कृषि षिकास रणनीति

सन् २०१५-२०३५

भाग १

नेपाल सरकार

कृषि षिकास मन्त्रालय

तसिं हदरबार, काठमाडौँ

AgrifoodConsulting International
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AgrifoodConsulting International
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ljifo ;"rL
;f/f+z ! – @*

!= kl/ro @(–#@
!=! clGtd k|ltj]bgsf] p2]Zo
!=@ ljlw
!=# k|ltj]bgsf] ;+/rgf
@= s[lif If]qsf] ;dLIff ##– ^^
@=! PlkkL cjlwdf s[lif If]qsf] ljBdfg cj:yf / ljsf;
@=@ s[lif If]qsf] j[l4
@=# >d pTkfbsTj
@=$ pTkfbsTj leGgtf / ;Lldt Jofj;flos pTkfbg
@=% s[lif Jofkf/ 3f6f
@=^ ul/aL
@=& vfB c;'/Iff
@=* s[lif If]qdf s]xL ;sf/fTds ;ª\s]tx¿
@=( PlkkLsf nIo / pknlAwx¿
@=!) PlkkL sfof{Gjogdf jfwfx¿sf] ;dLIff
@=!)=! sfof{Gjog
@=!)=@ l8hfOg kIf
@=!)=# 9fFrf kIf
@=!)=$ åGå
@=!)=% /fhgLlt / gLlt
@=!)=^ nufgL
@=!)=& Ifdtf / dfgj ;+;fwg
@=!)=* of]hgfx¿
@=!! ;f/f+z tyf PlkkLaf6 l;lsPsf 1fg
@=!@ Pl8P;sf k|d'v d'2fx¿sf] ;f/f+z
#= Pl8P;sf] sfo{lbzf ^&– *@
#=! g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qnfO{ k|efj kfg{] efjL k|j[lQx¿
#=@ s[lif ¿kfGt/0f
#=# s[lif >dzlQm
#=$ ;x/Ls/0f
#=% cfxf/df -Diet_ kl/jt{gM
#=^ ljZjJofkLs/0f / Jofkf/
#=& aflx/L a;fOF ;/fO -outmigration_
#=* xl/t k|ljlw / Go"g sfa{g pT;h{g
#=( ljljwLs/0f
#=!) ljt/0f k|0ffnL
#=!! u'0f:t/ / ;'/Iff
#=!@ pmhf{ nfut

ix
 #=!# hnjfo' kl/jt{g, k|fs[lts k|sf]k / ljZj ;ª\s6 Joj:yfkg
#=!$ v:sFbf] k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿
#=!% ljQLo cg'zf;g
#=!^ sfol{lbzf syg
#=!& sfo{lbzfsf d'Vo tŒjx¿
#=!&=! cfTdlge{/tf
#=!&=@ bLuf]kgf
#=!&=# k|lt:kwf{Tdstf
#=!&=$ ;dfj]lztf
#=!&=% cfly{s j[l4
#=!&=^ ;'wfl/Psf] hLljsf
#=!&=& vfB / kf]if0f ;'/Iff
#=!* nIo / ;"rsx¿
$= /0fgLlts ¿k/]vf *#– !)$
$=! Pl8P;sf nflu s[lif ¿kfGt/0fsf] tfTko{
$=@ s[lif ljsf; / ul/aL Go"gLs/0f
$=# Pl8P;sf] ¿k/]vfM k|efj, pknJwL, k|ltkmn / lqmofsnfkx?
$=$ Pl8P;sf] k|efj
$=$=! vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff
$=$=@ ul/aL Go"gLs/0fM
$=$=# s[lif Jofkf/af6 x'g] jrt
$=$=$ u|fdL0f 3/kl/jf/sf] pRr / plrt cfDbfgL
$=$=% s[ifsx¿sf] dha'b ul/Psf] clwsf/
$=% Pl8P;sf pknJwL / k|ltkmn
$=%=! ;'wfl/Psf] zf;g
$=%=@ pRr pTkfbsTj
$=%=# gfkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0f
$=%=$ k|lt:kwf{Tdstfdf j[l4
$=^ Pl8P;, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / gofF ;+3Lo ;+/rgf
$=& Pl8P; tyf s[lif kof{j/0fLo ljljwtf
$=* Pl8P; / ls;fgx¿sf] ;dflhs cfly{s ljljwtf
$=( Pl8P; tyf ;x/Ls0f
%=Pl8P; sfo{ of]hgfsf lqmofsnfkx¿ !)^– !^*
%=! pknlAw, k|ltkmn / lqmofsnfkx¿
%=@ pknJwL ! ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx?M ;'wfl/Psf] k|zf;g
%=@=! ljZj;gLo gLlt k|lta4tf;Fu ;DalGwt k|ltkmn !=! cGtu{tsf lqmofsnfkx¿
%=@=@ Pl8P; sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg ;+:yfx¿sf] aLr ;xsfo{ k|j4g{ ug{ k|ltkmn !=! ;Fu ;DalGwt
lqmofsnfkx¿
%=@=# PsLs[t of]hgfdf k|ltkmn !=# ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
%=@=$ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;xfotfdf k|ltkmn !=$ ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
%=@=% Pl8P; cGtu{t n}lËs ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs tyf ef}uf]lns ;dfj]zL ;o+Gq :yfkgfdf
k|ltkmn !=% ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

x
%=@=^ ;d;fdflos k|efjsf/L cg'udg / d"Nofª\sgsf nflu pTkfbg !=^ ;Fu ;DalGwt ultljlwx¿
%=@=& Pl8P; sf] of]hgfdf gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xeflutf, sfof{Gjog / cg'udgdf k|ltkmn !=& ;Fu
;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
%=@=* Pl8P; ;dGjo / sfof{Gjogdf ;lDdlnt k|d'v ;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4df k|ltkmn !=*
;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
%=@=( clt ljkGg ju{sf] pGgt vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿
%=@=!) sfof{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL k|ltkmn !=!) ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
%=# pknJwL @ ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx?
%=#=! s[ifs / s[lif Joj;foLsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ ljs]lGb|t k|;f/ k|0ffnLsf] k|ltkmn @=!
;uF ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx?
%=#=@ s[ifsx¿ tyf s[lif pBdx¿sf] cfjZostf cg'¿ksf] ljs]Gb|Ls[t cg';Gwfg k|0ffnL ;DaGwL
k|ltkmn @=@ ;Fu ;DaGwlt lqmofsnfkx?
%=#=# s[lif lzIff k|0ffnL ;anLs/0fsf] ;DaGwdf k|ltkmn @=# ;+u ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx?
%=#=$ hUufnfO{ ;Ifdtfk"j{s tyf l6sfp lx;fan] pkof]u u/]sf kof{Kt 7"nf ls;fgx¿af6 lgld{t
s[lif If]qsf] ;Gbe{df k|ltkmn @=$ ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
%=#=% ;dfg / ;DefJo tj/n] lj:tfl/t l;FrfO If]q / ;'wfl/Psf] l;FrfO Ifdtf / Joj:yf k|ltkmn
@=% ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
%=#=^ ;dod} ;'ky d"Nosf s[lif aLp tyf dndfly kx'Fr k|ltkmn @=^ ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
%=#=& ;+;fwg / Ifdtf clej[l4df kof{Kt nufgL u/L aLpljhg kl/sNkgf @)@% nufotsf
ljBdfg aLpljhg gLltx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog k|ltkmn @=& +u ;DaGwL
lqmofsnfkx¿
%=#=* dn cfk"lt{sf nflu 5f]6f cjlwsf] :jLsfo{, dWod / bL3{sfnsf nflu /0fgLlt / pTkfbgdf
;'wf/ ug]{ nIo ePsf] Jofjxfl/s ;dfwfg k|ltkmn @=* ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿ .
%=#=( g]kfnL kz'kfng k|0ffnLnfO{ pko'Qm ljleGg hftsf ;'wfl/Psf kz' gZnx¿ s[ifsx¿nfO{
pknAw u/fpg] ;DaGwdf k|ltkmn @=( ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
%=#=!) lghL If]qsf] dfWodaf6 s[ifsx¿nfO{ ljljw oGqLs/0f ljsNkx¿df kx'Fr ;DaGwL k|ltkmn
@=!) ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
%=#=!! hnjfo' kl/jt{g, ljkb\x¿, ;dfg's"ng -resilience_sf] ;DaGwdf k|ltkmn @=!! ;Fu ;DalGwt
lqmofsnfkx¿
%=#=!@ bLuf] v]tL c;n s[lif cEof;x¿ / c;n kz' lrlsT;f tyf kz'kfng cEof;x¿ th'{df /
cg';/0f k|ltkmn @=!@ ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
%=#=!# k|fs[lts ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg / hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ ug]{ Ps ljxËd / ;d'bfo cfwfl/t eZo
tl/sf ;lxtsf] hLljsf]kf{hg pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t jg k|lt:kwf{Tds, s[lif d}qL / ;dfj]zL
jg Joj:yfkg cEof;df kl/0ft k|ltkmn @=!@ ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
%=$ pknJwL # ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx?M gfkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0f
%=$=! s[lif Joj;foLs/0fsf nflu ;'wfl/Psf] nufgL jftfj/0fsf] ;DaGwdf k|ltkmn #=! ;Fu
;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
%=$=@ Jofj;flos s[lifsf nflu s/f/ gLlt k|ltkmn #=@ ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
%=$=# ;Ifd Jofj;flos s[lif If]qnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ s/ gLltsf] ;DaGwdf k|ltkmn #=# ;Fu
;DalGwtls|ofsnfkxx¿
%=$=$ ljljw k|lt:kwf{Tds Pj+ dfuk|]l/t ljQLo / s[lif pTkfbg cfk"lt{ ug]{ s[lifljQ / ladf
cfk"lt{stf{x¿ k|ltkmn #=$ ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

xi
 %=$=% ;fgf ls;fgx¿ / s[lif pBdx¿sf] d"Noyk nfex¿df j[l4 ug]{ k|lt:kwf{Tds s[lif d"No
z[Înfsf] k|ltkmn #=% ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
%=$=^ u|fdL0f ;8s ;~hfn lj:tf/ k|ltkmn #=^ ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
%=$=& ahf/ ;"rgfsf nflu s[lif ahf/ ;"rgf / ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlw pTkfbgx¿f k|ltkmn #=& ;Fu
;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
%=$=* u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f / gjLs/0fLo pmhf{x¿ k|ltkmn #=* ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
%=% pknJwL $ ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿ M k|lt:kwf{Tdstfdf j[l4
%=%=! jhf/ k"jf{wf/ ljsf; k|ltkmn $=! ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
%=%=@ gj k|jt{gsf/L ;fgf / demf}nf s[lif pBdx¿sf] ljsf; k|ltkmn $=@ ;Fu ;DalGwt
lqmofsnfkx¿
%=%=# vfB / s[lif pTkfbgx¿sf] lgof{tdf j[l4 k|ltkmn $=# ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
%=%=$ vfB u'0f:t/ / ;'/Iff k|ltkmn $=$ ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
%=^ cGo sfo{qmdx¿
^ nfutx? !^( – !($
^=! nfut cg'dfgsf] b[li6sf]0f
^=@ lj:t[t nfut
^=# vf; dxTjsf / cfwf/ sfo{qmd k"/s xf] bf]xf]/f] x}g
^=$ lghL If]q, ;d'bfo, ;xsf/L / ls;fgaf6 nufgL
^=% s[lifsf nflu Pl8P; nfut / ;/sf/L ah]6
^=^ nfut ;"rL
^=& Pl8P;sf] rfn' / k"FhLut nfut
^=* pkIf]qfg';f/ nfut
& sfof{Gjog Joj:yf
&=! kl/ro !(% – @!^
&=@ k/Dk/fut / gjLgtd tl/sfx¿
&=# Pl8P; ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] l;+xfjnf]sg
&=$ k|wfg dGqL
&=% /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
&=^ /fli6«o s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt sfof{Gjgo ;ldlt
&=& /fli6«o s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt ;dGjo ;ldlt / o;sf pk ;ldltx¿
&=* s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt, If]qLo s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt, lhNnf s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt
&=( Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{
&=!) Pl8P; 6«i6 sf]if
&=!! s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
&=!@ c¿ dGqfnox¿ tyf lgsfox¿
&=!# Pl8P; sfo{qmdx¿
&=!$ cGo sfo{qmdx¿sf nflu alxu{dg /0fgLlt
&=!% Pl8P; vf; dxTjsf sfo{qmdx¿
&=!^ vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{qmd
&=!& ljs]lGb|t lj1fg, k|ljlw / lzIff sfo{qmd
&=!&=! ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|x¿
&=!&=@ ljs]Gb|Ls[t cg';Gwfg k4lt
&=!&=# s[lif lzIff k|0ffnL;Fu PsLs/0f

xii
 &=!* d"No z[Înf ljsf; sfo{qmd
&=!*=! d"No z[Înf ljsf; u7aGwgx¿
&=!( gj kl/jt{g / s[lif pBdzLntf sfo{qmd
&=@) cu'jf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿M s[ifsx¿, ;xsf/Lx¿ / lghL If]q
&=@! gful/s ;dfh ;+u7gx¿
&=@@ s[ljd / ;DalGwt lgsfox¿df ;+u7gfTds kl/jt{gx¿
&=@# PlkkLsf nflu alxu{dg /0fgLlt
*= vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff @!&– @@@
*=! vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff M kl/efiff / nIox¿
*=@ vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf ;'zf;gdf Pl8P; ;Defu ! sf] of]ubfg
*=# vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf pTkfbsTjsf] k|efj Pl8P; ;Defu @ sf] of]ubfg
*=$ Joj;foLs/0fsf] ;DaGwdf Pl8P; ;Defu # sf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf of]ubfg
*=% Pl8P; ;Defu $ k|lt:kwf{Tdstfsf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf of]ubfg
*=^ Pl8P;df vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf] cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg
(= cg'udg / d"NofÍg @@#– @@*
(=! kl/ro
(=@ Pl8P;sf] cg'udg / d"NofÍsg
(=# sfo{lbzf, pknJwLx? / k|ltkmnx? cg'udg
(=#=! cg'udgnfO{ /fd|f] sfo{;+kfbg;Fu hf]8\bf
!)= dfu{lrq @@(– @#@
!)=! ;/sf/sf] k|ltj4tf
!)=@ Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf nflu gLlt lgodx¿
!)=# dxŒjk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿aLr ;xdlt
!)=$ ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] ;xof]u
!)=% Pl8P;sf k"j{ sf]z]9'ª\uf
!)=^ Ps hLljt /0fgLltsf ¿kdf Pl8P;

kl/lzi6 !M ;Gbe{ ;"rL @##–@#&

xiii
tflnsfx¿sf] ;"rL
Tfflnsf !MPl8P; sfo{lbzfsf nflu ;"rsx¿ / nIox¿
Tfflnsf @MPl8P;sf k|ltkmn, kl/0ffd, / sfo{qmdx¿
Tfflnsf #MPl8P;sf] !) jif]{ ah]6÷nfut / jflif{s cf};t
Tfflnsf $MPl8P; sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos gLlt tyf lgodsf pbfx/0fx¿
Tfflnsf %Ms[lif If]q;Fu ;DalGwt k|d'v ;"rsx¿
tflnsf ^Mg]kfn / l5d]sL b]zx¿sf] k|ult ;"rsx¿
Tfflnsf &Mg]kfnsf] s[lif / cGo If]qdf >d / e"ldsf] pTkfbsTj
Tfflnsf *Ms[lif hldgsf ;"rsx¿
tflnsf (Mb]zx¿sf] pTkfbsŒj t'ngf
Tfflnsf !)M
tf]lsPsf j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbsTj leGgtf
Tfflnsf !!M
g]kfnsf nflu k|lt:kwf{Tdstfsf ;"rsx¿
Tfflnsf !@M
pRr d"Nosf vfBfGg, cGg, hl8a'6L / b'Uw kbfy{ sf] cfoft / lgof{t -;g\ @)!@÷!#,
@)!#÷!$ / @)!$÷!% sf] cf};t _
tflnsf !#M hg;ª\Vof / ul/aL
tflnsf !$M s[lif Jofkf/ ;"rsx¿df ePsf] jflif{s j[l4 !((^÷(&—@))#÷)$ -Ü_
tflnsf !$ vM ljlgdf{0f k|lti7fgaf6sf] hgu0fgfx¿sf] cfwf/df s[lif Jofkf/ ;"rsx¿ ePsf] jflif{s j[l4
-!((^÷(& ≠ !)) d"Nodf_
tflnsf !%M k"jf{wf/ k|ult
tflnsf !^M PlkkL nIo / pknlAwx¿sf] ;f/f+z
tflnsf !&M Pl8P;sf k|d'v d'2fx¿sf] ;f/f+z
tflnsf !*M Pl8P; sfo{lbzfsf nflu ;"rsx¿ / nIox¿
Tfflnsf !(M Pl8P; k|efjsf ;"rsx¿
tflnsf @)M Pl8P;sf /0fgLlts ;Defusf nIox¿
Tfflnsf @!M ;'wfl/Psf] zf;gsf]] pknlAwsf] k|ltkmnx¿
Tfflnsf @@M pRr pTkfbsŒjsf] pknlAw–@ sf nflu k|ltkmnx¿
tflnsf @#M gfkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0f pknlAw # sf nflu k|ltkmnx¿
tflnsf @$M k|lt:kwf{sf] pknAwL $ sf nflu k|ltkmnx¿
tflnsf @%M ;g\ @))!÷)@ / @)!!÷!@ hUuf :jfldTj afF8kmfF8
tflnsf @^M ljleGg v]tL cfsf/ u|fdL0f 3/w'/Ldf Pl8P;sf c;/x¿
Tfflnsf @&M Pl8P;sf pknlAw / k|ltkmnx¿
Tfflnsf @*M ;'wffl/Psf] zf;gsf nflu pknlAw ! ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
Tfflnsf @(M pRrtd pTkfbsTj;Fu ;DalGwt pknlAw @ sf lqmofsnfkx¿
tflnsf #)M kfgLsf] ;|f]t cg';f/ l;FrfO nIo
tflnsf #!M gfkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0fsf nflu kl/0ffd # ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
Tfflnsf #@M k|lt:kwf{Tdstf a[l4 pknlAw $ ;Fu ;DalGwt ls|ofsnfkx¿
tflnsf ##M cGo sfo{qmdx¿
tflnsf #$M Pl8P; sfo{ of]hgfsf] !) jifL{o nfut ;f/f+z
tflnsf #%M ;/sf/L / lghL If]qaf6 nufgL
tflnsf #^M ;Da4 lgsfosf] cfly{s s[ofsnfk cg';f/ @)!^–!& sf] ;fª\s]lts s[lif ah]6
tflnsf #&M s[lifdf ah]6 em'sfjsf] cGt/f{li6«o t'ngf
tflnsf #*M k|:tfljt sfof{Gjog lgsfo / k|ltkmn cg';f/ Pl8P; sfo{ of]hgf nfut

xiv
tflnsf #(M pknlAw cg';f/ kfFr jif{ cjlwsf] nfut -? bz nfvdf_
tflnsf $)M k|ltkmn cg';f/ kfFr jif{sf] nfut -?= bz nfvdf_
tflnsf $!M rfn' / k"FhLut nfut ;f/f+z
tflnsf $@M k|ltkmn cg';f/ rfn' / k"FhLut vr{
tflnsf $#M pkIf]q cg';f/ nfut
tflnsf $$M lqmofsnfk k|ltkmn cg';f/ pkIf]q nfut
tflnsf $%M Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf k|d'v kfqx¿
Tfflnsf $^M Pl8P;sf vf; dxTjsf / cfwf/ sfo{qmdx¿
Tfflnsf $&M Pl8P;df vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf ;"rsx¿ / nIox¿
Tfflnsf $*M ;'wfl/Psf] ;'zf;g ;DaGwL kl/0ffd ! sf] nflu k|ltkmn ;"rsx¿
Tfflnsf $(M pRr pTkfbsTj ;DaGwL kl/0ffd @ sf] nflu k|ltkmn ;"rsx¿
Tfflnsf %)M Gffkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0f ;DaGwL pknlAw # sf] nflu k|ltkmn ;"rsx¿
Tfflnsf %!M a[l4 ePsf] k|ltikwf{Tdstf ;DaGwL pknlAw $ sf] nflu k|ltkmn ;"rsx¿
Tfflnsf %@M Pl8P;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos gLlt lgodx¿sf pbfx/0fx¿

xv
lrqx¿sf] ;"rL
lrq g+= !M s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] /0fgLlts ¿k/]vf
lrq g+= @M Pl8P; sfof{Gjog tyf ;dGjo ;+oGqx¿
lrq g+= #M Pl8P; vr{x¿sf] af“8kmf“8
lrq g+= $M g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qsf] Go"g ljsf;sf] r/0f
lrq g+= %M s[lifhGo s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] j[l4
lrq g+= ^M vfB / s[lif pTkfbgsf] v'b cfoft
lrq g+= &M s[lif If]qdf ;/sf/L vr{sf] k|j[lQ
lrq g+= *M s[lif If]qsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] k|ltztdf ;/sf/L vr{
lrq g+= (M s[lif If]qdf bftfsf] ;xof]u -?=s/f]8df_
lrq g+= !)M ;kmn /0fgLltsf tŒjx¿
lrq g+= !!M b]z cg';f/ s[lif >d zlQm -s'nsf] ∞_
lrq g+= !@M j[l4 / ul/aL Go"gLs/0f
lrq g+= !#M s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] /0fgLlts ¿k/]vf
lrq g+= !$M kfgLsf] ;|f]taf6 l;FrfO nIo
lrq g+= !%M Pl8P; vr{x¿sf] afF8kmfF8
lrq g+= !^M cGt/f{li6«o :t/df s[lifdf k|ltzt jh]6 vr{sf] qmd
lrq g+= !&M kfFr jif{ cjlwsf] nfutf+z
lrq g+= !*M rfn' / k"Flhut nfut ;f/f+z
lrq g+= !(M pkIf]q cg';f/sf] nfut
lrq g+= @)M Pl8P; sfof{Gjog / ;+u7g ;+oGq

afs;sf] ;"rL
afs; !M s[lif If]q;Fu ;DalGwt lbuf] ljsf; nIosf ;ª\s]tsx¿
afs; @M Pl8P; ;+oGq

xvi
;+lIfKt zJbfjnL
cu};; cG/f{li6«o u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yf
cd" cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg
cd cy{ dGqfno
pmd pmhf{ dGqfno
Psf;sf] Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xfotf sf]if
Psf;O Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{
PlkkL lb3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgf
Pl8P; s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt
Pl6Pkm Pl8P; 6«i6 sf]if
Pl6Pkm s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt 6«:6 sf]if
s[lja} s[lif ljsf; a}+s
s]tlj s]lGb|o tYof+s ljefu
s[;+ s[ifs ;+u7g
s[ljd s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
sfGof;+dfd sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno
s]s[ljsf; s]lGb|o s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjo ;ldlt
s"ufp s"n ufx{:y pTkfbg
vfkf];'sf vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'wf/ sfo{qmd
vfk|u'lglj vfB k|ljlw u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu
uflj; ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt
u};; u}x| ;xsf/L ;+:yf
h];L n}+lus ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f
lhs[lj; lhNnf s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt
lhlj; lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt
8f]ln8f/ :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ tyf s[lif ;8s ljefu
gs[psf gj k|jt{g s[lif pBd sfo{qmd
gLc;;d glt tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u ;dGjo dxfzfvf
g]pjfd; g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3
g]ljk|f g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f
g]/fa} g]kfn /fi6« a}+s
k;]lj kz' ;]jf ljefu
e";'Jod e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno
e"h;|f]ljaf] e"ldut hn;|f]t ljsf; af]8{
d">[ljsf, d"No >[+vnf ljsf; sfo{qmd
d">[ljs d"No >[+vnf ljsf; sDkgL
d">[lju d"No >[+vnf ljsf; u7jGwg
/fs[csf]] /fli6«o s[lif cg';Gwfg sf]if
/fs[cljsf] /fli6«o s[lif cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; sf]if
/fPsf; /fli6«o Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt

xvii
/fP;; /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt
/fof]cf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
/fc; /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ;+:yfg
je";+d jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfno
jfcfd jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno
jlj jg ljefu
ljvfsf ljZj vfB sfo{qmd
ljk|lzsf ljs]lGb|t lj1fg k|ljlw tyf lzIff sfo{qmd
ljk|d lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
lj;f ljsf; ;fem]bf/
;fs[k|;]s] ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|
;ulgd ;xsf/L tyf ul/jL lgjf/0f dGqfno
;'k ;'b'/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]q
;fgL;f ;fj{hlgs-gLlh ;fem]bf/L
;+df:yfljd ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno
;+/f ;+o'Qm /fi6«
:yfljd :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno
:jfhd :jf:Yo tyf hgz+Vof dGqfno
;+/f;+ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3
lzd lzIff dGqfno
If]s[lj; If]qLo s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt
If]s[cs] If]qLo s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|

d'b|f ljlgdo b/ (Currency Equivalents)

- g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] @)&) cfiff9 ^ sf] ;6xL b/ cg';f/_
g]kfnL ?k}of – cd]l/sL 8n/

? (% = $ !=))

xviii
 1 3 . F a r-w e s te r n T e ra i
1 4 . F a r-w e s te r n H il ls
Nepal
1 5 . F a r-w e s te r n M o u n ta in s Ecological Zones and
Physiographic Regions
Humla 1 0 . M id -w e s te r n T e r a i
1 1 . M id -w e s te r n H i l ls
Darchula
1 2 . M id -w e s te r n M o u n ta i n s
Bajhang
15 Mugu
Baitadi Bajura

Dadeldhura Jumla
12 7 . W e s te rn T e ra i
Kalik ot
14 Doti Ac hham Dolpa 8 . W e s te rn H il ls
9 . W e s te rn M o u n ta in s
Mustang
Kanc hanpur Dailekh
Jajarkot 9
13 Kailali 4 . C e n tr a l T e r a i
Rukum Manang
5 . C e n tr a l H i l ls
Surk het
11 Myagdi 6 . C e n tr a l M o u n ta i n s
Sally an Baglung 1 . E a s te r n T e r a i
Bardiy a Kas ki
Rolpa Gork ha 2 . E a s te r n H i l ls
Lam jung
Rasuw a 3 . E a s te r n M o u n ta i n s
Py uthan Gulm i Parbat 8
Bank e
Sy angja
10 Tanahun Nuwak ot Sindhupalchok
Dang
Palpa Dolakha
Dhading Kath. 6 Sank huwasabha
Bha Soluk humbu
Nawalparasi Taplejung
Kapilbas tu Nawalparasi Chitaw an Kav re 3
7 Makw anpur Lalit Ramec hhap
5 Ok haldhunga
Sindhuli
Pars a Khotang Bhojpur Terhathum
Physiographic Regions Panc hthar
Bara Rautahat
Udayapur Dhankuta

4 Sarlahi
Mahottari
2 Ilam
High Himal Siraha
Dhanusha
Suns ari 1
High Mountain Saptari Jhapa
Morang

Middle Mountain

Siwalik

xix
Terai
xx
;f/f+z -SUMMARY_
!_ s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt -o;kl5 …Pl8P;Ú elgPsf]_ sf] k|ltj]bg s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] /fli6«o ls;fg
;~hfn;Fusf] ;xsfo{df / Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s nufotsf] k|fljlws ;xfotf 6f]nL -TA Team_ sf]
;xof]udf tof/ u/]sf] xf] . o;df Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s -ADB_, s[lif ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o sf]if
-IFAD_, o'/f]k]nL o'lgog -EU_, vfB tyf s[lif ;ª\u7g -FAO_, ljsf; / ;xfotfsf nflu l:j; lgof]u
-SDC_, hfkfg cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u lgof]u -JICA_, cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;sf nflu 8]gdfs{ lgof]u -DANIDA_,
ljZj vfB sfo{qmd -WFP_, cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sL lgof]u -USAID_, cGt/f{li6«o
ljsf; ljefu -DFID_, ljZj a}+s, cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;sf nflu c:6«]lnofnL lgof]u -AusAID_, / n}l¨s
;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo lgsfo -UN Women_ sf] ;xof]u / g]kfn
;/sf/sf] nufgL /x]sf] 5 .

@_ s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] clGtd ¿k lbPkZrft\ s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltdf Joj:yflksf ;+;b\sf] s[lif tyf
hn;|ft] ;ldlt / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 ljz]if ?lr Pj+ :jfldTj lnOof] . Joj:yflksf ;+;b\sf] s[lif
tyf hn;|f]t ;ldltaf6 b:tfj]hnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿Ù h:t}—
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj Pj+ ;DalGwt dGqfnox¿ -s[lif ljsf;, l;FrfO, pmhf{,
jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{, pBf]u, ;xsf/L tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft, ;x/L ljsf;, cy{,
e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg / lzIff_ ;Fu ljleGg txdf 5nkmn / k/fdz{ ul/of] . ;fy} ;DalGwt lj1,
ls;fg Pj+ d"No z[ª\vnfsf k|ltlglwx¿;Fu klg ;'emfj ;ª\sng u/L s[lif ljsf; dGqfnonfO{ ;'emfj
-kl/lzi6–^_ ;lxt k[i7kf]if0f ul/of] . To:t} /0fgLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos ;|f]t /
;fwgsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{sf nflu ;f]] ;ldltsf] tkm{af6 bft[ lgsfox¿;Fu klg ljleGg r/0fdf 5nkmn /
a}7s ;DkGg ul/of]] . o;}aLr /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 ;d]t ;'emfjx¿ k|fKt eP -kl/lzi6–&_ . a[xt\
k/fdz{ / cEof;af6 k|fKt tL dxŒjk"0f{ ;'emfjx¿nfO{ s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf]
cleGg c¨sf ¿kdf u|x0f u/]sf] 5 . oL ;'emfjx¿nfO{ gLltut, sfo{qmd / ;+:yfut u/L tLg txdf
juL{s/0f u/L k|fKt ePsf ;a} ;+:yfut ;'emfjx¿ o; b:tfa]hdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 eg] gLltut
;'emfjx¿nfO{ klg clwstd ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5 . To;} u/L ;DalGwt dGqfnox¿ tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf
lgsfox¿af6 k|fKt ;'emfjx¿nfO{ eljiodf gLlt th'{df / P]glgod lgdf{0fsf qmddf ;Daf]wg ul/g] 5 .
To:t} /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 k|fKt ;'emfj / s[lif tyf hn;|f]t ;ldltaf6 k|fKt sfo{qmd txsf
;'emfjx¿nfO{ cfjlws of]hgf, jflif{s sfo{of]hgf / ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf] ah]6 lgdf{0fsf] qmddf ;Daf]wg
ul/g] 5 . /0fgLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{GjognfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ k|fKt ;'emfjx¿df cfwfl/t eO{ /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]usf] k/fdz{df ljleGg ;"rsx¿ lgd{f0f u/L rf}dfl;s ¿kdf s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjog
l:yltsf af/]df s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] ;ldltnfO{ l/kf]l6{ª ug]{ 5 .

#_ o; k|ltj]bgsf] p2]Zo !) jif]{ sfo{of]hgf / dfu{lrq;lxt s[lif If]qsf] ljut tyf jt{dfgsf sfdx¿sf]
;dLIffdf cfwfl/t s[lif ljsf;sf] ;dli6ut @) jif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgf k|:t't ug'{ xf] .

1
s[lif If]qsf] ljZn]if0f (ASSESSMENT OF THE AGRICULTURE SECTOR)

$_ g]kfndf s[lif If]qsf] ljBdfg cj:yf (Current situation of the Agriculture Sector in Nepal): g]kfnsf]
s[lif Go"g ljsf;sf] l:yltdf 5 . b]zsf sl/a b'O{ ltxfO hg;ª\Vof s[lif If]qdf ;+nUg 5g\ tfklg o;
If]qsf] pTkfbsTj / k|lt:kwf{Tdstf Go"g 5 . pGgt s[lif k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ;Lldt 5 . v]tL ul/Psf
clwsf+z If]qdf cGgafnL nufOP klg s[lif If]qdf vfB Jofkf/ 3f6f a9\bf] 5 . s'kf]if0fsf] l:ylt klg pRr
5 . s]xL pk–If]qx¿ h:t} b'Uw k|zf]wg, s'v'/f kfng, lrof, t/sf/L, aLp / df5fkfngdf s]xL pT;fxhgs
;ª\s]t b]lvPsf 5g\ . t}klg ;du|df oL ;sf/fTds ;ª\s]tx¿ s[lifdf ;+nUg 7"nf] hg;ª\VofnfO{ ul/aLaf6
dfly p7fpg, j'mkf]if0f 36fpg tyf vfB ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt u/fpg k|ToIf ¿kdf cem} kof{Kt 5}gg\ .

%_ ljutsf] l:ylt (Past Situation) ;g\ !((%–(^ df …bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgfÚ -PlkkL_ sf ¿kdf bL3{sfnLg
s[lif /0fgLlts of]hgf ;'? ul/Psf] a]nf g]kfnsf] s[lif If]q cfhsf] eGbf emg} sdhf]/ cj:yfdf lyof] .
g]kfndf xfn s[lif If]q Go"g ljsf; :t/sf] ePsfn] ljut b'O{ bzsdf hLjg:t/df cfPsf] ;'wf/ tyf
lxhf]sf] t'ngfdf cfh ;du| s[lif If]qdf ePsf] ;'wf/nfO{ la;f{OlbPsf] 5 . pTkfbsTj, k"jf{wf/, vfB ;'/Iff,
/ ul/aLdf ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 . oBlk vfB tyf s[lif Jofkf/ 3f6f / k|ltJolQm hldgsf] pTkfbsTj h:tf
s]xL ;"rsfÍx¿ klxn]eGbf klg sd b]lvPsf 5g\ .

^_ ck]lIft j[l4 xfl;n x'g g;Sg' (Inability to achieve anticipated growth) ljutsf t'ngfdf s]xL k|ult
eP klg g]kfndf s[lif cem} Go"g ljsf;sf] cj:yfdf 5 . g]kfnn] s[lif If]qdf ;'wf/ u/]sf] 5 tfklg d'n'sn]
h] pknlAw ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf] lyof] To;sf cfwf/df / t'ngfTds ¿kdf l5d]sLx¿n] ;f]xL cjlwdf
u/]sf] k|ultnfO{ x]bf{ ;'wf/ Psbd} sd 5 . g]kfndf s[lifsf ;fy;fy} cGo cy{tGqsf] j[l4 / kl/jt{g klg
dGb ultdf 5 . s[lifsf] ;jfndf g]kfnsf] s[lifut j[l4 dGb -!((%÷(^–@)!%÷!^ ;Dd sl/a #=@
k|ltzt_ dfq 5}g, Hofb} cl:y/ klg 5 . g]kfnsf o'jf / s]xL ;jf{lws pTkfbgzLn >dzlQm cGoq} sfdsf]
vf]hLdf /x]sf 5g\ . ;g\ @)!$÷!% df sl/a %=!# nfvn] g]kfn 5f]8]sf 5g\ / of] k|j[lQ ljut !) jif{b]lv
a9\bf] 5 . k|jf;Lx¿n] 7"nf] kl/df0fdf ljk|]if0f k7fPsf 5g\, h'g k|ltjif{ sl/a ^=! lalnog cd]l/sL
8n/eGbf a9L -;g @)!% / !^ df s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] #)=( k|ltzteGbf a9L_ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . t/ oL
clwsf+z ;|f]t–;fwgx¿ nufgL / k"FhL lgdf{0fdfeGbf klg C0f ltg{ / pkef]u ug{d} vr{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

2
&_ sdhf]/ j[l4sf sf/sx¿ (Factors of Weak Growth Performance) lat]sf b'O{ bzsx¿df s[lif
ljsf;sf] j[l4 sdhf]/ b]lvg'df s]xL sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . o; cjlwdf ;g\ @))^ df cGTo ePsf] !@ jif]{
åGåsfnn] s[lif If]qdf gsf/fTds c;/ 5f]8\of] . ufpFsf nfvf}F kl/jf/x¿ hUuf hldg 5f8]/ ;x/lt/ k;]—
clwsf+z sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf / c¿x¿ ljb]zlt/ uP . u|fdL0f hg;ª\Vofsf] of] knfogn] tL If]qx¿df
sfdbf/ / nufgL cefjsf] l:ylt k}bf u¥of] . tLj| ultdf eO/x]sf] ;x/Ls/0fn] ubf{ ;x/L If]q;Fu} hf]l8Psf]
pj{/ s[lifof]Uo hldgsf] 7"nf] efu cfjf;Lo k|of]hgx¿df pkof]u x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts cl:y/tfn]
ubf{ lbuf]] ;/sf/sf ;fy} gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿ nfu" ug{df lg/Gt/tf lbg] k|lta4 g]t[Tjsf] cefj
/xg uof]] . s[lifs} kIfdf eg]/ gLltx¿ k|r"/ dfqfdf cfP tfklg clwsf+z gLltx¿ b:tfa]hs} txdf /xg
uP . sltko cj:yfdf gLlt sfof{Gjogsf lglDt ;xof]uL sfg'g / ;|f]t–;fwgx¿sf] cefj /xg uof] .
th'{df ul/Psf of]hgfx¿sf] ;Gbe{df slxn]sfxLF sdhf]/ of]hgf th'{df eP eg] sltko cj:yfdf nIox¿
dxŒjfsfª\IfL / sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;+:yfut Ifdtf ckof{Kt /xg uof] . Tof]eGbf klg ;fj{hlgs / lghL
b'j} If]qsf] nufgL ;Lldt /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgf -PlkkL_ sf] klxnf] @) jif{sf] cjlwdf
s[lifdf ;/sf/ / ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/x¿sf] nufgL ;g @))% ;Dd s[lifsf] s'n ufx{:y ptkfbgsf] t'ngfdf
36]sf] eP klg To; kl5sf] bzsdf a9]sf] b]lvG5 . lghL If]qsf] nufgL klg Tolt w]/} x'g ;s]g . ;f]
cjlwdf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] Ifdtf ;Lldt /xg uof] . lghfdlt sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu k|f]T;fxg Go"g /x\of] eg]
bIf k];fsdL{ / sfdbf/ /fd|f] cj;/sf] vf]hLdf ljb]z hfg] qmd a9\of] .

