainability managers to rural domestic/livestock have stabilized or cooling systems (cooling towers or ponds)
reduce associated cooling water consumption decreased since 1980. and/or dry recirculating cooling (air-cooled)
and costs. If switching to air-cooled air systems instead of using once-through cooling
compressors is not possible, understanding the Power Generation and Irrigation Water systems. This has played a leading role in
costs and the alternative types of liquid cooling Use Stabilizes reducing demand for water in power plants.
systems is important. Thermoelectric power has been the category Irrigation is the second largest category for
with the largest water withdrawals since 1965, water use and is also declining. Estimated water
Offsetting the Increase in Public- and in 2005 made up 49 percent of total use in 2005 was 128 billion gallons of water
Supply Water Use in the U.S. withdrawals.3 Thermoelectric-power water
Total water use in the United States in
TABLE 1: TOTAL WATER USE IN THE U.S.
2005 was estimated at 410 billion gallons
BILLION GALLONS PER DAY % CHANGE
per day by a 2009 study conducted by TOTAL WATER USE IN THE U.S. IN 2005 % OF TOTAL 1980-2005
the U.S. Geological Survey.1 This study, Thermoelectric Power 201 49% -4%
“Estimated Use of Water in the United States”,
Irrigation 128 31% -15%
has been conducted every five years since
Public Supply 44 11% +33%
1950. Data for 2010 water use will first
become available in 2014. Industrial 31 8% -31%
Rural Domestic/Livestock 6 1% -7%

The report indicates that national water use
Total 410 — -5%
remained roughly the same as in 2000 and
that water use has declined 5 percent from Population 230 million in 1980 301 million in 2005 +31%
the peak in 1980. This leveling off of demand

Source: 2009 Circular 1344, U.S. Geological Survey, “Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2005”. Note: Data for 2010 water use will first become available
has occurred despite the population growth in 2014.
COOLING TOWERS & CHILLERS 1 0 / 1 7
|
per day — down 15 percent from the peak in Water Act, may have also encouraged water Reviewing Six Different Types of
1980 and representing 31 percent of total use. conservation. The data taken from this U.S. Cooling Systems for Air Compressors
Geological Survey looks at self-supplied Most air compressors are designed to receive
pp The average application rate for
industrial water.6 cooling water, at the required flow, with a
irrigation water has declined
steadily from 3.55 acre-feet per pp Self-supplied industrial water use maximum inlet temperature of 100 ˚F and
acre in 1950 to 2.35 acre-feet was 31 billion gallons of water per expect maximum discharge water temperatures
per acre in 2005. day, a decrease of 31 percent from of 120 ˚F to 130 ˚F. These values should be
pp This decline is attributed to 2005 to 1980.7 kept in mind when evaluating any compressor
greater use of more efficient pp Significant growth in water use has cooling system.
sprinkler systems rather than been seen in the “Aquaculture”
flood systems. industry — the farming of fish. Evaluation of the cooling system for the
pp The use of water in the mining compressor should include the after-
Public Supply Water Use Increases industry remained relatively flat cooler performance as it relates to the inlet
Public supply refers to domestic, commercial, pp This reflects a decrease in
temperatures it will provide to the compressed
and industrial users of public water supply manufacturing employment of air dryer. Compressed air dryers are almost
systems. Public supply water use was 44.2 almost 19 percent from 1990- all designed to receive inlet air to be dried
2005. at 100 psig and 100 ˚F. With temperatures
billion gallons of water per day in 2005 —
up 33 percent from 1980. This is a reflection pp Employment in several major to the dryer above 100 ˚F (the rated inlet
water-using industries showed temperature), the moisture load per scfm
of the population increase over the same
even larger declines: to the dryer will increase significantly
period of 31 percent.
`` Primary metal manufacturing reducing the flow rating drying capability.
pp Domestic use made up 58 percent declined 31 percent For proper application, be aware of the inlet
of the total while commercial/ air temperature to the dryer and the design
`` Paper manufacturing
industrial made up 42 percent. and petroleum industries approach temperature to the incoming cooling
pp The commercial/industrial declined 26 percent media temperature — air or water.
number is a catch-all including `` Employment in the chemical
industrial facilities, wastewater With the exception of large water-cooled
manufacturing industry
treatment plants, firefighting, declined 12 percent. reciprocating compressors, most rotaries and
pools, parks, system losses, and
all buildings with more than centrifugal air compressors have relatively high
15 connections.5
Self-Supplied Industrial Water Use

Decreases
Industrial water use includes water used for
such purposes as fabricating, processing,
washing, diluting, cooling, or transporting a
product; incorporating water into a product, or
for sanitation needs within the manufacturing
facility. Some industries that use large amounts
of water produce such commodities as food,
paper, chemicals, refined petroleum, or
primary metals. Water for industrial use may
be delivered from a public supplier or be
self-supplied. Stricter water-quality standards
Table 2: Trends in Total Water Withdrawals by Water-Use Category (U.S. Geological Survey)
for water discharges, mandated by the Clean Source: 2009 Circular 1344, U.S. Geological Survey, “Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2005”. Note: Data for 2010 water use will first become available
in 2014.
EVALUATING AIR COMPRESSOR COOLING SYSTEMS
pressure losses through them when compared coolers are sized to be able to handle 100% Cooling System #1: Recirculation Ponds
to many others commonly fluid- cooled of the load and keep the equipment running Recirculation cooling water ponds are an
industrial pieces of equipment. Whenever in the case of an emergency. option for a locally controlled cooling water
possible, each compressor (or group of system supply. As long as the pond is large
The energy use of the circulation pumps is a
compressors) should be on their own system enough to handle the heat load under the
function of the flow volume and the head. Poor
to avoid other pressure losses affecting the worst condition and maintain an acceptable
fluid piping, sizing and configuration can add
flow to the air compressors. temperature, it can be very effective,
pressure loss and head. Installing the cooler
An effective trim cooler should be well farther away from the compressors or on the particularly in large installations. They
controlled to effectively modulate the flow building roof will also usually increase the do have some inherent limitations:
and manage the power use. Often these trim cooling fluid “head” and require larger pumps. pp Significant water loss due to
ambient evaporation
pp Continued buildup of silt in the
pond may significantly reduce
heat absorption capability and
not remain usable
pp Water treatment is still necessary
pp Makeup water is usually with
some kind of expense — i.e.
well pump, etc.
pp A pumping station is still
required to circulate the cooling
water
Cooling System #2: Trim Coolers

A trim cooler is a smaller heat exchanger to
be used only in times of excess or peak heat
loads. They are installed to complement a
larger system designed to handle all cooling
need 85-90% of the time. A trim cooler
Table 3: Trends in Population and Freshwater Use by Source (U.S. Geological Survey)
Source: 2009 Circular 1344, U.S. Geological Survey, “Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2005”. Note: Data for 2010 water use will first become available can allow a facility to go with a lower water
in 2014.
consumption system by being there as an
emergency back-up during high heat load
periods. A trim cooler might be a shell
and tube heat exchanger or a cabinet-
enclosed chiller.
Cooling System #3: Dry Air Cooling —

No Water Required
These coolers are closed loop cooling systems
usually using an appropriate water (60%)
and polyglycol (40%) mix (one-time fill)
passing through finned tubes. The coolers
are in modules — each with a small fan for
air-cooling. As the heat load is reduced, the
Figure: A water-to-air trim cooler
COOLING TOWERS & CHILLERS 1 0 / 1 7
|
TABLE 3: DIRECT COOLING WATER/FLUID COMPARISON OF A 600 HP, 3-STAGE CENTRIFUGAL