*_ log} sf/sx¿n] ubf{ bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgf -PlkkL_ Pp6f ldl>t k|ltkmn /x]sf] of]hgf aGg k'Uof] . ;8s
k"jf{wf/, afuafgL / ;fd'bflos jgh:tf s]xL If]qx¿df o;n]] nIo xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf] lyof] eg], cGgafnL,
dnvfb / aLpsf ;Gbe{df ck]IffeGbf sd k|ult /xg uof] . o;}u/L, kz'kfng / l;FrfOdf ldl>t k|ltkmn
/xg uof] eg] ;du| s[lifhGo s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] j[l4b/ sdhf]/ /Xof] . bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgfsf]
th'{df k|ljlwsf] k|of]udf s]lGb|t cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t lyof] h'g vf;u/L xl/t qmflGtd} Hofbf s]lGb|t x'Fbf
g]kfnsf ;a} s[lif e"efudf / s[lif kof{j/0fsf nflu pko'Qm x'g ;s]g . ;|f]t–;fwgx¿, gLltx¿ / o;sf
sfo{qmdnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;+:yfx¿sf kIfaf6 ;Lldt ;xof]u ePsfn] bL3{sfnLg s[lif
of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog kIf sdhf]/ eof] . o;sf] :jfldTj klg lkmtnf] /Xof] . s[lif If]qsf d'Vo
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ls;fg, lghL If]q / ;xsf/L cflbsf nflu o;sf] th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf ;lqmo ¿kdf
;xefuL x'g] jftfj/0f ag]g . e"ld / e"ld;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg gu/L o;} 5fl8Psf lyP .
Pl8P; sf] th'{dfsf qmddf bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgfsf] cg'ejaf6 l;lsPsf kf7x¿nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 . oL
kf7x¿dWo] ;'zf;gsf] ;'lglZrttf, ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] k|efjsf/L ;xeflutf, hldgsf ;jfnx¿sf]
;Daf]wg, ljs]lGb|t cg';Gwfg / k|;f/sf ;fy} Jofkf/Ls/0f tyf k|lt:kwf{Tdstf j[l4 d'Vo 5g\ .

3
Pl8P; / s[lifsf] ¿kfGt/0f k|lqmof (ADS AND THE PROCESS OF AGRICULTURAL
TRANSFORMATION)

(_ s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltn] cfufdL @) jif{sf nflu g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qnfO{ dfu{lgb]{z ug]{ 5 . o; cjlwdf
g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qsf] ;+/rgfdf Jofks / ax'cfoflds kl/jt{g cfpg] / s[lif If]q;Fu} s[lif Joj;fosf] klg
cle j[l4 x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . s[lif / cGo If]qx¿aLrsf] ;dGjo vf; u/L u|fdL0f If]qsf] ul/aL
lgjf/0fsf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ x'g] 5 . tL If]qdf ;dUf| ¿kdf alnof] cy{tGq, Jojl:yt u|fdL0f cy{tGq /
/f]huf/L l;h{gfsf nflu s[lifdf cfwfl/t u}/–s[lif ultljlwx¿ ljsf;sf Go"Gftd cfwf/ x'g] 5g\ .

!)_ o; kl/k|]Iodf Pl8P;n] s[lif If]qleqsf hl6ntfx¿ ;Daf]wg ug{ / pTkfbgsf If]qx¿ -afnL, kz'kG5L,
dT:okfng, jg_ dfq geO{ k|zf]wg If]q, Jofkf/ tyf cGo ;]jfx¿ -e08f/0f, 9'jfgL tyf ;~rfng, ljQ,
ahf/Ls/0f, cg';Gwfg, k|;f/_ nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g] 5 .

!!_ Pl8P; sf] th'{df d"ntM s[lifdf cfwfl/t ;d'bfonfO{ ;]jf / pBf]u If]qaf6 a9L cfo cfh{g ug{ ;Sg]
u/L s[lif If]qsf] ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t 5 . g]kfnLsf] nflu vfB pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f, u}/
s[lif If]]q;lxtsf] u|fdL0f ljsf;, >lds / hldgsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4, Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng, /f]huf/L / o'jf
knfog, s[lif If]qdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsf / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;Gbe{df k|fs[lts ;|f]t–;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg
cflbsf nflu ¿kfGt/0f k|lqmofsf] pkfb]otf :yflkt x'g] 5 . Pl8P;n] s[lif If]qsf] ¿kfGt/0f k|lqmofnfO{
ult lbg] / g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cfsfª\Iff tyf ;d:ofx¿aLr ;xL tfnd]n ;'lglZrt ug]{ 5 .

Pl8P; sf] kl/sNkgf (VISION OF THE ADS)

!@_ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 lgDg cg';f/sf] Pl8P; kl/sNkgf tkm{ cufl8 a9\g Pl8P; sf] sfo{of]hgf Pj+
dfu{lrq th'{df ul/Psf] xf] M æcfly{s j[l4nfO{ ult lbg], hLjg:t/nfO{ dfly psf:g], vfB tyf kf]if0f
;'/Iffdf of]ubfg lbg], vfB ;Dk|e'tfpGd'v cfTdlge{/, lbuf]], k|lt:kwL{ tyf ;dfj]zL s[lif If]q"
sfof{Gjogsf qmddf Pl8P; kl/sNkgf cg'¿ksf] k|ult cg'udg ug{sf nflu to ul/Psf ljleGg ;"rs
tyf nIox¿ tflnsf ! df k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ .
Tflnsf !M Pl8P; kl/sNkgfsf nflu ;"rsx¿ / nIox¿ (Indicators and Targets for ADS Vision)
kl/sNkgfsf cNksfnLg dWosfnLg nIo bL3{sfnLg nIo
;"rsx¿ @)!% sf] cj:yf nIo -% jif{ _ -!) jif{_
;Defu -@) jif{_
vfBfGgdf !^ )–% k|ltzt )-% k|ltzt
cfTdlge{/tf vfBfGgdf ) k|ltzt Jofkf/
k|ltzt Jofkf/ cltl/Qm lgof{t cltl/Qm lgof{t
(Self-reliant) cfTdlge{/tf 3f6f
3f6f Jofkf/ Jofkf/
jif}{el/ l;FrfO @%=@ k|ltzt #% k|ltzt ^) k|ltzt *) k|ltzt
Dff6f]df
lbuf]]kg k|fª\ufl/s !=(^ k|ltzt #=) k|ltzt #=(@ k|ltzt $ k|ltzt
(Sustainable)
kbfy{
x}lzot #=&@ ldlnog @=** ldlnog @=%^ ldlnog !=^ ldlnog
4
kl/sNkgfsf cNksfnLg dWosfnLg nIo bL3{sfnLg nIo
;"rsx¿ @)!% sf] cj:yf nIo -% jif{_ -!) jif{_
;Defu -@) jif{_
ljlu|Psf] hldg x]S6/ x]S6/ x]S6/ x]S6/
(degraded land)
h+unn] 9fs]sf] $$=& k|ltzt $$=& k|ltzt $$=& k|ltzt $$=& k|ltzt
hldgsf]
pTkfbsTj
#,@&* $,!*$ %,##( *,^(& cd]l/sL
-s[lifIf]qsf] s'n
cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/ 8n/
ufx{:y pTkfbg
k|lt x]S6/_
s'n ufx{:y
* k|ltzt ( k|ltzt !! k|ltzt !^ k|ltzt
pTkfbgdf
s[lif
Joj;fosf]
k|ltzt
Jofkf/ 3f6f Jofkf/ 3f6f Jofkf/ 3f6f Jofkf/ art
s[lif Jofkf/
k|lt:kwL{ !,!@# ldlnog !,)&# ldlnog **@ ldlnog %)* ldlnog
;Gt'ng
(Competitive) cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/
@%% ldlnog $%^ ldlnog *!$ ldlnog @,%(* ldlnog
s[lifhGo lgof{t
cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/
dlxnfsf] jf
;+o'Qm
:jfldTjdf !^ k|ltzt @) k|ltzt #) k|ltzt %) k|ltzt
;dfj]zL /x]sf] s[lifof]Uo
(Inclusive) hUuf k|ltzt
s[lif
sfo{qmdsf] !*=@ k|ltzt @@ k|ltzt @^ k|ltzt #@ k|ltzt
kx'Frleqsf
s[ifs k|ltzt
s[lif If]qsf]
j[l4 s"n ufx{:y
(Growth) @=@# k|ltzt -*_ $ k|ltzt % k|ltzt ^ k|ltzt
pTkfbgsf]
cf};t j[l4b/
s[lif If]qsf]
s'n ufx{:y *#% !,)@( !,@^* !,(@^
hLljsf]kfh{g pTkfbg÷s[lif cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/
(Livelihood) >lds
u|fdL0f
If]qx¿df @$=# k|ltzt !( k|ltzt !% k|ltzt ( k|ltzt
u/LaL
vfB tyf vfB hlgt
@&=^ k|ltzt !( k|ltzt !# k|ltzt ^ k|ltzt
kf]if0f ;'/Iff ul/aL -**_
5
kl/sNkgfsf cNksfnLg dWosfnLg nIo bL3{sfnLg nIo
;"rsx¿ @)!% sf] cj:yf nIo -% jif{_ -!) jif{_
;Defu -@) jif{_
(Food and k'8\sf]kg k'8\sf]kg k'8\sf]kg k'8\sf]kg
Nutration (stunting) (stunting) (stunting) (stunting)
Security)
#&=$ k|ltzt, @( k|ltzt, @) k|ltzt, * k|ltzt,

sd tf}n sd tf}n sd tf}n sd tf}n

(underweight) (underweight) x'g] (underweight) (underweight)
#)=! k|ltzt, @) k|ltzt, x'g] !# k|ltzt, x'g] % k|ltzt,

Kff]if0f ;'s]gf; ;'s]gf; nfu]sf ;'s]gf; nfu]sf ;'s]gf; nfu]sf

-Vofp6]kgf_ hg;ª\Vof hg;ª\Vof hg;ª\Vof
nfu]sf hg;ª\Vof (wasting) sf] (wasting) sf] (wasting) sf]
(wasting) sf] k|ltzt %, k|ltzt @, k|ltzt !,
k|ltzt !!=#,
laPdcfO{ (Body laPdcfO{ sd laPdcfO{ sd laPdcfO{ sd
Mass Index) sd ePsf dlxnfsf] ePsf dlxnfsf] ePsf dlxnfsf]
ePsf dlxnfsf] k|ltzt !% k|ltzt !# k|ltzt %
k|ltzt !*=!

-*_ tLg aif{sf] cg'kft ;g\ @)!%÷!^ df cGTo

3/w'/L ah]6 ;j]{If0f ;g\ @)!$÷!%, g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f / aflif{s 3/w'/L ;j]{If0fsf tYofÍsx¿ s[lifsf] s'n ufx{:y
(**)
pTkfbg;Fu ;x;DalGwt (correlated) ul/Psf]

/0fgLlts ¿k/]vf (STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK)

!#_ Pl8P; sf] kl/sNkgf (Vision) k"0f{ ug{nfO{ rf/ /0fgLlts ;Defux¿M ;'zf;g, pTkfbsTj, gfkmfd"ns
Joj;foLs/0f / k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtfåf/f s[lif If]qsf] b|'t ljsf; ul/g] 5 . ;dfj]zLs/0f -;fdflhs tyf
ef}uf]lns b'j}_ k|j4{g, k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf, lbuf]k] g -k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg tyf cfly{s b'j}_, lghL tyf ;xsf/L
If]qsf] ljsf; / ahf/ k"jf{wf/sf] ;~hfn -pbfx/0fsf nflu s[lif ;8s, ;ª\sng s]Gb|x¿, Kofs]lhË
3/x¿, ahf/ s]Gb|x¿_, :f"rgfsf k"jf{wf/ tyf ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlw, / pmhf{ k"jf{wf/x¿ -pbfx/0fsf nflu
u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f, gjLs/0fLo Pj+ j}slNks pmhf{sf ;|f]tx¿_ dfkm{t\ ljsf;nfO{ cufl8 a9fOg] 5 .
;dfj]zL, lbuf]], ax'–If]qLo, tyf k"jf{wf/ ;~hfn j[l4dfkm{t\ vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff clej[l4, ul/aL
lgjf/0f, ;'b[9 / k|lt:kwL{ s[lif Jofkf/, u|fdL0f 3/kl/jf/sf] pRr / ;dtfd"ns cfo / s[ifssf clwsf/
;'lglZrt ug]{ glthfx¿ ck]lIft 5g\ .

lrq ! n] Pl8P; sf] /0fgLlts ¿k/]vf k|:t't ub{5—

6
 != vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff
@= ul/jL Go"gLs/0f
#= s[lif Joj;fodf k|lt:kwf{Tdstf
$= pRr / cem} yk ;dtfd"ns cfo
%= ls;fgx¿sf cflwsf/ ;'/lIft / ;'b[9
;dfj]zLs/0f lghL If]q,
;xsf/L If]q

lbuf]kg ;';DjGw ÷;Dks{

Gffkmfd"ns
;'zf;g pTkfbsTj
Joj;foLs/0f
k|lt:kwf{Tdstf

lrq !M s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] /0fgLlts ¿k/]vf

Pl8P; ¿k/]vfsf ;Defux¿ (COMPONENT OF THE ADS FRAMEWORK)

!$_ ;'Zff;g (Improved Governance): Pl8P; df ;'zf;g eGgfn] gLltx¿sf] th'{df ug]{, kl/dfh{g ug]{ /
sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;Gbe{df ;/sf/sf] IfdtfnfO{ a'emfpF5 . o:tf] Ifdtfsf] cefjdf Pl8P; ;kmntfk"js{
sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sg] 5}g . ;'zf;gsf k|d'v tŒjx¿ cGtu{t hjfkmb]lxtf, ;xeflutf, k"jf{g'dfg Ifdtf /
kf/blz{tf kb{5g\ .

!%_ s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu k6s–k6s k|ltj4tfx¿ hgfP klg o; If]qnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ gLltx¿ of t
ljsl;t ul/Pgg\ jf ljsl;t ul/P klg ltgLx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ul/Pgg\ . gLlt, sfo{qmd / cfof]hgf
sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;Gbe{df g]t[Tj txsf] k6s–k6ssf] kl/jt{gx¿n] ;d:ofnfO{ emg\ hl6n agfPsf] 5 .
;fy} gLltsf] Ps¿ktfdf klg ;d:ofx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ . o;sf] glthf :j¿k gLltsf] ljZj;gLotf u'd]sf]
5 . o;cl3sf sfo{qmdx¿ c;kmn x'g'df oL sf/0fx¿ klg lhDd]jf/ 5g\ . o:tf] kl/l:ylt cfpg glbg
Pl8P;n] gLltsf] k|ltj4tfdf yk ljZj;gLotfsf nflu :ki6 nIo lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . To;sf nflu k|d'v
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ -;/sf/ / gful/s ;dfh b'j}_ nfO{ of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf ;xefuL u/fpg] 5 /
pko'Qm tyf lgoldt ¿kdf cg'udg ug]{ 5 . Pl8P;n] s[lif If]qdf ljleGg lgsfox¿ / ljleGg txx¿
-s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo_ df tyf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ -;/sf/, gful/s ;dfh, ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/x¿_ aLr
7
 ;dGjo / k|efjsf/L of]hgf cfjZos kg]{ hl6ntfnfO{ 7DofPsf] 5 . ;'zf;gsf pknlAw xfl;n ug{sf
nflu k|efjsf/L ;dGjo / of]hgf lgdf{0f d'Vo k|ltkmn (Output) x'g] 5g\ . ;'b[9 Ifdtf ePsf] s[lif
ljsf; dGqfnosf] gLlt tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u ;dGjo dxfzfvf cGtu{tsf] s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt
;dGjo zfvf -sfof{Gjog ;xfotf OsfO{_ n] ljleGg ;+:yfx¿aLr Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;xhLs/0f
ug]{ 5 . Pl8P; sf ;dfj]zL kIfx¿ -n}l¨s, lk5l8Psf ju{x¿, ef}uf]lns ¿kdf lk5l8Psfx¿_ nfO{
pko'Qm ;+oGqx¿sf] dfWodaf6 ;dfj]z ul/g] 5 . o;n] klg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{
5 / Pl8P; sf] of]hgf lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog / cg'udgdf gful/s ;dfhnfO{ hjfkmb]xL agfpg] 5 . ;/sf/
/ gful/s ;dfhleqaf6 5flgPsf ;+3;+:yfx¿ -h:t}— ls;fgx¿, lghL If]q / ;xsf/Lx¿sf
;+3;+:yfx¿_ sf dfgj ;+;fwgsf] Ifdtfn] Pl8P; sf] ;~rfng Joj:yf ;'b[9 u/fpgdf ;dli6ut ¿kdf
of]ubfg lbg] 5g\ .

!^_ ;jf{lws lk5l8Psf ju{sf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf] cj:yfx¿df ;'wf/ Nofpg] e/kbf{ sfo{qmdx¿
geO{sg Pl8P; / o;n] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf lbg] of]ubfgk|lt vf;} ljZj;gLotf sfod x'g ;Sb}g .
Pl8P; sf ;dli6ut nIox¿dWo] Pp6f vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf] ;'wf/ ug'{ xf] . of] Pp6f bL3{sfnLg
nIo xf]Ù h;sf nflu Pl8P; sf cGo ;a} ;Defux¿n] of]ubfg u5{g\ . oBlk cNksfnLg cjlwsf nflu
Pl8P; df ;'zf;gsf] sfof{Gjog ePsf]] d'Vo s;L eg]sf] ;jf{lws lk5l8Psf ;d"xx¿sf ;a}eGbf h?/L
cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug]{ ;/sf/sf] Ifdtf g} xf] . ;'zf;gsf] of] kIf k"/f eP÷gePsf] k/LIf0fnfO{ ;Daf]wg
ug{ ;'zf;g cjoj cGtu{t /xg] u/L Pl8P; df vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff ;DaGwL vf; dxŒjsf
(Flagship) sfo{qmd ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] ax'If]q kf]if0f of]hgf (MSNP) / vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff
sfo{of]hgf (FNSP) ;Fu lgs6 ¿kdf ;dGjo ug]{ 5 .

!&_ Pl8P; sf] kl/sNkgf xfl;n ug{df ;'zf;g ;DejtM Pp6f ;jf{lws dxŒjk"0f{ ;Defu xf] . o;sf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu sfo{;Dkfbg / glthfdf cfwfl/t ;'wfl/Psf] Joj:yfkg cfjZos kb{5 .
glthfd'vL Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL :yfkgfsf nflu cfjZos pkfox¿ oxL ;Defuleq k/LIf0fsf] ¿kdf
Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

!*_ pTkfbsTj j[l4 (Higher Productivity): hldg / >dsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4 g} Pl8P; sf] cfwf/lznf xf] .
s[lif pTkfbsTj j[l4sf nflu pko'Qm k|ljlwx¿sf] cjnDag ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . ;fy} ahf/sf] dfu /
cfl>t ls;fgx¿sf] vfB ;'/Iffsf] cfjZostf;Fu ;fd~h:o /fVb} s;/L s[lif pTkfbgsf] ;fdYo{ /
lbuf]k] g a9fpg] eGg] hfGg' cfjZos x'G5 . s[lifhGo pTkfbsTj a9fpgsf nflu ckgfOg] pkfox¿
cGtu{t -s_ k|efjsf/L s[lif cg';Gwfg / k|;f/ -v_ s[lifhGo ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u -u_ k|fs[lts
;|f]t–;fwgx¿ -hldg, kfgL, df6f] / agh¨n_ sf] s'zn tyf lbuf]] kl/rfng / pkof]u / -hnjfo'
kl/jt{g / k|fs[lts k|sf]kx¿af6 arfpg ;Sg] Ifdtf kb{5g\ .

!(_ Pl8P; df lghL If]q, ;xsf/L If]q, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, cu'jf ls;fgx¿, s[ifs kf7zfnf nufot cGo
lgsfox¿;Fu} ;/sf/L If]q klg Pp6f lgsfo x'g] 5 / To;dfkm{t\ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / k|;f/ x'g] 5 . oBlk
;/sf/L If]qsf] e"ldsf cGo lgsfosf k|of;x¿nfO{ ;dGjo ug{df, gLltx¿ / of]hgfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf

8
 ;xhLs/0f ug{df, sfof{Gjog cg'udg ug{df / lgodx¿sf] nfu" Pj+ lgodgdf d'Vo ¿kdf lhDd]jf/ /xg]
5.

@)_ s[lif k|;f/sf nflu o; cl3 g} ljleGg lgsfox¿ ;+nUg 5g\ / cfp“bf] ;dodf pgLx¿sf] ;+nUgtf cem
dxŒjk"0f{ x'g] 5 eGg] tYo Pl8P;n] dgg u/]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|;f/ ;]jfdf dfgj;+;fwgsf] ;ª\Vofdf
j[l4 jsfnt ug'{eGbf klg Pl8P;n] ljBdfg dfgj ;+;fwfgsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ / pgLx¿sf]
lhDd]jf/LnfO{ ;]jfsf] k|;f/ ug]{ e"ldsfaf6 ;dli6ut ¿kdf s[lifhGo ;]jfx¿sf] lj:tf/df ;xhLs/0f ug]{
e"ldsftkm{ ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ Ifdtf k|j4{g ub{5 . of] e"ldsf kl/jt{gsf nflu s[lif ljsf;sf sfo{s|dsf]
jf:tljs -ufp“ ljsf; ;ldlt_ txdf k|efjsf/L ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] #,!%& ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf
s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf ul/g] 5g\Ù hxfF k|To]s ;fd'bflos ;]jf s]Gb|df s[lif, kz' / s[lif ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/;Fu
;DalGwt k|fljlwsx¿ sDtLdf !, ! hgf /xg] 5g\ .

@!_ /0fgLltsf] ;kmntfsf nflu pTkfbgsf] cfwf/e"t dfWodsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] hldgdf ls;fgx¿sf] kx'“r
uDeL/ / dxŒjk"0f{ 5 eGg] tYo klg Pl8P;n] dx;'; u/]sf] 5 . hUuf–hldg;Fu ;DalGwt uDeL/
;jfnx¿ h:t}, df]lxofgL xs, v08Ls/0f, hldgsf] u'0f:t/ 36\g], e"pkof]u of]hgf cflb Pl8P; sf] sfo{
cjlwdf ;Daf]wg ul/g' cfjZos 5 / ltgLx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu hldgsf] pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ug{
;Gt'lnt / bIftfk"0f{ ;+oGq osLg ug{ / ls;fgx¿sf ;+3;+:yfx¿, ;xsf/Lx¿ / lghL If]qnfO{ ;xefuL
u/fpg' cfjZos 5 . hldgsf] pTkfbsTj a9]sf] s'/f ls;fgx¿n] kfpg] cltl/Qm nfex¿ / u|fdL0f 3/
kl/jf/x¿sf] hghLljsfdf k|ltljlDat x'g'kb{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm s[lifsf] ;+/rgfdf ;fgf ls;fgx¿,
lgjf{xd'vL ls;fgx¿ / dlxnf ls;fgx¿sf] afx'No /x]sf] cj:yfdf k|ljlwsf] k|;f/, ahf/ Joj:yfkg, ljQ
/ dfn;fdfgsf k|aGwx¿ (Logistics) dfkm{t\ 7"nf] dfqfdf j[l4 xfl;n ug{ ls;fg tyf dlxnf ;+3;+:yfx¿
/ ;xsf/Lx¿sf] k|a4{g ug'{ cTofjZos x'G5 .

@@_ u'0f:t/Lo ;fdu|Lsf] ;dod} pknAwtfn] pTkfbsTjsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf k|ljlwsf]
kx'“r / cjnDagsf ;fy} k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgx¿sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgsf s|ddf pkef]u ul/g] ;du|
pTkfbg ;fdfu|Lsf] s'n pTkfbsTj (Total factor productivity) df g} s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbsTj /
k|lt:kwf{Tdstf lge{/ ub{5 eGg] tYonfO{ Pl8P;n] cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . nlIft ju{df k'Ug] ;jfnx¿ jf
ahf/ c;kmntfx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cg'bfg Pp6f cNksfnLg pkfo x'g ;S5 t/ bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf eg]
pTkfbsTjsf] lbuf]] ;'wf/sf nflu cg'bfg Tolt e/kbf]{, j}1flgs jf k|efjsf/L ;dfwfg x'g ;Sb}g .
Pl8P; lbuf]] tyf e/kbf]{ k|ljlwx¿sf] ljsf; / cEof;x¿sf] cjnDagdf s]lGb|t x'g] 5 / ls;fgx¿nfO{
pgLx¿sf] cfjZostf cg';f/sf pko'Qm ;fdu|L / k|;f/ ;]jf 5gf}6 ug{ gd'gfsf] ¿kdf ef}r/ k|0ffnL
nfu" ul/g] 5 .

@#_ gfkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0f (Profitable Commercialization) Pl8P; df gfkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0faf6

k|fKt x'g] pknlAw s[lifsf] ¿kfGt/0faf6 xfl;n x'g] pknlAwsf] Ps lx:;fsf ¿kdf /xg] 5 . of] ¿kfGt/0f
k|lqmofdf, clwsf+z lx:;f s]jn hLljsfsf nflu dfq v]tLkftL ul/Fb} cfPsf] s[lif, d"ntM lgjf{xd'vL -cGo
hLljsf jf 3/kl/jf/sf] vfB ;'/Iffsf ljsNkx¿ pknAw gePsf]_ cj:yfaf6 clwsf+z lx:;f

9
 Joj;foLs/0fsf] p2]Zo lnPsf] s[liftkm{ pGd'v x'g'sf ;fy} :yfgLo, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ahf/;“u
hf]l8Psf] x'g] 5 .

@$_ Jofj;flos s[liftkm{ ¿kfGtl/t x'gsf nflu ljleGg pkfox¿sf] cjnDag cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf nflu
s]jn ls;fgx¿df dfq geO{ cfwf/e"t ¿kdf s[lifhGo pTkfbgx¿ / ;]jfx¿nfO{ Joj;foLs/0f ug]{
sfo{df ;+nUg s[lif–pBdx¿ / ;xsf/Lx¿df klg s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ . oL pBdx¿df ;fdu|L k|bfosx¿,
pTkfbg sDkgLx¿, ahf/Ls/0f ug]{ ;xsf/Lx¿, e08f/0f ;~rfnsx¿, dfn;fdfgsf] k|aGw ug]{
sDkgLx¿, s[lif k|zf]wgstf{x¿, s[lifhGo tyf vfB pTkfbgx¿sf] cfoftstf{ / lgof{tstf{x¿,
ljt/sx¿, Jofkf/Lx¿, s[lif / s[lifhGo pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t ;xsf/Lx¿ / s[lifhGo ;]jf k|bfosx¿
-ljQLo ;]jf k|bfosx¿, ladf k|bfosx¿, Jofj;flos ;]jf k|bfosx¿ nufot_ kb{5g\ . oL pBdx¿
;fgf, dWod / 7"nf x'g ;Sg] 5g\ .

@%_ gfkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0fsf nflu ljleGg pkfox¿sf] cjnDag tyf k|lqmofx¿sf] ;dfof]hg x'g
cfjZos k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu nufgLsf] jftfj/0f cg's"n agfpg / bIftfk"0f{ Jofj;flos s[lif
k|j4{gsf nflu s/f/sf Joj:yfx¿ ;'b[9 u/fpg s/ / ljQLo ;]jfx¿df ;'wf/x¿ cfjZos kb{5 .
Pl8P;n] cy{tGqsf] ;Gt'ngsf] ;'lglZrttf xfl;n u/L /fli6«o cfo / /f]huf/Ldf k|efj kfg{sf nflu
;Lldt ;ª\Vofdf d"No z[ª\vnfx¿sf] k|fyldstf tf]Sg'kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ klg hf]8 lbG5 . cGTodf
Pl8P;n] Jofj;flos s[lifnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ef}lts tyf ;+:yfut k"jf{wf/x¿sf] -s[lif ;8sx¿,
ahf/;DaGwL hfgsf/L / ahf/ cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLx¿_ ;'wf/df klg ;xof]u ub{5 .

@^_ k|lt:kwf{Tdstfdf j[l4 (Increased Competitiveness): b|'t ultdf j[l4 x'g] s[lifn] cem};Dd klg ul/aLsf]
/]vfd'lg /x]sf g]kfnsf nfvf}F hgtfnfO{ ul/aLaf6 dfly p7fpg] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] pkfosf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 .
Pl;ofnL cy{tGqsf] cg'ejaf6 s] b]lvPsf] 5 eg], s[lifsf] j[l4df pTk|]/0ff hufpg] pkfox¿dWo]sf] Pp6f
;a}eGbf ;kmn pkfo eg]sf] s[lifut pBdLx¿nfO{ nufgLsf nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{ / 1fg
tyf pTkfbg ;fdu|Ldf kx'“r a9fP/ pRrtd pTkfbsTj xfl;n ug'{ xf] . lbuf]] j[l4sf nflu ;+/rgfut
kl/jt{gx¿ / ;'wf/x¿ cfjZos 5g\Ù h;nfO{ ljZjJofkL d"Nosf] ptf/–r9fjn] k|efj kfb}{g, h'g j[l4
Pp6f v/fa Pjd\ k|lts"n dg;'gn] klg sd x'“b}g / afXo nufgLdf dfq lge{/ /x“b}g . To;}n] Pl8P;n]
k|lt:kwf{TdstfnfO{ d'Vo hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . ;Ifd, d]x]gtL / bIf dfgj ;|f]t, ljZj ahf/df g]kfnnfO{
lrgfpg ;Sg] Pp6f :ki6 klxrfg ePsf] / pTkfbsTjnfO{ a9fpg ;Sg] / d'n'ssf] k|fs[lts cj;/x¿df
cfwfl/t gof“ pTkfbgx¿ / k|lqmofx¿;“u} gjLgtf Nofpg ;Sg] g]t[TjbfoL v'aL / b[9 OR5fzlQmdf
k|lt:kwf{Tdstfsf] hu /x]sf] x'G5 .

@&_ of] ;f]r xfl;n ug{sf nflu, lghL If]qsf] pmhf{ / l;h{gzLntf cTofjZos 5 . ;~rf/sf] o'u / /fd|f]
lzIffn] g]kfnL pTkfbsx¿nfO{ cem /fd|f cEof;x¿sf] cWoog ug{ / ahf/sf ;"rgfdf kx'“r sfod ug{
;Sg] agfPsf] 5Ù hals :yfloTj, hldgsf] a9\bf] ahf/ efp / ljk|]if0f -/]ld6\ofG;_ n] nufgL ug{ ;lsg]
/sd h'6fOlbPsf] 5 .

10
@*_ oL kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ s[lifsf] k|j4{g / k|lt:kwf{Tdstfsf nflu 5'6\6} cjwf/0ffsf] cfjZostf
kb{5Ù h;n] Psflt/ pTkfbs cyf{t\ ls;fgx¿sf ;fy;fy} lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] ckl/xfo{ e"ldsfnfO{
;Daf]wg ub{5 eg], csf{tkm{ ;/sf/af6 k|lt:kwf{Tdstfsf ;fy} ul/asf] ljsf; pGd'v j[l4sf] cg'udg
ug]{, lgodg ug]{ tyf ;xhLs/0f ug]{ e"ldsfnfO{ klg ;Daf]wg ug]{ 5 . o;/L ;/sf/sf] ;'b[9 ;xeflutfdf
lghL If]q / ;xsf/L If]qsf] pmhf{ / gjLgtfsf] ;lDd>0f dfkm{t\ ;sf/fTds ;fj{hlgs pknlAw ;'lglZrt
u/fpg'nfO{ g} k|foM ;fj{hlgs–lghL ;fem]bf/L eGg] ul/G5 . oL ;fem]bf/Lx¿sf] ;f/ eg]s} s'g} g s'g}
¿ksf] …cltl/Qm ;DefjgfÚ l;h{gf ug'{ xf]Ù h'g c¿x¿sf] ;+nUgtfaf6 ;Dej xF'b}g . ;/sf/L kIfaf6 x]bf{,
o;n] cfkm\gf] nufgL j[l4 ug]{ cj;/ kfp“5 / pknlAwx¿nfO{ Pslqt ug{ ;S5 eg] lghL / ;xsf/L
If]qsf nflu ;fj{hlgs sf]ifdf j[[l4 x'“bf pRr–hf]lvd pRr–;Defjgfsf cfof]hgfx¿df nufgL ug{ 8/fpg]
cj:yfnfO{ sd u5{ .

@(_ ls;fgx¿sf clwsf/ (Farmers' Rights): Pl8P;n] of]hgf th'{df, sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog / /0fgLltsf]
sfof{Gjogdf ls;fgx¿sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;+:yfut ;+oGq k|bfg ub{5 . vf;u/L Pl8P;n]
s]Gb|Lo txx¿df x'g] ;dGjo ;ldltx¿df, sfof{Gjog ;ldltsf] lgb]{zs ;ldltx¿df / g]kfn s[lif
cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\sf] -gfs{_ ;ldltdf, #,!%& uflj; :t/Lo ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|x¿sf] ;ldltdf
s[ifs k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;'lglZrttf u/]sf] 5 . o;} u/L pgLx¿ Jofj;flos s[lif ;~hfnx¿ / d"No z[ª\vnf
ljsf; ;~hfnx¿df klg cfj4 x'g] 5g\ . s[lif If]qsf] gLlt th'{dfsf ;fy} cg'udgsf qmddf pgLx¿;“u
k/fdz{ ul/g] 5 . pgLx¿ lhNnf txdf /xg] vfB ;'/Iff sfo{;~hfnsf ;b:ox¿ /xg] 5g\ . oL ;a}
;+:yfx¿df cfkm\gf k|ltlglwx¿sf] pkl:ylt u/fP/ ls;fgx¿n] Pl8P; df cfkm\gf clwsf/x¿ ;'b[9 /
;'lglZrt ePsf] kfpg ;Sg] 5g\ .

#)_ o;sf cltl/Qm, Pl8P;n] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf l;4fGtx¿sf] kl/lwdf /xL vfB ;'/Iffx¿ / vfB
;Dk|'etf;“u ;DalGwt sfg'g lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ klg k|a4{g ug]{ 5 . ls;fgx¿sf clwsf/x¿af/]sf]
a'emfOnfO{ cem uxg agfpg tL clwsf/x¿sf] ;+j4{g ug{, ltgLx¿sf] cg'udg ug{ vf; kxnx¿ ul/g]
5 / pgLx¿sf] ;'/IffnfO{ Pl8P; sf] ;'zf;gsf] /0fgLlts ;+efu cGtu{tsf ultljlwdf ;d]l6g] u/L
ljsf; ul/g] 5 .

#!_ ls;fgx¿sf clwsf/x¿nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ / ljleGg gLltut÷;+/rgfut ;+oGqdf ls;fgsf]

k|ltlglwTjsf nflu Ps pRr :t/Lo clwsf/ ;DkGg / :yfoL k|s[ltsf] ls;fg cfof]u u7g ul/g] 5 .
ls;fg cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ;DaGwL vf; ljj/0f, agfj6 / lgodg Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogsf]
;'?cftL r/0fdf g} ljsf; ul/g] 5 .