COMPRESSOR, 2,750 SCFM AT 100 PSIG AT 290 BHP
COMPRESSOR COOLING 1,000 BTU/HR GPM
1,000 BTU/HR 1,547 —
AFTER-COOLER GPM AT 85 ˚F — 124
1,000 BTU/HR 145 —
OIL-COOLER GPM AT 85 ˚F — 29
TOTAL 1,000 BTU/HR/GPM 1,692 153
OPEN
ONCE – THROUGH EVAPORATIVE CLOSED LOOP DRY COOLER
MUNICIPAL WATER WATER EVAPORATIVE TOWER WITH TRIM
Typical Dry-Air Fluid Cooling System — Usually uses an
appropriate water/glycol mix Water cooled for compressor 153
Recirculated Recirculated N/A
cooling – gpm/$yr. $236,844
Total gallon/year at $3.00/1,000 gallons 78,948,000 N/A N/A N/A
fans are shut-off individually as required and Spray circulation pump motor kW/100% kW/30%
N/A
brought back on when needed. Dry air cooling at $.06 kW/8,600 hrs/y–r. $516 $155
systems are usually available from 160,000 (12) 1.5 hp
75 hp 11 hp 18 hp at 50%
btu/year rating at 250 cfm class to 4,000,000 Main cooling system fan driver motor
N/A 60 kW 10 kW use
btu/hr rating at 6,000 cfm class — with kW/yr. at $.06/8,600 hrs/yr.
$30,960/yr. $5,160/yr. 9 kW
special sizes for other levels. $4,644/yr.
Evaporative make up water – gpm 3.4 gpm 1.2 gpm
N/A
The air-cooled heat exchangers can be $/year $5,264/yr. $1,858/yr. N/A
gallons/year 1,754,400 619,200
manufactured to deliver a 2 ˚F approach
Flushing blow out water – gpm
temperature but economics usually dictate ($3.00/1,000 gallons)
45.9 1.7
N/A $71,052/yr. $2,632/yr. N/A
a 5 ˚F approach. This means in parts of $/year
23,684,400 877,200
the country they may be able to handle a gallons/year
Total Gallons of Water for Water Treatment 78,948,000 25,438,400 1,496,400 N/A
reciprocating compressor’s cooling needs
Water treatment costs at 42 grains
with little or no trim cooling. Dry air cooling
hardness, 10 alkalinity, with biocide $94,737 $30,526 $1,795 N/A
systems, when combined with a trim cooler, treatment at $1.20 per 1,000 gallons
can provide factories with a very low-cost and Trim cooler costs to operate during 30% utilization
reliable alternative to water-cooled machines. extreme hot weather; chiller cooler kW/% N/A N/A N/A 9 kW
time at $.06 kWh/8,600 hrs/yr. $1,393/yr.
Pump station electric motor kW – based
Cooling System #4: Open Evaporative
on 160 gpm, 100 ft of head specific 7 kW 7 kW 7 kW 7 kW
Cooling Tower gravity 1.0 $3,612 $3,612 $3,612 $3,612
The cooling water system requiring the lowest 100% of time at $.06 kWh/8,600 hrs/yr.
Total Operating Cost Water $/yr. $335,039/yr. $136,666/yr. $13,350/yr. $9,649/yr.
capital costs is the open tower type. In this
system, the heated return water flows down The primary benefit of this type of system is meaning they remove the dirt and impurities
a controlled open path where it is cooled by that as the ambient temperatures increase, from the ambient air, generating a continual
continual evaporation by moving ambient air generally so does the evaporation rate which cleaning of the tower.
from a fan and pulling an evaporating water means, in most North American locations, they
percentage into the ambient air. These towers The contamination factor, along with the high
will deliver about 85 ˚F temperature cooling
will have a smaller circulating pump to move level of make-up water required, makes proper
water when operating properly within their
the water through the cooling area and a and diligent water treatment and condition
design limits.
large horsepower electric motor fan to move monitoring a prerequisite for a successful
ambient air over and through the cooling water Open tower coolers are very prevalent installation. Open towers also inject oxygen into
to optimize the evaporation cooling. There is throughout industry and are often known the process water system which may or may not
also a flushing or blow out system using water. affectionately as very effective “air washers” create corrosion or other maintenance issues.
EVALUATING AIR COMPRESSOR COOLING SYSTEMS
pp These units, like many central

cooling water systems, are set up
with either another cooling water
source or chiller cooler. These
trim coolers cool the fluid from
the primary cooler when required
by too high a temperature.
Conclusion
As the population continues to grow in the
United States, industrial use will need to
continue to fall to help offset the increases
in Public-Supply water use. Compressed air
Typical Evaporation Open Tower with Counter Flow Typical Closed Circuit Cooling Fluid Tower with systems provide an opportunity for energy
Evaporator
managers to reduce associated cooling water
Cooling System #5: Closed Circuit Cooling Depending on design and operating conditions, consumption and costs. Understanding the
Tower with a Auxiliary Evaporation this type of cooling towers use parallel flow costs and the alternative types of cooling
Cooling Assist for Hot Weather systems is an important first step.
or cross flow or counter flow. Compared
In this type system the primary coolant is to an open tower with evaporative cooling,
All options are preferable to “once through”
sealed in a closed loop system — unexposed the closed circuit cooling system has a
municipal water. The ever-growing regulations
to ambient air, it may be water — but it more higher initial cost but also some advantages
and controls will just further increase these
often is a glycol water mix appropriate to the which may be significant when the operating
costs. The true cost of the open evaporative
local ambient cold temperature limitations. conditions dictate.
tower and the closed loop evaporative
This is very good for the equipment being
In a compressed air system the process water tower can be driven much higher with more
cooled since it runs for a significantly long
must be capable of full capacity throughout the significant water treatment cost, water disposal
time without significant water treatment
year. This means maintaining a clean, reliable regulations, sewer costs and surcharges. If a
requirement or replenishment.
cooling fluid loop is critical. To do this in an facility can’t simply convert a water-cooled air
The cooling system is equipped with a motor open tower requires proper and diligent water compressor to an air-cooled air unit, a dryer-
driven spray pump and spray header which treatment and maintenance. The closed loop cooler system (with trim) has the lowest costs
delivers a spray over the air cooled heat system is basically isolating the compressor and very predictable results.
exchangers during hot weather and creates cooling fluid from all air ambient out borne
For more information, please visit
evaporation auxiliary cooling similar to the contaminants: www.hitachi-america.us/airtech
open tower described earlier.
pp This reduces the frequency of the
Cooling System #6: Closed Loop Cooling need to shut down the cooling
system for cleaning. To read similar Cooling System articles, visit
with Evaporation www.airbestpractices.com/sustainability-
pp This type cooler has a lower projects/cooling-systems
Closed Loop Cooling with Evaporation
volume of recirculating water
systems experience additional water use, requiring water treatment filtration
the magnitude very much dictated by the
pp The compressor cooling fluid
ambient conditions. There is also a motor usually requires minimal
Endnotes
driven coolant circulation pump and motor treatment 3 Ibid, page 42
1 Estimated Use of Water in the United States in
drive main cooling air fan similar to the open 2005, Joan F. Kenny, Nancy L. Barber, Susan S. 4 Ibid, page 45
pp During periods of dry operation Hutson, Kristin S. Linsey, John K. Lovelace, and 5 Ibid, page 16
tower. The standard pumping station is also (cooler weather) the need for Molly A. Maupin, U.S. Department of the Interior,
6 Ibid, page 32
U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, 2009,
required. Some flushing or blow may also spray evaporation and therefore Circular 1344, page 7 Ibid, page 1
be required. makeup water is eliminated 2 Ibid, Table 14, Trends in estimated water use in the
U.S. page 43
Association of
Energy Engineers®
ATTENDANCE | 770.447.5083 x226