#@_ Jofj;flos ls;fg, lgjf{xd'vL ls;fg / el"dxLgx¿ (Commercial farmers, Subsistence farmers,
and the Landless): a]Unf a]Un} s[lif–kof{j/0fLo If]qx¿sf nflu a]Unf a]Un} k|sf/sf] s[lif auL{s/0fsf]
k4lt cjnDag ul/g'kb{5 eGg] tYonfO{ Pl8P;n] klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . Pl8P;n] lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf]
ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ub{5 / ;d'bfonfO{ pgLx¿sf cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{ k|ljlw lj:tf/, cg';Gwfg /
lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ k'gM cled'vLs/0fsf] cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 . ;fgf Jofj;flos ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g]
;]jfx¿ ;fwf/0ftof lgjf{xd'vL ls;fgx¿sf nflu cg'ko'Qm x'G5g\ . ;fgf Jofj;flos ls;fgx¿k|lt
11
 nlIft ;+:yfx¿sf] ;Gbe{df -pbfx/0f d"No z[ª\vnf_, ;fgf Jofj;flos ls;fgx¿sf nflu ckgfOPsf]
k4ltnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;Sg]hlt ;d]l6g ;Sg] 5g\ eg] To; afx]ssf cGo lgjf{xd'vL s[ifsx¿ 5'6\g]
5g\ . To;sf/0f Pl8P;n] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|x¿ dfkm{t\ / d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf;df
vf;u/L ljkGgsf nflu ahf/ k4lt dfkm{t\ lgjf{xd'vL ls;fgx¿ / Jofj;flos ls;fgx¿sf nflu pko'Qm
ljleGg tf}/tl/sfx¿ k|j4{g ub{5 . vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf k|ToIf of]ubfg, u|fdL0f If]qdf u}/–s[lif
If]qsf] /f]huf/L lj:tf/ / s[lifdf cfwfl/t pBdx¿sf] ljsf;sf] ;dli6ut :j¿kn] u|fdL0f If]qsf
e"ldxLg 3/kl/jf/x¿ Pl8P;af6 k/f]If ¿kdf nfeflGjt x'g]5g\ .

##_ Pl8P; sf] @) jif]{ sfof{Gjog qmddf s[lif If]qsf] ¿kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmof cl3 a9\g] 5 / u|fdL0f If]qsf
clwsf+z 3/kl/jf/x¿n] of t ufp“s} u}/–s[lif If]qdf jf ;x/L If]qdf /f]huf/L kfpg] 5g\ . pRr
cfDbfgLsf] cj;/sf] cfsif{0fn] jf u|fdL0f If]qdf gfkmfd"ns /f]huf/L / cfsif{s hLjg:t/ gx'g'sf]
ljsif{0fsf] sf/0fn] u|fdL0f 3/ kl/jf/x¿sf] Pp6f pNn]vgLo ;ª\Vofn] ufpmFaf6 knfog x'g] qmd klg
;Fu;Fu} hf/L g} /xg] 5 . h'g;'s} k|lqmofaf6 eP klg g]kfndf s[lif If]qsf] Joj;foLs/0f a9\g] 5 tfklg
Jofj;flos s[lif d"ne"t ¿kdf ;–;fgf :jfldTjsf ultljlw -b'O{ x]S6/eGbf sd hldg ePsf ls;fgx¿_
df ;Lldt /xg] 5 . v]tL ls;fgLd} hLljsf]kfh{g u/L To;}df cfl>t /xg] k|sf/sf] v]tLkftL klg nfdf]
;do;Ddsf nflu Jofj;flos s[lif;“u} cl:tTjdf /lx/xg] 5 . s'n s[lifdf ;+nUg hg;ª\Vofdf eg] o;sf]
lx:;f 36\g] 5 . Pl8P;n] s[lifsf] Joj;foLs/0fnfO{ tLj| agfpFb} ;fgf Jofj;flos ls;fgx¿sf] cfo /
lgjf{xd'vL ls;fgx¿sf] hLjg :t/ b'j}df ;'wf/ ug]{ 5 / ;fy} u}/–s[lif If]qdf j[l4 / /f]huf/L ;[hgfsf]
cj;/ a9fP/ e"ldxLg÷;LdfGtLs[t e"ldxLgx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] 5 .

#$_ Pl8P; sf ultljlwx¿sf] k|efj tLg ;d"xsf ls;fgx¿df kg]{ 5— Jofj;flos, lgjf{xd'vL / e"ldxLg .
Jofj;flos ls;fgx¿ Pl8P; sf clwsf+z sfo{s|dx¿af6 k|ToIf ¿kdf k|efljt x'g] 5g\ . s]xL
kIf÷j:t'÷ljifox¿df k|efj k|ToIf / lgs} bx|f] x'g] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, l;FrfO, oflGqsLs/0f, d"No
z[ª\vnf ljsf; / lgsf;Lx¿nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . s[lifd} hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu cfl>t /x]sf kl/jf/x¿ klg
clwsf+z Pl8P; sf k|lqmofx¿af6 k|efljt x'g] 5g\ . hldg -h:t}— df]lxofgLsf] ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{,
hUuf ef8fdf lbg], ;xsf/L v]tL, x|f; ePsf] hldgnfO{ ;'wfg]{_, ;dod} u'0f:t/Lo s[lif ;fdu|Lsf]
pknAwtf -h:t}— lgjf{xd'vL ls;fgx¿ nlIft s'kg, ;'wfl/Psf] k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf_, / n3'ljQ tyf s[lif
ladf;Ddsf] kx'“r h:tf n}l¨s, ;fdflhs / ef}uf]lns ;dfj]zLs/0f;“u ;DalGwt Pl8P; sf
k|fjwfgx¿sf] k|ToIf k|efj lgs} alnof] 5 . hldg gePsf jf hldg geP ;/xsf hgtf klg vfB tyf
kf]if0f sfo{qmdx¿, n}l¨s tyf ;fdflhs÷ef}uf]lns ;dfj]zLs/0f, jg k}bfjf/;Ddsf] kx'“r / ;fgf tyf
demf}nf pBdx¿sf] ljsf;;“u ;DalGwt Pl8P; sf k|fjwfgx¿af6 k|ToIf ¿kdf nfeflGjt x'g] 5g\ .

Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjog (IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ADS)

#%_ Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjog eGgfn] s] ug]{, s;/L ug]{ eGg] hfgsf/L lng] / To;nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg] eGg]]
hgfp“5 . sfof{Gjog æs] ug]{Æ eGbf Pl8P; sf] ljifo j:t' vf; u/L kl/sNkgf (Vision), pknlAwx¿
(Outcomes), k|ltkmnx¿ (Outputs) / lqmofsnfkx¿ (Activities) eGg] a'e\mg'kb{5 . æs;/LÆ sfof{Gjog
eGg] kIf of]hgfcg';f/ sfd ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ cfjZos ;+oGqx¿ kl/rflnt ug]{ eGg] a'em\gk' b{5 .
12
Pl8P; sf] …s]Ú (THE WHAT OF THE ADS)

#^_ Pl8P; cGtu{t $ ;Defux¿ -Components_, #% k|ltkmnx¿ -Outputs_, / @#@ cf]6f s[ofsnfkx¿
-Activities_ kb{5g\ . tflnsf @ df pknlAwx¿ / k|ltkmnx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . d"n k|ltj]bgdf x/]s
ultljlwnfO{ ;lj:tf/ lbOPsf] 5 . k|ltj]bgn] k|To]s lqmofsnfksf] lj:t[t ljj/0f ;d]6]sf] 5 . Pl8P:fsf
k|ltkmn / lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿df— cfwf/ sfo{qmdx¿ -Core Porgrams_, vf; dxŒjsf
sfo{qmdx¿ -Flagship Programs_ / cGo sfo{qmdx¿ -Other Programs_ df juL{s/0f ul/Psf]] 5 . cfwf/
sfo{qmd¿ / vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmdx¿ tflnsf @ df ;"rLs[t ul/Psf 5g\ . cGo sfo{qmdx¿df s[lif
ljsf; dGqfnoåf/f xfn sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf sfo{qmdx¿ 5g\ / ltgLx¿nfO{ cfwf/ sfo{qmdx¿ / vf;
dxŒjsf sfo{qmdx¿df ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] 5}g . oL ljBdfg cGo sfo{qmdx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg ul/g] 5 /
ltgLx¿nfO{ eljiodf cfwf/ sfo{qmdx¿ / vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmdx¿df ;dfj]z ub}{ nlug] 5 .

tflnsf @M Pl8P; sf ;Defux¿, k|ltkmnx¿ / sfo{qmdx¿ (Components, Outputs, and Programs of the
ADS)
;Defu sfo{qmd
;ª\Vof k|ltkmn -Output_
-Component_ -Program_
!=! gLltut k|ltj4tfsf] ljZj;gLotf cfwf/
!=@ Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg ljleGg cfwf/
lgsfox¿aLrsf] ;'b[9 ;dGjo
!=# PsLs[t of]hgf cfwf/
!=$ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf ;xfotf cfwf/
!=% Pl8P; df n}ª\lus ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs cfwf/
tyf ef}uf]lns ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu
:yfkgf ul/Psf ;+oGqx¿
!=^ Pl8P; sf] ;dod} / k|efjsf/L cg'udg / cfwf/
d"Nofª\sg
!=& Pl8P; sf] of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog / cfwf/
!= ;'zf;g
-Improved Governance_ cg'udgsf nflu s[ifs / s[lif d'No
z[ª\vnf stf{x¿sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt
ug]{ ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf -h:t} ls;fg cfof]u
_
!=* Pl8P; sf] ;dGjo / sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg cfwf/
ePsf d'Vo lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4
!=( ;jf{lws lk5l8Psf ;d"xx¿sf] ;'wfl/Psf] vf; dxTjsf sfo{qmd –
vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff / vfB clwsf/ vfB kf]if0f ;'/Iff
sfo{qmd
!=!) sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg cfwf/
k|0ffnLx¿ :yflkt k|f]T;fxgx¿;“u ;Da4
u/fOPsf]
@=! ls;fgx¿ / s[lif–pBdLx¿sf vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmd -
@=pRr pTkfbsTj cfjZostfx¿k|lt hjfkmb]xL ljs]lGb|t ljs]lGb|t lj1fg k|ljlw /
(Higher Productivity_
k|;f/ k|0ffnL lzIff sfo{qmd
13
;Defu sfo{qmd
;ª\Vof k|ltkmn -Output_
-Component_ -Program_
@=@ ls;fgx¿ / s[lif–pBdLx¿sf vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmd -
cfjZostfx¿k|lt hjfkmb]xL ljs]lGb|t ljs]lGb|t lj1fg k|ljlw /
cg';Gwfg k|0ffnL lzIff sfo{qmd
@=# ;'b[9 s[lif lzIff k|0ffnL vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmd -
ljs]lGb|t lj1fg k|ljlw /
lzIff sfo{qmd
@=$ hldgnfO{ k|efjsf/L / lbuf]] 9¨af6 cfwf/
pkof]u ug]{ lsl;dsf] kof{Kt kmfd{ ;fOh
;lxtsf] v]tL If]q
@=% ;dtfd"ns / lbuf]] lx;fjn] lj:tfl/t cfwf/
l;l~rt If]q / ;'b[9 l;FrfO k|efjsfl/tf
Pj+ Joj:yfkg
@=^ ;xh / ;/n d"Nodf u'0f:t/Lo s[lif cfwf/
;fdu|Ldf kx'Fr
@=& ;|f]t ;fwg / Ifdtf lgdf{0fdf kof{Kt cfwf/
nufgLsf dfWodaf6 aLp ljhgsf] /fli6«o
b[li6sf]0f @)!#–@)@% sf ;fy} ljBdfg
aLp gLltx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
dfkm{t\ plrt d"Nodf ;dod}, u'0f:t/Lo
aLplahgx¿sf] kx'“r x'g ;Sg] ;'wfl/Psf]
/ ljs]lGb|t aLp k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf
@=* cNksfnLg cjlwsf] nflu :jLsfo{, dWod cfwf/
/ bL3{sfnLg ;dofjlwsf] nflu :ki6
/0fgLltsf ;fy pTkfbsTjdf ;'wf/sf
nflu dnvfb cfk"lt{sf] Jofjxfl/s ;dfwfg
@=( g]kfnsf] v]tL k|0ffnL / jftfj/0f ;'xfp“bf] cfwf/
pGgt gZnsf kz'x¿sf] pknAwtf
@=!) ls;fgx¿df oGq, pks/0fx¿sf] kx'“r cfwf/
@=!! hnjfo' kl/jt{g, k|fs[lts k|sf]kx¿, cfwf/
d"Nodf cl:y/tf / cGo ljkb\x¿sf]
l:yltdf klg ls;fgx¿df ;'wfl/Psf]
;dfg's"ng Ifdtf
@=!@ lbuf]] s[lif÷kz'kfng, c;n s[lif cEof;x¿ cfwf/
(GAP), c;n kz' lrlsT;f / kz'kfng
cEof; (GVAHP) :yfkgf / cjnDag
ul/g]
@=!# k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg Joj:yfkg tyf cfwf/
hLjgofkg ;'wf/sf nflu Pslqt Pj+
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t e"–Joj:yfkg
cjwf/0ff;lxt lgjf{xd'vL pTkfbghGo jg
k}bfjf/nfO{ k|lt:kwL{, s[lif d}qL tyf
14
;Defu sfo{qmd
;ª\Vof k|ltkmn -Output_
-Component_ -Program_
;dfj]zL jg Joj:yfkg Jojxf/df ljsf;
ul/g] .
#=! s[lif Joj;foLs/0fsf nflu ;'wfl/Psf] cfwf/
nufgLsf] jftfj/0f
#= gfkmfd'vL #=@ Jofj;flos s[lifsf nflu s/f/ k|jGwx¿ cfwf/
Joj;foLs/0f #=# k|efjsf/L Jofj;flos s[lif If]qsf nflu cfwf/
-Profitiable
Commercialization_ ;xof]uL s/ gLlt
#=$ k|lt:kwL{ Pj+ dfudf cfwfl/t ljljw ljQLo cfwf/
tyf s[lifhGo ljdf pTkfbgx¿
#=% ;fgf ls;fgx¿ Pj+ pBdLx¿sf] kmfObf vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmd –
Pj+ d"No clej[l4 ug]{ vfnsf k|lt:kwL{ d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf;
s[lif d"No z[ª\vnf sfo{qmd
#=^ lj:tfl/t u|fdL0f ;8s ;~hfn cfwf/
#=& ahf/sf] hfgsf/L (Market intelligence) cfwf/
sf nflu s[lif ahf/ ;"rgf, ;"rgf k|ljlw
tyf ;~rf/ (ITC) sf pTkfbgx¿sf]
pkof]u
#=* lj:tfl/t u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f / gjLs/0fLo cfwf/
pmhf{x¿
$=! ahf/ k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; cfwf/
$=@ gof“kgsf ;fgf tyf demf}nf Jofj;flos vf; dxTjsf sfo{qmd –
$= k|lt:kwf{Tdstf j[l4 s[lif pBdx¿ gj–k|jt{g tyf s[lif–
-Increased pBdzLntf sfo{qmd
Competitiveness_ $=# vfB / s[lifhGo pTkfbgx¿sf] lgof{tdf cfwf/
j[l4
$=$ vfB ;'/Iff tyf u'0f:t/ clej[l4 cfwf/

Pl8P; …s;/LÚ (THE HOW OF THE ADS)

#&_ Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogn] ljBdfg ;+oGqx¿ / gof“ ;+oGqx¿sf] ;lDd>0fx¿nfO{ ;d]6\5 . s[lif If]qsf nflu
/0fgLltx¿ / of]hgfx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ k/Dk/fut tl/sfdf Pp6f ;+:yfut ;+/rgf kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5Ù
hxf“ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ;dli6ut ¿kdf gLltut ;+of]hgsf] sfo{ ub{5, s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon]
s[lif;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{df g]t[Tj axg ub{5 . ;DalGwt cGo lgsfox¿n] sfof{Gjogdf
;3fpg] 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu l;FrfO ljefun] l;FrfO ljsf;sf] g]t[Tj ub{5 eg] :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
tyf s[lif ;8s ljefun] s[lif ;8sx¿sf] g]t[Tj ub{5 . jg ljefu / e"—;+/If0f tyf hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg
ljefun] h¨n If]qsf] hldgsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;+j4{gsf] g]t[Tj ub{5g\ . s[lif ljefu / kz' ;]jf ljefun] s[lif
tyf kz'kfng lj:tf/sf] g]t[Tj ub{5g\ . g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\n] s[lif;DaGwL cg';Gwfgsf] g]t[Tj
ub{5 .

15
#*_ sfo{qmd / of]hgfx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ k/Dk/fut tl/sfsf cf g} ts{ / cf}lrTo 5g\ . tyflk of]hgf
th'{df, PsLs[t of]hgf, gLlt cg'udg, vl/b / ljQLo Joj:yfkg nufotsf sfo{x¿df sfof{Gjog
lgsfosf] sdhf]/ Ifdtf / ;dGjosf] sdL h:tf sf/0f / s[lifut ¿kfGt/0f k|lqmofsf ;Gbe{df / ablnFbf]
ljZj kl/j]zdf b]lvPsf gof“ cfofdx¿ h:tf] ls, tLj| ultdf al9/x]sf] a;fOF ;/fO, ljZjJofkL d"No
z[ª\vnfsf] k|e'Tj, lg/Gt/ ¿kdf gjLgtf / cg's"ng vf]lh/xg] gof“ k|ljlwx¿ h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{
k/Dk/fut z}nLaf6 ul/Fb} cfPsf] ;dGjosf] kf6f] sdhf]/ b]lvPsf] 5 .

#(_ g]kfndf s[lif sfo{qmd¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ k/Dk/fut tl/sfdf s[lif If]qsf d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ls;fg,
;xsf/Lx¿ / lghL s[lif pBdLx¿sf] ljsf;df s]lGb|t /xg] u/L ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ cu| efudf 5g\ .

$)_ k/Dk/fut ;+oGqx¿n] eljiosf nflu pkof]uL kf7 lbg'sf ;fy} lbzfjf]w klg ub{5g\ . :ki6tM /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]u, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno tyf cGo ;Da4 lgsfox¿n] Pl8P; df Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ x'G5 / of] e"ldsf dfGotfk|fKt Pj+ ;'b[9 x'g'k5{ . t;y{, k/Dk/fut ;ls|o ;+oGqx¿ klg
cfkm\gf] sfof{Gjog Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ ub}{ d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ -s[ifsx¿, ;xsf/Lx¿, / lghL If]q_ nfO{
s[lif ljsf;sf] k|s[ofdf ;fem]bf/sf] ¿kdf cufl8 j9fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . cem} eGg'kbf{ g]kfndf s[lif gLltx¿ /
sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ k/Dk/fut tl/sfn] tLa| ultsf] j[l4 / ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ ck]lIft glthf
lbg ;s]sf] 5}g .

gof“ ;+oGqx¿ (NEW MECHANISMS)

$!_ sfof{Gjogdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu Pl8P;n] s]xL gof“ ;+oGqx¿sf] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . gof“ ;+oGqx¿
ljBdfg ;+oGqx¿s} hudf lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\ / ltgn] k'/fgf ;+oGqx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ 5g\ / ;'b[9
agfpg] 5g\ . :ki6 eGg'kbf{ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno / cGo ;Da4 lgsfox¿sf
cltl/Qm Pl8P; sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ls;fg, s[lif vfB z[ª\vnfsf stf{x¿, ;+3;+:yfx¿, k|fyldstf
k|fKt /fli6«o sfo{qmdx¿, / k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;lDd>0fdf e/ kg]{ 5 . ljBdfg / gof“
;+oGqx¿aLrsf] ;DaGw lrq @ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
lgsfox¿ (Institutions)
!= /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt -/fP;;_
@= /fli6«o Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt -/fPsf;_
#= Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xfotf OsfO{ -Psf;O_
$= Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xfotf sf]if -Psf;sf]_

vf; dxŒjsf / cfwf/ sfo{qmdx¿ (Flagship and Core Programs)

!= vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{qmd -vfkf];'sf_
@= ljs]lGb|t lj1fg, k|ljlw / lzIff sfo{qmd -ljk|lzsf_
#= d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; sfo{qmd -d"z[ljsf_
$= gj–k|jt{g tyf s[lif–pBdzLntf sfo{qmd -gs[psf_
%= cfwf/ sfo{qmd¿ (Core Programs)
16
k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ (Leading Stakeholders)
!= s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u nufot ;/sf/L lgsfox¿
@= ls;fgsf ;+3;+:yfx¿
@= ;xsf/L ;+3;+:yfx¿
#= lghL If]qsf ;+3;+:yfx¿

vf; dxTjsf sfo{qmdx?

lrq @M Pl8P; sfof{Gjog tyf ;dGjo ;+oGqx¿

/fli6«o Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt

$@_ dfggLo s[lif ljsf; dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf /fli6«o Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt :yfkgf ul/g] 5Ù h;df
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf dfggLo pkfWoIf, ;x–cWoIf / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf dfggLo ;b:o -s[lif
If]q_, s[lif tyf jg lj1fg ljZjljBfnosf pks'nklt, cy{, l;FrfO, jg, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo
ljsf;, ;xsf/L tyf ul/jL lgjf/0f, e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf, / lzIff dGqfno sf ;lrjx¿, g]kfn pBf]u
jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf cWoIf, g]kfn pBf]u kl/;+3sf cWoIf, /fli6«o ls;fg ;~hfn÷ls;fg cfof]usf
k|ltlglw ;b:ox¿sf ¿kdf / s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf ;lrj ;b:o ;lrjsf ¿kdf /xg] 5g\ . :jtGq
k];fsdL{x¿, bft[ lgsfosf k|ltlglwx¿, u}/;sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / k|fl1sx¿nfO{ ko{j]Ifssf ¿kdf ;xefuL
u/fOg] 5 . Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjog ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{df lhDd]af/ /xg] 5 /
o;sf] a}7s å}dfl;s ¿kdf a:g] 5 . ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/df lgDg kIfx¿ ;dfj]z x'g] 5g\ M
-s_ lhDd]jf/ ;+:yfx¿df gLltut, k|zf;sLo / sfg'gL kl/jt{gx¿ u/L Pl8P; sfof{GjognfO{
;'lglZrt ug]{ .
-v_ cfGtl/s -;fj{hlgs / lghL_ / afx\o b'j} ;|f]tx¿af6 ;|f]t kl/rfng ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
17
 -u_ ;Da4 dGqfno / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ Pl8P; sf sfo{qmdx¿ / cfof]hgfx¿ tNnf] txb]lv
/fli6«o tx;Dd sfof{Gjog u/fpgdf ;xhLs/0fsf nflu dfu{lgb]{zg ug]{ .
-3_ Pl8P; sfof{Gjogdf ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg] k|fljlws ;xof]usf nflu cfof]hgf lgb]{zg
;ldlt (Project Steering Committee)sf ¿kdf sfd ug]{ .
-ª_ /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;+nUgtfdf Pl8P; sf] cfjlws
d"Nofª\sg ug]{ / ;'emfjx¿sf] ;dfof]hg ug]{ .
-5_ eljiodf jGg] ;+3Lo ;+/rgfx¿ cg';f/ Pl8P; sf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx¿df
;dfof]hg ug]{ .

;dGjo ;ldltx¿

$#_ /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIfsf] cWoIftfdf /xL ;Da4 lgsfox¿sf]
;dGjo ug]{ /fli6«o ;ldlt xf] . of] ;ldlt s[lif ljsf; dGqfnodf /xg] Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u
OsfO{af6 pknJw ;lrjfno ;]jf dfkm{t\ ;anLs/0f x'g] 5 / Pl8P; sf ;fGble{s ljifox¿sf] ;dGjosf]
lhDd]jf/L ;lxtsf] b]xfosf] pk ;ldlt dfkm{t\ k|jlt{t x'g] 5 h:t} M
-s_ s[lif, l;FrfO / k|;f/aLr ;dGjo -ljz]ifu/L s[lif ljefu / l;FrfO ljefuaLr_
-v_ ;/sf/L If]q, lghL If]q -h:t}— g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3, s[lif pBd s]Gb|, g]kfn pBf]u
kl/;+3, s[lif Joj;fo ;+3x¿, ;fgf tyf demf}nf pBf]u ;+3x¿_, ;xsf/L If]qx¿ -h:t}— g]kfn
;xsf/L dxf;+3_ / ls;fgsf ;+3;+:yfx¿ -h:t}, /fli6«o ls;fg ;~hfn_aLr ;dGjo .
-u_ ;/sf/L If]q / u}/–;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx¿ (NGOs)÷cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ (INGOs)
aLrsf] ;dGjo .
-3_ ;/sf/ / ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/x¿aLr ;dGjo .
-ª_ cg';fGwfg–k|;f/–lzIff;“u ;Da4 ;+3;+:yfx¿ -g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\–s[lif ljefu, kz'
;]jf ljefu, vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu, s[lif tyf jg lj1fg ljZjljBfno, jg
cWoog ;+:yfg, s[lif SofDk;x¿, Jofj;flos lzIff tyf tflnd s]Gb|_x¿aLr ;dGjo .
-r_ s[lif ljsf; / vfB kf]if0f ;'/Iff / vfB :jR5tf -s[lif ljsf; dGqfno / :Jff:Yo dGqfno,
/fli6«o kf]if0f tyf vfB ;'/Iff lgb]{zg ;ldlt_ aLr cfk;L ;dGjo .

$$_ s[lif dGqfnosf ;lrjn] cWoIftf ug]{ s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldltn] -s]s[ljsf;_ cfjlws
¿kdf s[lif sfo{qmd¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg lgsfox¿sf] a}7s af]nfpg] / ltgsf ultljlwx¿df ;dGjo
ug]{ 5 . Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xfotf OsfO{ dfkm{t\ ;~rfng x'g] Ifdtf clej[l4 dfkm{t\ s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf;
sfof{Gjog ;ldltnfO{ ;anLs/0f u/fOg] 5 . o:t} k|sf/sf] ;dGjo ;+oGq If]qLo / lhNnf txdf klg
ljBdfg 5g\ . If]qLo :t/df If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zsn] ;dGjo ug]{ If]qLo s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt -If]s[lj;_ /
lhNnf txdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf ;efkltn] cWoIftf ug]{ lhNnf s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt -lhs[lj;_ 5g\ .
oL ;a} ;+oGqx¿nfO{ Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xfotf OsfO{sf] ;xof]u / /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldltsf]
;dGjodf ;'b[9 u/fOg' / k'gM lqmofzLn u/fOg' cfjZos 5 .

18
$%_ cfjlws hfgsf/L dfkm{t\ lhNnf s[lif ljsf; ;ldltx¿, If]qLo s[lif ljsf; ;ldltx¿ / s]Gb|Lo s[lif
ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldltaLr k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ ;'lglZrt ul/g'k5{ . s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog
;ldltn] /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt;“u ;dGjo ug]{ 5 . Pl8P; sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg s]Gb|Lo s[lif
ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldltn] Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xfotf OsfO{ dfkm{t\ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]udf k]; ug]{ 5 .

Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xfotf OsfO{

$^_ Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogdf ljleGg lgsfox¿ / ;/f]sf/jfnfaLr ;dGjosf] h?/t kb{5 . sfof{Gjogsf
nflu gLltut ljZn]if0f / th'{df, cg'udg / sfg'gL / lgodg Ifdtfx¿ cfjZos kb{5g\Ù h'g xfn Tolt
;lqmo ePsf] kfOGg . gLltdf ;Ifd, sfg'gL / ljZn]if0f Ifdtf ePsf], s[lif ljsf; dGqfnok|lt lhDd]jf/
Ps OsfO{n] gLlt / sfof{GjogaLrsf] vf8n k"lt{ ug{ tyf Pl8P; sf sfof{Gjog lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf
clej[l4 ug{df /fd|/L of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Sg] 5 .

$&_ Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xfotf OsfO{sf sfo{x¿ lgDg cg';f/ x'g] 5g\ M
-s_ ;DalGwt sfof{Gjog lgsfox¿sf nflu gLlt ljZn]if0f tyf gLlt cg'udg / PsLs[t of]hgf
lgdf{0fdf Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{,
-v_ Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu gLlt tyf lgodx¿sf] th'{df / ;+zf]wg ug{ ;xof]u ug]{,
-u_ Pl8P; cg'udgsf nflu Pp6f k|0ffnL / 8f6fa]; ljsl;t ug{ ;3fpg],
-3_ Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu gLlt tyf lgodx¿sf] th'{df / ;+zf]wg ug{ ;xof]u ug]{,
-ª_ PsLs[t cfjlws of]hgfx¿ -jflif{s / k~rjifL{o of]hgfx¿, tyf ;+zf]wg÷cBfjlws Pl8P;
of]hgf_ th'{df ug{ ;xof]u ug]{,
-r_ /fP;;, /fPsf; / Psf;sf]nfO{ ;lrjfno / Jofj;flos ;]jf k|bfg ug]{,
-5_ ;xfotf ;dGjo ;+oGqx¿ -/fP;;, /fPsf;, s]s[ljsf;, If]s[lj;, lhs[lj;) nfO{ Ifdtf,
aGbf]a:tLsf] k|aGw / ljZn]if0f OsfO{x¿sf ;Gbe{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg],
-h_ ;DalGwt gLltx¿sf] cg'udgsf ;fy} Pl8P;nfO{ sfof{Gjog / o;nfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ sfo{df
;xfotf k'¥ofpg],
-em_ Pl8P; sf /fli6«o sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;~rfngdf ;xhLs/0f ug]{ h:t}—vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfngdf sfo{qmd k|jGwsx¿nfO{ ;Nnfx ;]jf k|bfg ug]{,
-`_ If]qut gLltx¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o k|ltj4tfx¿ tyf lbzf lgb]{z cg'¿k agfpg ;xof]u ug]{,
-6_ Pl8P; sf nflu sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL ljsl;t ug{ / To;nfO{ ;+:yfut ug{
;3fpg] / Pl8P; sf sfo{;DKfbgdf ;+nUg lgsfox¿df sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k4ltnfO{
;+:yfut ug]{,
-7_ Pl8P; sfof{Gjgogsf nflu cfjZostfcg';f/ ljBdfg tYofª\s ;ª\sng k|0ffnLx¿;“usf]
;xsfo{df /0fgLlts dxŒj ePsf tYofª\s ;ª\sng / ljZn]if0f ug]{,
-8_ ljsf; ;fem]bf/sf nufgL tyf sfo{qmd¿nfO{ Pl8P; sfof{Gjog;“u ;dembf/L sfod x'g] u/L
;dGjo ug]{,
-9_ s[lifsf nflu If]qut cjwf/0ffsf] ;Defjgfsf] d"Nofª\sg u/L ;Dej eP;Dd th'{df ug]{ / olb
To:tf] k4lt g]kfn ;/sf/n] cg';/0f u/]df To;sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;xfotf ug]{ /
19
 -0f_ j}slNks gLltx¿sf nfut / k|ltkmnx¿ ljZn]if0f ug{ cWoogx¿ u/fpg] -h:t}, wfg / ux'“sf]
Go"gtd ;dy{g d"No_ .

Pl8P; sfof{Gjog 6«:6 sf]if (ATF)

$*_ o; If]qdf nufgL ug]{ ;a} ljBdfg 9f“rfx¿ oyfjt\ /xg] 5g\ . o; cGtu{t yk eg]sf] ax'bft[ lgsfon]
;xof]u ug]{ Pl8P; 6«:6 sf]if -Pl6Pkm_ sf] :yfkgf x'g] 5 . o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/, s[lif
ljsf; dGqfno lhDd]jf/ /xg] 5 . Pl6Pkmsf ;|f]t–;fwgsf] pkof]u b]xfosf sfo{x¿df ug{ ;lsg] 5 -s_
Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xfotf OsfO{nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ s'g} klg k|fljlws ;xfotf -v_ Pl8P; sf] vf;
dxŒjsf sfo{s|d sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;/sf/L / u}x| ;/sf/L lgsfo -u_ :jLs[t sfo{ ;Dkfbg Joj:yfkg
of]hgfx¿ cg'¿k Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogdf lhDd]jf/ kIfx¿ -JolQm / ;d"x_ sf nflu pNn]vgLo
sfo{;Dkfbg k'/:sf/x¿, / -3_ Pl8P; sfof{Gjog / /0fgLltsf] cfjlws -pbfx/0fM b'O{ jifL{o_ ;dLIffsf]
e'QmfgL .

Pl8P; sfo{qmdx¿ (ADS PROGRAMS)

$(_ Pl8P; tLg km/s–km/s k|sf/sf sfo{qmdx¿M cfwf/ sfo{qmdx¿ (Core programs), vf; dxŒjsf
sfo{qmdx¿ (Flagship programs) / cGo sfo{qmdx¿ (Other programs) dfkm{t\ sfof{Gjog ul/g] 5 .
cfwf/ sfo{qmdx¿ k|foM dGqfno jf ljefuLo :t/sf lgsfox¿df klxn]b]lv sfo{/t lgsfo dfkm{t\
sfof{Gjog ul/G5g\ . vf; dxTjsf sfo{qmdx¿ gj k|jlt{t Pj+ ltgsf ultljlwx¿ ax'–If]qLo k|s[ltsf
x'g] x'gfn] ltgsf] ;~rfngsf nflu 5'§} ;+/rgfx¿ cfjZos kb{5g\ . cGo sfo{qmdleq tL sfo{qmd
kb{5g\Ù h'g xfn sfof{Gjog ul/+b} cfPsf eP klg k|:tfj ul/Psf vf; dxTjsf sfo{qmd / cfwf/
sfo{qmdleq kb}{gg\ . cGttf]uTjf Pl8P;n] vf; dxTjsf / cfwf/ sfo{qmd u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf sfo{qmd dfq
;dfj]z ug]{ ub{5 . xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf cGo sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ cfjlws d"Nofª\sgsf] cfwf/df gof“ vf;
dxTjsf jf s]Gb|Lo sfo{qmdsf] ¿kdf ;dfj]z ub}{ nlug] 5 .

vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmdx¿ (FLAGSHIP PROGRAMS)

%)_ Pl8P;n] s]xL k|fyldstfdf k/]sf /fli6«o sfo{qmdx¿sf] kl/sNkgf ub{5, h;sf] j/k/ k|z:t ;xdlt,
;|f]t / ;fwg tyf k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg kl/rfng x'g ;sf];\ . oL k|fyldstfleq k/]sf /fli6«o
sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ …Pl8P; vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmdÚ elgg] 5 . Pl8P; sf vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmdx¿ o;
k|sf/ 5g\ M
-s_ vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{qmd -vfkf];'sf_
-v_ ljs]lGb|t lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf lzIff sfo{qmd -ljk|lzsf_
-u_ d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; sfo{qmd -d"zl[ jsf_
-3_ gj k|jt{g tyf s[lif–pBdzLntf sfo{qmd -gs[psf_

20
vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{qmd

%!_ vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo cGToGt} lk5l8Psf ju{x¿sf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf ;'wf/
ug'{ /x]sf]] 5 . o; cGtu{t tLg cf]6f ;xfos sfo{qmdx¿ /xg] 5g\— ljZjJofkL s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff
sfo{qmdsf] Ps efusf] ¿kdf to ePsf] g]kfn vfB ;'/Iff kl/of]hgf, vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7gsf] ;xof]udf
th'{df ePsf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{of]hgf / vfkf];'sf sf kl/k"/ssf] ¿kdf th'{df / sfof{Gjog
ul/g] gof“ /fli6«o vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff of]hgf . gof“ /fli6«o vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff of]hgf th'{df ubf{
tYodf cfwfl/t ;"rgf k|0ffnLx¿ h:t} g]kfn vfB ;'/Iff cg'udg k|0ffnL / hg;flª\Vos :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f,
g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f / cGo ;"rgf ;|f]tx¿sf] cfwf/df ul/g] 5g\ .

%@_ vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{qmdsf ;x–sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;femf ljz]iftf eg]sf] ul/a, pk]lIft ;d"xx¿ tyf
ef}uf]lns ¿kdf ljs6 If]qx¿ -pbfx/0fsf nflu s0ff{nL_ nfO{ nlIft ug]{ xf] . oL sfo{qmdn] ue{jtL /
:tgkfg u/fpg] s[ifs dlxnfx¿ nufot nlIft nfe k|fKt ug]{ ju{sf] pTkfbsTj, cfo;|f]t / kf}li6s
dfGotfx¿sf] ;'wf/sf nflu x:tIf]k k|j4{g ub{5 . Pl8P; ;fdfGo ¿kdf / vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff
sfo{qmd vf;u/L g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f klxn] g} cg'df]lbt k~rjifL{o sfo{qmdx¿ ax'–If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf /
vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{of]hgf;Fu cfj4 x'g] 5 .

ljs]lGb|t lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf lzIff sfo{qmd

%#_ s[ifs tyf s[lif pBdx¿k|lt cg';Gwfg, k|;f/ / lzIffsf] hjfkmb]lxtf a9fpgsf nflu cg';Gwfg, k|;f/ /
lzIffaLrsf] ;dGjonfO{ a9fjf lbFb} k|;f/ / cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLnfO{ ljs]lGb|t ug]{tkm{ ljs]lGb|t lj1fg,
k|ljlw tyf lzIff sfo{qmd nlIft 5 .

%$_ g]kfn ;/sf/, s[lif ljsf; dGqfnoaf6 lgo'Qm sfo{qmd Joj:yfks dfkm{t\ of] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ul/g]
5 . ljs]lGb|t lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf lzIff sfo{qmd Joj:yfksn] g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb, s[lif ljefu,
kz' ;]jf ljefu, vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu, s[lif cWoog ;+:yfgx¿ h:t} s[lif
ljZjljBfnox¿ tyf SofDk;x¿aLr ;dGjo ;'lglZrt ug]{ / ljs]lGb|t lj1fg, k|ljlw / lzIff sfo{qmd
;Dj4 glthf lbg] ultljlwx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;xhLs/0f ug]{ 5 .