2018 Energy Events
Mark Your Calendars
SEMINARS | 770.925.9633
EXHIBITS | 770.279.4386
June 20-21, 2018

March 21-22, 2018 October 17-19, 2018
Washington State
Hynes Convention Center Charlotte Convention Center
Convention Center
Boston, MA Charlotte, NC
Seattle, WA
globalconevent.com energyevent.com energycongress.com
Typical Dry-Air Fluid Cooling System — Usually uses an

appropriate water/glycol mix
aeecenter.org
A Review of Solid-Form
SCALE AND CORROSION INHIBITORS
By Michael Hunter, Global Technical Director, APTech Group, Inc.
c Introduction / History of Solid Water Treatment products back to liquid form on-site, began to be developed and
Cooling towers and chillers operate by running water through them in introduced to the market by multiple companies.
order to cool buildings or for “process” purposes in industrial settings.
Since water comes into contact with the metal in this equipment, as well How Solid Chemical Water Treatment Products Work
as heat exchangers, there is the ongoing opportunity for scale build up
Manufacturing Process
and corrosion depending on the water quality in the systems.
Most solid-form water treatment products are produced by combining
During the last 40 years of the 20th century, the standard method for raw materials of proven chemical combinations producing a finished
treating the water that runs through cooling towers and systems was to product which is best described as a water soluble wax-like, hard putty.
use blended liquid water treatment chemicals. Generally these liquid A range of cooling system water treatment chemical products is available
products were delivered by tanker truck or common carrier trucks. The in solid form from a number of manufacturers, ranging from scale and
liquid chemicals were fed into the cooling systems by a variety of pumps corrosion inhibitors to specialty products and biocides. Additionally, there
to protect the systems from potential corrosion, scale build up, and are a couple of solid-form products available for smaller applications
microbiological fouling. that require less control. These include tablets of inhibitors covered with
a coating and housed in a membrane for system delivery, as well as an
This method of treating cooling systems was generally effective when
inhibitors and dispersant package compressed into a 2" puck.
managed correctly. However, liquid water treatment chemicals had a
variety of issues and concerns associated with their application. Many Solid Chemistry Product Forms
of these products were (and are) labeled as corrosive owing to the
pH (acidic or caustic) of the ingredients. Potential issues with liquid Many solid product formulations, similar to their liquid counterparts, are
products include the following: available in the market. These solid products are utilized by professional
water treatment personnel when treating and maintaining cooling systems
Issue Result for their customers. Product packaging configurations include:
Potential for spills during Environmental hazard, potential for pp Recyclable Plastic Bottles – 1 gallon in size, weighing 11
shipment injury reduced or eliminated pounds per bottle, packaged 4 bottles to a case
Shipping costs Water is more than 80% of the pp Discs – 6" in diameter by 3" tall, weighing 5 pounds each,
product in liquid formulations; packaged in disposable plastic
requires truck shipping, meaning
pp Sticks – 5" long, 2" inch wide, generally .8 pounds each,
increased expense
packaged in PVA materials which dissolve during use
Handling liquid containers Time consuming, potential for injury
pp Encapsulated Tablets – Small (approximately 1/2" in
Container storage Space and containment diameter) of scale and corrosion inhibitors. 10 – 2.5 pounds of
requirements, eye wash stations product in mesh bags per case
Dealing with empty containers Triple-rinsing required, time pp Pucks – 2" in diameter, 6 to a package with a hook to hang in
consuming, wastes water, storage of the system
empty containers, plastic disposal
(ie: land fill) Each of these solid product forms is designed for individual, specific
applications. The bottles are the most commonly used solid product
Around the most recent “turn of the century”, in answer to the form. The water treater removes the cap and places the bottle in the
challenges associated with liquid chemicals, solid-form chemical dissolving unit and changes the bottle when empty. Empty bottles can be
products for cooling towers (as well as boilers and closed loop rinsed and recycled.
systems), along with dispensing systems to reconstitute the solid
|
The discs are most useful for larger systems or when the water treater is components. These activities continue based on the demands of the
unable to visit the customer site frequently enough to change bottles. Up system and the settings in the controller.
to 4 discs (20 pounds) may be stacked in a dissolving unit at one time
– equivalent to 30 of conventional liquid inhibitor. For larger systems, For the encapsulated solid products, the gray feeder units are mounted
bespoke dissolving equipment is available. to the floor and attached to a wall or mounting frame. These units
don’t require a chemical pump as chemical is dissolved whenever
Stick versions of these solid products provide a, convenient method recirc water is flowing.
for rapidly achieving correct maintenance dosing level. They are
designed as a fast dissolving product, so it is possible to introduce Building facility management professionals or water treatment specialists
the product rapidly to the system. The Stick products also can be monitor the system and change bottles or add discs as necessary to
used for initial dosing to a system prior to start-up, after any event enable ongoing chemical feeding. In the case of encapsulated products,
that resulted in water treatment chemicals not being administered they are replaced at 30 day intervals. Periodic system monitoring by way
to the system, or after a large amount of make-up water is added to of traditional water treatment testing procedures, such as Molybdate,
the system. Stick products can also be utilized in systems that are too Phosphonate, etc., assists in keeping the system treatment at correct and
small to require feed and control equipment as part of their standard necessary levels for proper system protection against corrosion, scale
set-up and operation. and biologic contamination.
Encapsulated, timed release products use a coating and membrane system Comparing Solids to Liquid Water Treatment Chemicals
to control the release of the scale and corrosion inhibitors. Designed
for use in smaller cooling towers (500 tons or less) that don’t require Liquid and solid water treatment products have a number of common
controllers or pumps, the inhibitors are released over a 30 day period. traits. They are both produced by blending chemical combinations that
are historically proven to combat the issues that can shorten the useful
Pucks or tablets are a 2 inch diameter “sandwich” of scale and lives of cooling towers and chillers. Different polymers and azoles are
corrosion inhibitors with a dispersant in the center. The puck has an combined in both liquids and solids to deal specifically with water
embedded plastic hook to enable hanging the product in the tower that is either scale forming or corrosive in nature and also to manage
wherever water flows over it. Pucks are for very small (under 25 tons) and control suspended matter that may be entrained in the system
cooling towers and last about 30 days.
Solid-Form Product Dissolving Alternatives

Since solid water treatment products are shipped in concentrated form,
the chemicals are dissolved on site at the point of application using
make-up or city water and dissolving boards or feeder units (or in the
case of Sticks or Pucks; directly in an open portion of the system). For
Bottle or Disc products, the dissolving units are available in a number
of configurations, with or without a reservoir, and electrically powered
or gravimetric/magnetic. The unit is attached to a wall and connected
to an incoming city water line. An outgoing line is connected from the
dissolving unit to existing chemical feed equipment (typically a pump
or educator) and if electrically powered, plugged into a 110 volt outlet.
(For safety, the voltage is reduced to 24 volts.)
The plastic bottle or disc is then positioned in the receiving well of

the dissolving board (upside down in the case of the bottle). For
units with reservoirs, as the water treatment system controller “calls”
for chemicals, a solenoid valve opens and incoming water is sprayed
through a specially configured and calibrated spray nozzle up into the
bottle or onto the surface of the lowest positioned disc. This action
dissolves a portion of the chemical and mixes it with the spray water
in the reservoir. The reservoir empties as the chemical pump serves
the now liquid product, into the cooling system to protect the system An installation of the AP Tech solid cleaner.
A REVIEW OF SOLID-FORM SCALE AND CORROSION INHIBITORS
water. Both forms of chemistry are ultimately served into the systems FedEx, meaning quicker delivery and lower shipping costs. Biocides,
they maintain via pumps or eductors and are regulated or managed by whether in solid or liquid form are considered hazardous, from a shipping
sophisticated computer-based Controllers. perspective and must be shipped by common carrier (or by UPS if the
shipper or the recipient has a “hazardous shipping contract”.)
Monitoring of system chemistry for solid water treatment products is the
same as for the liquid formulations currently available. Typical monitoring Solid water treatment chemicals have number of other advantages
or testing methods for both forms include testing for levels for Molybdate, over their liquid counterparts. A case of product in “bottles” weighs
Phosophonate and Tolyltriazole in the cooling system water. 44 pounds. A case of 10 mesh bags of encapsulated product weighs
25 pounds. Both of these types of solid water treatment products are
There are also a number of differences between these two forms of easily carried through customer buildings and stored in (often) small
water treatment products. When initially manufactured or produced, mechanical rooms. Additionally, since solids do not require caustic
most liquids have some amount of additional caustic in the products to be added to keep the product the product in solution, expensive
to maintain the other ingredients in solution. Since solid products containment areas or eye wash stations are not necessary.
are reconstituted to a liquid onsite in the reservoir of the dissolving
board, at the time of delivery to the system, dangerous caustic is not Like liquid products, solid form chemicals are useful in a wide array
required as an ingredient, unless it is necessary to treat a specific water of commercial applications ranging from commercial buildings to
condition. (The dissolved chemical in the reservoir is stable without any government facilities and light industrial applications. For very large
added caustic due to a relatively low concentration level.) Even with the applications such as cooling towers in large industrial applications,
addition of caustic, liquid products generally contain up to 80% or more liquid products in totes may remain the most efficient treatment method.
of water in the products. However, due to their increased sustainability traits, including reduced
fuel used in shipping, reduced spill concerns, reduced potential for
These two “ingredients” (added caustic and water) mean that shipping injury, reduce carbon footprint and the optimization of space utilization
liquid water treatment chemicals in 55 gallon drums weighing 500 pounds in mechanical rooms solids are especially attractive to facilities such
each, is both costly and in many cases, dangerous. It also means that as hospitals, universities, primary and secondary school systems and
they must be shipped as “hazardous product”, since they include caustic. office buildings. Senior management of these kinds of organizations
Solid products, on the other hand, weigh less than 50 pounds per case. and facilities are increasingly placing an amplified emphasis on such
Most solids, with the exception of biocides can be shipped by UPS or considerations across their entire entities – not just in the facility
management arena. Solid water treatment chemicals are becoming a
RESULTS OF CORROSION RATE TESTING: common component in the overall sustainability game plan of these
LIQUID WATER TREATMENT SOLID-FORM WATER TREATMENT types of institutions. In fact, for these reasons, mechanical engineers
VALUES VALUES are increasingly being asked to specify solid water treatment chemical
MONTHS OF 2013 OBTAINED RATING OBTAINED RATING
configurations in new buildings or renovations.
April 1.9 mpy 
May 2.2 mpy  The following example is emblematic of the sustainability benefits of
June 2.0 mpy  solid water treatment chemicals: A Cooling Tower on a 20 story office
July 2.1 mpy  building which produces 1,000 tons refrigeration requires this amount
August 1.8 mpy 
of annual liquid chemistry, in 55 gallon drums, to treat the water in this
September 2.2 mpy 
Cooling Tower:
Total Average 2.03 mpy  2.03 mpy 
pp 12 barrels of scale/corrosion chemistry
RESULTS OF DEPOSITS RATE TESTING:
pp 4 barrels of micro biological chemistry
LIQUID WATER TREATMENT SOLID-FORM WATER TREATMENT
VALUES VALUES pp 4 barrels of cleaners
April 27.2 mg/m2.d  In this example, the twenty 55 gallon barrels of liquid chemistry are
May 28.1 mg/m2.d  shipped 600 miles to the office building via trucks using diesel fuel.
June 26.5 mg/m2.d  Based on this data, utilizing solid form water treatment products to
July 32.6 mg/m2.d  treat this 1,000 ton Cooling Tower instead of liquids would generate
August 33.8 mg/m2.d  the following Carbon Dioxide (CO2) reductions (also known as Carbon
September 39.6 mg/m2.d  Footprint savings):
Total Average 27.26 mg/m2.d  35.3 mg/m2.d 
|
Transport fuel savings 826 lbs of CO2 per year the technical water treatment data to a form more easily understood by
the shopping center upper management. Not all of these categories of
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) 1,776 lbs of CO2 per year
savings data are completely impacted by the solid-form water treatment. But they
are included to show the degree to which the customer was focusing on
Plastic used reduced 1,084 lbs of CO2 per year
a holistic solution.
Total Savings 3,686 lbs of CO2 per year
To address these topics of interest, the facility management team worked
These savings are comparable to an individual leaving his/her car in the with their water treater partner to implement a solid-form water treatment
garage for 173 days and walking or taking public transportation (based system in place for their five cooling tower and chillers, each with 1,000
on a vehicle that averages 10,000 miles / year @ 25mpg). tons of refrigeration, with slightly soft municipal water for make-up.
With the solids implementation, it was decided to increase the cycles

Performance of Solid Water Treatment Products
of concentration from 5 to 10, which enabled significant water savings
Solid water treatment products have generally been found to protect and reduced chemical usage. Additionally, PLC controllers were installed
equipment as effectively as traditional liquid chemical products, when to allow for automatic, ongoing corrosion measurement without the
correctly implemented. In addition, results have shown that solids can need for corrosion coupons and automatic control of the number of
help a facility become more sustainable, as these two case histories
show. The first case study is a description of the benefits the new system CHEMISTRY OF WATER EXPRESSED IN RYZNER INDEX:
provided – both technically and from a sustainability perspective for a LIQUID WATER TREATMENT SOLID-FORM WATER TREATMENT
very large shopping comfort cooling program. The second case study VALUES VALUES
describes the results of a solids system implementation in a large
April 6.2 
government office building which had severe scaling problems. May 6.3 
June 6.4 
Large Shopping Center
July 5.4 
A very large shopping center had been using liquid water treatment August 5.3 
for many years in its cooling system. The technical results had always September 5.2 
been acceptable. In recent years, however, the management team of the Total Average 6.3  5.3 
shopping center had become more and more focused on environmental
issues. The management team worked with the water treatment partner RESULTS OF MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTROL (DIP SLIDE ANALYSIS):
to add sustainability areas of interest to the traditional water treatment LIQUID WATER TREATMENT SOLID-FORM WATER TREATMENT
and maintenance objectives to form a comprehensive, multi-directional VALUES VALUES

series of goals for the new program: April 0.8 x 10-3 CFU 
pp Control of Corrosion pp Storage Space for May 0.9 x 10-3 CFU 
pp Control of Deposits Chemicals Containers June 0.7 x 10-3 CFU 
pp Storage Space for Empty July 1.6 x 10-3 CFU 

pp Control of Fouling
Containers August 1.8 x 10 CFU
-3

pp Microbiological Control September 1.8 x 10-3 CFU 
pp Need to Build
pp Net Loss of Water Containment Basins Total Average 0.8 x 10-3 CFU  1.7 x 10-3 CFU 
pp Rate and Cycles of pp Occupational Safety
Concentration RESULTS OF THE EVALUATION OF THE CYCLES OF CONCENTRATION:
pp Operating Facilities LIQUID WATER TREATMENT SOLID-FORM WATER TREATMENT
pp Analytical Results
pp Environment VALUES VALUES
pp Consumption of MONTHS OF 2013 OBTAINED RATING OBTAINED RATING
pp Heat Exchange
Chemicals April 5.3 / 5.25 
Efficiency
pp Dosing Systems May 5.4 / 5.26 
pp Specific Energy June 5.5 / 5.44 
pp Control Systems and Consumption
Monitoring July 9.0 / 9.15 
August 8.9 / 8.99 
In addition to establishing these categories of objectives, the facility September 9.5 / 9.62 
management team developed a simple 5-star rating system to translate Total Average 5.4 / 5.31  9.1 / 9.25 
FABTECH 2017
CHICAGO
NOV 6 – 9
REGISTER TODAY FABTECHEXPO.COM