%%_ ljs]lGb|t k|;f/ k|0ffnLdf tLg cf]6f d'Vo sfo{ ;dfj]z x'g] 5g\ M -s_ k|To]s ufp“ ljsf; ;ldltdf
;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{ -v_ ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|nfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] ;]jf
k|bfg ug{ xfn rfn" /x]sf / k|:tfljt s[lif tyf kz' ;]jf s]Gb|x¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ / -u_
s[ifsx¿nfO{ pknAw pTs[i6 s[lif ;fdu|L / k|;f/ ;]jf k|bfosx¿;Dd kx'“r k'¥ofpgsf nflu ef}r/
k|0ffnL (Voucher system)sf] k|j4{g ug]{ .

%^_ ljs]lGb|t cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLsf nflu gfs{sf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, gof“ /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ;+:yfgx¿sf] :yfkgf -
h:t}— /fli6«o afujfgL cg';Gwfg ;+:yfg, /fli6«o kz' :jf:y cg';Gwfg ;+:yfg / /fli6«o hnr/ tyf

21
 dT:okfng cg';Gwfg ;+:yfg_, gfs{ cGtu{t /fli6«o s[lif cg';Gwfg sf]if -gfkm{_ sf] :yfkgf / ;'b"/
klZrdL If]q nufot ;Dk"0f{ If]qdf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf cfjZos x'Gf] 5 .

%&_ PsLs[t s[lif lzIff k|0ffnL cGtu{t lqe'jg ljZjljBfno Pj+ s[lif tyf jg lj1fg ljZjljBfnosf nflu
;xof]u ug]{, s[lif tyf jg lj1fg ljZjljBfnodf s[lif Joj;fo ljefu / k|ljlw k|;f/ ljefusf] :yfkgf
ug]{, k|fljlws ljBfnox¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{, / If]qLo s[lif sn]hx¿sf] :yfkgf ug]{ ljifox¿ kb{5g\ .

%*_ ljs]lGb|t lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf lzIff sfo{qmd -l8P;l6OkL_sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos k"“hL Pl8P;
sfof{Gjog 6«:6 sf]if dfkm{t\ hDdf ul/g] 5Ù h;df g]kfn ;/sf/ / ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] of]ubfg /xg]
5 . ljs]lGb|t lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf lzIff sfo{qmd dfkm{t\ sfof{Gjog lgsfox¿— gfs{, s[lif ljefu, kz' ;]jf
ljefu, s[lif ljZjljBfno / s[lif SofDk;x¿df k|jflxt x'g] sf]ifsf] ljt/0fsf] lhDd]jf/L l8P;l6OkL
k|aGwssf] x'g] 5 .

d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; sfo{qmd

%(_ d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo lj:t[t / PsLs[t sbdx¿ Dffkm{t\ ul/ax¿nfO{ kmfObf x'g]
lsl;dn] ;'b[9 d"No z[ª\vnf ;DaGw sfod x'g], a9\bf] pTkfbs ls;fgx¿, ;xsf/L, ;/sf/L / lghL If]qsf]
nufgL / If]qLo k|efj ;lxtsf] kl/0ffd lg:sg] k|fyldstf k|fKt d"No z[ª\vnfsf] ljsf; ug'{ xf] -k|f/lDes
¿kdf kfFr cf]6f d"No z[ª\vnf k|:tfj ul/Psf 5g\—ds} b'Uw, t/sf/L, d';'/f] / lrof_ . g]kfndf xfn
e}/x]sf jf ljutdf ePsf d"No z[ª\vnfx¿eGbf km/s lsl;dsf] d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; sfo{qmddf b]xfo
cg';f/sf gof“ ljz]iftfx¿ x'g] 5g\ M

-s_ o;n] d"No z[ª\vnfsf] ;a} r/0fx¿sf] -aLpb]lv clGtd pTkfbg, pTkfbgb]lv k|zf]wg, ahf/
k"jf{wf/b]lv ;8s kx'“r / ;~hfnLs/0f, kf]i6xfe]{i6 k|ljlwb]lv u'0f:t/sf] cfZj:ttf / lgof{t_
ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] 5
-v_ of] ;~hfnx¿nfO{ ;'b[9 kfg]{ / k|efjsf/L nufgLsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ p2]Zon] s[ifs, Jofkf/L,
k|zf]ws, ;fdu|L tyf ;]jf k|bfos / d"No z[ª\vnf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;+u7gx¿Dfly cfwfl/t
x'g] 5,
-u_ o;n] lhNnf aflx/;Ddsf] ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ / To;nfO{ lj:t[t ub}{ /fli6«o k|efj xfl;n ug]{ 5,
-3_ o;n] Pp6} lhNnf jf ljefu;“u dfq geO{ ljleGg lhNnf, ljefu / d"No z[ª\vnfsf kfqx¿;“u
ldn]/ sfd ub{5 .

^)_ d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yfks g]kfn ;/sf/, s[lif ljsf; dGqfnoaf6 5gf}6 u/L lgo'Qm
ul/g] 5 . lghn] lglZrt d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; u7aGwgx¿sf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clwsf/Lx¿;“u ;dGjo
u/L lglZrt d"No z[ª\vnf ;x–sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ 5g\ . d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; sfo{qmd
Joj:yfksn] g]kfn ;/sf/, ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿ / cGo nufgLstf{x¿ pbfx/0fsf nflu— nufgL af]8{sf]
;xof]u dfkm{t\ d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; u7aGwgx¿nfO{ sf]if pknAw u/fpg ;xhLs/0f ug]{ / sfo{qmdsf]
;dli6ut cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg ;'lglZrt ub{5g\ .
22
^!_ d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; u7aGwgx¿ -d">[lju_, s[ifs tyf ltgLx¿sf ;+u7g, pBdLx¿, ;]jf k|bfosx¿,
;]jf ;~rfnsx¿, e08f/ u[xsf Joj:yfksx¿, ;xsf/Lx¿ / d"No z[ª\vnfsf cGo kfqx¿n] ckgTj
u|x0f u/]sf] ;dfhsf ¿kdf /xg] 5 . ltgLx¿ lgod cg';f/ btf{ ul/Psf x'G5g\ . oL ;a} d">[lju sf
kfqx¿sf] ;dfg ljz]iftf eg]sf] ltgLx¿ ;a} Jofj;flos ¿kdf Pp6f lglZrt d"No z[ª\vnfdf cfj4
ePsf / o;sf] Jofj;flos ljsf; k|j4{gsf nflu OR5's /x]sf x'Gf] 5g\ .

^@_ k|To]s d">[ljusf]] d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; sf]if;Dd kx'“r x'g]5 . d">[ljusf ;b:ox¿n] sfg'g cg';f/ Pp6f
af]8{ dgf]lgt ub{5g\ . s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] Ps lglZrt d"No z[ª\vnfsf nflu sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf]
Joj:yf ug{ Pshgf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] rog ub{5 . k|To]s d">[ljusf] af]8{df ^ hgf lgjf{lrt /
& hgf dgf]lgt ;b:o x'G5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljleGg lgsfox¿— s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, cy{ dGqfno,
/fof]cf=, pBf]u dGqfno, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 tyf g]kfn
/fi6« a}+saf6 ;b:o dgf]lgt ug]{ 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfox¿af6 dgf]lgt ePsf & hgf
;b:odWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] JolQmn] af]8{sf] cWoIftf ug]{ 5 . k|To]s u7aGwgsf] Joj:yfkgn]
u7aGwgsf] af]8{af6 cg'df]bg u/fpg Pp6f Joj;fo of]hgf / Pp6f nufgL of]hgf tof/ kfb{5 .
d">[ljusf ultljwx¿ / n]vf k/LIf0f g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|rlnt sfg'g adf]lhd x'g] 5 .

gj k|jt{g tyf s[lif–pBdzLntf sfo{qmd

^#_ s/ ;'ljwf (Tax incentives), s[lif Joj;fo OGSo'a]6/ (Agribusiness incubators) / k"/s cg'bfg
(Matching grants) dfkm{t\ s[lifdf
gj k|jt{g / s[lif pBdzLntf ljsf; k|j4{g ug'{ gj k|j{tg tyf s[lif
pBdzLntf sfo{qmdsf] nIo xf] . o; sfo{qmdsf d'Vo nfeu|fxLx¿df ;"Id, ;fgf / demf}nf lghL pBdL,
;xsf/Lx¿ nufot o'jf, dlxnf / pk]lIft ;d"xx¿ h:tf nlIft ju{x¿ x'g] 5g\ .

^$_ s[lif ljsf; dGqfnoaf6 lgo'Qm sfo{qmd Joj:yfks dfkm{t\ of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g] 5 . gs[psf
Joj:yfksn] s/ ;'ljwf, s[lif Joj;fo OGSo'j]6/ tyf k"/s cg'bfg dfkm{t\ gj k|jlt{t ;fgf tyf demf}nf
s[lif pBd j[l4nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ub{5g\ .

^%_ gj k|jt{g tyf s[lif pBdzLntf sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos k"“hL Pl6Pkm cGtu{tsf] gj
k|jt{g tyf s[lif pBdzLntf sf]if -gs[psf]_ dfkm{t\ hDdf ul/g] 5Ù h;df g]kfn ;/sf/ / ljsf;
;fem]bf/x¿sf] of]ubfg x'g] 5 . gs[psf] dfkm{t\ s[lif Joj;fo OGSo'j]6/ / k"/s cg'bfgsf nflu k|jflxt
x'g] sf]ifsf] ljt/0fsf] lhDd]jf/L gs[psf sfo{qmd Joj:yfkssf] x'g] 5 .

k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnf M s[ifsx¿, ;xsf/Lx¿ / lghL If]q

^^_ Pl8P; sf] ;dGjo / sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ lhDd]jf/ x'g] 5g\ eg] Pl8P; sf] k|d'v
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿df s[ifs, ;xsf/L, lghL s[lif pBf]u, / ltgsf ;+u7gx¿ -pbfx/0fsf nflu /fli6«o ls;fg
;~hfn, /fli6«o ;xsf/L dxf;+3, aLpljhg Joj;foL] ;+3, 8]/L pBf]u ;+3_ x'g] 5g\ . o:t} ;+u7gx¿
23
 lhNnf :t/df klg /x]sf 5g\ . s[ifs / ;xsf/Lsf] ;jfndf ufp“ ljsf; ;ldlt;Dd} o:tf ;+u7gx¿ /x]sf
5g\ . o;}u/L y'k|} ;ª\Vofdf /fli6«o / :yfgLo j:t'ut jf Jofkf/ ;+u7gx¿ 5g\ . Pl8P;n] Jofj;flos
s[ifs, lgjf{xd'vL s[ifs / ;fgf tyf ;LdfGtLs[t s[ifssf ;fy} n3', ;fgf, demf}nf / 7"nf s[lif
pBdLx¿nfO{ ;d]6\5 .

^&_ Pl8P;n] s[ifs ;+u7gx¿, ;xsf/L ;+u7gx¿, / lghL ;+u7gx¿sf] :jfldTj / ;xeflutfdf dfq cfkm\gf]
;kmntf lge{/ /xg] dfGotf /fVb5 . s[lif If]qsf ljutsf gLltx¿eGbf km/s lsl;dn] Pl8P;n] sfo{qmd
;~rfngsf] ;'?sf] r/0fdf s[ifs ;+u7gx¿ Pj+ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ;d]tnfO{ ;+nUg u/fO{ pQm ;+nUgtfnfO{
sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, d"Nofª\sg / cfjlws k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ;do;Dd} lg/Gt/tf lbg] 5 .

^*_ Pl8P; sf k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] clwsf/ M

-s_ Pl8P; gLlt / nufgL lg0f{ox¿df ;xeflutf / k|efj /fVg]
-v_ Pl8P; sf] cg'udgdf ;xeflutf
-u_ Pl8P; sf] of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg;“u ;DalGwt ;"rgfdf kx'“r

^(_ o;} u/L Pl8P; sf k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] st{Jo M

-s_ Pl8P; sf] of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogsf ;dodf cfpg ;Sg] ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgdf
;xof]u k'¥ofpg]
-v_ Pl8P; sf] ;Gbe{df lg0f{o th'{df k|lqmofnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf] agfpg of]ubfg lbg]

&)_ Pl8P; df k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] clwsf/nfO{ lgDg k|sf/n]] ;+:yfut ul/Psf] 5 M

s[ifs ;+3÷;+u7g, ;xsf/L ;+u7g / lghL If]qsf s[lif pBd ;+u7gsf k|ltlglwx¿ Pl8P; sf] k|d'v lg0f{o
tyf ;dGjo lgsfosf ;b:o /xG5g\ / pQm lgsfon] of]hgf tof/L tyf th'{df, sfof{Gjog, / cg'udg
nufot Pl8P; sf] lgDg s'/fx¿ x]b{5 M

-s_ /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt / s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt
-v_ Pl8P;;“u ;DalGwt /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldltsf pk–;ldltx¿
-u_ lhNnf s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt / If]qLo s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt
-3_ g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\ af]8{
-ª_ ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|sf ;/sf/L lgsfo
-r_ s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf] gLlt ljZn]if0f zfvf cGtu{t gof“ gLlt lgdf{0fsf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf
nflu ul7t gLlt k'g/fjnf]sg 6f]nL
-5_ Pl8P; sf] cBfjlws / k~rjifL{o k'g/fjnf]sg Pj+ d"Nofª\sgsf nflu ul7t :yfoL lgb]{zg
;ldlt
-h_ g]kfn vfB ;'/Iff cg'udg k|0ffnL, lhNnf vfB ;'/Iff ;~hfn

24
Pl8P; sf] nfut (COST OF THE ADS)

&!_ tflnsf # df !) jif{sf nflu Pl8P; sfo{qmdsf] vr{sf] k|f/lDes d"Nofª\sg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf #M Pl8P; sf] !) jif]{ ah]6÷nfut / jflif{s cf};t (Total 10-year Cost of the ADS and Yearly
Average)
d"No cd]l/sL 8n/ ?k}ofF lalnog ?k}ofF ljlnog k|ltzt
ldlnog k|lt jif{
s'n %,@*@ %)!=* %)=@ !))
;/sf/÷bft[ $,^*# $$$=( $$=% *(
lgsfox¿
lghL÷;fd'bflos ^)) %&=) %=& !!

&@_ vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmd s'n sfo{qmd vr{sf] sl/j #& k|ltzt x'g cfp“5 . d'Vo sfo{qmd cGtu{t d'Vo
vr{ l;FrfOdf -!( k|ltzt_, dndf -* k|ltzt_ / jg If]qdf -* k|ltzt_ x'g cfp“5 . Pl8P; df s[lif
;fdu|L -dn, aLp / k|hgg nufot_ / k|;f/ ;]jfnfO{ ef}r/ k|0ffnL dfkm{t\ k|j4{g ul/Psf] 5 . ef}r/
k|0ffnLn] s[ifsx¿nfO{ s[lif ;fdu|L / k|;f/ ;]jf cfkm\gf] cfjZostf cg';f/ 5gf}6 ug]{ clwsf/ lbg] 5 .
k|f/Dedf o; k|0ffnLnfO{ gd'gfsf] :t/ (Pilot basis) df k|jw{g ul/g] 5 . gd'gfsf] ¿kdf ;~rflnt sfo{sf]
k'g/fjnf]sgsf cfwf/df o;nfO{ qmdzM a[xt\ ¿kdf n}hfg ;lsG5 .

ag vfB tyf kf]if0f

$),%#*, ;'/Iff sfo{qmd ljs]lGb|t lj1fg
*% #),^%&, k|ljlw tyf lzIff
dnvfb ^% sfo{qmd ^@,**#,
#*,))), !#%
*%

d"No z[ª\vnf
ljsf; sfo{qmd,
l;“rfO &@,&@&,
($,*#), !$%
!(%

gj k|jt{g tyf
s[lif pBd sfo{qmd
k"jf{wf/ !(,$*%,
@&,#!), $%
%%
cGo !!%,$)%,
@#%
lrq # MPl8P; vr{x¿sf] af“8kmf“8

25
Pl8P; sf] dfu{lrq (ROADMAP OF THE ADS)

&#_=Pl8P;nfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s sfof{Gjog u/fpgsf nflu s]xL ;t{x¿ kfngf ul/g' kb{5 . tL x'g\ M
-s_ ;/sf/L k|lta4tf
-v_ Pl8P; sf] ;xL sfof{Gjogsf nflu gLlt / lgodx¿
-u_ k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xdlt
-3_ ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] ;xof]u

&$_ oL ;t{x¿nfO{ lgDg tl/sfn] j}wflgs agfOg'kb{5 M

-s_ ;/sf/L k|ltj4tf
 s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] dWofjlw ah]6 k|lta4tf
 k|d'v kbx¿sf] sfo{sfn
 /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt, /fli6«o Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt, Pl8P; sfof{Gjog
;xfotf sf]if / /fli6«o Pl8P; ;xof]u OsfO{sf] :yfkgf
-v_ Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf nflu gLlt tyf lgodx¿
 lgdf{0f / cg'df]bg -tnsf] tflnsfdf x]g'{xf];\_
-u_ k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xdlt
 k|d'v ;Demf}tfsf a'Fbfx¿df ;xdltsf nflu jrga4tf
 k|d'v /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿åf/f Pl8P; x:tfIf/ sfo{qmd
-3_ ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] ;xof]u
 dWo cjlwsf nflu ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] k|lta4tf

tflnsf $ M Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos gLlt tyf lgodsf pbfx/0fx¿

;'zf;g pTkfbsTj Joj;foLs/0f k|lt:kwf{Tdstf
(Governance) (Productivity) (Commercialization) (Competitiveness)

!= Pl8P; sfof{Gjog != ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ !=gj–k|jt{g

!= s/f/ v]tL
;xof]u OsfO{ ;]jf s]Gb| sf]ifx¿
@= /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo @= u'0f:t/ /
@= d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf;
;ldlt / pk–;ldltx¿sf] @= gfs{ k'g;+{/rgf :jR5tf;DaGwL
u7aGwgx¿
agfj6 lgodx¿
#= s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf;
#= s[lif Joj;fo ljefu
sfof{Gjog ;ldlt, If]qLo
s[liftyf jg lj1fg #= s[lif / kz' ladf $= vfB
s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt,
ljZjljBfno / s[lif lgodfjnL ;'/Iff sfg'g
lhNnf s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt
SofDk;x¿
sf] ;+/rgf
$= s[lif k|;f/ / s[lif
$= gof“ ljQLo pTkfbgx¿
$= Pl8P; ;"rgf sIf ;fdu|Lsf nflu ef}r/
Joj:yf

26
 ;'zf;g pTkfbsTj Joj;foLs/0f k|lt:kwf{Tdstf
(Governance) (Productivity) (Commercialization) (Competitiveness)
%= /fli6«o Pl8P;
sfof{Gjog ;ldltsf] %= hUuf ef8f÷s/f/
:yfkgf
^= Pl8P; sfof{Gjog 6«:6
sf]if
&= d'Vo kbx¿sf] sfo{sfn
*= ls;fg cfof]u

Pl8P; sf k|f/lDes sf];] 9'ª\ufx¿ (EARLY MILESTONES OF THE ADS)

 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cg'df]bgcl3
– Pl8P; sf] k|ltj]bgnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg]
– s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo :t/df Pl8P;af/] Jofks r]tgf cleofg ;~rfng
– k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] jrga4 ;xdlt
– ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿af6 j:t'lgi7 ;xfotfsf] k|Tofe"t
 sfof{Gjogsf] klxnf] jif{leq
– /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt, Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xfotf OsfO{, Pl8P; sfof{Gjog 6«:6
sf]if, vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmd nufot cGo ;+oGqx¿sf nflu sfg'gL Joj:yf
– Pl8P; df plNnlvt ;+oGqx¿sf] :yfkgf
– Pl8P; sf sfof{Gjog nflu sfo{ljlw lgdf{0f
– Pl8P; vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmdsf nflu sfo{qmd Joj:yfksx¿sf] lgo'lQm
– bft[ lgsfox¿af6 Pl6Pkmsf nflu ah]6sf] Joj:yf
– ls;fg cfof]usf] :yfkgf
– ;fGble{s tYofª\sx¿sf] cBfjlws

Pl8P; sf] cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg (MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF THE ADS)

&%_ Pl8P; sf] cg'udg lgoldt, Jofj;flos / ;xeflutfd"ns ¿kdf ul/g'kb{5 . dGqfno / ljefu :t/df
cg'udg dxfzfvf / zfvfx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{af6 ;xof]u / Ifdtf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿
pknJw u/fOg] 5 . Pl8P; cGtu{t ;~rflnt kl/of]hgf / sfo{qmdsf] cg'udgsf ;fy;fy} lgoldt
gLltut cg'udg ;d]t ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . cg'udg, ;fdu|L / glthfsf] txeGbf dfly p7\g'k5{ / cg'udgdf
Pl8P; sfo{qmdx¿df k|:tfljt nIo tyf cg'udg 9f“rf cg'¿k pknlJw / k|efj cg'udg klg ;dfj]z
ul/g'' k5{ . cg'udgsf k|ltj]bg cª\u|]hL / g]kfnL b'j} efiffdf ;fj{hlgs ul/g' kb{5 . ltgnfO{ /fli6«o /
:yfgLo sfo{qmdx¿df lgoldt ¿kdf 5nkmn ul/g' kb{5 . cg'udgn] /fd|f] sfdsf] klxrfg u/L To;nfO{
k'/:s[t ug]{ af6f] klxNofpg' kb{5 .

27
&^_ Pl8P; Ps hLjGt /0fgLlt xf] (ADS is a living strategy) . lgoldt cg'udg, cfjlws ;dLIff tyf
d"Nofª\sg dfkm{t\ Pl8P; sf ljljw kIfx¿sf] lg/Gt/ k|ult / ;'wf/ x'g ;S5 . Pl8P; sf] kf“r kf“r
jif{df afx\o ;dLIff u/L To;df ;/sf/ / gful/s ;dfhn] Jofks 5nkmn ug]{ 5g\ / lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ x'g]
5 . ;fy} gof ;+ljwfg cg';f/ aGg] ;+/rgf cg's"n x'g] u/L s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltnfO{ kl/dfh{g ul/g] 5 .
vfB kbfy{, s[lif / k|fs[lts ;|f]t ljsf;sf sfdx¿ of t cnu cnu ?kdf ;+3Lo, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo
/fHosf] lg0f{oflwsf/ cGtu{t jf kl/k'/s lg0f{oflwsf/ cGtu{tsf ;"rLdf juL{s[t 5g\ . / ;fy;fy} vfB
kbfy{, :jf:Yo / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff af/] clwsf/ / lgb]{zgx¿ klg tof/ u/]sf] 5 . t;y{ Pl8o; sf] yk
zf]wg, dflysf gLlt, sfg'gL, ;+:yfut / ;fdflhs d'2fx¿ s[lif ljsf; / k|ult ;Daf]wg ug{ sNkgf
ul/Psf] 5 .

28
!= kl/ro
&&_ s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt -o;kl5 …Pl8P;Ú elgPsf]_ sf] k|ltj]bg s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] /fli6«o ls;fg
;~hfn;Fusf] ;xsfo{df / Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s nufotsf] k|fljlws ;xfotf 6f]nL -TA Team_ sf]
;xof]udf tof/ u/]sf] xf] . o;df Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s -ADB_, s[lif ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o sf]if
-IFAD_, o'/f]k]nL o'lgog -EU_, vfB tyf s[lif ;ª\u7g -FAO_, ljsf; / ;xfotfsf nflu l:j; lgof]u
-SDC_, hfkfg cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u lgof]u -JICA_, cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;sf nflu 8]gdfs{ lgof]u
-DANIDA_, ljZj vfB sfo{qmd -WFP_, cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sL lgof]u
-USAID_, cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; ljefu -DFID_, ljZj a}+s, cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;sf nflu c:6«]lnofnL lgof]u
-AusAID_, / n}l¨s ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo lgsfo -UN Women_ sf]
;xof]u / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] nufgL /x]sf] 5 .

&*= s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] clGtd ¿k lbP kZrft\ s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltdf Joj:yflksf ;+;b\sf] s[lif tyf
hn;|ft] ;ldlt / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 ljz]if ?lr Pj+ :jfldTj lnOof] . Joj:yflksf ;+;b\sf] s[lif
tyf hn;|f]t ;ldltaf6 b:tfa]hnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿ h:t}
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj Pj+ ;DjlGwt dGqfnox¿ -s[lif ljsf;, l;FrfO, pmhf{,
jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{, pBf]u, ;xsf/L tyf ul/jL lgjf/0f, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft, ;x/L ljsf;, cy{,
e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg / lzIff_;Fu ljleGg txdf 5nkmn / k/fdz{ ul/of] . ;fy} ;DalGwt lj1,
ls;fg Pj+ d"No z[ª\vnfsf k|ltlglwx¿;Fu klg ;'emfj ;ª\sng u/L s[lif ljsf; dGqfnonfO{ ;'emfj
-kl/lzi6–^_ ;lxt k[i7kf]if0f ul/of] . To:t} /0fgLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos ;|f]t /
;fwgsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{ ;f]] ;ldltsf] tkm{af6 bft[ lgsfox¿;Fu klg ljleGg r/0fdf 5nkmn / j}7s
;DkGg ul/of]] . o;}aLr /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uaf6 ;d]t ;'emfjx¿ k|fKt eP -kl/lzi6–&_ . a[xt\ k/fdz{ /
cEof;af6 k|fKt tL dxŒjk"0f{ ;'emfjx¿nfO{ s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] cleGg
cª\usf ¿kdf u|x0f u/]sf] 5 . oL ;'emfjx¿nfO{ gLltut, sfo{qmd / ;+:yfut u/L tLg txdf juL{s/0f
u/]/ k|fKt ePsf ;a} ;+:yfut ;'emfjx¿ o; b:tfj]hdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 eg] gLltut ;'emfjx¿nfO{
klg clwstd ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5 . To;} u/L ;DalGwt dGqfnox¿ tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿af6
k|fKt ;'emfjx/nfO{ eljiodf gLlt th'{df / P]glgod lgdf{0fsf qmddf ;Daf]wg ul/g] 5 . To:t} /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]uaf6 k|fKt ;'emfj / s[lif tyf hn;|f]t ;ldltaf6 k|fKt sfo{qmd txsf ;'emfjx¿nfO{
cfjlws of]hgf, jflif{s sfo{of]hgf / ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf] ah]6 lgdf{0fsf] qmddf ;Daf]wg ul/g] 5 .

clGtd k|fljlws ;xfotf k|ltj]bg s[lif /0fgLlt tof/L 6f]nLsf] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg1, ;dLIff k|ltj]bg2,
kl/sNkgf k|ltj]bg3, gLltx¿sf] ljsNk ;DaGwL k|ltj]bg4, sfo{of]hgf / dfu{lrq k|ltj]bg5 / d:of}bf

1
ADB 7762-NEP (2011) k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg, s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt sf] tof/Lsf nflu k|fljlws ;fxfotf, Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s,
;]K6]Da/ @)!!
2
ADB 7762-NEP (2012) ;dLIff k|ltj]bg, s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt sf] tof/Lsf nflu k|fljlws ;fxfotf, Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s,
clk|n @)!@
3
ADB 7762-NEP (2012) kl/sNkgf k|ltj]bg, s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt sf] tof/Lsf nflu k|fljlws ;xfotf, Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s,
l8;]Da/ @)!@
29
 clGtd k|ltj]bg6 kl5 tof/ ul/Psf] ;ftf}F d'Vo k|ltj]bg lyof] . ;dLIff k|ltj]bgn] s[lif If]qsf] jt{dfg
cj:yf k|:t't ug'{sf ;fy}, To;sf d'2f / c8\rgx¿sf] klxrfg / gLltut cj:yfsf] rrf{ u/\of] .
kl/sNkgf k|ltj]bgn] s[lif If]qdf b]vfkg{ ;Sg] k|j[lQx¿ / cGo b]zx¿sf] s[lifdf ePsf] ¿kfGt/0fsf]
cg'ejaf6 l;lsPsf kf7x¿nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ s[lif If]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] cfufdL @) jif{sf] kl/sNkgf
k|:t't u¥of] . gLltx¿sf] ljsNk ;DaGwL k|ltj]bgn] g]kfnnfO{ xfnsf] Go"g s[lif ljsf;sf] cj:yfaf6
/0fgLltsf] k/sNkgf ul/Psf] jfl~5t kl/jt{g xfl;n ug{ cfjZos s[lif ¿kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ a9fpg]
;DaGwL k|fljlws ;xfotf 6f]nLsf] l;kmfl/;x¿ k|:t't u¥of]7 . sfo{of]hgf / dfu{lrq k|ltj]bgn] jfl~5t
k|ltkmnx¿af6 jfl~5t kl/0ffd Nofpgsf nflu lqmofsnfk / To;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;+:yfut
k|f¿kx¿ k|:t't u¥of] .

!=! clGtd k|ltj]bgsf] p2]Zo

&(_ o; k|ltj]bgsf] p2]Zo !) jif]{ sfo{of]hgf / dfu{lrq ;lxt s[lif If]qsf] ljut tyf jt{dfgsf sfdx¿sf]
;dLIffdf cfwfl/t s[lif ljsf;sf] ;dli6ut @) jif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgf k|:t't ug'{ xf] .

!=@ ljlw

*)_ of] clGtd k|ltj]bg k|fljlws ;fxfotf 6f]]nLsf o; cl3sf k|ltkmn / k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df ljsf;
ul/Psf] xf] . of] k|ltj]bg o; cl3 k]z ul/Psf 5 cf]6f k|ltj]bg afx]s klg s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo txdf
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ePsf cg]sf}F k/dfz{x¿af6 klg nfeflGjt ePsf] 5 .

*!_ clGtd d:of}bfsf tof/Lsf nflu k/fdz{sf] ;xeflutfd"ns ljlw ckgfOPsf] lyof] . s[lif ljsf;sf]
/0fgLltsf] k|f/lDes r/0fb]lv k|fljlws ;xfotf 6f]nLn] lgDg lqmofsnfkx¿ u/]sf] 5 .

-s_ gLlt ;DaGwL uf]nd]r 5nkmn -/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, s[ifs ;+u7gx¿, lghL If]q, u}/;/sf/L
;+:yf, k"j{ cy{dGqLx¿;Fu_
-v_ gLlt ;DaGwL cfjf;Lo 5nkmn
-u_ /fli6«o sfo{zfnf -$_
-3_ If]qLo sfo{zfnf -!#_
-ª_ ljifout ;d"xx¿sf] a}7s -#)_
-r_ /fli6«o ;Dd]ng -!_
4
ADB 7762-NEP (2013) gLltx¿sf] ljsNk ;DaGwL k|ltj]bg, s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt sf] tof/Lsf nflu k|fljlws ;xfotf,
Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s, km]a|'c/L @)!#
5
ADB 7762-NEP (2013) sfo{of]hgf / dfu{lrq k|ltj]bg, s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt sf] tof/Lsf nflu k|fljlws ;xfotf, Pl;ofnL
ljsf; a}+s, clk|n @)!#
6
ADB 7762-NEP (2013) d:of}bf clGtd k|ltj]bg, s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt sf] tof/Lsf nflu k|fljlws ;xfotf, Pl;ofnL ljsf;
a}+s, ;]K6]Da/ @)!#
7
kl/sNkgf k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] kl/sNkgf (Vision) o;k|sf/ 5 Mæcfly{s j[l4nfO{ ult lbg], hLjg:t/nfO{ dfly
psf:g], vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf of]ubfg lbg], vfB;Dk|e'tf pGd'v cfTdlge{/, lbuf]], k|lt:kwL{ tyf ;dfj]zL s[lif If]q .
30
 -5_ ;~rf/ If]q, s[lif ;+u7gx¿ / gful/s ;dfh;Fu ;fj{hlgs 5nkmn -(_
-h_ k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fusf] cGtjf{tf{ -sl/a $,)))_
-em_ kl/of]hgf lgb]{zs ;ldlt a}7s -&_
-~f_ ufpF txdf ljz]if ;d"x 5nkmn -hDdf @) dWo] l;FrfO ;DaGwL % cf]6f, ;fdflhs #, Jofkf/ #,
dlxnf ;DaGwL #, cg';Gwfg / lj:tf/ ;DaGwL #, / k|fl1s #_
-6_ ljz]if1x¿sf] d"Nofª\sg
-7_ s[lif ljsf; dGqfnodf k]; ul/Psf]
-8_ dGqfnodf s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] ;Nnfxfsf/ ;ldlt / k|fljlws ;ldltsf] u7g
-9_ j]a;fO6 / /fli6«o klqsfx¿ dfkm{t\ Jofks k|;f/
-0f_ ljz]if1af6 k'g/fjnf]sg -lk|Eo'_
-t_ s[ifsx¿sf] /fli6«o ;~hfn;Fu ;xdlt
-y_ clGtd If]qLo k/fdz{ -@_ / /fli6«o sfo{zfnf -!_
-b_ s[lif tyf hn;|f]t ;ldlt, Joj:yflksf ;+;b / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf ;'emfjx¿ ;dfj]z
-w_ :jLs[ltsf nflu dGqL kl/ifb\df k];
-g_ dGqL kl/ifb\n] tf]s] adf]lhd dGqL kl/ifb\sf] cfly{s tyf k"jf{wf/ ;ldltn] 5nkmndf p7]sf
ljifox¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L :jLs[lt k|bfg .

!=# k|ltj]bgsf] ;+/rgf

*@= of] k|ltj]bg lgDgfg';f/sf] !) efu / & cf]6f kl/lzi6df ;+/lrt 5 .

efu ! kl/ro
efu @ s[lif If]qsf] ;dLIff
efu # s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] kl/sNkgf
efu $ /0fgLlts ¿k/]vf
efu % Pl8P; sfo{of]hgfsf lqmofsnfkx¿
efu ^ Pl8;sf] nfut
efu & sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿
efu * vfB / kf]if0f ;'/Iff
efu ( cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg
efu !) dfu{lrq
kl/lzi6 ! ;Gbe{ ;"rL
kl/lzi6 @ Pl8P; sf r'gf}tLx¿
kl/lzi6 # nIo / ;"rsx¿sf ljlw
kl/lzi6 $ Pl8P; sfo{of]hgfsf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] nfut
kl/lzi6 % Pl8P; tof/L df ;xefuL / of]ubfg ug]{x¿sf] gfdfjnL
kl/lzi6 ^ Joj:yflksf ;+;b\sf] s[lif tyf hn;|f]t ;ldltsf] ;'emfj k|ltj]bg
kl/lzi6 & /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;'emfj k|ltj]bg
gf]6M kl/lzi6 @—& Pl8P; k|ltj]bgsf] v08 @ sf] efu /x]sf 5g\ .
31
32
@= s[lif If]qsf] ;dLIff 8

*#_ Pl8P; sf] k|of]hgsf nflu s[lif If]q s[lif ljsf; dGqfno h:tf] s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] If]qeGbf aflx/ klg
hfG5 . Pl8P;n] lj:t[t s[lif If]qnfO{ ;d]6\b5Ù h;leq lgDg If]q kb{5g\ M

-s_ afnL, kz', jg / dT:o

-v_ l;FrfO, / s[lif Pj+ u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/
-u_ pTkfbg, Jofkf/, k|;f]wg / ahf/
-3_ of] ljleGg dGqfno / lgsfosf] sfo{If]qdf km}lnG5
-ª_ ;/sf/L lgsfo afx]ssf s[ifs / ltgsf ;+u7gx¿, lghL If]qsf pBdL / ltgsf ;+u7gx¿ /
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf klg o;leq kb{5g\ .

@=! PlkkL cjlwdf s[lif If]qsf] ljBdfg cj:yf / ljsf;

*$_ ;g\ !((%÷(^ df bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgf -PlkkL_ ;'? ePotf g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qn] ljsf;sf ljleGg
;"rsx¿df k|ult u/]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu— s[lif dhb'/sf] k|ltJolQm cfo / pTkfbsTj a9]sf] 5,
ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ePsf] 5, / s'kf]if0f 36]sf] 5 . ;8s ;~hfn k|z:t lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 eg] l;FrfOsf] If]q
klg lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . s[lifsf ;a} pkIf]qx¿ -afnL, kz', dT:o / jg k}bfj/_sf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf
j[l4 ePsf] 5 . tyflk >d pTkfbsTj, pTkfbsTjsf] km/s, Jofkf/ / k|lt:kwf{Tdstf, ul/aL / s'kf]if0f
Pjd\ k"jf{wf/ -tflnsf % / lrq $_ h:tf ;"rsn] b]vfP cg';f/ of] If]q Go"g ljsf;sf] r/0fdf 5 . s]xL
pkIf]qx¿n] ultzLntf b]vfPsf 5g\ t/ ;du|tfdf oL ;sf/fTds ;ª\s]tx¿ s[lifdf cfl>t 7"nf]
hg;ª\VofnfO{ ul/aLaf6 dfly p7fpg, s'kf]if0f 36fpg / /fi6«sf] vfB ;'/IffnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ kof{Kt
5}gg\ . t/ ;sf/fTds ;ª\s]tx¿ 5g\Ù h;n] j[l4sf] ;Defjgf dfq b]vfpFb}g, To;nfO{ 6]s]/ Pl8P;n]
ljsf; ug{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf klg b]vfpF5 . oL ;sf/fTds ;ª\s]tx¿n] g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qsf] hl6ntfnfO{
;Gt'lnt ¿kdf a'em\g klg ;xof]u ub{5 .