LEARN | MEET | EXPLORE | BE PART OF THE
EXPERIENCE THE FUTURE OF

METAL FABRICATING AND MORE
— ONLY AT FABTECH
#FABTECH17
NORTH AMERICA’S LARGEST METAL FORMING,

FABRICATING, WELDING AND FINISHING EVENT
|
A REVIEW OF SOLID-FORM SCALE AND CORROSION INHIBITORS
operating chillers needed at any one time. The system uses “bleed The contracted water treater began treating the building systems in
and feed” methods to feed the water treatment chemistry. January, 2008 using the Stick form of a solid online cleaner product
initially and over time, switched to a solid-form online cleaner in gallon
As shown in the following charts, the new solid chemical system bottles from a dissolver/feeder unit.
provided as good or better system protection as the previous liquid
chemical system. Positive results were visible almost immediately. Within a couple
of months, the scale inside the fill was markedly thinner. After
In addition to maintaining effective system protection, the solid-form approximately 5 months, the scale that had formed on the cooling tower
water treatment system helped address many of the environmental basin had also started to become thin and began flaking from the basin.
concerns of importance to the shopping center management team: After a little over one year, the cooling tower fill was almost completely
clean and the basin scale had gone from 1/4" in thickness to eggshell-
PERFORMANCE RATIOS LIQUID PROGRAM SOLID PROGRAM thin and was flaking away.
1 – Control of Corrosion  
2 – Control of Deposits  
The chillers were opened for annual inspection and routine maintenance
3 – Control of Fouling  
in 2008. Although it was evident that the scale deposits were being
4 – Microbiological Control  
removed, the two 900 ton chillers did still contain scale. These two
5 – Net Loss of Water  
chillers alternate, so they are not always running. The 400 ton chiller is
6 – Rate and Cycles of Concentration  
the most active. It is loaded almost constantly and is even used as the after-
7 – Analytical Results of Corrosion Preventive Agents  
hours chiller. When opened for maintenance, it was completely clean of all
8 – Consumption of Chemicals   scale. By it running more than the other two chillers the solid-form online
9 – Dosing Systems   cleaner water treatment was able to clean it up most optimally.
10 – Control Systems and Monitoring  
The building facility management team was extremely impressed with
11 – Storage Space for Chemical Containers  
these results. The solid-form water treatment distributor has since
12 – Storage Space for Empty Containers  
been awarded 14 additional buildings due largely in part to the success
13 – Need to Build Containment Basins  
cleaning up this building’s Towers and Chillers.
14 – Occupational Safety  
15 – Operating Facilities  
16 – Environment   Summary
17 – Heat Exchange Efficiency   When introduced about 15 years ago, solid water treatment chemicals
18 – Specific Energy Consumption   were viewed by many water treaters as a product that simply would not
19 – Cost of Water Treatment   work to treat cooling water systems. Now, with thousands of successful
20 – Return on Investment   installations worldwide in cooling towers (as well as boilers and closed
Total Average   loop systems), solid-form water treatment solutions are considered to
be the legitimate future of water treatment and exists in hundreds of
Governmental Office Building
water treaters’ “tool belts”.
In mid-2007, the facility management team at this Federal Building had
just replaced two 800 ton chillers and one 300 ton chiller with two new These water treatment professionals understand that if applied correctly,
900 ton chillers and a 400 ton chiller. They also replaced the cooling solid-form products can be just as effective of a method to protect
towers with new stainless steel Marley cooling towers. After only six cooling and heating systems from corrosion and scale as their liquid
months of operation, the cooling tower fill had accumulated 1/4" of counterparts. And with the additional sustainability, safety, ease of
scale in some areas. use, and shipping cost benefits of solids, hundreds of facilities are
transitioning to these products each year world-wide.
So much scale had built-up inside the fill that it began to crumble and
stack up at the bottom near the basin due to the weight. The basin of the For more information contact APTech Group, tel: 513-761-8111,
www.aptechgroup.com
tower, below the water line, and the cooling tower hot distribution decks
were also very scaled.
The building’s facility management team decided to transition their To read similar Cooling Water Treatment articles
water treatment to a solid water treatment chemicals solution in visit www.coolingbestpractices.com/technology
December 2007.
| 1 0 / 1 7 COLUMNS
INDUSTRIAL COOLING SYSTEM INDUSTRY NEWS

Health Care Facility Patients at Risk for Legionnaires’ examples to help identify where Legionella could grow and spread
Disease in a building, and ways to reduce risk the of contamination.
More than 76 percent of Legionnaires’ disease cases acquired from
About ASHRAE
Legionella exposure in health care facilities can be particularly harsh.
This includes possible fatal risks to patients, according to a report ASHRAE, founded in 1894, is a global society advancing human well-
released from the CDC. being through sustainable technology for the built environment.
The Society and its more than 57,000 members worldwide focus on
Legionnaires’ disease is a serious type of pneumonia caused by bacteria, building systems, energy efficiency, indoor air quality, refrigeration
called Legionella, living in water. Legionella can make people sick and sustainability. Through research, standards writing, publishing,
when they inhale contaminated water from building water systems not certification and continuing education, ASHRAE shapes tomorrow’s built
adequately maintained. environment today. More information can be found at www.ashrae.org.
The report’s findings –a part of the CDC’s monthly Vital Signs For more information on Legionella, Legionnaires’ disease and the
publication – are based upon exposure data from 20 states and New toolkit, visit www.cdc.gov/legionella.
York City. According to the CDC, the analysis was limited to these 21
jurisdictions because they reported exposure details for most of their
Ingersoll Rand Acquires Thermocold Costruzioni
cases, allowing the CDC to determine how Legionnaires’ disease was
associated with health care facilities. Ingersoll-Rand plc, a world leader in creating comfortable,
sustainable and efficient environments, announced it has completed
About 3 percent of Legionnaires’ disease cases were determined to be the acquisition of Thermocold Costruzioni S.r.l. The transaction closed
“definitely associated with a health care facility,” with 17 percent of on April 1, 2017.
cases listed as “possibly associated with a health care facility.”
The acquisition strengthens the company’s comprehensive portfolio of
“Determining Legionnaire’s disease causation is not simple since the energy efficient, climate-friendly heating, ventilating and air-conditioning
mere presence of Legionella in a water system or device is not sufficient (HVAC) products for buildings in Europe with opportunities to extend
to cause disease. The bacteria must ultimately be inhaled or aspirated Thermocold technologies to other parts of the world. Thermocold
into the lungs of a susceptible person to cause disease,” says Michael operates from one location in Bari, Italy, and has a wide European
Patton, member of ASHRAE Committee SSPC 188. “Since people with distribution network.
conditions that have reduced their ability to fight off infections are
especially susceptible, it is not a surprise the report found patients “The completion of this acquisition marks another milestone in
in health care facilities to be at risk. It’s vitally important all buildings providing breakthrough solutions for building owners to achieve
incorporate good design, operations and maintenance procedures that operating and sustainability goals,” said Dave Regnery, president of
prevent growth and spread of Legionella as these are regarded as the the Commercial HVAC North America, Europe, Middle East and Africa
best methods of preventing disease.” strategic business unit (SBU) of Ingersoll Rand. “We have been jointly
innovating and serving customers, and this is the next step in our
The incorporation of a Water Management Plan will reduce the chance relationship. This is an exciting day for employees and distribution
of heavy colonization, amplification and dissemination to people. With partners; we look forward to the growth potential we have together.”
this in mind, ASHRAE developed ASHRAE Standard 188: Legionellosis:
Risk Management for Building Water Systems to assist designers and One of the signature Thermocold solutions is a multi-pipe HVAC system
building operators in developing a Water Management Plan including for high efficiency, simultaneous heating and cooling. This system
practices specific to the systems existing in a particular building, repurposes rejected energy, or uses renewable energy, for heating the
campus or health care facility. To date, more than 5,000 copies of facility, delivering a more sustainable solution that reduces the amount
ASHRAE Standard 188 have been purchased. It can be previewed at of investment costs, use of floor space and total operating expenses.
no cost at https://www.ashrae.org/Standard188. The multi-pipe system further contributes to lower the environmental
footprint of a building due to significant lower energy use.
Based upon this ASHRAE standard, the CDC developed a toolkit entitled
“Developing a Water Management Program to Reduce Legionella Growth The company did not disclose the cost of the acquisition and indicated
and Spread in Buildings: A Practical Guide to Implementing Industry the transaction would not have a material impact on the company’s cash
Standards.” The document provides a checklist for building owners and flow or earnings in 2017.
managers to help identify if a water management program is needed,
COLUMNS 1 0 / 1 7
|
About Ingersoll Rand Energy Partners’ other valued brands and capabilities that allow us
Ingersoll Rand (NYSE:IR) advances the quality of life by creating to successfully serve the overall needs of the marketplace together.”
comfortable, sustainable and efficient environments. Our people and our Thorne emphasized Daikin Applied’s strategies are market based. “This
family of brands— including Club Car®, Ingersoll Rand®, Thermo King® joint effort is well suited to the market conditions and capabilities of
and Trane® —work together to enhance the quality and comfort of air Harrison Energy Partners in Central and Western Arkansas and Eastern
in homes and buildings; transport and protect food and perishables; and Oklahoma. Every market is different and Daikin continually evaluates
increase industrial productivity and efficiency. We are a global business each of its markets individually to ensure we have the right structure
committed to a world of sustainable progress and enduring results. and relationships to serve our customers. Our end goal is to create the
For more information, visit www.ingersollrand.com. best outcomes for our customers, by investing in top talent to build the
strongest organization in the marketplace.”
Daikin and Harrison Energy Partners Join Forces Daikin Applied would like to thank Airetech Corporation, its previous
On its journey to become the number one HVAC leader, Daikin Applied equipment representative in the territory, for its contribution to
is forming a relationship with Harrison Energy Partners to strengthen its Daikin Applied during its tenure as the Daikin Applied representative.
HVAC solutions capabilities in Central, Northwest and Western Arkansas, Likewise, Harrison Energy Partners expressed appreciation for their
as well as Eastern Oklahoma. Harrison Energy Partners will become long, distinguished history with Trane. Both Daikin and Harrison Energy
the factory sales and parts representative in the region. Harrison Energy Partners are committed to supporting their existing customers and
Partners will also become a factory authorized Service Alliance Partner projects in the marketplace throughout the transition.
for Daikin Applied in Northwest and Western Arkansas, as well as the
About Daikin Applied
bordering counties of Eastern Oklahoma.
Daikin Applied, a member of Daikin Industries, Ltd., designs and
Harrison Energy Partners is the largest commercial and industrial HVAC manufactures technologically advanced commercial HVAC systems for
firm in Arkansas. With strengths in HVAC applications and owner sales, customers around the world. Customers turn to Daikin with confidence
system service, controls and energy services, Harrison Energy Partners they will experience outstanding performance, reliability and energy
helps customers efficiently maintain comfort in their buildings. Their efficiency. Daikin Applied equipment, solutions and services are sold
considerable breadth of solutions and energy expertise significantly through a global network of dedicated sales, service, and parts offices.
expands Daikin’s ability to serve its customers in the territory. For more information or the name of your local Daikin Applied
representative, call 800- 432-1342 or visit, www.DaikinApplied.com.
For Harrison Energy Partners’ CEO, Bill Harrison, the move furthers his
organization’s goal to provide the greatest advantages to their customers.
About Harrison Energy Partners
“Our mission has been and continues to be to deliver commercial HVAC
excellence at a superior value so we are always our client’s first choice. Harrison Energy Partners (HEP), founded in 1983 by CEO, Bill Harrison,
Joining forces with Daikin, with their culture of innovation and product provides commercial HVAC excellence through new systems, controls,
development, positions us to do that both now and in the future.” energy services and system maintenance and repairs. Headquartered in
Little Rock, AR, HEP has been named “One of the Best Places to Work
Harrison cited Daikin Applied’s plans for growth, innovation pipeline in Arkansas” by Best Companies Group in 2013 and 2016. For more
and partnerships with independent representatives as factors in the information, call (501) 661-0621 or visit harrisonenergy.com.
deal. “We respect their forward-looking philosophy, which includes
understanding the importance of independent representation. We’re ASHRAE Announces New President for 2017-2018
well-aligned strategically.”
ASHRAE introduced its 2017-2018 president, executive committee
Daikin Applied’s EVP of Sales, Marketing and Aftermarket, Kirk Thorne, officers and directors during its Annual Conference in Long Beach, CA.
believes this change will continue to fuel Daikin’s competitive advantage
in the market. “Daikin values our independent representatives’ customer ASHRAE’s new president is Bjarne W. Olesen, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE.
focus and entrepreneurial culture,” Thorne stated. “Our Reps are the At his inaugural presidential address, Olesen announced his term’s
best in the industry, and our appointment of Harrison Energy Partners theme will be “Extending Our Community.” Through this theme,
makes us an unmatchable force in HVAC systems and solutions.” Thorne Olesen will focus his time as the Society’s leader on extending ASHRAE’s
added, “Daikin also values the diverse line card developed by Harrison global community, technological horizons and overall value to the
Energy Partners over the years. It is the strength of Daikin and Harrison Society’s members.
| 1 0 / 1 7 COLUMNS
“The tremendous amount of volunteer work that occurs within ASHRAE pp Director-at-Large: Van D. Baxter, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, senior
is unique compared to other societies,” says Olesen. “The time ASHRAE research/development engineer, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
volunteers dedicate to the Society is incredible, and the dedication of Oak Ridge, TN
our 2017-2018 officers will strengthen our Society’s knowledge base, pp Director-at-Large: Donald L. Brandt: BEAP, sales engineer, Trane
community reach and ability to shape a more sustainable world. I look Co., Phoenix, AZ
forward to working with my fellow ASHRAE officers and members this
year to extend our global community, adapt to new technologies and About ASHRAE
embrace our shared needs and objectives.” ASHRAE, founded in 1894, is a global society advancing human
well-being through sustainable technology for the built environment.
In addition to serving as the Society’s president, Olesen will continue to
The Society and its more than 56,000 members worldwide focus on
serve as a professor at the Technical University of Denmark. During his
building systems, energy efficiency, indoor air quality, refrigeration
term, he will also serve as chair of ASHRAE’s Board of Directors and
and sustainability. Through research, standards writing, publishing,
Executive Committee.
certification and continuing education, ASHRAE shapes tomorrow’s built
Elected officers who will serve one-year terms are as follows: environment today. More information can be found at www.ashrae.org.
pp President-Elect: Sheila J. Hayter, P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, group