Tflnsf %M s[lif If]q;Fu ;DalGwt k|d'v ;"rsx¿

;"rsx¿ !((%÷(^ @)!)÷@)!! @)!%÷@)!^
s[lif If]qsf] lhl8kL $ #=$ ca{ $ *=$ ca{ $ *=$ ca{
s[lif >dsf] pTkfbsTj -$/JolQm_ $ $^^/JolQm $ &($/JolQm $ *#%/JolQm
s[lif e"ld k|lt kl/jf/ -x]S6/÷k|lt kl/jf/_ !=! )=& )=^
)=% x]S6/ eGbf Go"g hldgdf sfo{ ug]{ $)=!% %!=^% %!=!%
s[lifhGo hldgsf] pTkfbsTj -$/x]S6/_ $ !,!!*/x]S6/ $ !,*)$/x]S6/ $ #,@&*/x]S6/
s[lifhGo hldgsf] k|of]u -v]tL ul/sf] hldgdf
*)% *)% *)%
cGgafnLsf] k|ltzt_
aLpsf] sf/f]jf/ (turnover) *% *% !#=@% (s)

8
of] v08 Pl8P; sf] ;dLIff k|ltj]bgdf cfwfl/t 5 .
33
s[lif If]qdf /f]huf/L ^^% ^)% %$% (v)
$ @=%%s/f]8
s[lifhGo lgof{t $ #$ nfv $ @=$* s/f]8-@=%% s/f]8_
( u)
$ !#=&*
s[lifhGo cfoft $ !=%& s/f]8 $ ^=@! s/f]8 s/f]8 -!@=&(
s/f]8_ (u)
ul/aL $@% @%% @!=^%
ckof{Kt vfB pkef]u ug]{ 3/w'/L k|ltzt %)=(% !%=&% !%=!% (3)
aRrfx¿sf] k'8\sf]kgf -% jif{eGbf d'lgsf_ ^)% $@% #&%
l;FrfO k'u]sf] hldg -v]tL ul/Psf] hldgsf] k|ltzt_ #(=^% %$% %$=@%
/0fg}lts ;8s u|fld0f ;8sÖ
/0fg}lts ;8s ;~hfn Ö ^),))) lsld
k"jf{wf/ -u|fdL0f af6f]sf] ;~hfn lsld / /0fg}lts ;8s @),))) lsld
;~hfn /0fg}lts
;~hfn lsld_ u|fdL0f ;8s ;8sÖ !%,)))
!),))) lsld ;~hfnÖ @),)))
lsld
lsld
!) % eGbf sd &( %
;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] kx'Fr $^ % hf]l8Psf]
hf]l8Psf] hf]l8Psf] (ª)

Gff]6 M
-s_ aLpsf] sf/f]jf/ (seed turnover) wfg, ux'F, ds}, d;'/f] / tf]/L af6 lx;fa ul/Psf]
-v_ hg;ª\Vof hgu0fgf -!(&! —@)!!_ sf] cfwf/df /}lvs k|If]k0f
-u_ sf]i7sdf lrqx¿ tLg jif{ cf};t cGTo @)!$÷!%
-3_ ;g\ @)!$ / @)!% df b]zdf vfgf cof]Uotfsf] cf};t 36gf
-ª_ 6]lnkmf]g 3gTj / OG6/g]6 k|j]z cf};t
;|f]tx¿M k|ltj]bsx¿åf/f tYofª\s ljefu -@)!!_, s[lif /fli6«o gd'gf hgu0fgf !(*!÷*@, @))!÷)@
tyf @)!!÷!@, w]/} ;"rs Sn:6/ ;j]{If0f @)!$, cfly{s ;j]{If0f -@)!^ _, / NLSS I (1995/96)
NLSS II (2003/03), NLSS III (2010/11), MoPIT (2016), l;FrfO ljefu -@)!^_, rf}wf}}F of]hgfsf]
b[li6sf]0f, NeKSAP Food Security Bulletin Volume 40 to 47, TEPC, MoAD, ;fdl/s /f]8 g]6js{
sf] tYofÍ @)!#÷!$ / DOLIDAR sf] tYofª\sdf cfwfl/t eP/ u0fgf ul/Psf] .

34
 ax';ª\Vos s[lif
aRrfx¿df /f]huf/df lge{/
s'k]fif0f

7"nf] / a9\bf] Jofkf/ Go"g Go"g s[lif >d

3f6f ljsf; pTkfbsTj
r/0f

Go"g Joj;foLs/0f / ;'wfl/Psf] k|ljlwsf]

d"No yk Go"g k|of]u

lrq $M g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qsf] Go"g ljsf;sf] r/0f

@=@ s[lif If]qsf] j[l4

*%_ s[lif If]qsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg -lhl8kL_ j[l4 PlkkL -!((%÷(^_ b]lv g} ;':t 5 -sl/a #=@%_, x/]s
jif{ cl:y/ 5, / @)!$/!% / @)!%/!^ df sdhf]/ j[l4 ePsf] sf/0f 36\bf] qmddf b]lvG5 -lrq g+= %
x]g'{xf];\_ . of] cj:yfnfO{ Pl8P; sf] cjlwdf ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos 5M j[l4sf] ult a9\g'sf ;fy} l:y/ /
;sf/fTds x'g'kb{5 . ;g !((! b]lv @)!! sf] ToxL cjlwdf !=* k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof j[l4 ePsfn] lbuf]]
ul/aL Go"gLs/0f / lgjf{xd'vLaf6 Jofj;flos ;+/rgfut ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu rflxg] alnof] ultzLntfsf
t'ngfdf k|ltJolQm s[lifhGo s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] j[l4 cToGt ;':t b]lvPsf] 5 .

35
 7

5
AGDP Growth (%)

lrq %M s[lifhGo s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] j[l4

;|f]tM cy{ dGqfno /fli6«o n]vf cg'dfg @)!^ -l:y/ d"Nodf cfwfl/t_

*^_ !((% b]lv @)!$ ;Ddsf] cjlwdf kfls:tfg afx]s g]kfnsf w]/}h;f] glhssf l5d]sL b]zx¿n] g]kfnsf]
eGbf t'ngfTds tLj| ¿kdf lhl8kLdf j[l4 u/]sf 5g\ -tflnsf ^ x]g'{xf];\ _. s[lif If]qsf] lhl8kLsf] cf};t
j[l4sf] cGt/nfO{ Wofg lbOPsf] 5}g . ef/t afx]s cGo ;a} l5d]sL b]zx¿sf] s[lif If]qsf] j[l4eGbf
g]kfnsf] ;':t /x\of] eg] ef/t / g]kfn a/fa/ /Xof] . t/ lrGtfnfUbf] ljifo eg]sf] g]kfnsf] s[lif If]q /
u}/ s[lif If]qsf] ;dfof]hgsf] cefj b]lvof]Ù h'g ;du| lhl8kLsf] sdhf]/ k|bz{gsf nflu lhDd]jf/ 5 .
l5d]sL b]zx¿df s[lif Jofkf/ If]q t'ngfTds ¿kdf a9\bf] / ultzLn 5Ù h'g g]kfndf cem} k|f/lDes
r/0fdf 5 . k|ltJolQm ;Lldt s[lifof]Uo hldg pknAw ePsfn] s[lifdf cfwfl/t lqmofsnfkx¿sf] lbuf]]
j[l4sf nflu v]tLdf / u}/ v]tL lqmofsnfkx¿df d"No j[l4 ug{ ljz]if k|oTg cfjZos 5 .

tflnsf ^M g]kfn / l5d]sL b]zx¿sf] k|ult ;"rsx¿

cf};t cf};t s[lif s[lifof]Uo s[lif
qmo zlQm k|lt x]S6/
lhl8kL % lhl8kL % lhl8kL÷JolQm hldg÷JolQm lhl8kL÷s[lif
;dtfdf pTkfbg
b]z !((%— !((%— (8n/) @)!$ -x]S6/_ @)!# of]Uo hldg
lhl8kL÷JolQm -s]hL_
@)!$sf] @)!$sf] df df -$÷x]S6/_
($) @)!$ df @)!$ df
cjlwdf cjlwdf @))$ df
aª\unfb]z %=% #=( !,)*& #,##) )=)$$( $,$)^ #,$%&
rLg (=^ #=( &,%() !#,!&) )=)&* $,**^ *,(*@
ef/t &=) #=@ !,%*@ %,^#) )=!@# @,(*! @,!$#
kfls:tfg #=( #=$ !,#!& %,)() )=!^* @,&$& !,()(
g]kfn $=@ #=@ &)@ @,$!) )=)&^ @,&$* @,*!&
;|f]t M http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world- af6 lnOPsf] ljZj ljsf; ;ª\s]tsx¿ h'g @)!^ df x]l/Psf] .

36
@=# >d pTkfbsTj

*&_ g]kfnsf] s[lif Go"g ljsf;sf] r/0fdf 5 . s[lifn] >dzlQmsf] 7"nf] lx:;f lnG5 -^!Ü s[lifdf :j/f]huf/,
#Ü Hofnfdf9_, t/ afFsL cy{tGqsf] t'ngfdf of] >d zlQmsf] pTkfbsTj lgs} sd 5 . g]kfnsf] s[lif
If]qsf] pTkfbsTjsf] cg'dfg -$ &($÷s[lif >d OsfO{{_ afFsL cy{tGqsf] pTkfbsTjsf] Ps rf}yfO dfq x'G5
-tflnsf &_ . s[lifsf] sdhf]/ cfsif{0fn] ubf{ @) b]lv 8n/ jif{sf] pd]/ ;d"xsf] pTkfbs >d zlQmsf] 7"nf]
lx:;fn] ljb]zdf /f]huf/L vf]Hg pTk|]l/t x'G5 . @)!) df To;/L ljb]z hfg]x¿sf] ;ª\Vof # nfv k'u]sf]
lyof] . of] ;d"x 7"nf] dfqfdf cfpg] ljk|]if0f (Remittance) sf] ;|f]t xf]Ù h;sf] @)!! sf] cflwsfl/s
cg'dfg # ca{ 8n/ 5, t/ of] /sd ;fdfGotof u|fdL0f If]qdf vr{ ePsf] 5}g .

Tflnsf &M g]kfnsf] s[lif / cGo If]qdf >d / e"ldsf] pTkfbsTj

s[lif If]qsf] >d pTkfbsTj u}/ s[lif If]qsf] >d pTkfbsTj s[lif e"ldsf] pTkfbsTj
-8n/÷s[lif >d_ -8n/÷u}/ s[lif >d_ -8n/÷x]S6/_

*#% #,^&) #,@&*

;|f]t M cy{ dGqfno /fli6«o n]vf cg'dfg @)!^ / s[lif /fli6«o gd'gf hgu0fgf @)!!÷!@ df cfwfl/t

**_ c+zj08f, ;x/Ls/0fn] ubf{ 36\bf] s[lif hldg, / hldgsf] u'0f:t/df x|f; nufotsf ljleGg sf/0fx¿n]
ubf{ k|ltJolQm s[lif hldg 36\g uPsf] 5 . hldgsf] ;fgf] cfsf/ / vl08t v]tLsf sf/0fn] pTkfbgsf]
:t/ d'gfkmf k|fKt ug{ / ;fgf ls;fg kl/jf/nfO{ kof{Kt hLjg lgjf{xsf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ ufx|f] ePsf] 5 .
v]tL ul/Psf] hldgsf] k|lt x]S6/ lhl8kL sl/a #,@*) 8n/ eP klg cf};tdf v]tLsf] cfsf/ k|lt 3/w'/L
)=^ dfq 5 / %)% eGbf a9L 3/w'/Lsf] hldgsf] cfsf/ )=% x]S6/ eGbf ;fgf] 5 -tflnsf *_ . hldgsf]
cfsf/ )=% x]S6/eGbf ;fgf] ePsf 3/w'/Lsf nflu cf};t v]tLsf] cfsf/ )=@$ x]S6/ 5Ù h'g ul/aLsf]
txeGbf dfly x'g] u/L cfo cfh{g ug{ ckof{Kt 5 .

Tflnsf *M s[lif hldgsf ;"rsx¿

5gf}6 ul/Psf cfwf/x¿ !((%÷(^ @))#÷)$ @)!)÷!! @)!!÷!@ @)!%÷!^-*_
s[lif hldgsf] cf};t cfsf/ -x]S6/df_ !=! )=* )=& )=^^ )=^@
)=% x]S6/ eGbf sd hldgsf]
:jfldTjdf v]tL ug]{ -s'n v]tL $)=! $$=* %!=^ %#=% %!=!
hldgsf] k|ltzt_

gf]6 M -*_ s[lif /fli6«o gd'gf hgu0fgf !(*! — @)!! sf] cfwf/df nfda4 ;dLs/0f cg'dfg
;|f]tM NLSS-III 2011 / s[lif /fli6«o gd'gf hgu0fgf @)!!÷!@, g]kfn ;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u ;lrjfno, s]Gb|Lo
tYofª\s ljefu

9
NLSS III 2010/11
37
*(_ hldgsf] Go"g pTkfbsTjeGbf klg >dsf] Go"g pTkfbsTj Go"g ljsf;sf] k|d'v ;"rs xf] . jf:tjdf
g]kfnsf] s'n hldgsf] pTkfbsTj l5d]sL b]zx¿sf] t'ngfdf w]/} sdhf]/ 5}g -tflnsf (_ . pbfx/0fsf
nflu, k|ltx]S6/ s[lif hldgsf] lhl8kL sf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] hldgsf] s'n pTkfbsTj ef/tsf] eGbf ^&$
8n/ a9L 5 . t/ g]kfnsf] k|ltJolQm s[lif hldg eg] ef/teGbf cToGt sd 5 -emG8} cfwf_ . g]kfnsf]
rLgs} a/fa/ k|ltJolQm s[lif hldg 5, t/ l;FrfO, aLp / d]l;g/L nufotsf] cefjsf sf/0f To;sf]
pTkfbg rLgeGbf lgs} Go"g 5 .

tflnsf ( M b]zx¿sf] pTkfbsTj t'ngf

k|lt x]S6/ s[lif hldgsf]
cGg pTkfbg -s]hL k|lt
b]z s[lif hldg÷JolQm -x]_ s[lif GDP
x]S6/_
-8n/df_
aª\unfb]z )=)$( $,$)^ #,$%&
rLg )=)&* %,**^ *,(*@
ef/t )=!@# @,(*! @,!$#
kfls:tfg )=!^* @,&$& !,()(
g]kfn )=)&^ @,&$* @,*!&
;|f]tM ljZj a}+s @)!$ ;"rs 8f6fj];, h'nfO{ @)! df x]l/Psf] .

@=$= pTkfbsTj leGgtf / ;Lldt Jofj;flos pTkfbg

()_ ;'wfl/Psf] k|ljlwsf] Go"g cg';/0fsf ;fy} cGo ljleGg sf/0fx¿n] pTkfbsTjdf Go"gtf x'g hfG5 .
g]kfndf ;'wfl/Psf] s[lif k|ljlwsf] k|of]u cem} Go"g 5 / ;Defljt pTkfbg / xfnsf] pTkfbgaLrsf]
pTkfbsTj leGgtf w]/} 5 . pRr lgjf{xd'vL s[lif -Jofj;flos :t/sf] nflu xf]Og_, pko'Qm k|ljlwdf kx'Fr
/ k|of]u -v]tL sfo{ / v]tLkl5sf] cj:yf b'j}df_, aLplahgsf] pknAwtf -s[lif ;fdfu|L, aLp, dnvfb,
bfgf, afnL / kz'sf] :jf:Yo ;+/If0f, l;FrfO, ljB't / cy{_ / of] If]qdf ;Lldt nufgLn] pTkfbsTjdf
Go"gtf cfPsf] 5 .

(!_ g]kfndf cg'dflgt @%=!Ü s[lif OsfO{ Jofj;flos / &$=(Ü lgjf{xd'vL 5g\ . ds} / kmnkm"nsf]
Jofj;flostf b/ -!%—@%Ü_ sf] t'ngfdf a9L k|of]u x'g] j:t' h:t} wffg, ux'F, cfn' / t/sf/Lsf]
Jofj;flostf b/ pRr -#)—%)Ü_ 5 . To;}u/L b"wsf] -^)Ü_, /fFufsf] df;' -*) Ü_, v;Laf]sfsf] df;'
-*%Ü_ sf] Jofj;flostf b/ pRr 5Ù h;n] oL j:t'x¿sf] pRr d"No b]vfpF5 (MOAC / JICA @)!)_ .
vlgh÷/f;folgs dnvfb, l;FrfO / d]l;gx¿ / afFsL cy{tGqsf nflu ;Lldt u|fdL0f jrt h:tf
;"rsx¿n] g]kfndf Jofj;flos s[lifsf] Go"g cg'kft b]vfpF5 . To;}n] Jofj;flos ¿kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmofsf]
k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ ljut / rfn' gLltdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

(@_ s]xL tf]lsPsf j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbsTj leGgtfnfO{ tflnsf !) df lbOPsf] 5 . s[lifsf ljleGg pkIf]qx¿df
;'wf/sf] ;Defjgf w]/} /x]sf] tflnsfn] b]vfpF5 .

38
(#_ g]kfnsf] v]tL ul/Psf] hldgsf] clwsf+z efu -*)Ü_ df cGgafnL pTkfbg ul/G5 . t/ cGo lsl;dsf
s[lif pTkfbg h:t} t/sf/L / kmnkm"n, 3fF;, s[lif-jg, kz'kfng / dT:o pTkfbgdf klg s[lif hldgnfO{
k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] k|z:t ;Defjgfx¿ 5g\ .

Tflnsf !)M tf]lsPsf j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbsTj leGgtf

;Defljt pTkfbg
j:t' PsfO xfnsf] pTkfbg -*_ Ifdtf
df5f 6g÷x]S6/÷jif{ $=# !)
jgk}bfj/ d]l6«s So'a÷jif{ )=# !#=$
Wfg 6g÷x]S6/÷jif{ #=# !)—!@
t/sf/L d]l6«s 6g÷x]S6/÷jif{ !$=# !&
eF};Lsf] b"w ln6/÷a]t *^* @)))
gf]6 M -*_ tLg aif{sf] cg'kft ;g\ @)!%÷!^ df cGTo
;|f]tM df5fsf] nflu DOFID, @)!) / MOAD Year Books 2013, 2014 / 2015 . jgk}bfj/sf nflu, MPFS, !(**, DFRS,
!((( . wfgsf nflu, MOAC, @)!), MOAD Year Books 2013, 2014 / 2015 / afnL ljsf; lgb]{zgfno, s[lif ljefu .
t/sf/Lsf nflu MOAC @)!), MOAD Year Books 2013, 2014 / 2015 / afnL ljsf; lgb]{zgfno, s[lif ljefu . e}F;Lsf]
b"wsf] nflu DLS, @)!) / MOAD Year Books 2013, 2014 / 2015 .

($_ To:tf] ;Defjgf ;fsf/ x'gnfO{ Pp6f k|d'v ;d:of s[lif ;fdfu|L / aLp ljhgsf] pknAwtf g} xf] .
pbfx/0fsf nflu—bfgfdf k|of]u x'g] j:t'x¿sf] cfk"lt{ s'v'/f kfngsf nflu k|d'v ;fdfu|L xf] / To;sf]
^)Ü t'ngfTds ¿kdf pRr d"Nodf cfoft ul/G5 . bfgf ljt/0fsf] z[ª\vnfdf x'g] cj/f]w / d"Noj[l4n]
kz'kG5LhGo pTkfbg pRr hf]lvddf 5 -kz' ;]jf ljefu @)!)_ . afv|f, e]F8f, aª\u'/ / df5fsf] ;hflt
k|hgg / :yfgLo ufO{ / eF};Lsf]] Go"g pTkfbsTjnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ gofF gZn ;'wf/ sfo{qmd cfjZos ePsf]
5 –kz' ;]jf ljefu, dxkfq / /fO{ @))&_ . To;} u/L cGgx¿df x'g] Go"g aLp k|lt:yfkg cg'kft,
u'0f:t/Lo / ;:tf] aLpsf] ;Lldt pknAwtf / dnvfbsf] ;Lldt pknAwtfn] b'j} vfBfGg / jfujfgLsf]]
pTkfbsTj ;'wf/nfO{ ;Lldt t'NofOlbPsf] 5 . sfi7 k}bfj/sf] xsdf jg lj1fg k|ljlwx¿ If]q ljz]if
5}gg\, tL clt ;fdfGo / ckof{Kt 5g\ -Ebregt et al @))& / jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfno, @))*
x]g'{xf];10
\ _ . of] leGgtfnfO{ sd ug{ ;xfos tŒjx¿df ;"rgfdf :yfoL / ljZj;gLo kx'Fr -h:t} k|bz{gL /
k|;f/ ;DaGwL ;Nnfx_, ahf/ -h:t} plrt d"Nodf u'0f:t/Lo s[lif ;fdfu|L ljt/0f ug]{ k|lt:kwL{ ljt/s_,
gub ;d:of 6fg{sf nflu shf{ ;'ljwf / hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf nflu ladf ;DaGwL ;+oGq k5{g\ .

(%_ g]kfndf @)!!÷!@ df /f;folgs dnvfb -gfO6«f]hg, kmf];kmf]/;, / kf]6fl;od_ sf] k|of]u $,@@,%$&
d]l6«s 6g lyof]Ù h;sf] @%Ü dfq cflwsfl/s ¿kdf cfoft u/L eG;f/ ltl/Psf] 5 . ;g\ @)!%/!^ df
dnsf] cfoft ##!,&$^ 6g lyof] . of] dfqf /fHon] ;x'lnot b/df s[lif ;xsf/L dfkm{t\ ljqmL ul//x]sf]

10
MOFSC, 2008. The Future of Nepal’s Forests Outlook for 2020, Asia Forestry Outlook Study, Country Report,
Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United
Nations, Regional Office for Asia and Pacific, Bangkok
39
 5 . t/ d"Non] dfq s[ifssf] dfunfO{ tflŒjs km/s kfb}{g . sd u'0f:t/sf] dnvfb / s[ifsx¿nfO{
u'0f:t/Lo dnvfbsf] Go"g 1fg h:tf sf/0fx¿ pTkfbsTjsf nflu afws 5g\ . s[lif hldgsf] w]/}h;f]
efudf df6f]sf] k/LIf0f / :yfgLo ¿kdf k|fKt r'gsf] k|of]un] cy{k"0f{ ¿kdf pTkfbg a9fpg ;S5 .

(^_ aLp k|lt:yfkg b/ lgs} Go"g /x]sf] 5 . 11 afnLsf] ck]lIft aLp k|lt:yfkg b/ @%Ü b]lv #)Ü /x]sf]
cj:yfdf, ;g @)!$/!% df ux'Fsf] nflu ;/b/ aLp k|lt:yfkg b/ !#=@Ü, wfgsf] !$=%Ü, ds}sf] $=# Ü
/ bfnsf] !=^Ü /x]sf] 5 . cGgafnLsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ s'n aLpdWo] cf}krfl/s If]qsf] of]ubfg !)Ü
eGbf klg sd dfq 5 / u'0f:t/ pTkfbsTjsf] afws /x]sf] 5 .

@=% s[lif Jofkf/ 3f6f

(&_ hLjgofkg / cy{tGqdf s[lifsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf eP tfklg g]kfnsf] s[lif Jofkf/ 3f6fdf 5 . cfoftdf
ePsf] j[l4n] lgof{tnfO{ 5fofFdf kfl/lbPsf] 5 / ljutsf jif{x¿df Jofkf/ 3f6f !@$ ldlnog 8n/af6
!,!@# ldlnog 8n/df j[l4 ePsf] 5 -lrq ^ x]g'{xf];\_ . g]kfnn] ufx{:y sRrf kbfy{ pTkfbgdf x|f;
cfPsfn] k|fylds / cf}Bf]lus sRrf kbfy{ cfoft ub{5, / pRr u'0f:t/df k|lt:kwf{Tdstf / pRr d"No
s[lif k|zf]wgdf ;Lldt nufgLsf] sf/0fn] k|zf]lwt s[lif pTkfbgx¿ klg cfoft ub{5 . 12 lgof{tsf] If]q
;Lldt s]xL lglZrt cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg / s[lif pkhx¿Ù h:t}M sfk]{6, tof/L kf];fs, klZdgf, x:tsnfsf
;fdfg, bnxg, h'6af6 ag]sf j:t'x¿, / jg:klt l3p h:tf j:t'x¿df dfq s]lGb|t 5 . lgof{t ahf/
3gTj a9]sf] 5 / w]/}h;f] lgof{t s]xL ;Lldt ahf/ h:t} ef/t, ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf / o'/f]kdf nlIft
5.

11
Birendra Basnyat (2010). “Improving seed security through the expansion of seed multiplication farms in the
public, private and cooperative sectors in Nepal”. Economic Policy Network II, MOF/ADB, Kathmandu December
2010
12
TEPC, 2011.Nepal Foreign Trade Statistics 2009/10; and MOF, 2011.Economic Survey 2010/11.

40
 lrq ^M vfB / s[lif pTkfbgsf] v'b cfoft
;|f]tM Jofkf/ tyf lgof{t k|j4{g s]Gb| sf] tYofª\sf] u0fgfdf cfwfl/t, g]kfn j}b]lzs Jofkf/ tYofª\s !(($÷(% b]lv @)!$÷!%

(*_ vfB / s[lifdf b]lvPsf] 7"nf] / a9\bf] 3f6f g]kfndf s[lifsf] Go"g k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtfsf] ;"rs xf] . Go"g
k|lt:kwf{Tdstf Jofkf/df x'g] cj/f]w, sdhf]/ k"jf{wf/ Pjd\ ;'zf;g, shf{df kx'Fr / lgodx¿sf] cefjsf]
k|ltkmn xf] -tflnsf !! x]g'{xf];\_ . w]/}h;f] k|lt:kwf{Tdstfsf ;"rsx¿ cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg';f/ lgs}
tn b]lvPsf 5g\ .

Tflnsf !!M g]kfnsf nflu k|lt:kwf{Tdstfsf ;"rsx¿

;"rs g]kfnsf] :t/
l;dfgf aflx/ Jofkf/df x'g] ;d:of !*( b]zdf (( cf}F :yfg
k"jf{wf/ OG8]S; !$$ b]zdf !@^ cf}F :yfg
shf{df ;xhtf ;DaGwL OG8]S; !$$ b]zdf !!^ cf}F :yfg
e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL wf/0ff OG8]S; !$$ b]zdf !@* cf}F :yfg
;'zf;g ;DaGwL k|efjsfl/tfsf] OG8]S; —)=*# -/]Gh —@=% b]lv @=% ;Dd_
lgoldttf u'0f:t/ ;DaGwL OG8]S; —)=*% -/]Gh —@=% b]lv @=% ;Dd_
;|f]tM ljZj cfly{s d~r @)!^ ljZj a}+s @)!^13

((_ g]kfnsf] s'n Jofkf/sf] !&=%Ü s[lif cfoft / lgof{tsf] lx:;f 5Ù h;df k]6«f]nhGo j:t'x¿, lgdf{0f
;fdu|L, uf8L / pks/0f / cGo pkef]Uo ;fdfgx¿ kb{5g\ . s[lif Jofkf/sf] lgof{tdf u]8fu'8L, lrof,
sfh', kmnkm"n, cb'jf / cf}iflw / ;'uGw ;DaGwL j:t'x¿sf] afx'Notf 5 eg] cfofttkm{ kmnkm"n, cGg,

13
Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. and Mastruzzi, M (2009). “Governance Matters VIII: Aggregate and Individual
Governance Indicators, 1996-2008”. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4978. World Bank, 2009
41
 t/sf/L, u]8fu'8L -vf;u/L s]/fp_, b'Uw kbfy{, df;'sf nflu k|of]u ul/g] hgfj/x¿, k|zf]wgsf nflu sRrf
kbfy{ -t]nhGo_, / pTkfbg sRrf kbfy{ -sfk]{6, n'uf / 6]S;6fON;sf nflu kmfOa/_ kb{5g\ . t/sf/L,
kmnkm"n, k]o kbfy{, b'Uw / df;'hGo kbfy{sf] cfoft k|lt:yfkgsf] /fd|f] ;Defjgf 5 . pRr d"Nosf
dflyNnf tLg afnLsf] -cn}FrL, kmnkm"n / lrof_ lgof{t d"No cGg / b'Uwsf] cfoftsf] hDdf Ps rf}yfO
dfq x'g hfG5 -tflnsf !@_ .

!))_ ;|f]t / >ddf cfwfl/t x'g] Go"g k|ljlw /x]sf] s[lif pTkfbgx¿ h:t} ;'sfPsf] t/sf/L, skmL, lrof,
t/sf/L / sGbd"n, cb'jf / cn}r F Ldf g]kfnnfO{ t'ngfTds kmfObfx¿ 5g\ . 14 t/ jg:klt t]n, kz' cfxf/,
lrgL, v'bf] / ld7fO{x¿df j[l4 b/ gsf/fTds 5 / eljiodf t'ngfTds kmfObf 36]/ hfg] hf]lvd pRr 5 .
ljZj ahf/sf] ;+/rgfnfO{ x]bf{ g]kfn Go"g÷dWod txsf] cfDbfgL x'g] b]zx¿ h:t} a¨nfb]z, ef/t,
kfls:tfg, rLg, leotgfd / yfONofG8;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ul//x]sf] 5 .

!)!_ j:t'sf] d"No clej[l4 (value add) ug{ g]kfndf k|z:t ;Defjgfx¿ 5g\Ù h:tf]M -s_ u'0f:t/ ;'wf/,
sf]8]S; Pnd]G6l/o; :t/sf] ;'/Iff / n]aln¨, -v_ ;'/Iff, u'0f:t/, :jR5 Jofkf/ / cuf{lgs a|flG8¨, / -u_
k|zf]wg / j:t'sf] ljsf; . pbfx/0fsf nflu— ljleGg k|sf/sf d;nf, klZdgf, 5fnf, / cf}iflwhGo /
;'ulGwt hl8a'6Lx¿ sRrf ¿kdf g} lgof{t ul/G5 h;sf] d"No clej[l4 ef/t jf rLgdf ul/G5 .

!)@_ cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)!) n] nufgLsf nflu s[lif / s[lif—jg pBf]unfO{ k|fyfldstfdf /fv]sf] 5, / oL
pBf]ux¿nfO{ cltl/Qm ;'ljwfx¿ lbPsf] 5 . s[lif If]qdf j}b]lzs nufgL -k|zf]wg nufot v'b|f ljs|L_ s'n
j}b]lzs nufgLsf] !Ü eGbf klg sd 5 .

Tflnsf !@M pRr d"Nosf vfBfGg, cGg, hl8a'6L / b'Uw kbfy{ sf] cfoft / lgof{t -;g\ @)!@÷!#, @)!#÷!$
/ @)!$÷!% sf] cf};t _
a:t' lgof{t -?= s/f]8df_ cfoft -? s/f]8df_ art÷3f6f -?= s/f]8df_
d;'/f] !,(($ !,@^& &@&
lrof @,)@& ^( !,(%&
cn}FrL #,(*& ^!( #,#^*
kmnkm"n @,#$* (,&)) —&,#%@
cb'jf &$( #$) $)(
t/sf/L !^^ #,#)! #,!#%
skmL ^^ $! @%
l;dL $ $,!(@ —$,!*(
pRr d"No vfBfGgsf] s'n of]u !!,#$) !(,%#) —*,!()
cgfh !## #),!() —#),)%&
hl8a'6LhGo j:t' !,%)! $%% !,)$^
b'Uw kbfy{ !*$ !,^^) —!,$&%
;|f]tM TEPC / MOAD .

14
ITC, 2011. Online trade statistics.
42
!)#_ g]kfndf w]/}h;f] cfoft ef/taf6 x'g] ub{5 / lgof{tsf] k|d'v uGtJo klg ef/t g} xf] . g]kfnn] g]kfn—
ef/t Jofkf/ ;lGw, g]kfn lrg d'Qm Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf 1fkg kq @)!^, blIf0f Pl;of :jtGq Jofkf/
;Demf}tf (SAFTA), ax'If]qLo k|fljlws / cfly{s ;xof]u ;DaGwL a¨fnsf] vf8L Olgl;ol6e
(BIMSTEC), ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g (WTO) nufotsf ;lGwx¿df x:tfIf/ u/]sf] 5 . ef/t;Fusf] Jofkf/
;Demf}tfn] wfg, ux'F, ds}, rfdn, bfn / lk7f] nufotsf !^ cf]6f s[lif / cfwf/e"t j:t'x¿df kl/df0fsf]
s'g} ;Ldf g/fvL eG;f/ 5'6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] nflu s[lif pTkfbgdf
lglb{i6 z'Ns cf};tdf $!=$Ü 5, t/ To;sf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf cem} Go"g 5 . g]kfnsf] clwd"Nof+lst
(overvalued) ;6xL b/n] lgof{t / 3/]n' ahf/df g]kfnsf] s[lif pTkfbgsf] d"Nosf] k|lt:kwL{ IfdtfnfO{
36fOlbG5 . g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs/0f /0fgLlt -@)!)_n] c;n s[lif Jojxf/, PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg,
u'0f Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL / t];|f] kIf k|df0fLs/0f (Third party certification) nufotnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{
g;s]sfn] s[lif Jofkf/ k|lt:kwf{Tdstf 36]sf] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] g]kfn Jofkf/ ljsf; /0fgLlt
@)!% nfu" u/]sf] 5Ù h;df Jofkf/ Ifdtf lgdf{0f nufotsf Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf, Jofkf/ tyf kl/jxg
;xfotf, :t/ tyf k|fljlws lgodx¿, :jR5tf tyf jfg:klts :jR5tf pkfox¿ / af}l4s ;DklQ
clwsf/x¿sf] ;+nUgtf 5 . o;n] vfB kbfy{ -cn}r F L, cb'jf, lrof / cf}ifwLo la?jfx¿_, lzNk / ljlgdf{0f
-;a} sk8f, j:q, wfuf] / 8f]/L, 5fnf, h'tf, kl:dgf / un}Frf_, ;]jfx¿ – cw{ s'zn dfgj ;+;fwg, ;"rgf
k|ljlw / Jofkf/ k|lqmof cfp6;f]l;{+u_ / ko{6gnfO{ k|fyldstf lgof{t Ifdtf If]qx¿ klxrfg u/]sf] 5 .