manager, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO CALMAC Celebrates 70th Anniversary
pp Treasurer: Darryl K. Boyce, P.Eng., Fellow ASHRAE, assistant Founded in 1947, Calvin ‘Cal’ MacCracken started the company to pursue
vice president, facilities management and planning, Carleton his love of inventing. Prior to founding CALMAC, Cal designed and throttled
University, Ottawa, ON Canada the first jet engine ever built by GE. During his 50 years with CALMAC, he
created over 250 inventions and had 80 patents. Some of his most widely
pp Vice President: Michael Schwedler, Fellow ASHRAE; principal and
senior applications manager, Trane Co., La Crosse, WI known to the public include a hotdog cooker called Roll-A-Grill, and
the award-winning Alumazorb low emissivity ceiling, saving hundreds of
pp Vice President: Ginger Scoggins, P.E., president, Engineered
millions of kWhs for ice rinks around the world. In addition to being a
Designs, Raleigh, NC
prolific inventor, Cal was an industry icon who was honored by ASHRAE
pp Vice President: Edward Tsui, managing director, Intelligent and inducted into the ASHRAE Hall of Fame for his pioneering work in
Technologies Ltd., Hong Kong energy conservation through energy storage and ice rinks. Cal was so far
pp Vice President: Julia A. Keen, Ph.D., P.E., BEAP, HBDP, associate head of his time, when he was on a “futuristic” 1953 T.V show entitled
professor, architectural engineering and construction sciences, 2000 A.D., Cal correctly predicted, in detail, the coming of the Solar Age.
Kansas State University
CALMAC was the originator of the IceMat® Ice Rink Floor, creating
ASHRAE also introduced its newest directors who will serve three-year perfectly uniform ice with dramatic reduction in pumping power. IceMat
terms from 2017-20: rolls out like a carpet and connects to a refrigeration unit for quick
installation at both temporary and permanent ice rinks. This flexible
pp Region VII Director and Regional Chair: Michael P. Cooper., P.E.,
design has since become the industry standard for ice rinks.
senior vice president, Bernhard MCC, Metairie, LA
pp Region VIII Director and Regional Chair: Jonathan I. Symko, CALMAC’s most widely applied product is, IceBank® energy storage
president, QSC Consultants LLC, Sugar Land, TX functions like an affordable, simple and reliable battery for a building’s
pp Region IX Director and Regional Chair: Trenton S. Hunt, systems air-conditioning system. IceBank® saves dramatically on the cost to
engineer/account manager, Mechanical Products Intermountain, cool buildings by reducing a building’s on-peak use of electricity. The
Midvale, UT IceBank ice battery system uses standard cooling equipment plus an
pp Region X Director and Regional Chair: Marites Dagulo Calad, energy storage tank to shift all or a portion of a building’s cooling
vice president, Norman S. Wright Mechanical, Waipahu, HI needs to off-peak, nighttime hours. During off-peak hours, ice is made
and stored inside IceBank energy storage tanks. The stored ice is then
pp Region XIV Director and Regional Chair: Constantinos A. Balaras,
used to cool the building the next day. IceBank® offers a critical service
Ph.D., P.Eng., Fellow ASHRAE, research/development engineer,
to grid, since air-conditioning is the main culprit behind spikes in
National Observatory of Athens, Greece
peak electrical demand. This on-peak reduction decreases the need to
pp Region-at-Large Director and Regional Chair: Farooq Mehboob, build new power plants or turn on expensive “peaker” power plants.
P.E., Fellow ASHRAE, owner, S. Mehboob & Company, Consulting
The award-winning product has received many accolades including
Engineers, Karachi, Pakistan
COLUMNS 1 0 / 1 7
|
Proudly Presenting the 2017 Expert Webinar Series
the Buildings Money-Saving Products Award and Building Operating

Management Top Products Award.
Used by over 4,000 businesses in 60 countries, CALMAC has over 1GW

of energy storage worldwide and has built a prestigious list of customers
including Credit Suisse, Goldman Sachs, Google, Kohl’s, IBM, IKEA,
McDonald’s, Morgan Stanley, Nordstrom, Rockefeller Center, Wal-Mart
and more. The company’s customers range from school districts,
universities and places of worship to government buildings, retailers and
Basic Principles of
medical centers. One customer, for example, St. Lucie County School
District has reduced utility costs by $5 million a year thanks to CALMAC.
“As a school district located in South Florida, consistently hot temperatures

and high humidity rates makes cooling 6.5 million square feet of buildings
Heat of Compression
and 40,000 students one of our biggest priorities and biggest expenses,”
said Marty Sander, St. Lucie County School District’s executive director
Desiccant Dryers
of growth management, land acquisition, inter-governmental relations,
facilities and maintenance. “We pair high efficiency chillers with CALMAC’s
Join Keynote Speaker, Hank van Ormer,
energy storage technology for hybrid cooling system that shaves peak Founder of Air Power USA, to examine when
demand and reduces our utility bill. Before working with CALMAC, we a Heat of Compression Desiccant Dryer
ranked 60th out of 67 school districts statewide for energy use per student. can optimize a compressed air system.
Now, we have moved to 16th in the state and have reduced our energy costs Heat of Compression Desiccant Dryers
accomplish desiccant regeneration through
from $12 million to $7 million per year. Not only are we saving money, but
the heat generated during compression. Hank van Omer is
now we can budget for an extra 100 teachers.” Different compressed air systems, dew point the Founder of Air
applications, and discharge temperatures will Power USA.
As changes in business and the energy landscape occur, CALMAC’s ice be analyzed to determine the suitability and
based energy products continue to meet the challenges of today’s energy energy-savings potential of this dryer type.
and facility managers. IceMat ice rinks are growing as a major player in
Our Sponsor Speaker is Chuck Henderson,
retrofit markets with flexible, affordable engineered solutions for indoor
Vice President of Henderson Engineering
and outdoor rinks. IceBank energy storage remains a leading thermal Company, whose presentation is titled
storage solution. “Energy Efficient Heat of Compression Dryers.”
He will discuss the basic principles and
Chuck Henderson
Although storing energy in ice has been applied for over 40 years, there benefits of Heat of Compression technology
is the Vice
have been a number of internal and external factors leading to a renewed within low dew point applications. This
President of
interest in ice storage in the past decade. Materials of construction and presentation will also demonstrate how Henderson
to properly size and optimize this dryer Engineering
manufacturing practices have increased the durability and life of the type within different compressed air Company.
IceBank product, while growth of renewable energy and the green building systems and manufacturing scenarios.
market has turned the spotlight on the energy storage marketplace.
Receive 1.0 PDH Credit.
“In the mid-1970s, I joined the company because of its focus on solar
energy,” said Mark MacCracken, son of Cal MacCracken and now
CALMAC’s CEO. “CALMAC’s development of IceBank became the top Register for Free Today at
priority in the 1980s. In the 1990s, Demand Side Management was
airbestpractices.com/magazine/webinars
critical to the electric utilities and ice storage became a common tool
to lower customer costs and decrease peak demand. As popularity November 9, 2017 – 2:00 PM EST
for renewable energy rose following the development of LEED in the
2000s, the need for demand flexibility of energy storage became even
more paramount. I went to Phoenix in 2009 to attend the GreenBuild SPONSORED BY:
Expo and was elected to be Chairman of the Board of Directors of US
Green Building Council – ironically in the same city where my father
| 1 0 / 1 7 COLUMNS
attended the first Solar Energy Convention in 1955. It was an honor

CHILLER & COOLING BEST PRACTICES to be elected to run the most impactful non-profit organization in
the sustainable marketplace in the same location my father launched
www.coolingbestpractices.com
CALMAC into it 54 years prior. He was truly ahead of his time.”

ADVERTISER INDEX In April 2017, Mark MacCracken was also recognized by City and State
New York as an honoree of the Corporate Social Responsibility Award
Company Page Web Site
for Sustainability and Environmental Impact for his success in promoting
sustainability initiatives in the energy sector as well as devoting his time
Outside to creating a positive environmental impact.
MTA USA www.mta-usa.com
Back Cover
For more information on CALMAC, visit www.calmac.com.
Inside
AHR Expo 2018 www.ahrexpo.com
Front Cover
About CALMAC
Nano-purification
7 www.n-psi.com Since 1947, CALMAC Corp. has been a leading U.S. manufacturer
solutions
of cool energy related technologies. CALMAC is most known for its
Hydrothrift 9 www.hydrothrift.com IceBank energy storage systems strengthening the smart grid by storing
ISEL Lubricants 11 www.iselinc.com critical energy sources - including renewables like wind power - for
later use. IceBank energy storage tanks are installed at over 4,000
CxEnergy 2018 15 www.cxenergy.com
locations in 60 countries and last over 40 years. CALMAC’s IceMat
Association of Energy
23 www.globalconevent.com
and Alumazorb products are found in hundreds of rinks worldwide.
Engineers Customers trust CALMAC for the best ice skating surfaces under any
FABTECH 2017 29 www.fabtechexpo.com conditions — and lower construction and operating costs. Widely
recognized for promoting peak energy conservation and energy cost
Inside
NPE 2018 www.npe.org savings, CALMAC Corp is a member of the Ice Skating Institute, U.S.
Back Cover
Green Building Council (USGBC) and the New Buildings Institute.
Contact Rod Smith for ad rates: rod@airbestpractices.com, Tel: 412-980-9901
Chiller & Cooling Best Practices is published quarterly and mailed

together with Compressed Air Best Practices ®. Compressed Air Best
CHILLER & COOLING BEST PRACTICES Practices is published monthly except January-February combined
by Smith Onandia Communications LLC, 37 McMurray Rd. Suite 106,
www.coolingbestpractices.com Pittsburgh, PA 15241. Periodicals postage paid at Pittsburgh, PA and
additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes
Advertising &: Rod Smith to: Compressed Air Best Practices, 37 McMurray Rd., suite 106,
Editorial rod@airbestpractices.com Pittsburgh, PA 15241.
Tel: 412-980-9901 Compressed Air Best Practices ® is a trademark of Smith Onandia
Communications, LLC. Publisher cannot be held liable for non-delivery due to
circumstances beyond its control. No refunds. SUBSCRIPTIONS: Qualified reader
Subscriptions & : Patricia Smith subscriptions are accepted from compressed air professionals, plant managers,
Administration patricia@airbestpractices.com plant engineers, service and maintenance managers, operations managers,
Tel: 412-980-9902 auditors, and energy engineers in manufacturing plants and engineering/
consulting firms in the U.S. Contact Patricia Smith for subscription information
at tel: 412-980-9902 or email: patricia@airbestpractices.com. REPRINTS:
Reprints are available on a custom basis, contact Patricia Smith for a price
A Publication of: Smith Onandia Communications LLC quotation at Tel: 412-980-9902 or email: patricia@airbestpractices.com. All
37 McMurray Rd. Suite 106 rights are reserved. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in
Pittsburgh, PA 15241 whole or in part without consent of Smith Onandia Communications LLC. Smith SFI-00993
Onandia Communications LLC. does not assume and hereby disclaims any
liability to any person for any loss or damage caused by errors or omissions in
the material contained herein, regardless of whether such errors result from
negligence, accident, or any other cause whatsoever. Printed in the U.S.A.
machined.
melted.
extruded.
welded.
compounded.
blow molded.
injection molded.
We’ve got it covered.
casted.
fabricated.
foamed.
thermoformed.
rotation molded.
vacuum formed.
cooled.
heated.
Innovation. Technology. Sustainability. sealed.
From equipment and trends to the people advancing
plastics manufacturing, NPE2018: The Plastics Show
thermoset.
has it covered. Be there to discover new ways to
maximize efficiency, advance your operations and
packaged.
achieve success. transported.
consumed.
REGISTER TODAY AT NPE.ORG
recycled.
MAY 7–11, 2018 | ORL ANDO, FL , USA

CCBP 2017 10october LR PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CCBP 2017 10october LR PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Magazine for ENERGY EFFICIENCY and WATER CONSERVATION in Industrial Cooling Systems

12 Refrigeration Energy Efficiency

24 A Review of Solid-Form Scale

COOLING TOWERS & CHILLERS

18 Evaluating Air Compressor

65,000+ 2,000+ † See Thousands of New Products

COOLING SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION

12 Refrigeration Energy Efficiency Audit

24 A Review of Solid-Form Scale

COOLING TOWERS & CHILLERS

18 Evaluating Air Compressor Cooling Systems

30 Industrial Cooling System Industry News

FROM THE EDITOR

energy efficiency auditor based in Denmark. He’s had an interesting Blackhawk

for UNIDO. In recent years, he has spent a lot of time on refrigeration

Industrial Energy Managers

(primary metals, paper, petroleum) showed even larger declines. As manufacturing

2017 MEDIA PARTNERS

RESOURCES FOR ENERGY ENGINEERS

RESOURCES FOR ENERGY ENGINEERS

CHILLER & COOLING TOWER TECHNOLOGY PICKS

CHILLER & COOLING TOWER TECHNOLOGY PICKS

How to Order: Extech’s SDL700 is available

RESOURCES FOR ENERGY ENGINEERS

CHILLER & COOLING TOWER TECHNOLOGY PICKS

About Daikin Industries Ltd.

CHILLER & COOLING TOWER TECHNOLOGY PICKS

Geoclima is an Italian company with

A GHH water-cooled chiller with screw refrigeration

FREE RESOURCES FOR ENERGY ENGINEERS

SUBSCRIPTION CHILLER & COOLING TOWER TECHNOLOGY PICKS

Cooling System Fluid running through the economizer’s

CHILLER & COOLING TOWER TECHNOLOGY PICKS

Asahi/America, Inc., the leader in Asahi/America, Inc. specializes in providing

Asahi/America’s COOLSAFE™ installs easily

COOLSAFE™ components are molded and

now at Asahi/America. The COOLSAFE™ pre- 200,000

REFRIGERATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY AUDIT

c This article contains pieces from TABLE 1

pp Barr (Fillet) pp Barra (Maw)

In the baseline calculation the total production

The electricity consumption accounts for just

The table and the graph below (table 2

The Refrigeration System Baseline

REFRIGERATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY AUDIT AT A MYANMAR

TABLE 3. BASELINE – REFRIGERATION. – consequently the total production time is

COMMISSIONING | ENERGY MANAGEMENT | BUILDING DIAGNOSTICS

APRIL 23-26, 2018

CONFERENCE & EXPO

n Code Consultants n Building Envelope Materials

n Building Owners & Managers n Lighting

n Government Officials n Design Tools

www.CxEnergy.com | info@commissioning.org | 202.737.7775

REFRIGERATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY AUDIT AT A MYANMAR

In relation to the heat transfer (thus the efficiency), it is essential

“A well designed and consistently implemented water

Evaluating Air Compressor

Population growth in the U.S. has fueled

Rural Domestic/Livestock 6 1% -7%

the peak in 1980. This leveling off of demand

Self-Supplied Industrial Water Use

EVALUATING AIR COMPRESSOR COOLING SYSTEMS

Cooling System #2: Trim Coolers

12 Refrigeration Energy Efficiency

24 A Review of Solid-Form Scale

18 Evaluating Air Compressor