@=^= ul/aL

!)$_ ul/aL cem} Jofks 5 -hg;ª\Vofsf] sl/a @!=^Ü_ . w]/}h;f] ul/ax¿ u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]jf; u5{g\ / of]
u|fdL0f cy{tGq / 7Kk ePsf] s[lif j[l4;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . ;x/Ls/0fsf] afah'b u|fdL0f hg;ª\Vof 7"nf] /
a9\bf] 5Ù h'g !((^ df !=* s/f]8af6 -s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] *(Ü_ @)!! df @=@ s/f]8 -*#Ü_ lyof] / of]
;g\ @)!^ df @=# s/f]8 -s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] *)Ü_ k'Ug] cg'dfg 5 -tflnsf !#_ . @)!! df s[lif If]qn]
)=^$ s/f]8 cyf{t\ sfo{zlQmsf] ^$Ü nfO{ /f]huf/ lbPsf] lyof] / ;g\ @)!^ df )=(( s/f]8 -^@%_
k'u]sf] k|If]k0f 5 . 15 ul/aL 36fpgsf nflu k|fKt ;kmntfnfO{ s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;;Fu dfq hf]8]/ x]g{ ldNb}g
lsgeg] o;df ;x/L /f]huf/L, lab]l;Psf] >dzlQmaf6 k|fKt ljk|]if0f -/]ld6\ofG;_ / ko{6g / ;]jf If]q
h:tf u}/ s[lif If]qsf] lhl8kLdf a9\bf] of]ubfgn] kf/]sf dxŒjk"0f{ k|efjx¿ klg 5g\ . t/ klg ul/aL
lgjf/0f sf]if, klZrd pRr kxf8 ul/aL lgjf/0f cfof]hgf -@))#—@))$_ nufotsf sfo{qmd /
cfof]hgfx¿ s[lif gLlt / PlkkL k|f¿k;Fu tfbDotf /fVg] lsl;dsf 5g\ . Pl;ofnL a}+ssf] kl5Nnf s[lif
cfof]hgfx¿df dlxnf s[ifs ;xeflutf $)Ü af6 a9]/ %)Ü k'u]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, s'n ;xefuL
s[ifsx¿dWo] lk5l8Psf] ;d"x nueu %)Ü 5 . 16

15
Of 28 million population, total labor force is 21.84 million, agriculture employment 13.98 million (2010 census).
16
ADB (2009) “Technical Completion Report for the Crop Diversification Project L1778”, and ADB
(2009).“Technical Completion Report for the Community Livestock Development Project L2071”.ADB Manila
2009.
43
!)%_ ;/sf/sf] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo k|ult k|ltj]bg @)!) / ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo (MDG) k|ult k|ltj]bg
@)!#17 n] ul/aL 36]sf], pRr vfB c;'/Iffaf6 kLl8t hg;ª\Vof 36]sf], a]/f]huf/L b/ 36]sf] / k|fylds
ljBfnodf s]6f / s]6Lsf] egf{ cg'kftsf] ;Gt'ng b/sf] cfwf/df n}l¨s ;dfgtftkm{ ;sf/fTds k|j[lQ
b]lvPsf] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . k|ltj]bgn] lk5l8Psf] If]qdf /x]sf ;LdfGtLs[t ju{sf hgtfsf] kIfdf
;fj{hlgs ;|f]tsf] ljlgof]hg a9fOPsf] / jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f / df};d kl/jt{g;Fu cg'sn
" gdf a9L Wofg
lbOPsf] hgfPsf] 5 . w]/}h;f] ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;n ug{ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / ;dfj]lztf, ;xeflutf /
ljs]lGb|t zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ hf]8 lbg] vfnsf ;DalGwt cGo sfg'gx¿n] ;sf/fTds gLltut jftfj/0f
agfPsf] 5 . Pl8P; sf nflu dfu{bz{gsf] ¿kdf k|ltj]bgn] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo n] tf]s]sf nIox¿
@)!% leq k"/f ug{ ;/sf/n] lgDg k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{tkm{ ;hu u/fPsf] lyof]M
— ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgaf6 w]/} dflg;x¿nfO{ dfly n}hfg'kg]{,
— lghL If]qsf] nufgLsf nflu /fd|f] jftfj/0f agfpg'kg]{,
— ;xof]u gLltsf] th'{df ug]{ / nfu" ug]{,
— vfB ;'/Iff / df};d kl/jt{g ;DaGwL d'2fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{,
— ljsf;sf cj;/x¿df kx'Fr lbFbf n}l¨s ;Gt'ngnfO{ sfod ug]{,
— ;LdfGtLs[t ;d"xx¿sf] kmfObfsf nflu ;xof]usf sfo{qmdx¿ ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
— lbuf] ljsf; tyf lbuf] pGd'v, /f]huf/ s]lGb|t, ;dfj]zL tyf ;dfgtf / j[xt\/ cfly{s j[l¢
k|f]T;flxt x'g] a[xt\ cy{zf:q gLlt cjnDag ug]{ .

tflnsf !#M hg;ª\Vof / ul/aL

ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf]
hgu0fgf jif{ s'n hg;ª\Vof u|fdL0f hg;ª\Vof
hg;ª\Vof
!(*! !%,)@#,))) !$,)^@,))) $)Ü
!((! !*,$(!,))) !^,&(),))) $@Ü
@))! @@#,!%!,))) !(,(##,))) #!Ü
@)!! @^,$($,))) @!,(&),))) @%Ü
@)!@÷!# @^,@%&,#$& @@,#&^,&)# #$=*Ü
@)!#÷!$ @&,^$^,)%# @@,%^),&$( @#=!Ü
@)!$÷!% @*,)#&,()$ @@,&@*,(&$ @#=%Ü
@)!%÷!^ @*,$#!,$($ @@,*&*,&*@ @!=^Ü
Source: EIC Survey 1977; National Living Standards Survey 1995, 2005, 2010; Annual Household Survey 2012/13, 13/14,
Household Budget Survey 2014/15, Central Bureau of Statistics, National Population and Household Census 2011, and
(Population Projection 2011-2031, and NPC Approach Paper 14th Plan

;/sf/sf] lbuf] ljsf; nIo @)!^—@)#) /fli6«o k|f/lDes l/kf]6{ -@)!%_ n] ;a}h;f] ;x;|fAbL ljsf;
nIox¿ nlIft ;do cufj} k"/f e};s]sf] / afFsL c¿ nlIft ;dodf k"/f x'g] lgisif{ lgsfNb} lbuf] ljsf;
nIosf ;ª\s]tsx¿sf] /fli6«o nIo to u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o lbuf] ljsf; nIosf] l/kf]6{n] g]kfnsf] s[lif

17
NPC (2010).“MDG Progress Report”.NPC 2010; NPC (2012) "MDG Acceleration Framework; NPC (2013)
"MDG Progress Report"; and NPC (2015) "Sustainable Development Goals 2016-30: National (Preliminary)
Report". Kathmandu

44
 If]qdf, If]qLo / cGt/f{li6«o pRr / c;dfg cg'bfg, g]kfnsf] sd s[lif pTkfbsTj, sd cg'bfg, s[lifdf
Jofkf/ jftf{ k|f]T;fxgsf] sdL / k|ljlw / aLpsf] Kof6]G6 (Patent) gx'g'sf] sf/0f kg{ hfg] afXo
em+em6af6 /Iff ug{ dxŒj lbPsf] 5 . Pl8P;nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ lbuf] ljsf;sf & nIo tyf p2]Zo tn
afs;df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . aLp tyf af]6 ljsf; / 3/kfn'jf hgfj/ / cfˆgf] ;DalGwt hª\unL
k|hfltx¿, sf] cfg'j+lzs ljljwtf sfod ug]{, ;a} :t/df PsLs[t kfgL ;|f]t Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd nfu"
ug],{ ;'/Iff / kfgL ;DalGwt kfl/l:yltsf] ;+/If0f ug]{, lbuf] vkt / pTkfbgdf sfo{qmd nfu" ug],{ /fli6«o
gLltx¿ df hnjfo' kl/jt{g pkfo PsLs[t, /0fgLlt / of]hgf ug]{ h:tf lbuf] ljsf; nIosf
;ª\s]tsx¿ lglZrt ul/Psf] 5 .
afs; ! M s[lif If]q;Fu ;DalGwt lbuf] ljsf; nIosf ;ª\s]tsx¿
lbuf] ljsf; nIo !M ul/aL o;sf kIfaf6 ;a}lt/ cGTo
!= l6 !=$M ;a} k'?if / dlxnf ljz]if u/L ul/a / sdhf]/df, cfly{s ;|f]tx¿sf ;fy;fy} cfwf/e"t ;]jf, e"ld
/ ;DklQdfly :jfldTj tyf lgoGq0f, pQ/flwsf/, k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿, plrt gof k|ljlw / nw'ljQ
;lxt ljQLo ;]jfdf a/fa/ clwsf/ ;fy} kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug]{ .
@= l6 !=%M ul/a / sdhf]/ cj:yfdf /x]sfx¿sf] nrs lgdf{0f / hnjfo' ;DaGwL r/d 36gfx¿ / cGo
cfly{s ;fdflhs / kof{j/0fLo em6s / k|sf]k hf]lvd sd ug]{ .
lbuf] ljsf; nIo @M ef]s cGt, vfgf ;'/Iff / ;'wf/ kf]if0f k|fKt / lbuf] s[lif
#= l6 @=!M jif}{el/ ef]s cGt / ;'/lIft, kf}li6s tyf kof{Kt vfgf lzz'x¿ / ul/a ;lxt sdhf]/ cj:yfsf
;a} dflg;x¿sf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{
$= l6 @=@M cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf ;xdt pd]/ % jif{ d'lgsf aRrfx¿df x'g] s'kf]if0fsf] cGTo ;lxt ;Dk"0f{
k|sf/sf s'kf]if0fx¿ cGTo ug]{, lszf]/ aflnsf, ue{jtL tyf b"w r';fpg] dlxnf / j[4
JolQmx¿sf] kf]if0f cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug]{ .
%= l6 @=#M e"ld ;lxt cGo pTkfbs ;fwgx¿, 1fg, ljQLo ;]jf, ahf/ ;'/lIft / a/fa/ kx'Fr dfkm{t ;fgf
dfqf vfgf pTkfbsx¿ ljz]if u/L dlxnf, hghftLo, kl/jf/ ls;fgx¿sf] s[lif pTkfbsTj / cfo
bf]Aa/ ug]{ .
^= l6 @=$M kfl/l:yltsL sfod ug]{, hnjfo' kl/jt{g, r/d df};d, v8]/L, af9L / cGo k|sf]ksf] cg's"n e"ld
/ df6f] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug]{, lbuf] vfB pTkfbg k|0ffnL ;'lglZrt / pTkfbsTj / pTkfbg j[l4 ug]{
nlrnf s[lif cEof;x¿ nfu" ug]{ .
lbuf] ljsf; nIo %M n}ª\lus ;dfgtf sfod ug]{ / ;Dk"0f{ gf/Lx¿sf] ;ZfStLs/0f ug]{
&= l6 %=!M ;a} 7fFpx¿df gf/Lx¿ lj?¢ x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf ljljwLs/0f cGTo ug]{ .
lbuf] ljsf; nIo ^M ;Dk"0f{nfO{ kfgL / ;/;kmfOsf] pknAwtf / lbuf] Joj:yf ;'lglZrt ug]{
*= l6 ^=!M PsLs[t kfgL ;|f]t Joj:yfkg sfo{qmdsf ;"rsx¿ Oª\lut ul/Psf] .
lbuf] ljsf; nIo *M ;a} nflu, e/kbf]{ ;dfj]zL / lbuf] cfly{s j[l4, k"0f{ / kmnbfoL /f]huf/L / ;Eo sfd
k|j4{g ug]{
(= l6 *=!M k|ltjif{ slDtdf & k|ltzt hL8LkL k|lt JolQm cfly{s j[l4 sfod ug]{ .
!)= l6 *=#M pTkfbs ultljlwx¿ ;dy{g ug]{ ljsf; pGd'v gLlt, ;Eo sfd l;h{gf, pBdzLntf,
/rgfTdstf / gjLgtf, k|rf/ / cf}krfl/s / ;fgf tyf dWod cfsf/sf] pBdsf] ljsf;
k|f]T;fxg ug]{ / ;fy} ljQLo ;]jfdf kx'Fr k'/\ofpg] .
!!= l6 *=%M a/fa/ d"Nosf] sfdsf] nflu k"0f{ / kmnbfoL /f]huf/L / ;a} dlxnf / k'?if, o'jf dfG5] / c;St
JolQmx¿sf nflu ;lxt ;Eo sfd / a/fa/ tna k|fKt ug]{ jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug]{ .
!@= l6 *=!)M ;a} nflu a}+ls¨, ladf / ljQLo ;]jfdf kx'Fr k|f]T;fxg / lj:tf/ ug{ 3/]n' ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf]
Ifdtf alnof]] ug]{ .
lbuf] ljsf; nIo !@M lbuf] vkt / pTkfbg 9fFrfsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{
45
!#= l6 !@=@M k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg / s'zn pkof]u ug]{ .
lbuf] ljsf; nIo !#M hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o;sf] k|efj lj?¢ cfktsfnLg sfo{x¿ ug]{
!$= l6 !#=!M ;"rsx¿ agfOFb} .
lbuf] ljsf; nIo !%M ;'/lIft, k'g;{\yfkgf / :ynLo kfl/l:yltsLsf] lbuf] pkof]u, jg hª\unsf] lbuf]
Joj:yfkg, d?e"lds/0fsf] Go"gLs/0f / Joj:yfkg, e"ld If/0f /f]Sg] / h}ljs ljljwtf xflg aGb ug]{
!%= l6 !%=!M ljz]if u/L hª\un, l;d;f/, kxf8 tyf ;'Svf e"ld nufot :ynLo tyf b]zL cnj0f
kfl/l:yltsL / cfkm\gf] ;]jfx¿df ;+/If0f, k'g:yf{kgf / lbuf] pkof]u ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
!^= l6 !%=@M jgsf] ;a} k|sf/sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgsf] sfof{Gjog k|rf/, jg kmF8fgL aGb, kbfjgt jg
k'g:yf{kgf / jgLs/0f / jgsf] k'g/f]{k0f j[l4 ug]{ .
!&= l6 !%=$M h}ljs ljljwtf ;lxt kxf8 kfl/l:yltsLsf] ;+/If0f, qmddf lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4
ug{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
!*= l6 !%=%M k|fs[lts lgjf;sf] If/0f sd ug{ h}ljs ljljwtfsf] xflg aGb / /Iff / nf]kf]Gd'v k|hfltsf]
ljn'Kt /f]Sg h?/L / dxŒjk"0f{ sfdx¿ ug]{ .
!(= l6 !%=(M /fli6«o / :yfgLo of]hgf, ljsf; k|lqmof, ul/aL Go"gLs/0f /0fgLlt / sfo{of]hgfdf jftfj/0f /
h}ljs ljljwtfsf] dxŒj PsLs[t ug]{ .

@=& vfB c;'/Iff

!)^_ ul/aLsf] Pp6f lrGtfhgs kIf eg]sf] s'kf]if0f xf] . k/Dk/fut vfB cefj ePsf If]q afx]ssf vfB
art ePsf If]qdf klg vf;u/L aRrfx¿df s'kf]if0f clxn] klg pRr 5 . % jif{d'lgsf $@Ü aRrfx¿
k'8\sf]kgaf6 u|l;t lyP / (NLSS 2010/11) ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf k'8\sf]kg #)Ü df emfg]{ nIo /x]sf]]df
@)!$ ;Dddf #&=$Ü ePsf] 5 (MICS 2014, and SGD Report 2015) .

!)&_ g]kfndf #% nfv dflg;x¿ -hg;ª\Vofsf] !#Ü_nfO{ dWodb]lv cToGt bogLo vfB c;'/Iff /x]sf], &%
dWo] $@ lhNnfnfO{ vfBsf] lx;fan] vfB c;'/lIft lhNnfsf] ¿kdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 518 . ;g\
@)!$÷!% df &% dWo] $@ lhNnfnfO{ vfBfGgsf] lx;fan] vfB c;'/Iff lhNnfsf] ?kdf jlu{s/0f ul/Psf]
5 -s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, jflif{s k':ts @)!%_, / hg;+Vofsf] $!∞ b}lgs l;kmfl/; Go"gtd Sofnf]/L
;]jg 5 / b"/ tyf ljs6 lhNnfx¿ vfB c;'/lIft 5g\ -!$ cf}+ of]hgf cfwf/ kq_ . g]kfn blIf0f
Pl;ofdf cGgafnLsf]] pTkfbsTj ;jeGbf sd x'g] d'n'sx¿ dWo]df kb{5 . /fli6«o vfB jf;nft sl/a
jrt Go'g a/fa/Lsf] cj:yfdf 5, t/ jiff{ sd ePsf] a]nf Tof] Go"gdf hfG5 . @)!$÷!% sf] vfB
jf;nft x]bf{ !,%^,))) 6g art ePsf] b]lvG5Ù h'g s'n cfjZostfsf] @=(Ü x'g cfpF5 . t/ ljutsf]
@)!% df g]kfnsf] vfBfGg cfoft jflif{s ¿kdf s'n cfGtl/s pTkfbgsf] !@Ü lyof]19 . @)!!÷!@ sf]
/fli6«o vfBfGg df}Hbft sf afah'b !* nfv dflg;x¿n] ;/sf/af6 7"nf] dfqfdf vfB ;xof]u k|fKt u/] .
o;n] b]vfpF5 ls b]z cem} “vfB cefj” df u'h|g] xf] eg] lg/Gt/ vfB ul/aL, s'kf]if0f, / vfgfsf] hf]lvd
/xg] 5 . rfdnsf] vfgfnfO{ ux'FhGo j:t'n] k|lt:yfkg ug]{ cGo b]zsf] k|j[lQnfO{ g]kfnn] klg cg';/0f
ug{ cfjZos 5 . df;' / kz'kG5LhGo pTkfbgx¿sf] dfu a9\b} hfFbf kz'x¿sf] bfgf -ds} / e6df;,

18
vfgf / kf]if0f ;DaGwL gLltsf] d:of}bf, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno @)!@
19
s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf] tYofª\s, @)!@
46
 cflb_ sf] cefj x'g ;S5 . sd;]sd ds}sf] nflu, w]/} ls;fgx¿n] k|of]u ul//x]sf] w]/} pTkfbg ug]{ pGgt
hftsf] ds} v]tLsf nflu ;'wf/ ug]{ w]/} 7fpFx¿ 5g\ .

!)*_ ef]s cg'qmd (Hunger Index) af6 dfkg ul/P cg';f/ b]zsf !% pkIf]qdf vfB / kf]if0fsf] c;'/Iffsf]
cj:yf leGg leGg 5 . ef]sd/Lsf] Hofbf cj:yf ;'b"/ / dWoklZrdsf ;fy} lxdfnL If]qx¿df a9L 5, t/
vfB art x'g] t/fO{{sf lhNnfx¿df klg s'kf]if0f x'g'n] vfBsf] plrt k|of]udf klg ;d:of /x]sf] b]vfpF5 .
@))*—(sf] ljZj vfB ;ª\s6n] vfBsf] d"No a9\bf To;sf] hf]lvd u|fdL0f / ;x/L ul/ax¿nfO{ kg]{
u/]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . k|lt 3/w'/Lsf] d'Vo vr{ vfBfGgdf /x]sf] / of] vr{ @))#÷$ df %(Ü sf] t'ngfdf
a9]/ @)!)÷!! Dff ^@Ü df a9]/ @)!@÷!# df %(Ü, @)!#÷!$ df %&Ü / @)!$÷!% df $#Ü df
36]sf] 5 . h'g vfB c;'/Iffsf] Pp6f kIf xf] . ;sf/fTds ¿kdf x]bf{, vfB cefjsf]] k|ltzt !((% df
%!Ü 3/kl/jf/ b]lv x\jfTt} 36]/ @)!)÷!! Dff !^Ü / @)!$ sf] c;f/—sflt{sdf !$=@Ü k'u]sf] 5 .

!)(_ vfB ;'/IffnfO{ slxn]sfxLF ;Gt'lnt ef]hg;Fu ghf]8]/ slt Sofnf]/L a/fa/ pkef]u ul/of] eGg]af6
u0fgf ul/G5 . g]kfnL ef]hgdf kz'kG5LhGo vfgfaf6 cfpg] k|f]l6gsf] dfqf !#Ü 5 -l;kmfl/; #)Ü eGbf
lgs} sd_ . t/ cfo j[l4;Fu} jflif{s *—!)Ü n] dfu a9L/x]sf] 520 . cfGtl/s pTkfbgn] dfunfO{ wfGb}g
/ @)!)÷!! Dff b'UwhGo j:t', df;' / c08fsf] cfoft ^=& s/f]8 cd]l/sL 8n/ /x]sf]df @)!%÷!^ df
kz'wg pTkfbgsf] cfoft $=& s/f]8 cd]l/sL 8n/ k'u]sf] 5 . kmnkm"n / t/sf/Lsf] l:ylt cem ljs/fn
5 h:tf] ls @)!)÷!! df kmnkm"n ^=% s/f]8 cd]l/sL 8n/ / t/sf/L %=! s/f]8 cd]l/sL 8n/ cfoft
ePsf]df @)!%÷!^ df qmdzM !!=& / t/sf/L !^=) s/f]8 cd]l/sL 8n/ a/fa/sf] cfoft eof] .

@=* s[lif If]qdf s]xL ;sf/fTds ;ª\s]tx¿

!!)_ Go"g ljsf; :t/sf afah'b s[lif If]qdf s]xL ;sf/fTds ;ª\s]tx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, k|lt
JolQm cfo / s[lif >dsf] pTkfbsTj a9]sf] 5, ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ePsf] 5, / s'kf]if0f 36]sf] 5 . ;8s
;~hfn pNn]Vo dfqfdf a9]sf] 5 / l;FrfO ;'ljwfsf] If]q klg a9]sf] 5 . s[lifsf ;a} pkIf]qx¿ -afnL,
kz'kG5L, dT:o / jg_ df pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf ;'wf/ ePsf] 5 .

!!!_ s[lif Joj;fo / Jofj;flos v]tLdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . s'v'/fkfng / b'Uw k|zf]wg pBf]ux¿sf] ult tLa|
5 eg] lghL If]qsf] pTkfbsTj klg a9L/x]sf] 5 . cGo ultlzn s[lif Joj;fosf If]qx¿df lrof, km"n /
t/sf/Lsf aLp -tflnsf !$_ k5{g\ . lgtfGt lghL If]qsf] nufgLaf6 s'v'/f kfngn] Jofj;flos :t/ /
Voflt cfh{g u/]sf] 5 . lghL nufgLnfO{ kl/rfng ug]{ lx;fan] s'v'/f kfng Joj;fo Pp6f o:tf]
pbfx/0f xf] . ;a} s[lif Jofkf/ pBdx¿sf] s'n jf:tljs laqmL !((%÷(^ — @))#÷)$ df @@=(∞
aflif{s j[l4 lyof] . ljlgdf{0f k|lti7fgx¿sf] hgu0fgf !!(^÷(&—@)!!÷!@ df /x]sf s[lif Jofkf/
pBdx¿sf] /f]huf/ ^=(∞, *=&∞ / %=(∞ sf] aflif{s j[l4 /x]sf] lyof] . oxfF, df;' tyf o;sf kbfy{, k'ik,
lrof, skmL / d;nf / t/sf/L aLp cu|0fL pkIf]qx¿ x'g -tflnsf !$ v_ . @))*÷)( — @)!$÷!%
s[lif j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg / k|zf]wg ug]{ sDkgLx¿ !),%^$ ;lqmo 5g\ / @)!^ sf] kmfNu'gdf !@,@@!

20
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)!)÷!!
47
 s[lif ;xsf/Lx¿ -w]/}h;f] b'Uw kbfy{, t/sf/L, cf}ifwLhGo j:t'x¿, lrof, skmL, dx / ;'Gtnf, sfutLhGo
pTkfbgx¿_ / !&,^*% btf{ ul/Psf ;fd'bflos jg ;d"xx¿ ;lqmo lyP . 21

tflnsf !$M s[lif Jofkf/ ;"rsx¿df ePsf] jflif{s j[l4 !((^÷(&—@))#÷)$ -Ü_
ljqmL lgof{t
s[lifJoj;fo OsfO{ pTkfbg /f]huf/ nufgL
cfotg cfotg
b'Uw pTkfbg ^% %! — * !%(
lrof @# #^ $! @* @#
km"n !* #& !%^ #% #%
t/sf/Lsf] aLp @* @* (^ !& !&
s'v'/f kfng % * — % ^
Note: Growth rate of production and employmeny are based on physical quantities; and the growth of scales, exports
and investment are in current prices; the manufacturing prices increased by 31% during 1996/97 – 2003/04.
Source: IDL Ltd and SEEPORT Ltd (2007). “APP Implementation Status Report Vol 1”. DFID and Government of
Nepal, 2007

tflnsf !$ vM ljlgdf{0f k|lti7fgaf6s ePsf] hgu0fgfx¿sf] cfwf/df s[lif Jofkf/ ;"rsx¿sf] jflif{s j[l4 -
!((^÷(& ≠ !)) d"Nodf_
s[lif Jofkf/ ;Fu ljlgdf{0f k|lti7fgaf6 ePsf] hgu0fgf aif{x¿ jflif{s
;DalGwt OsfO{ j[l4 -∞_
ljlgdf{0f ;d"xx¿ !((^÷(& @))!÷)@ @))^÷)& @)!!÷!@
s= df;' / df;' pTkfbg sf] ljlgdf{0f
! lgdf{0f ;d"xx¿ ;ª\Vof @ # $ # #=(
@ ;+nUg JolQm ;ª\Vof (* *# !$% %=(
Hofnf, tna / ldlnog
# @=) @=# %=$ !$=(
c¿ ;'ljwfx¿ ?k}oF f
s'n l:y/ k'FhL – ldlnog
$ *=# @$=% (=& !#=$
jif{sf] cGTodf_ ?k}oF f
ldlnog
% pTkfbg #*=@ #!=% #)=& @(=&
?k}oF f
ldlnog
^ nfut @*=% !*=% ((=! $)=!
?k}oF f
ldlnog
& d"No clwj[l¢ (=& !#=) #!=^ !&=^
?k}oF f
v= kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L k|zf]wg / e08f/0f
! lgdf{0f ;d"xx¿ ;ª\Vof @ # $ & !)=^
@ ;+nUg JolQm ;ª\Vof @#) @(@ #&@ %=$
Hofnf, tna / ldlnog
# &=& !!=! !$=( &=&
c¿ ;'ljwfx¿ ?k}oF f
s'n l:y/ k'FhL – ldlnog
$ !!=! @)=( !@%=! %*=^
jif{sf] cGTodf_ ?k}oF f
21
s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, @)!) 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu, cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g tYofÍ @)&!÷&@≤ cy{ dGqfno cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)!^ jg
ljefu, @)!^ .
48
 s[lif Jofkf/ ;Fu ljlgdf{0f k|lti7fgaf6 ePsf] hgu0fgf aif{x¿ jflif{s
;DalGwt OsfO{ j[l4 -∞_
ljlgdf{0f ;d"xx¿ !((^÷(& @))!÷)@ @))^÷)& @)!!÷!@
ldlnog
% pTkfbg &#=@ ()=) !@)=^ %=&
?k}oF f
ldlnog
^ nfut $&=% %#=( *(=^ *=)
?k}oF f
ldlnog
& d"No clwj[l¢ @%=* #^=) #!=) @=^
?k}oF f
u= b'w pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg
! lgdf{0f ;d"xx¿ ;ª\Vof @^ #( #( %^ ^=@
@ ;+nUg JolQm ;ª\Vof !,*$! !,(&* @,!#! @,)$( )=*
Hofnf, tna / ldlnog
# ^$=( *@=@ &*=% !@$=) %=#
c¿ ;'ljwfx¿ ?k}oF f
s'n l:y/ k'FhL – ldlnog
$ %($=& ^%&=* !,*$!=@ *#)=$ (=)
jif{sf] cGTodf_ ?k}oF f
ldlnog
% pTkfbg !,$^^=@ !,&*^=^ !,*!$=& @,%$&=! $=#
?k}oF f
ldlnog
^ nfut *(*=& !%)%=@ !,%!%=$ !,*&#=) ^=!
?k}oF f
ldlnog
& d"No clwj[l¢ %^&=% @*!=$ @((=# ^&$=! %=$
?k}oF f
3= lrof, slkm tyf d;nf / cGo vfB j:t' k|zf]wg
! lgdf{0f ;d"xx¿ ;ª\Vof $# ^@ %# ^& #=&
@ ;+nUg JolQm ;ª\Vof !,*(* ^,%## #,^&% #,$$) !@=(
Hofnf, tna / ldlnog
# #!=# !#)=) !#$=! (!=% !(=!
c¿ ;'ljwfx¿ ?k}oF f
s'n l:y/ k'FhL – ldlnog
$ #@$=^ %!)=@ *^)=) ($!=* (=)
jif{sf] cGTodf_ ?k}oF f
ldlnog
% pTkfbg #!)=( ^*#=* *$)=% (^*=) !)=%
?k}oF f
ldlnog
^ nfut !*#=# $!*=! %$$=* ^%&=& !!=(
?k}oF f
ldlnog
& d"No clwj[l¢ !@&=^ @^%=& @(%=& #!)=@ *=#
?k}oF f
ª ;Dk"0f{ s[lif Jofkf/ ;DalGwt If]q
! lgdf{0f ;d"xx¿ ;ª\Vof &# !)& !)) !## $=(
@ ;+nUg JolQm ;ª\Vof #,&#( *,*#( ^,!*! ^,))^ ^=(
Hofnf, tna / ldlnog
# (^ @@@ @@^ @#^ (=!
c¿ ;'ljwfx¿ ?k}oF f
s'n l:y/ k'FhL – ldlnog
$ (!( !,!*& @,&$& !,()& *=&
jif{sf] cGTodf_ ?k}oF f
% pTkfbg ldlnog !,&&& @,%*@ @,&&& #,&^^ %=(
49
 s[lif Jofkf/ ;Fu ljlgdf{0f k|lti7fgaf6 ePsf] hgu0fgf aif{x¿ jflif{s
;DalGwt OsfO{ j[l4 -∞_
ljlgdf{0f ;d"xx¿ !((^÷(& @))!÷)@ @))^÷)& @)!!÷!@
?k}Fof
ldlnog
^ nfut !,)*@ !,((( @,!## @,&!( &=(
?k}oF f
ldlnog
& d"No clwj[l¢ ^(% %*# ^$$ !,)$& #=*
?k}oF f
r= k'ik pTkfbg /f]kgL !)% @$% ^(! &!! @!=@
t/sf/Lsf] aLp
5= d]l6«s 6g $!( &@( *$! (%) ^=*
pTkfbg
Source: CBS CME 1996/97, 2001/02, 2006/07, and 2011/12; FAN 2016; and DoA/VDD 2014, and SSSC database

!!@_ kmnkm"n, t/sf/L, t/sf/Lsf] aLp, skmL, afv|f / dxsf] pTkfbg a9L/x]sf] 5 . t/sf/Lsf] pTkfbg
nuftf/ jflif{s (Ü sf b/n] a9L/x]sf] 5 . 22 !((%÷(^—@)!%÷!^ sf] lardf t/sf/Lsf] pTkfbg cf};t
aflif{s j[l¢ %=^∞ /x\of] . !((^÷(&—@)!%÷!^ df lrof / skmL pTkfbg !@=@Ü b]lv !*=!Ü jflif{s sf
b/n] a9L/x]sf] 5, t/ pTs[i6 s[lif k|of]u / cf};t s[lif k|of]usf aLrsf] leGgtfn] ubf{ pknAw aLp, hft,
dnvfb / l;FrfO ;'ljwfnfO{ s;/L /fd|/L k|of]u ug]{ eGg] 1fgaf6 o;df j[l4 x'g ;Sg] pNn]Vo ;Defjgf
5 . To:t} u/L !((%÷(^—@)!%÷!^ sf] aLrdf ds} / ux'Fsf] pTkfbg jflif{s qmdzM @=!Ü / @=#∞ sf
b/n] a9]sf] 5, / !((% otf s[lif afnLaf6 -wfg, ds} / uxF'_ v'b gfkmf !(($÷(%—@)!$÷!% df ##∞
n] a9]sf] 5 . 23

!!@_ kmnkm"n, t/sf/L, t/sf/Lsf] aLp, skmL, afv|f / dxsf] pTkfbg a9L/x]sf] 5 . t/sf/Lsf] pTkfbg
nuftf/ jflif{s (Ü sf b/n] a9L/x]sf] 5 . 24 !((^ b]lv lrof / skmL pTkfbg !%Ü b]lv #)Ü jflif{s sf
b/n] al9/x]sf] 5, t/ pTs[i6 s[lif k|of]u / cf};t s[lif k|of]usf aLrsf] leGgtfn] ubf{ pknAw aLp, hft,
dnvfb / l;FrfO ;'ljwfnfO{ s;/L /fd|/L k|of]u ug]{ eGg] 1fgaf6 o;df j[l4 x'g ;Sg] pNn]Vo ;Defjgf
5 . ds} / ux'Fsf] pTkfbg jflif{s @Ü sf b/n] a9]sf] 5, / !((% otf s[lif afnLaf6 v'b gfkmf b'O{u'0ff jf
tLgu'0ff a9]sf] 5 . 25

!!#_ l:y/ Jofj;flos jftfj/0f nufot j}lZjs / 3/]n' sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ @))) otf s[lif, s[lifJofkf/ /
u|fdL0f ljsf;df ;/sf/, ljsf; ;fem]bf/, / lghL If]qsf] nufgL a9]sf] 5 . 26 pbfx/0fsf nflu, Hofnf
;DaGwL ljjfb ;dfwfg / dfcf]jfbL n8fs'sf] ;dfof]hg k|lqmofsf] k|ltlqmof :j¿k clk|n @))! /
cS6'a/ @)!! aLrdf ;'g;/L—df]/¨ sf]l/8f]/df @) s/f]8 nufgL ul/Psf] hfgsf/L df]/¨ Jofkfl/s

22
MOAD Agriculture Information Book (2014/15) and Economic Survey (2016) .
23
Calculation (agri-GDP deflated) from CBS Statistical Yearbook 2005, 2011, 2016; MOAD Year Books for cost of
production and Returns; and DOA/APMDD (2015) Cost, Production and Price Spread of Cereal crops in Nepal: A
time Series Analysis] .
24
t/sf/L ljsf; lgb]{zgfno @)!! . jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg .
25
GDP l8km\n];g ul/ MOAC sf] tYofª\s jif{ k':ts @)!! af6 u0fgf ul/Psf] .
26
cy{ dGqfno, cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)!!
50
 ;+u7g / df]/¨ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3n] hgfPsf 5g\ .27 g]kfnL / ef/tLo nufgLstf{x¿af6 pQm If]qdf
e6df; k|zf]wg, rfdn lk;fgL, lj:s'6 pTkfbg, / KnfOp8df nufgL ul/Psf] 5 . lghL If]qn] b'Uw
k|zf]wg / ahf/Ls/0fdf bx|f] nufgL u/]sf] 5, / @)!#/!$ df s'v'/f kfngdf lghL If]qsf] nufgL emG8} #
ca{ !) s/f]8 5 .

!!$_ /fli6«o s[lif If]q ljsf; gLlt @)!), tLg jifL{o of]hgf, u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/ of]hgf @))$, s[lif—Joj;fo
k|j4{g gLlt @))^, / cGo gLltx¿n] s[lifsf] s]]Gb|Lo dxŒjnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ / of] If]qsf] ljsf;sf
nflu ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} aLp, hldg k|of]u, l;FrfO, / Jofkf/ / cGo
If]qx¿nfO{ s[lif If]qsf k|fyldstf;Fu tfbfDotf ldnfpg] u/L k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] 5 .

!!%_ ;8s, ahf/, l;FrfO, a}+s / s[lif ;]jf s]Gb| nufotsf k"jf{wf/ / ;]jfx¿sf] kx'Frdf ;'wf/ x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5
-tflnsf !%_ . s[lif If]q aflx/, ;"rgf / ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf ePsf] qmflGtn] klg g]kfnnfO{ k|efj kf/]sf] 5Ù
hxfF emG8} ;a} hg;ª\Vof;Fu 6]lnkmf]gsf] kxF'r 5 / ()% ef}uf]lns If]qkmndf df]afOnsf] g]6js{ lj:tf/
ePsf] 5 .

tflnsf !%M k"jf{wf/ k|ult

;'ljwfdf kx'Fr ePsf 3/w'/L !((%÷(^ @))#÷)$ @)!)÷!! @)!)÷!!
s[lif ;]jf s]Gb| @%Ü #@ Ü $# Ü $* Ü -*_
Afl0fHo a}+s @! Ü @* Ü $) Ü $% Ü -*_
ahf/ s]Gb| @$ Ü #$ Ü $% Ü %! Ü -*_
oftfot rNg ;Sg] af6f] %* Ü ^* Ü *) Ü *^ Ü -*_
ljB't !$ Ü #& Ü &) Ü &$ Ü
l;l~rt hldgsf] efu -s'n
$) Ü $# Ü %% Ü %% Ü
hldgsf] Ü_
gf]6 M -*_ @)!%÷!^ sf ;ª\s]tx¿ cluNnf tYofÍx¿sf] cfwf/df k|If]k0f ul/Psf] xf] .
;|f]tM NLSS III, CBS; DOI (2016); NSCA (2001/02), NSCA (2011/12), NOC Approach paper for 14 th Plan

@=(= PlkkLsf nIo / pknlAwx¿

!!^_ bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgf -PlkkL_ g]kfnsf] s[lif ljsf;sf] !((%÷(^ b]lv @)!$÷!% ;Ddsf] Pp6f
bL3{sfnLg of]hgf / /0fgLlt xf] . of] ;dofjlwdf cGo y'k|} cfjlws of]hgf, sfo{qmd / gLltx¿ th'{df
eP/ sfof{Gjog eP . w]/}h;f] cj:yfdf oL cGo of]hgfx¿ PlkkL;Fu tfbfTDotf /fVy] .

!!&_ bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgfsf] th'{df s[lif j[l4 ug{sf nflu ul/Psf] lyof]Ù h;af6 k|ltJolQm s[lifIf]qsf] s'n
ufx{:y pTkfbg !((% sf] )=%Ü af6 $Ü k|ltjif{ k'Ug] nIo lyof] . of] j[l4n] u|fdL0f / ;x/L b'j} If]qdf
/f]huf/hGo j:t' tyf ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{ u}/s[lif j[l4nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug]{ ljZjf; lnOPsf] lyof] . o;n]

27
L. Ghimire 2011.Sunsari-Morang corridor sees fresh investments pouring in. Kathmandu Post Nov 20, 2011.

51
 ul/asf nflu vf; u/L ul/a dlxnfx¿sf nflu /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ v'nf ug]{ 5 / kmntM u|fdL0f
ul/ax¿sf] ;ª\Vof 36fpg] 5 . PlkkLsf] sfof{Gjog;Fu} ul/aLsf] /]vf !((!÷(@ sf] $@Ü af6 @)!$÷!%
df !$Ü df cfpg] 5, hals PlkkLlagf kl5Nnf] cfFs8f @(Ü x'g] lyof] . @)!%÷!^ Dff ul/aL @!=^Ü df
em¥of] / h'g PlkkL nIo eGbf 6f9} 5 . s[lifsf] pTkfbsTjdf j[l4n] sdhf]/ hldgnfO{ s[lifaf6 x6fP/ /
jg jf cGo lbuf]] k|of]udf nufP/ jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf ;oxf]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

!!*= PlkkLsf] ;du| pb]Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/ lyP M

 a9\bf] sf/s pTkfbsTjsf] dfWodaf6 s[lifsf] j[l4 b/ a9fpg],
 tLa| j[l4 / lj:tfl/t /f]huf/Lsf cj;/af6 ul/aL lgjf/0f / hLjg:t/df pNn]Vo ;'wf/,
 ljljwLs/0f / t'ngfTds kmfObfsf] cg'e"lt ;lxt s[lifnfO{ lgjf{xd'vLaf6 Jofj;flos em'sfj
ePsf] agfpg],
 ;du| cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu s[lif ljsf;sf k"j{ ;t{x¿ k"/f u/]/ cj;/x¿sf] lj:tf/ ug]{
 5f]6f] / nfdf] cjlwsf] sfof{Gjogsf /0fgLlt klxrfg ug]{ / eljiosf] ;fdlos of]hgf /
sfo{qmdsf] tof/Lsf nflu :ki6 lgb]{zg k|bfg ug]{ .
!!(_ PlkkL /0fgLlt s[lif j[l4b/ kof{Kt dfqfdf a9fpgsf nflu xf], h;n] s[lif / u}/s[lif b'j} If]qdf j[l4sf
;fy} /f]huf/Ldf w]/} u'0ffsf] c;/ NofpFb5 . cg';Gwfg / lj:tf/df ul/g] nufgLåf/f NofOg] k|fljlws
kl/jt{gaf6 pQm j[l4 x'g] 5 . PlkkLn] If]qut / cfDbfgL ;d"xsf cfwf/df lj:t[t ;xeflutf j[l4sf]
p2]Zo /fVb} ljz]if u/L dlxnf pkIf]qnfO{ hf]8 lbG5 .

!@)_ PlkkLsf p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ tnsf 5 cf]6f /0fgLlts s'/fx¿ dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\M
 k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t s[lifdf xl/tqmflGt h'g s[lifdf tLj| j[l4sf nflu k|f/lDes ;fwg x'g] 5 .
 s[lifdf tLj| j[l4 h;n] s[lif / u}/s[lifsf pRr d"Nosf] ;fdu|L pTkfbgdf dfu—k|]/0ff :yfkgf
ul/lbG5 / h;n] cy{sf cGo If]qdf 7"nf] kl/0ffddf c;/ kfb{5 .
 lj:t[t /f]huf/sf] pRr j[l4Ù h'g ;fdflhs p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{ ;+oGq aGb5 .
 yf]/} ;ª\Vofsf k|fyldstf, dfgjLo k"FhL / ef}lts tyf ;+:yfut k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf] ljutsf
nufgLsf] hudf 6]s]/ ljsf; ug]{ ;fj{hlgs gLlt / nufgLdf Wofg .
 ljsf;df Kofs]h k|:tfj, h'g t/fO{{, kxf8 / lxdfnsf nflu km/skm/s x'g] 5 / h;n] ;fj{hlgs
/ lghL nufgL clg k|fyldstfaLr zlQmzfnL k'/stf klxrfg ug'{sf ;fy} pgLx¿aLr ;dGjo
;'lglZrt ug]{ 5 .
 If]qLo / n}ª\lus ¿kdf ;Gt'lnt k|:tfjÙ h;n] dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/fO{ v'nf
;xeflutf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
!@!_ PlkkL kl/sNkgfn] s]xL d'Vo nufgL -l;FrfO, dnvfb, k|ljlw, ;8s / pmhf{ / s[lifsf nflu cfly{s C0f_
/ d'Vo glthf -kz', pRr d"Nosf afnL, s[lif Joj;fo / jg lj1fg_ nfO{ dxŒj lbof]Ù h'g gLltsf]
;fdflhs, cfly{s / jftfj/0fdf k|efj kfg]{ ;Defjgf lyof] . oL k|fyldstfx¿ ljsl;t gofF d'2fx¿ h:t}M
vfB ;'/Iff, Jofkf/ / s[lif Joj;fo, hnjfo' kl/jt{g / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf]]kg;Fu ;fGble{s 5g\ .

52
!@@_ s[lif If]qsf] j[l4 PlkkLsf] nIocg';f/ jflif{s rf/ k|ltztsf b/n] s'n ufx{:y s[lif pTkfbgsf] j[l4 lyof]Ù
h'g clxn] sd eO/x]sf] 5 . ;/b/df #=@ k|ltzt dfq xfFl;n u/]sf] 5 . of] !((%÷(^—@)!%÷!^ df
/x]sf] /fli6«o s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg j[l4 -$=)∞_ sf] eGbf clnslt sd xf] . s'n ufx{:y s[lif pTkfbgsf]
j[l4 @)!$÷!% df )=*∞ / @)!%÷!^ df !=#∞ x'gfn] s'n ufx{:y s[lif pTkfbgsf] j[l4 b/ cf};tdf g}
36]sf] 5 . tflnsfdf PlkkLsf] nIo / pknlAwx¿sf] ;f/f+z lbOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf !^M PlkkLsf] nIo / pknlAwx¿sf] ;f/f+z

@)!) ;Ddsf] @)!% ;Ddsf]
lsl;d nIo cfFs8f ;|f]t
pknlAw pknlAw
nufgL
!=$$ ldlnog !=@# ldlnog !=#& ldlnog
l;FrfO l;FrfO ljefu, @)!) / @)!^
x]S6/ -@))(_ -@)!%_
!)@ s]hL
k|ltx]S6/ -@))!_
cf+lzs ;'wf/,
!#! s]hL s[lif If]q pknlAw ;dLIff
cg'bfg dfqfdf !#!=#% s]hL
k|ltx]S6/ s[lif @))!, Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s,
dnvfb ptf/r9fj . k|ltx]S6/ -
;dfu|L sDklg jfO{ yfkf -@))^_ cgf}krfl/s
cfjZostfsf] &) @)!%÷!^_
lnld6]8sf] ;'wf/ ;Ldfkf/ Jofkf/, PkmPcf]
k|ltzt u}/ sfg'gL
dnvfbsf] cfoft
/ k"lt{
ls;fgsf]
cfjZostfk|lt
;Lldt pQ/bfloTj .
gfs{ sf] ah]6
ls;fgsf]
k|fyldstf qmdzM
cfjZostfk|lt
cGgafnL -@*∞_,
;Lldt pQ/bfloTj
kz'kfng -@)∞_,
. gfs{sf] cGgdf
afujfgL -!$∞_,
k|fyldstf, pRr PlkkL sfof{Gjog l:ylt
dT:okfng -&∞_ /
nIo 5}g, t/ d"Nosf pTkfbgdf k|ltj]bg, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L
ax' If]qLo sfo{qmd
k|ljlw k|fyldstfcg';f/ xf]Og . ;/sf/L dGqfno, @))^ . gfs{
-#)∞_Ù h'g s'n
;]jf ;xof]u ug]{ nufgL j[l4b/M cg';Gwfg ;dLIff k|ltj]bg .
ufx{:y s[lif pTkfbg
p2]Zo k|;f/ * k|ltztsf s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno,
log} j:t'x¿sf] efu
lj?4 cg';Gwfg @))%
cg';f/ xf] . ;/sf/L
!=@ k|ltzt
nufgL j[l4b/M k|;f/
-!((^—@))%_
@&=* k|ltztsf
lgIf]k0fsf d'2fx¿
lj?4 cg';Gwfg
oyfjt
@$=! k|ltzt
-@))^÷)&—
@)!%÷!^_
x:tfGt/0fsf s'/fx¿
53
 /xg] .
ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f
dGqfno, ;8s ljefun] tof/
kf/]sf] /0fgLlts ;8s
;~hfnsf] cfFs8f
@))(÷!)

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] tof/

kf/]sf] tLgjif]{ of]hgf
-@)!)÷!!—@)!@÷!#_ h'g
^@)) lsdL @)!!
u|fdL0f ;8s !&@$$ lsdL ^),))) lsdL ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft
;8s tyf $))÷@@) u|fdL0f ;8s u|fdL0f af6f] dGqfno, ;d[4 g]kfnsf nflu
pmhf{ ef]N6sf] ljt/0f ljt/0f nfOgsf] ljt/0f nfOgsf] ;8s, /]n tyf oftfoft
nfOgsf] !$(^ !%!)^ lsdL *(,%$) lsdL ljsf;sf]
lsdL kfFr jif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgf
-@)&#—@)&*_
/fof]cf -!((%_, PlkkLsf]
clGtd k|ltj]bg
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f, cu:6
@)!!
cy{ dGqfno, cfly{s ;j]{If0f
@)!^
g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f, @)!^
-8f6fj];_
s[lifnfO{ nueu
!)(=% ljlnog s[lif ljsf; j}+s @)!!
%) ljlnogsf]
cGbfhL ^%=@ ljlnog PlkkL sfof{Gjog l:ylt
C0f s[lif ljsf;
C0f cfjZostf, &% s[lif C0f / @*=$! k|ltj]bg, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L
a}+s / ;fgf
k|ltzt s[lif k|ltzt s[lja}+ af6 . dGqfno, @))^
ls;fg ljsf;
ljsf; a}+saf6 g]kfn /fi6« a+}s, @)!%
a}+saf6
pknlAw
@)!! df @(=$ s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno
@)!%÷!^ df @$=^
s[lif s'n ufx{:y k|ltzt 8]/L / cfFs8f jif{ k'l:tsf @)!! /
k|ltzt 8]/L / kG5L
kz' pTkfbgsf] $% kG5L kfngdf @)!%
kfngdf lghL If]qsf]
k|ltzt lghL If]qsf] cy{ dGqfno, cfly{s ;j]{If0f
nufgL
nufgL @)!^
pRr s[lif s'n ufx{:y @)!! df !!=* @)!%÷!^ df @#=* dflys}
d"Nosf pTkfbgsf] %=* k|ltzt -kmnk"mn k|ltzt -kmnkm"n / cy{ dGqfno, cfly{s ;j]{If0f
cGg k|ltzt / ;fu;AhL_ ;fu;AhL_ @)!^
;+:yfut ljsf; g]kfn pBf]u !((^÷(&— PlkkL sfof{Gjog l:ylt
s[lifJofkf/ / lghL nufgL jfl0fHo dxf;+3df @)!!÷!@ sf] k|ltj]bg, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L
afx]s nIo 5}g ljifout Jofkfl/s aLrdf nufgLdf dGqfno, @))^, s]tlj, @)!!
54
 ;+3 / s[lif pBd j[l¢ -!((^÷(& ≠ s]tlj !((^/(&, @))!/)@,
s]Gb|df :yflkt !)) sf] d"Nodf_ M @))%/)^, @)!!/!@ / s]tlj
eof] . 8]/L (∞, lrof, skmL pTkfbg If]qsf] d"No
s[lif Jofkf/ k|j4{g tyf d;nf k|zf]wg ptf/r9fjsf] /fli6«o n]vf
ljefu :yfkgf (∞, t/sf/L tyf
eof] kmnkm"n k|zf]wg
nufgL j[l4- %(∞, / df;' tyf
!((^—@))^_M df;' hGo kbf{y
8]/L @)! k|ltzt, pTkfbg !#∞
k'ik s[lif &#
k|ltzt, lrof #&
k|ltzt, aLp !^
k|ltzt,
kG5Lkfng @
k|ltzt .
s[lifsf] s'n ufx{:y
s[lifsf] s'n ufx{:y s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefu, @)!!
pTkfbg @)!%÷!^
s[lif s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg @))!— g]kfn ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf
df ^=& k|ltzt,
pTkfbgsf] @=# @)!! cf};tdf dxf;+3 , @)!!
!&,^*% ;fd'bflos
jg lj1fg k|ltzt *=^ k|ltzt cy{ dGqfno, cfly{s ;j]{If0f
jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x /
;fd'bflos jg nueu !#*)) @)!^
&,^*% sj'lnotL
pkef]Qmf :yfkgf ;fd'bflos jg
jg pkef]Qmf
pkef]Qmf :yfkgf
;d"xsf] :yfkgf

!@#_ PlkkLsf] ;d:t pknlAw ldl>t ePsf] 5 . PlkkL cjlwdf u|fdL0f ;8s k"jf{wf/, ;fd'bflos jg /
afujfgLdf gf6sLo ;'wf/ b]lvof] . PlkkLn] to u/]sf] e"ldut hn l;FrfO nIo k|fKt ug{ g;s] klg
l;FrfO dxŒjk"0f{ ¿kn] lj:tf/ eof] . kz'kfng pkIf]q h:t} b'Uw k|zf]wg / s'v'/fkfngn]] /fd|} u¥of] .
cf+lzs ¿kdf ;'wfl/Psf] aLp / ;fdlos, /fd|f] hftsf] / ;:tf] dnvfbsf] pknAwtfsf nflu nufgLdf
sdLsf sf/0fn] tyf cf+lzs ¿kdf ls;fgnfO{ pRr d"Nosf pTkfbgdf sfd ug]{ k|f]T;fxgsf sf/0fn]
vfBfGg afnL If]q vf;} km:6fPg .

!@$_ b]zsf] åGån] ubf{ PlkkL cjlwsf] klxnf] bz jif{df o;sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;d:of pTkGg u¥of] . of] If]qdf
;/sf/ / bft[ lgsfox¿df nufgL 36];Fu} s[lif If]qdf sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog of]hgfcg';f/ ePg .
@))!÷)@ kl5 ;/sf/ / bft[ lgsfox¿sf] gf6sLo ¿kdf 36]sf] ;xof]u al9/x]sf] åGå;Fu hf]l8Psf]
lyof] . @))!÷)@ / @))^sf] cjlwn] cGgsf] ;a}eGbf sd pTkfbg ef]Uof] . ;/sf/ / bft[ ;xof]usf]
sdLsf] afah'b klg km"n v]tL, ;8s / df5f kfngh:tf pkIf]qx¿ t'ngfTds ¿kdf cl3 a9] . To;}n]
PlkkLsf] sdhf]/ sfof{Gjogsf] nflu @))!÷)@ b]lv @))^÷)& aLrsf] a9\bf] åGåsf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/ /
bft[ lgsfosf] ;xof]udf cfPsf] sdLnfO{ dfq Pp6f dfq sf/0f dfGg ;lsFb}g .

55
!@%_ ;/sf/L / bft[ lgsfosf] ;xof]usf] sdL ;Fu;Fu} PlkkL sf sdhf]/ sfof{Gjogsf k5fl8 cGo s'/fx¿
klg 5g\ . h:t}M
s_ ;dGjosf] sdL
v_ dnvfb / 6\o'aj]ndf cg'bfg aGb e} kl5Nnf] ;dodf km]l/ ;'rf? ePsf]
u_ PlkkLsf] l8hfOg / cfly{s k"jf{g'dfgdf uNtL
3_ kl/of]hgf÷sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf sdhf]/ ;+:yfut Ifdtf
ª_ sfg'gL s'/fdf Wofg gk'Ug'
r_ ;fdflhs / ef}uf]lns ;dfj]zLs/0fdf sd Wofg
5_ e"ld Joj:yfkgsf d'2fx¿df sd Wofg
h_ If]qLo Jofkf/df ckof{Kt dgg

@=!) PlkkL sfof{Gjogdf afwfx¿sf] ;dLIff

!@^_ @))!÷)@ df s[lif If]q sfof{Gjog ;dLIffsf ¿kdf @))^df bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgf ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf
¿kdf PlkkL sf] ;dLIff ePsf] lyof] . g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f Pl8P; h:tf] Pp6f gofF bL3{sfnLg /0fgLlt
Nofpg] cg'/f]wsf] sf/0fdWo] Pp6f sf/0f PlkkL sf] ldl>t vfnsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg g} lyof] . c¿ sf/0fx¿
cfGtl/s / afXo kl/l:yltsf] kl/jt{g x'g\ . dGb k|ultsf] aofg cf7cf]6f cGt;{DalGwt s'/fx¿df
cfwfl/t 5g\ . tL x'g\M

@=!)=! sfof{Gjog

!@&_ PlkkLsf] sfof{Gjogsf] klxnf] jif{d} 36\bf] ;fj{hlgs nufgL / vf;u/L @))! b]lv @))^ ;Ddsf] a9\bf]
åGån] ;d:of k/]sf] lyof] . o; ;doaLr ;fj{hlgs tyf ;/sf/L ;fem]bf/n] s[lif sfo{qmddf cfkm\gf]
nufgL 36fP . d'VotM cg'bfg;Fu ;DalGwt gLltdf cl:y/tfn] lghL nufgL ;DaGwL gLltsf]
ljZj;gLotfdf sdL / cl:y/ jftfj/0f lgDTofof] . ;dGjosf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ g]t[Tjsf]
cl:y/tfn] klg emg\ cK7\of/f] kf¥of]Ù h;n] PlkkL sfof{Gjogsf ;d:of cfOk¥of] .

@=!)=@ sfg'gL kIf

!@*_ PlkkL k|ltj]bgnfO{ g t sfg'gL cg';"rLn] ;fy lbPsf] lyof] g ;/sf/n] s[lif If]qdf ckgfPsf
gLltx¿sf] s'g} o:tf cg';"rL 5g\ . PlkkL n] sfg'g sfof{Gjogsf nflu p2]Zo / sfof{Gjog ;"rssf]
:yfkgf u/]g . g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu PlkkLsf] dxŒjsf afah'b PlkkLn] o;sf] sfof{Gjogdf
df}h'bf sfg'gsf k|efj ;Daf]wg ug{ c;kmn eof] . g t o;n] PlkkLsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos ljz]if
sfg'g ;+zf]wgsf] g} k|:tfj /fVof] . of] s'/f sfg'gsf] gLlt ckgfpg] ;Gbe{df klg ;To x'g hfG5 .
kmn:j¿k w]/} gLltx¿ klxn]s} sfg'gsf cfwf/df sfof{Gjog ePÙ h'g k'/fgf x'g'sf ;fy;fy} ;/sf/sf]
gLltdf g} kb}{gy] . ha ls kl5Nnf jif{x¿df gofF sfg'g -gofF 5ftf e"ld P]g, gofF hn;|f]t P]g_ n]Vg]
k|lqmof ;'? ug{ ;lqmo k|of;df jfwf pTkGg ePsf]] 5 .

56
!@(_ sfg'g / cGo gLltx¿sf] sdhf]/ sfof{Gjogsf nflu sfg'gL k|fjwfgdf sdhf]/L x'g ;S5 jf
cfjZoseGbf a9L sfg'gx¿ 5g\ jf sfg'gx¿ kof{Kt 5g\ t/ ;d:of sfof{Gjogdf 5 eGg] k|Zgdf ljleGg
wf/0ffx¿ JoSt ul/Psf 5g\ . Pl8P; k|fljlws ;xof]u ;d"xsf] cfFsng 5 ls s'g} g s'g} ltg} cf]6f
tŒjx¿ pkl:yt 5g\ / Pp6f tŒj dfq} PSn} k|efjL 5}g . jf:tljstf s] xf] eg] g t sfg'g g cGo
;DalGwt gLltx¿ g} sfg'gL Joj:yf;Fu hf]l8P/ cfPsf 5g\Ù h;n] of] lgisif{df k'¥ofpF5 ls gLltx¿sf]
cfwf/df sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] 5}g . csf]{ zAbdf eGbf ha g]kfn ;/sf/ / ;+;b\n]
gofF gLltx¿ / sfg'g th'{df u5{g\, ToxfF b'O{ ;dfgfGt/ k|of;aLrdf cfjZos ;DaGw x'Fb}g .

!#)_ kof{Kt sfg'gsf] cfjZostfnfO{ sd cfFsng ug{ ;lsFb}g . cy{tGqdf ;lDdlnt ;/f]sf/jfnfsf nflu
sfg'gsf] zf;g / ;'lglZrttf lbuf]] cy{tGqsf nflu Ps sf];] 9'ª\uf xf] lsgls To;df v]nsf] lgod k|i6
x'G5g\ / cgfjZos JofVof jf k||of]usf] df}sf x'Fb}g . ljz]if ¿kn] of] ;'lglZrt ug{ h?/L 5 ls l;FrfO
k|0ffnLsf] pkef]Qmf ;+u7gsf] ;~rfng, Joj:yfkg / ljsf; ug{ Ps ;Ifd sfg'gL ¿k/]vf ljBdfg 5,
To;} u/L s[lif ;+/If0fsf] d"No z[ª\vnfdf ;xsf/Lx¿sf] ;~rfng ug{ ;/sf/L lgu/fgL ;lxtsf] Ps
kof{Kt ljwfg 5, / Jofkf/ ;DaGwL sfg'gL / ;Demf}tfx¿n] pRr d"Nosf afnL pTkfbg ug]{ pTkfbssf]
Ifdtf / lgof{t ug]{ Ifdtf a9fpg / g]kfnL ls;fgdf cfoft ahf/sf] :t/ cg';f/sf] vfB ;'/Iff /
u'0f:t/ sfod ug]{ pks/0f k|of]usf nflu af6f] vf]Ng ;sf];\ .

@=!)=# l8hfOg kIf

!#!_ ;jf{ËL0f ljsf;df of]ubfg / s[lif pTkfbg ljsf;df gLlt lgdf{tfsf] Wofg lvRg PlkkL Ps pkof]uL
b:tfa]h eP tfklg @))!÷@))@ sf] s[lif If]q sfo{;Dkfbg ;dLIffdf To:tf l8hfOg ;DaGwL d'2fx¿
lyPÙ h;nfO{ sdhf]/Lsf ¿kdf klxn] g} klxrfg ul/;lsPsf] lyof] . l8hfOg ;DaGwL d'2fdf lgDg ljifo
;d]l6Psf lyP—
 ckl/jt{gLo nIox¿ / kf/Dkl/s 6k 8fpg Pk|f]r (top-down approach)
 nufgL÷glthf ;DaGwx¿df cfwfl/t /x]sf] k|fljlw ckgfpg] k|ls|ofsf] ;/n b[li6sf]0f /
k|f]T;fxg / dfu cfk"lt{ ;DaGwdf lbPsf] Go"g Wofg
 ;f3'F/f] xl/t s|flGt b[li6sf]0f h;n] dnvfb / l;FrfOnfO{ k|d'v ;|f]tsf ¿kdf x]5{
 pknlAw / k|efjx¿eGbf ;fdu|L (input) / glthfdf hf]8
 jf:tljs k|flKtx¿sf] d"Nofª\sgdf cfwfl/t k'gMof]hgf th'{df k|0ffnLsf] cefj

@=!)=$ åGå

!#@_ @))^df o'ålj/fd;Fu} cGTo ePsf] !@ jif]{ åGåsf] s[lifpTkfbg If]qdf gsf/fTds c;/28 /x]sf] 5Ù h'g
lgDg cg';f/ 5 M

28
5fFof emf / 6]/;L jfOlg,@))$, zflGt / åGå / k|efj d"Nofª\sg ;f/f+z, s]g]l8og cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; ;+:yfÙ / cGhgf zfSo
@))(, ;z:q åGåsf] sf/0f / c;/sf] ;fdflhs k|efj x]g'{xf];\ .
57
 s_ ljsf; kl/of]hgfsf nflu ;LdfGtLs[t / b'u{d If]qx¿sf] kx'Frdf ;Lldttf
v_ le8Gt, aGb / cGo cj/f]waf6 ahf/ / cfly{s ls|ofsnfkdf cj/f]w
u_ hldGbf/x¿ k|fo efu]/ uPsfn] b'u{d If]qsf] nufgL / cfly{s ls|ofsnfkdf sdL eof], hUuf
afFemf] /x\of] / u|fdL0f afl;GbfnfO{ g t vfgf eof] g t Hofnf .
3_ pTkfbs >lds -!* b]lv $) jif{sf dlxnf / k'?if_ s[lifsf] ;6\6f ;z:q åGådf ;+nUg eP
ª_ cl:y/tf / hf]lvdn] lghL If]qsf] nufgL Go"g /x\of]
r_ u|fdL0f ef}lts k"jf{wf/ Wj+z eof]

@=!)=% /fhgLlt / gLlt

!##_ g]kfnsf] /fhgLltsf] Pp6f ljz]iftf af/Da/sf] kl/j{tg / 5f]6f] sfo{sfnsf] dGqLd08n klg xf] . åGåcl3
/ kl5 klg of] k|j[lQ b]lvof] . PlkkL sf] @)cf}F jif{df @@ hgf k|wfgdGqL / s[lif ljsf; dGqfnodf !*
hgf ;lrj eP . o;n] gLltlgodx¿ / nufgLx¿ sfo{Gjo ug{ ;dGjo / k|lta4tf 36fPsf] 5 .

!#$_ g]kfndf clwsf+z gLltx¿ s[lifnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] vfnsf 5g\ . tn pNn]v ul/Psf ljleGg
sf/0fx¿sf] ;ld>0fn] ubf{ w]/} gLltx¿ d:of}bfsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ jf sfof{Gjog ePsf 5}gg\ / ;xof]uL
sfg'g / ;|f]tx¿sf] cefj Joxf]/]sf 5g\ —
s_ ;Lldt sfof{Gjog Ifdtf
v_ ;Lldt ljQLo ;|f]tx¿
u_ sdhf]/ ;dGjo
3_ ;xof]uL sfg'gsf] cefj
ª_ cg'udg / d"Nofª\sgsf] cefj

@=!)=^ nufgL

!#%_ s[lif If]qdf ;/sf/sf]] vr{ b'j} k"FhL / lgoldt vr{df x'G5 / To;nfO{ lrq g+=& df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
ToxfF b'O{ cf]6f :ki6 gd'gfx¿ 5g\ . klxnf], Ps ulx/f] If]qut vr{Ù h'g @))@ sf] k|f/lDes r/0fdf
åGå;Fu dfq hf]l8Psf] geO{ bftf ;xfotfsf] x|f; ePsf] lyof] / of] @))^/)& af6 a9L/x]sf] 5– lrq g+
*_ .

58
7000
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s[lif If]qdf vr{ -? s/f]8df_
6000

5000

4000
Recurrent
3000 Capital
Total
2000

1000

0
1995/96
1996/97
1997/98
1998/99
1999/00
2000/01
2001/02
2002/03
2003/04
2004/05
2005/06
2006/07
2007/08
2008/09
2009/10
2010/11
2011/12
2012/13
2013/14
2014/15
2015/16
lrq &M s[lif If]qdf ;/sf/L vr{sf] k|j[lQ
;|f]tM cfly{s ;j]{If0f @))^ / @)!^, cy{ dGqfno
s[lif If]q leq afnL, kz'kG5L, jg, l;FrfO, e"ld;'wf/ / gfkL nufot k5{g\ .

Government Expenditures on Ag. Sector as % of Ag. GDP

8.0%

7.0%

6.0%

5.0%

4.0%

3.0%

2.0%

1.0%

0.0%
1996 1999 2002 2005 2008

Expenditures include: Agriculture, Irrigation, Forestry, Land Reform and Survey

lrq *M s[lif If]qsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] k|ltztdf ;/sf/L vr{
;|f]tM cfly{s ;j]{If0f @))#, @))^ / @)!^ , cy{ dGqfno
s[lif If]q leq afnL, kz'kG5L, jg, l;FrfO, e"ld;'wf/ / ;e]{If0f nufot k5{g\ .
59
!#^_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] klxnf] k6s kfFr jif{sf nflu PlkkL sfof{Gjog ubf{ s[lif, l;FrfO / jgdf bftfsf]
;xof]u l:y/ /x\of] h'g @))!sf] bftf /0fgLltdf 7"nf] kl/jt{gkl5 C0faf6 cg'bfg ;xof]usf] ¿kdf
ablnof] -lrq (_ . @))^ åGåsf] :yugkl5 @))( ;Dd b'j} C0f / cg'bfg j[l4 eP . To;kl5 o;
If]qdf bftfsf] k|lta4tfdf j[l4 ePsf] 5, t/ ;/sf/sf] @)!@ ÷!# sf] cf+lzs ah]6 / ;Lldt Ifdtfn]29
e'StfgLnfO{ lgoGq0f u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn kf]6{kmf]lnof] ;dLIff k|ltj]bg @)!% k|ltj]bg cg';f/ s[lifdf ck'u
nufgL x6fpg / If]qLo ;dGjo k|efjsfl/tf a9fpgsf nflu ;xfotf cg'¿k / Ps¿ktfdf j[l¢ u/L s[lif
ljsf; dGqfnon] cfkm\gf] cj:yf ;'wf/]sf] 5 .
700

600

500

400
Total
300

200 Loan

100
Grant

lrq (M s[lif If]qdf bftfsf] ;xof]u -?= s/f]8df_

;|f]tM cfly{s ;e]{If0f @))@, @))^, @)!% / @)!^, cy{ dGqfno
s[lif If]q leq afnL, kz'kG5L, jg, l;FrfO, e"ld;'wf/ / ;j]{If0f nufot k5{g\ .

!#&= cf+lzs ¿kdf cl:y/ /fhg}lts cj:yf / cf+lzs ¿kdf hf]lvd tyf nufgLsf] nflu pko'Qm
jftfj/0fsf] sdLsf sf/0f s]xL ckjfbx¿ -h:t}M b'Uw k|zf]wg, s'v'/fkfng, lrof, km"n, t/sf/Lsf
aLpx¿_ Affx]s lghL If]qdf lgs} sd nufgL ePsf] 5 .

@=!)=& Ifdtf / dfgj ;+;fwg

!#*_ Ifdtf b'j} ¿kdf k|ltljlDat x'G5 M -!_ ;+:yfut Ifdtf / -@_ dfgj ;+;fwg Ifdtf . gLlt ljZn]if0f,
of]hgf th'{df, ;]jf k|bfg -service delivery_ / sfof{Gjogdf ;DalGwt lgsfox¿sf] ;Lldt Ifdtf 5 .
gLlt;Fu ;DalGwt ljZn]if0ffTds sfd / k|ltkmn lgs} sd 5 . k|foh;f] gLlt th'{df kof{Kt ljZn]if0f jf
29
MOF, 2013 and 2015. Report on Nepal Donor Portfolio Performance Review Conference

60
 k|df0fdf cfwfl/t ljZn]if0flagf g} ul/G5 . gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] kof{Kt cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg x'“b}g of
olt kl5 ul/G5 ls cbnabn ug{ / ;Rofpg ldNb}g . s[lifdf cfl>t 7"nf] hg;ª\VofnfO{ ;]jf k'/\ofpg]
;Lldt dfgj ;+;fwg Pj+ ckof{Kt ¿kdf k|lzlIft ;]jf k|bfosx¿sf sf/0f ;]jf k|bfg -delivery_ sd
u'0f:t/sf] x'G5 / s[lifdf cfl>t 7"nf] hg;ª\Vof / ;DefJo s[lif Joj;fo pBdLx¿sf] dfu k"/f ug{
;lsFb}g . xfn afnLsf] xsdf sl/a !#(( hgf s[ifs 3/w'/Lx¿sf nflu Ps hgf k|;f/ sfo{stf{ 5g\ .
s[lif / o;;Fu ;DalGwt If]qx¿df ljzfn dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;sf nflu ljBfno :t/sf] kf7\os|ddf s[lif
lzIffnfO{ k|j4{g ul/Psf] 5}g . To;} u/L b]zel/ s[lif pBdLx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu kof{Kt s[lif sn]hx¿
:yfkgf ul/Psf] 5}g . k|lzIf0f / Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu ah]6 36\b} uPsf] / vf; u/L ;xh kx'“r
gePsf If]qx¿df ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;Lldt ;'ljwfx¿ ePsf]n] ljBdfg dfgj ;+;fwgsf] Ifdtfsf] ;'wf/ klg
;Lldt ePsf] 5 .

@=!)=* of]hgfx¿

!#(_ cfjlws of]hgfx¿df kf“r aif]{, tLg aif]{ / PlkkLdf h:t} ax'jifL{o of]hgfx¿ 5g\ . g]kfndf of]hgfa4
ljsf; k|ls|of !(%^÷%& df ;'? ePsf] xf] / @)!%÷!^ ;Dddf bz cf]6f k~r jifL{o of]hgfx¿ / tLg
j6f b'O{ cf]6f tLg jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfx¿ ;DkGg eO;s]sf 5g\ . oL cfjlws of]hgfx¿sf k|d'v
d'2fx¿ lgDg 5g\ M
 ah]6 ljlgof]hg slxNo} klg of]hgfx¿df th'{df u/] cg';f/ ePg .
 ;+:yfut ljsf;sf kIfx¿nfO{ of t /fd|f];“u of]hgfa4 ul/Pg of of]hgf cg';f/ sfof{Gjog
ul/Pg .
 dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;nfO{ /fd|f];“u of]hgfa4 ul/Pg / of]hgf cg';f/ sfof{Gjog ul/Pg .
 dWofjlw k'g/fjnf]sg / clGtd d"Nofª\sgsf] emf/f 6/fO afx]s of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] lgoldt
cg'udgsf] k4lt lyPg .
 cf7f}Fb]lv bzf}F of]hgfx¿;Dd / tLg aifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf cjlwx¿df ;d]t ;+:yfut ljsf;,
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, cg'';Gwfg, dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;, / dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ;anLs/0f h:tf
kIfx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOPg, a? slxn]sfxLF lg?T;flxt ul/of] . kl/0ffd :j¿k s[lif If]qsf] Ifdtf
sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 .
 cf7f}Fb]lv bzf}F of]hgfx¿df h:t} tLg aifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfx¿df s[lif h:tf ljsf; If]qx¿sf]
;6\6f ;fdflhs If]qdf a9L hf]8 lbOof] .
 :yfgLo k|zf;gdf hgtfx¿sf] yf]/} ;xeflutfn] ubf{ j9bf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, ;d'bfo :t/ ;]jf ljt/0f /
cfwf/e"t cj:yfb]lv nf]stGqnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ ult Go"g 5 .
 kmnbfoL If]qx¿df a9bf] /]ld6\ofG; / u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿ tyf cGo ljb]zL Ph]G;Lx¿sf] yk
nufgL ug{ g;lsPsf] .
 gLlt / ljwfg ¿k/]vf / sfof{Gjog ;+oGqdf cGt/fn /x]sf] .
 ;"rgf k|0ffnLx¿ 8f6f / sfdx¿sf] sdhf]/ b:tfa]h ePsf], ;ˆ6j]o/sf] k|of]u k|f/lDes r/0fdf
/x]sf] / /fli6«o cg'udg / d"NofÍg lgb]{zgx¿ @)&) / ;'emfjx¿sf] pkof]u ePsf] .

61
@=!! ;f/f+z tyf PlkkLaf6 l;lsPsf 1fg

!$)= aL; aif{cl3 PlkkL ;'? ePsf] a]nfdf eGbf xfn g]kfndf s[lif w]/} ljsl;t eO;s]sf] 5 . Ps k':tf
klg glaTb} g]kfnsf] ;dfhdf ljzfn pynk'yn tyf kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . slxn]sfxLF afx\o / cfGtl/s
tŒjx¿ b'j}n] t]:of{Psf bl/nf c8\rgx¿ afah'b oL aif{x¿df s[lifsf] ljsf; x'g ;Sof] . gLltx¿,
of]hgfx¿ / Kl/of]hgfx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf ljgfzsf/L åGåsf] gs/fTds c;/ k/¥of]Ù :yfgLo ;De|fGt ju{
/ >d zlQmsf] 7"nf] lx:;f b'j}n] u|fdL0f If]qx¿ 5f8]sfn] s[lif cTofjZos k"FhL, ;+;fwg / >daf6 jl~rt
ePsf] 5 . o;n] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ Pj+ klxNo} cTolws le8 e};s]sf ;x/x¿sf j/k/sf If]qx¿df bjfa
k/]sf] 5 . af/Daf/ ;/sf/ kl/jt{gsf sf/0f jl/i7 clws[tx¿sf] g]t[Tj tyf kbfjlwsf] lg/Gt/tf
c;Dej ePsf] 5 / o;n] ubf{ sfo{s|dx¿sf] sfof{Gjog cem hl6n ag]sf] 5 . c;ª\Vo s[lif d}qL
gLltx¿ n]vg jf cg'df]bg eP klg ;+;fwgsf] sdL, sdhf]/ Ifdtf, gLltx¿sf] ljZj;gLotf, ;xof]uL
sfg'gsf] sdL h:tf tŒjx¿sf] ;+of]hgsf sf/0f ltgLx¿sf] sfof{Gjog sdhf]/ ag]sf] 5 . log}
tŒjx¿sf] hl6ntfsf sf/0f PlkkL n] ldl>t kl/0ffdx¿ xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . PlkkL cGtu{t s[lifsf] lkmtnf]
sfo{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ s'g} Ps dfq tŒj cf}FNofpg ;lsGg . tyflk Pl8P; sf] th{'dfdf ;'wf/ ug{ 1fg
lng ;lsG5 .

!$!_ PlkkL sf] k'g/fjnf]sgn] ef]Ug' k/]sf cˆ7\of/fx¿af6 l;Sg ;lsg] 1fg / g]kfndf s[lif If]qsf] nflu
gofF bL3{sfnLg /0fgLlt tof/ kfbf{ TofUg'kg]{ sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ phfu/ u5{ . Pl8P; sf] th{'dfsf] k/LIf0f
;"rL -checklist) sf] Ps c+zsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 1fgnfO{ lgDg tj/n] x]g{ ;lsG5 M
!= s] cu'jf lgsfo;Fu ;dGjosf nflu cflwsfl/stf tyf Ifdtf 5 <
@= s] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;+;fwg pknAw 5 <
#= s] cg'udg / d"NofÍg ;dod} x'G5 < s] of] ;dGjo lgsfon] k|efjsf/L tl/sfn] k|of]u u5{ <
$= s] lghL If]q af]8{df 5 < s] ;/sf/L lghL ;fem]bf/L /0fgLltsf] Ps c+z xf] <
%= s] xfd|f] sfof{Gjog tl/sfnfO{ -h:t} d"No z[ª\vnf, Sn:6/, ks]6_ k|zf;lgs c8\rgx¿n] -h:t}
lhNnfd} ;Lldt tl/sf_ cK7\of/f]df kfb}{gg\ eGg] s'/fdf xfdL 9'Ss 5f}F <
^= s] xfdL ;fdu|Lx¿ tyf pTkfbgx¿eGbf kl/0ffd tyf k|efjdf s]lGb|t 5f}F <
&= s] xfdLn] dlxnf, ;LdfGtLs[t ;d"xx¿ / b'u{d ef}uf]lns If]qx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf 5f}F <
*= s] xfdLn] ;xof]uL sfg'gx¿ / gLltx¿sf] plrt th{'df u/]sf 5f}F <
(= s] xfdLn] cfkm}nfO{ ;Rofpg] ;+oGqx¿sf] plrt th{'df u/]sf 5f}F <-h:t} hnjfo' kl/jt{g, vfB
d"No ;ªs6, gofF cg'bfg gLltx¿, a;fOF ;/fOdf s;/L cg's"ng ug]{, ;+;fwg s6f}tLdf s;/L
k|ltsfo{ ug]{ _
!)= s] :yfgLo lgsfox¿ sfof{Gjogsf nflu tof/ 5g\ < olb 5}gg\ eg] s] ug]{ <
!!= s] xfdLn] hf]lvd Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL ;dfj]z u/]sf 5f}FÙ h;n] /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjogdf cfOkg]{
hf]lvdx¿ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf d"NofÍg ub{5 / tL hf]lvdx¿sf] Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg ljlwx¿
k|:tfj ub{5 <

62
@=!@ Pl8P; sf k|d'v d'2fx¿sf] ;f/f+z

!$@_ s[lif If]qsf] n]vfhf]vfaf6 klxrfg ug]{ nIo /flvPsf k|d'v d'2fx¿nfO{ gofF s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltdf
Vofn ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . k|d'v d'2fx¿sf] klxrfg cf+lzs ¿kdf ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx¿ tyf tYofÍsf] k'g/fjnf]sg
ug]{ ljZn]if0ffTds cEof; xf] / cf+lzs ¿kdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fusf] 5nkmn k|ls|ofsf] kl/0ffd xf] .
Pl8P; sf k|d'v d'2fx¿sf] ;f/f+z tflnsf !& / ;DalGwt kl/lzi6df lbOPsf] 5 .

Tfflnsf !&M Pl8P; sf k|d'v d'2fx¿sf] ;f/f+z

s|=;= ju{ d'2fx¿
g]kfndf s[lif pTkfbsTj j[l4sf] k|r'/ ;Defjgf 5 . c;Ifd / ckof{Kt cfly{s
;xof]u kfPsf] s[lif cg';Gwfg tyf k|ljlw lj:tf/ k|0ffnL, cg';Gwfg k|;f/ /
s[ifsx¿nfO{ hf]8\g] k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf] cefj, aif{}el/ l;FrfOsf] Go"g pknAwtf,
k|d'v ;fdu|Lx¿sf] -dn, aLp, gZnx¿ cfflb_ ;Lldt pknAwtf Pj+ qmozlQm,
!= pTkfbsTj 36\bf] df6f]sf] pj{/tf, cg';Gwfg tyf k|;f/;Fu s[lif lzIff k|0ffnLsf] sdhf]/
;DaGw / zq'hLj tyf /f]ux¿sf] dxfdf/L h:tf y'k|} tŒjx¿sf sf/0f xfn
pTkfbsTjsf] :t/ / j[l4 Go"g 5 .

g]kfnsf] :t/ k|lt:kwf{Tdstfsf pkfox¿df lgs} tn 5 . sdhf]/ ef}lts k"jf{wf/,

;Lldt Ifdtf tyf dfgj ;+zf]wg, dxª\uf] ljlgdo b/, C0fdf kx'Fr kfpg tyf
Joj;fo ug{ sl7gfO nufotsf tŒjx¿ k|lt:kwf{Tdstfsf c8\rgx¿ x'g . g]kfnL
s[lifsf] k|lt:kwf{Tdstfdf ;'wf/n] pRr d"Nosf] lgof{t alnof] x'g ;S5 .
@= k|lt:kwf{Tdstf k|lt:kwf{Tdstf dfkgdf g]kfnsf] :t/ w]/} tn cfpF5 . k|fo ;a} lgof{ltt
pTkfbgx¿ sRrf kbfy{sf ¿kdf 5g\ / uGtJo ahf/df d"No yk ul/G5 . pRr
d"Nosf] VffB tyf s[lif lgof{tsf] ;Defjgf u'0f:t/ tyf ;'/Iff lgoGq0fsf] nflu
/fd|f];Fu ;~rfngdf /x]sf] k|0ffnLsf] sdL, sdhf]/ k|ljlw, Joj;fo ug{ sl7gfO /
sdhf]/ ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf sf/0f ;Lldt x'g k'U5 .
g]kfn ef/t Jofkf/ ;lGwn] b'O{ b]zx¿aLr v'nf Jofkf/ ;[hgf u/]sf] 5 / To;sf
sf/0f ef/tLo pTkfbgx¿n] s]xL g]kfnL s[lif pTkfbgx¿nfO{ g]kfnL cfGtl/s
ahf/d}, ljz]if u/L vfBfGg ahf/df, k|lt:kwf{ ug{ c;Ifd agfOlbPsf] 5 . /fd|f]
v]ltkftL tyf cf}Bf]lus cEof;x¿sf] sdLn] ubf{ g]kfnL s[lif pTkfbgx¿nfO{
cGt/f{li6«o u'0f:t/sf cjnDag ug{ sl7g 5 . kl/0ffd :j¿k g]kfnL pTkfbgx¿n]
#= Jofkf/ lgof{t ahf/df :jf:ys/ / jfg:klts :j:ytf (sanitary and phyto-sanitary-
SPS) / k|fljlws dfkb08x¿sf ¿kdf u}/ cGt z'Ns s/ afwfx¿sf] ;fdgf
ug'{k5{ . ef/t;Fusf] l:y/ df}lb|s ljlgdo Joj:yfn] g]kfnL pTkfbgsf] ef/t tyf
g]kfnd} klg k|lt:kwf{Tdstfdf x|f; NofPsf] 5 . s[lif Jofkf/sf] Ps d'2f cfTd
lge{/ vfB cy{Joj:yf dfkm{t\ vfB ;'/Iff k|fKt ug{ Jofkf/ gLltnfO{ s;/L k|of]u
ug]{ eGg] xf] .
s[lif tyf s[lif Joj;fodf nufgL ckof{Kt plrt gLltx¿ -h:t} s/f/ v]tL_,
;/sf/L pBdx¿ tyf ;xsf/Lx¿;Fusf] k|lt:kwf{, d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf;nfO{ -h:t}
$= Joj;foLs/0f s[lif Joj;fo OGSo'j]6/x¿, s[lif cf}Bf]lus kfs{x¿_ d2t ug]{ ;]jf tyf ef}lts
k"jf{wf/sf] sdL, s[lif aLdfsf] Go"g se/]h, / gjkl/jt{gnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ tyf
hf]lvd 36fpg] kf/bzL{ / l:y/ s/ Pj+ ;'ljwf k|0ffnLåf/f k|efljt 5 .

63
s|=;= ju{ d'2fx¿
s[lif If]qsf] j[l4sf] nflu cfjZos :t/sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug{ ;/sf/n] lghL
If]q tyf cGt/f{li6«o nufgLstf{x¿sf] nflu nufgL ug{ ljz]if u/L pmhf{ /
b"/;~rf/ ef}lts k"jf{wf/df nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{ h?/L 5 . u|fdL0f
%= ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ;8s If]q :yfgLo :t/df -h:t} lhla; gu/kflnsf / ufla;_ a9\bf] ljZjf;sf]
;ª\s6 5Ù hxfF u|fdL0f ;8s ljsf;sf nflu lhNnf oftfoft u'? of]hgf tyf
u|fdL0f ;8s dfkb08x¿ cg';f/sf] lgb]{lzsfsf] cjnDag ul/Fb}g .

s[lif tyf s[lif Joj;fosf nflu C0f s[lif aLdfsf] Go"g se/]h tyf k|efjsf/L C0f
C0f, aLdf / hdfgt of]hgf nufotsf tŒjx¿n] ;Lldt ePsf] 5 . s[lif lj?4 s/ lje]bssf/L
^= 5}g tyflk s/ ;ª\sng k4ltsf sf/0f s[lifsf] ljsf;sf nflu kof{Kt ;|f]t
s/x¿
;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsFb}g .
cf};t g]kfnL s[ifs x'g'df dn tyf l;“rfOdf cg'bfg lglxt 5 . cg'bfg ;DaGwL
ax; pRr cg'bfg kfP/ klg c;Ifd ef/tLo s[lif;“usf] t'ngfn] k|efljt x'G5 .
xfnsf cg'bfg gLltx¿n] cg'bfg lagfsf jif{x¿nfO{ pN6\ofP/ eljiosf nflu emg\
&= cg'bfgx¿ ck]Iff a9fPsf 5g\ . Pl8P;n] oL ck]Iffx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ cg'bfgnfO{ ;Daf]wg
ug{' kg]{ 5, t/ To;sf ;fy;fy} cg'bfgsf] cfly{s k|efjx¿ s] x'G5 / To:t}
kl/0ffdsf nflu j}slNks ljlwx¿sf] oyfy{ n]vfhf]vf klg ug{'k5{ .
lbuf]] gx'g] cEof;x¿ tyf jftfj/0fLo ¿kdf ljgfzsf/L e"ld pkof]unfO{ /f]Sg
e"ld pkof]u of]hgf th{'df lgs} h?/L 5 . ;fgf / v08Ls[t e"ldsf
;Lldttfx¿af6 d'Qm x'g h?/L e"ldsf] cfsf/ tyf j}slNks ;+:yfut Joj:yfdf
ljBdfg hUuf xbaGbL ;DaGwL sfg'gn] k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] 5 . s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf]
th{'dfdf e"ldsf] cfsf/n] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . u|fdL0f÷s[ifs hg;ª\VofnfO{
df]6fdf]6L tLg ;d"xx¿df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M @) ∞ ;fgf Jofj;flos s[ifsx¿
*= e"ld -! b]lv % x]= / w]/} hUuf ePsf_ Ù @& ∞ hLljsf]kfh{g s[ifsx¿ -)=% b]lv !
x]=hUuf ePsf_Ù / u|fdL0f hg;ª\Vofsf] %# ∞ e"ldxLg / nueu e"ldxLg s[ifsx¿
-)=% x]= eGbf sd hUuf ePsf_ . To;} u/L k|To]s 3/w'/Lsf] kz' ayfgdf % kz'x¿
5g\ . k|efjsf/L s[lif /0fgLltn] ;fgf Jofj;flos s[ifsx¿ k|ToIf nfeflGjt x'G5g\
/ hLljsf]kfh{g s[ifsx¿sf] pTkfbsTj 7f]; ¿kd} a9fp“5 eg] e"ldxLg / nueu
e"ldxLg s[ifsx¿df /f]huf/L dfkm{t k|efj kb{5 . hLljsf]kfh{g s[ifsx¿sf nflu
ljz]if k|;f/ sfo{s|dsf] cfjZostf kg{ ;S5 .
vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff Ps ax'kIfLo cjwf/0ff xf]Ù h;df vfB pknAwtfsf] kIf,
vfBdf kx'Fr, vfB k|of]u tyf pkof]u / :yfloTj ;Da4 5g\ . g]kfnsf] vfB tyf
kf]if0f ;'/Iffn] s'g xb;Dd cGgdf :jo+ kof{Kttf rflxG5 / s'g xb;Dd kf]if0f
vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf cGgeGbf klg kz' tyf afujfgL pTkfbgsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf ;lxtsf]
(=
;'/Iff ljljwLs[t s[lif pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf hf]8 lbg] eGg] :ki6 x'g' h?/L 5 . ;x/L ahf/
Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o vfB Jofkf/ a9\b} hf“bf vfB ;'/Iffsf d'2fx¿ cem a9L dxŒjk"0f{
x'g] 5 .
g]kfndf s[lif j[l4 Pj+ ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf nflu k|fyldstfsf] If]q eg]/ bl/nf ts{
lgsfox¿ lbP klg To;sf] ljZj;gLotf o;/L lvOG5 M -!_ s[lifIf]qsf lhDd]jf/ lgsfo tyf
!)= tyf dfgj ;+:yfx¿sf g]t[Tjdf af/Daf/ kl/jt{g -@_ k'FhLut tyf rfn' vr{sf] ;jfndf of]
;+;fwg If]qnfO{ sd cfly{s ;xof]u -#_ gLlt th{'df / sfof{GjogaLr 7"nf] cGt/ / -$_
gLlt cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] sdhf]/ k4lt . o;sf] cnfjf dfgj ;+;fwgsf]
64
s|=;= ju{ d'2fx¿
;Lldt cfsf/ / ;Lk, ckof{Kt ¿kdf k|lzlIft sd{rf/L, sfo{s|d ;DkGg ug{ rflxg]
;fwg (hardware) / nufgLsf] sdLn] gLlt tyf sfo{s|d sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfut
Ifdtf cem ;Lldt aGg k'U5 . sfo{s|d sfof{Gjogsf] hjfkmb]lxtf / kf/blz{tfdf
cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg k4ltnfO{ sfo{ d"NofÍg tyf ;'ljwf;Fu hf]8\g] h:tf
;anLs/0fsf] cfjZostf 5 .

g]kfnsf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] pknAw tYon] tfks|d j[l4 x'“b} uPsf] tyf dg;'gL
aiff{sf] km/s 9f“rfx¿ b]vfp“5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] g]kfnsf] s[lifdf c;/sf]
xfn;fn} dfq cWoog ePsf] 5, t/ k|f/lDes tYon] ;d]t hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf
hnjfo' kl/jt{g s[ifsx¿sf] ;dfg's"ng (resilience) a9fpg pko'Qm cg's"ng ;+oGqx¿ cjnDag
!!= tyf k|fs[lts ug{ h?/L ePsf] ;ª\s]t u5{ . To;} u/L s[ifsx¿nfO{ nfebfos x'g ;Sg] :jR5
;+;fwg Joj:yfkg ljsf; ;+oGqx¿ / ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f nufotsf go"lgs/0f ;+oGqx¿sf]
;DefJotf a'em\g' dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf s[ifsx¿sf] nrstf ;an kfb}{
s;/L s[lif tyf Joj;foLs/0fsf] lbuf]] cfw'lgsLs/0f ;'lglZrt ug]{ eGg] cfhsf]
r'gf}tL xf] .
s[lif ljsf;;“u ul/aL, n}+lus, ;fdflhs tyf ef}uf]lns alxis/0f, / a[xt\ ;ª\Vofdf
o'jf lab]l;g'sf] ax'd'vL / hl6n ;DaGw 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] k[ysLs/0fn] ljutdf
w|'jLs/0f tyf ;fdflhs åGådf k'¥ofof] . Pl8P;n] ;Da4 ;d"xx¿sf] kf/:kl/s
nfesf nflu ljljwtfsf] sb/ ug]{, w|'jLs/0f x6fpg] of sd ug{], / ;xsfo{sf]
cj:yf ;[hgf ug{] ;+oGqx¿ klxrfg ug'{ h?/L 5 . ljsf;sf] cfly{s r/0f, pknAw
;fdflhs Pj+ ;+;fwg, / /0fgLlt tyf o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] af/]df ;xdlt k|j4{g ug{ ;Sg]
!@= ef}uf]lns g]t[Tjsf] ;xof]usf] cfwf/df o;nfO{ oyfy{ k/s ¿kdf th'{df ug'{k5{ . dlxnfnfO{
;dfj]zLs/0f :jtGq s[ifssf] ¿kdf klxrfg ug]{, pTkfbgsf ;fwgdf dlxnfsf] kx'“r ;'lglZrt
ug]{, ltgLx¿sf] g]t[Tj Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ tyf :jLsfo{tf ;[hgf ug]{ / ;/sf/L, u}/
;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qsf ljleGg ;+/rgfx¿df dlxnfsf] :yfgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg]
h:tf sfo{x¿ dfkm{t s;/L dlxnfsf] /0fgLlts :yfg ;an kfg]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf
ah]6 ljlgof]hg df}g 5 .
oBlk g]kfndf gLlt lgdf{0fn] s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt w]/} kIfx¿ ;Daf]wg
u/]sf] tyf w]/}h;f] gLltx¿ :jLsfo{ ePsf]df ;xdlt eP klg sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf
d'Vo ;d:of b]vfk5{ . gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f JofVof ug]{ Ps
dxŒjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] gLlt sfof{Gjogsf sfg'gL kIfx¿dfly :ki6;“u ljrf/ ul/of]
!#= sfg'gL egL ;'lglZrt ug{ ;Lldt sfg'gL k|of; eof] eg]/ x]g]{ xf] . of] sdhf]/L ;Daf]wg
ug{ Pl8P;n] sfg'gL k|fjwfgx¿ tyf sfg'gL 9f“rf ;dfj]z ug{'kg]{ 5 . vfB
u'0f:t/ tyf ;'/Iff, Joj;fo tyf Jofkf/, e"ld tyf hn / ;/sf/L pBdsf]
k'g;+{/rgf nufotsf k|f/lDes d'2fx¿nfO{ cem a9L k'g/fjnf]sgsf] vf“rf] 5 .

!$#_ s[lif If]qnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ d'2fx¿ c;ª\Vo / hl6n 5g\ . oL d'2fx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ tLg tŒjx¿sf]
cfjZostf kb{5 M -!_ c;n of]hgf tyf /0fgLltÙ -@_ kof{Kt ;+;fwgÙ / -#_ ljZj;gLo gLltut k|lta4tf
-x]g'{xf];\ lrq !)_

65
 c;n of]hgf /
/0fgLlt

c;n of]hgf / c;n of]hgf /

/0fgLlt /0fgLlt

lrq !)M ;kmn /0fgLltsf tŒjx¿

!$$_ c;n of]hgf tyf /0fgLltsf d'Vo ljz]iftfx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

 d'2fx¿sf] ;fGble{stf
 tl/sfsf] :ki6tf
 k|df0fdf cfwfl/t
 ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fusf] a[xt\ 5nkmndf cfwfl/t
 ;fdflhs Pj+ ef}uf]lns ;dfj]zLs/0fdf Wofg lbOPsf]
 lbuf]]kgdf Wofg lbOPsf]
 cfpFbf] @) aif{df cy{ tyf ;dfhdf cfpg ;Sg] ;Defljt ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ Wofg lbOPsf]

!$%_ Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos kof{Kt ;+;fwg o; If]qdf xfn ul/Psf] nufgL tyf ljutdf
ul/Psf] nufgLeGbf lgs} w]/} x'g] 5 . s[lif If]qsf nflu ;+;fwg a9fOg'sf ;fy} cln a9L cg'dfgof]Uo
x'g'k5{ tfls sfo{s|dx¿ th'{df ug{ Pj+ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lsof];\ . vf; u/L Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf ;'?sf
jif{x¿ ;kmn xf]pmg\ tfls s[lifsf] j[l4 tLa| kfg{ kof{Kt pTk|]/0ff k|fKt ug{ ;lsof];\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{
ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf k|lta4tfx¿ nufotsf ;/sf/L If]qsf ;+;fwgx¿sf] klxrfg ;'?d} ug'{k5{ .
;/sf/L If]qsf ;+;fwgx¿sf cltl/Qm j}b]lzs /f]huf/af6 k|fKt cfo nufotsf lghL If]qsf ;+;fwgx¿sf]
kl/rfng tyf s[lif If]qdf nufgLsf nflu kof{Kt ;'ljwfx¿sf] ;[hgf ug'{k5{ .

!$^_ gLltut k|lta4tfsf] ljZj;gLotf b]zsf /fhg}lts zlQmx¿sf] dte]bx¿eGbf dfly p7]/ ;+o'Qm ¿kdf
of] If]qsf] ljsf; ug{ dxŒjfsfª\IfL bL3{sfnLg of]hgfdf ;Fu} lxF8\g] Ifdtfaf6 ;[hgf x'G5 . o;sf lgldQ
g]t[Tj / sfo{s|d sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"NofÍg / nufgLsf] kf/blz{tf h?/L x'g] 5 . of] g} ;fob
Pl8P; sf] ;kmntfsf nflu ;a}eGbf cx+ tŒj xf] .

66
#= Pl8P; sf] kl/sNkgf (VISION OF ADS)

#=! g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qnfO{ k|efj kfg{] efjL k|j[lQx¿

!$&_ o; cWofodf ul/g] efjL k|j[lQx¿sf] 5nkmnn] g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qsf] kl/sNkgf th'{dfsf] kl/j]z k|:t't
ub{5 . g]kfnsf] nflu lgdf{0f x'g] kl/sNkgf afFsL ljZjdf 3l6t 36gfx¿af6 cnu /x]/ x'g] cEof; eg]
k6Ss} xf]Og . If]qLo / ljZjd08nLo kl/j]zdf g]kfnnfO{ c;/ kfg{] ;d;fdlos cj:yfx¿sf] ulx/f]
a'emfOdf g} Ps jf:tljs / 7f]; nIo hf]l8Psf] 5 . oxfF of] klg Vofn /fVg'kg{] x'G5 ls
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fusf] If]qLo / /fli6«o txsf] k/fdz{sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k g} k|:t't kl/sNkgfsf] th'{df ePsf]
xf] .

#=@ s[lif ¿kfGt/0f

!$*_ ;g\ @)!% b]lv @)#% ;Ddsf] aL; jif{] cjlwsf] Ps ;DefJo kl/b[Zo eg]sf] g]kfnsf] s'n ufx{:y
k|ltJolQm pTkfbgsf] cfwf/e"t j[l4 eO{ g]kfn Ps dWod cfo x'g] b]zsf] :t/df k'Ug' xf] . of] kl/b[Zon],
tLj|t/ ¿kdf j[l4 x'g] u/L gLltut / ;+:yfut ;'wf/ / b]zsf] Ifdtf;Fu tfbfDotf /fVb5 . dWod cfo
x'g] /fi6«sf] x}l;ottkm{sf] ofqfdf g]kfn s[lifsf] ¿kfGt/0fsf] o:tf] k|lqmof x'Fb} kf/ x'g] 5Ù hxfF ;dfhsf]
cfly{s ;+/rgf s[lifaf6 kl/jlt{t eO{ pBf]u / ;]jfdf cfwfl/t x'g] 5 . s[lifsf] ¿kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmofsf
rf/ kf7x¿ Pl8P; sf] kl/sNkgf th'{dfsf nflu ;fGb{les x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] ;ª\If]kLs/0f lgDgfg';f/
/x]sf] 5 M

s_ s'n tŒj pTkfbsTj -l6PkmkL_ j[l4 g} s[lifsf] j[l4sf] efjL ;|f]t xf] . l6PkmkLsf nflu hUuf, >d, /
k"FhL dfq geO{ k|ljlw, gjLgtf, Ifdtf, dfgj;|f]t Ifdtf / zf;g h:tf s'/fx¿ cfjZos kb{5g\ .
ljut %) jif{sf] ;dodf Pl;ofdf s[lif k|ltkmn a'l4 kl/df0fdf $)Ü b]lv &)Ü of]ubfg l6PkmkLsf]
/x]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qsf] s'n tŒj pTkfbsTj !((%—@)!! sf] aLrdf aflif{s !=%∞ n]
j[l¢ lyof] h'g s[lif s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg j[l¢ b/sf] $$∞ xf] .
v_ k|foh;f] ul/ax¿ u|fdL0f e]udf a;f]jf; ug{] x'gfn] ljsf;sf] cl3Nnf] r/0fdf s[lifdf x'g] j[l4n] g}
ul/aL 36fpgsf nflu d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 .
u_ a9\bf] ;x/Ls/0fn] lgDTofpg] r'gf}tLx¿sf nflu k/Dk/fut vfB k|0ffnLx¿ tof/ /x]sf 5}gg\ . ;–
;fgf ls;fgx¿sf] cfw'lgs d"No z[ª\vnf;Fusf] PsLs/0f g} ;x/Ls/0fsf r'gf}tLx¿k|ltsf] ;DefJo
k|ltpQ/ aGg ;S5 .
3_ ha cy{tGq dWod cfo:t/sf] glhs x'G5Ù u|fdL0f u}/v]tL If]q s[lif vfB pTkfbg, ;]jfx¿,
ahf/Ls/0f / Joj:yfkg -logistics_, nufotsf If]qx¿sf] ljsf; u|fdL0f / ;x/L If]qaLrsf] vf8n
k'g{sf nflu clt cfjZos l;4 x'G5 .

67
#=# s[lif >d zlQm

!$(_ r'lnFbf] -overarching_ hfg;fª\lVos / cfly{s k|j[lŒfx¿ g} s[lifaf6 lj:tf/} låtLo k|zf]wg / pTkfbs
pBf]ux¿ / t[ŒfLo ;]jf pBf]ux¿tkm{ uO/x]sf] >dsf] ;+/rgfut ¿kfGt/0f xf] . s[lifut >DfzlStsf]
j[l4b/ @=%Ü -!(**–(*_ af6 @=!Ü -!((*–@))*_ df 36\b} uO/x]sf] / !=&Ü -@)!)–@)@)_ df k'Ug]
k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 -Pkm P cf] @)!)_ . pbfx/0fsf nflu lrq g+= !! n] w]/} cfly{s ljljwLs/0f ePsf]
aª\unfb]zsf] eGbf g]kfnsf] s[lif >dzlSt clt pRr /x]sf] b]vfpFb5 . o:tf] k|j[lQnfO{ tLj| hg;ª\Vof
j[l4, ;x/Ls/0f, ul/aLdf lu/fj6, u}x| v]tLhGo cfDbfgL / /f]huf/L, gjLg k|ljlwx¿, :f"rgf k|ljlwdf
a9\bf] kxF'r -g]kfndf df]afOn kmf]g x'g]x¿ s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] sl/a $&Ü /x]sf 5g\_, s[lifhGo tyf u}x|
s[lifhGo k|of]usf nflu hldg / kfgLdflysf] a9\bf] k|lt:kwf{, ljZjJofkLs/0f, pmhf{sf] a9\bf] nfut /
jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{g h:tf tŒjx¿n] 8f]¥ofO/x]sf x'G5g\ .

China Closest to 2015

Closest to 2010
Thailand

Vietnam

Bangladesh

India

Myanmar

Nepal

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
lrq !!= b]z cg';f/ s[lif >d zlQm -s'nsf] ∞_
Source: WDI dataset, 2016; Raitzer et al. (2015), ADB for Myanmar

#=$ ;x/Ls/0f

!%)_ ;x/sf] a9\bf] hg;ª\VofnfO{ v'jfpg'kg{] x'G5 . of] hg;ª\Vofsf] nflu tof/L ug{ ;xh, pRr u'0f:t/sf]
/ kf]if0fo'Qm vfBsf] dfu x'g] 5 . a9\bf] ;x/Ls/0fn] ;x/ jl/kl/sf v]tLhGo hldgx¿df a9L rfk
k'¥ofpFb5 . ;x/L If]qx¿nfO{ pko'Qm x'g] vfB ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf nflu ;'wfl/Psf] ahf/Ls/0f / ljt/0fsf
k"jf{wf/x¿ cfjZos kb{5g\ . a9\bf] kl/df0fsf] vfB cfw'lgs jhf/x¿ / ;'k/dfs{]6 dfkm{t ljt/0f ul/g]
5 . pTkfbgsf] ljljwLs/0f, ;'wfl/Psf] Kofs]lh¨, ;xhtf / e08f/0f h:tf pGgt ljz]iftfx¿ k|bfg
ug{sf nflu s[lif pBf]usf] ljsf; x'g'kg{] 5 .

68
#=% cfxf/df -Diet_ kl/jt{gM

!%!_ a9\bf] cfDbfgL / ;x/Ls/0fn] ubf{ cfxf/x¿ a9L ljljwtfo'Qm, k|r'/ dfqfdf k|f]l6g / ;"Id kf]if0ftŒj
-Micronutrients_ ePsf x'g] 5g\ . w]/} kz'hGo kbfy{ / k|zf]lwt vfBx¿ pkef]u ul/g] 5 . ;fy} w]/}
dflg;x¿ vfB / vfB ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx¿k|lt a9L ;r]t /xg] 5g\ -sf]n]:6]/f]n, dw'd]x, PnhL{
cflb_ .

#=^ ljZjJofkLs/0f / Jofkf/

!%@_ ;Ldfkf/ Jofkf/ j[l4n] g]kfnsf] nflu vfB ;'/Iff / u'0f:t/, jfg:klts :j:ytf / Sj/]G6fOg, bf]xf]/f] s/
;Demf}tf, kf/jxg, Jofkf/ / jfl0fHo sfg'gdf ;fdGh:otf -h:t} PG6L 8lDk¨, n]jln¨, 6«]8 dfs{ ;+/If0f_
af/]df k|d'v Jofkf/ ;fem]bf/x¿;Fusf] ;xdltsf nflu kof{Kt Ifdtf Pj+ ;Demf}tfx¿sf] ;~hfn cfjZos
kb{5 . o;n] ubf{ g]kfnsf] s[lif vfB pBf]u cGo w]/} b]zx¿;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] x'g' kb{5 .

#=& aflx/L a;fOF ;/fO{ -Out mirgration_

!%#_ cGo b]zx¿df h:t} g]kfnsf u|fdL0f o'jfx¿n] klg a9\bf] ¿kdf s[lif afx]ssf If]qx¿df /f]huf/L vf]Hb}
5g\ . o'jfx¿sf] aF;fO ;/fOn] ufFpx¿df dlxnf, s]6fs]6L / a"9fa"9Lx¿ dfq afFsL x'Fb} 5g\ . w]/} If]qLo
5nkmnx¿n] hgfP cg';f/ >dsf] s6f}tLn] a9\bf] ofGqLs/0fsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;'emfpbF5 . k|efjsf/L
e"ld k|of]u Joj:yfkg lgodg k|0ffnL /x];Dd aflx/L aF;fO ;/fOn] v]tLsf] cfsf/ j[l4sf] k|lqmofnfO{
b'|tt/ ult lbg ;S5 . s[lif If]qsf] Jofj;flos / k|lt:kwf{Tds pBf]udf ¿kfGt/0f eP;Fu} o;n] a9L
nufgL cfs{if0f ug{] 5 / cw{ bIf pRr sdfOsf /f]huf/Lx¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug{] 5 .

#=* xl/t k|ljlw / Go"g sfa{g pT;h{g

!%$_ b]zx¿nfO{ xl/t k|ljlw -h:t} ;f}o{ zlSt_ sfof{Gjog / sfa{g pT;h{gdf s6f}tL -h:t} ef/tdf ?=
%)/6g sf]Onfdf s/_ ug{ e"d08nLo bjfj /xg] 5 . ;g\ @)!@ sf] l/of]+@) (Rio +20) lbuf]] ljsf;
;DaGwL /fi6«;+3Lo ;Dd]ng ;+/f;+ ;fwf/0f ;ef @)!% df g]kfn / cGo /fi6«x¿ xl/t cy{tGqsf]
l;4fGtx¿df cfwfl/t lbuf]] ljsf;sf] nIo :yfkgf ug{ ;xdt eP . o;}nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug{ hnjfo'
kl/jt{g sf]if, ljZj jftfj/0f sf]ifsf nflu a9\bf] JoJf:yfx¿, :j]lR5s / ;/sf/ lglb{i6 sfa{g pT;h{g
k|df0fLs/0f of]hgf -scheme_ sf] k|ltlqmof :j¿k cGt/f{li6«o lwtf] ahf/x¿df sfa{g Jofkf/ h:tf
gjLgtd ax'kIfLo ljQLo ;+oGqx¿sf] pbo eO/x]sf] 5 .

#=( ljljwLs/0f

!%%_ vfB / s[lif If]qdf k|ToIf c;/ kfg{] k|j[lQx¿nfO{ ;fdgf ug{sf nflu a9L Jofj;flos / k|lt:kwf{Tds
s[lif If]qsf] ljsf; ug'{ cTofjZos 5 . a9\bf] cfDbfgLn] ubf{ vfBsf] dfu afnLgfnLaf6 k|f]l6g, kmnkm"n,
;fu;AhL / k|zf]lwt vfBtkm{ kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5 . blIf0f Pl;ofdf k|ltJolQm rfdnsf] pkef]u @)Ü

69
 af6 !%Ü df em/]sf] 5 -!(*)–@))*_ hals vfB pkef]u vr{sf] *%Ü vr{ ;fu;AhL, df;', b"whGo
vfB kbfy{ tyf df5fdf /x]sf] 5 -r]g, @)!!_ . oxL k|j[lQnfO{ k5\ofpFb} s[ifsx¿n] rfdnaf6 eGbf pRr
d"Nosf pTkfbgx¿af6 k|lt x]S6/ rf/ u'gf a9L sdfO ub{5g\ .

#=!) ljt/0f k|0ffnL

!%^_ ahf/x¿ a9\bf] ¿kdf v'nf xF'b} uO/x]sf 5g\ / cGt{/fli6«o :jfb / u'0f:t/, Kofs]lh¨, ;'/Iffsf
cfjZostfx¿ / k|zf]wgsf ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fd}qL tl/sfx¿ h:tf s'/fx¿k|lt a9\bf] ¿kdf Ps¿ktf
cfpFb} 5 . ;'k/ dfs{]6sf yf]s Jofkf/Lx¿ nufotsf 7"nf pBf]ux¿sf] babaf /x]sf] ljt/0fsf gofF
dfWodx¿n] pgLx¿sf d"No z[ª\vnfdf pRr sfo{s'zntf nfu" ug]{ 5g\\ . ;'wf/fTds k"jf{wf/, ;~rf/,
Jofkf/sf] 7f8f] ;+/rgf, ljZj Jofkf/;Fusf] ;dfof]hg / ;'k/ dfs{]6x¿sf] tLj| j[l4sf] ;fy;fy} vfB
pTkfbg, ljt/0f / ahf/Ls/0fsf rqmx¿ kl/jlt{t x'Fb} 5g\ . nueu *)Ü vfB pkef]u d"No v]tL
kZrft\sf] d"No z[ª\vnf lgdf{0fdf x'G5 . oBlk gLlt eg] v]tLs]f pTkfbsTjd} s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . cfl;og
-ASEAN_ /fi6« ;d"xdf &%Ü vfB cy{tGq ;x/L If]qdf yf]s Jofkf/, kf]:6 xfe]{:6 Joj:yfkg, k|zf]wg /
vfB v'b|f Jofkf/ / k|lt:kwf{Tdstfdf k|efj kfb{] v]tL kZrft\sf] bIftf a[l4df /x]sf] kfOG5 -r]g, @)!!_ .
ef/tdf ;'k/ dfs{]6 qmflGt km:6fpFb} 5 eg] g]kfndf o;sf] ;'?cft x'Fb} 5 . rLgdf v'b|f vfB rqmx¿n]
;g\ @)!! df !# ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/ sdfP eg] tLj|t/ ¿kdf a9fpFb} @))( ;Dddf (@ ldlnog
cd]l/sL 8n/ k'¥ofP .

#=!! u'0f:t/ / ;'/Iff

!%&_ If]qLo / ljZj kl/j]zdf s[lifsf] u'0f:t/ / ;'/Iff k|0ffnLx¿ ;jf{]Ts[i6 ;~rfng ljlwx¿, cfGtl/s
lgoGq0f k|0ffnL / pTkfbg klxrfgsf :t/df cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . o;sf nflu tflnd, k|df0fLs/0f, n]vf
k/LIf0f, / ljZn]if0ffTds k|of]ufTds ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ug{sf nflu u}/ ;/sf/L pBf]udf cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿sf]
;xof]u ;lxtsf] lgodg, ;~rfng / nfu" ug{ ;Sg] kof{Kt bIftf ;lxtsf] s8f ;/sf/L lgodg
k|0ffnLx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o:tf] lgodg Ifdtf cGtu{t s[lifhGo nufgLx¿ h:t} ljiffbL, kz' cf}iflw
/ h}ljs k|ljlwsf pTkfbgx¿sf] pT;fxk"0f{ d"Nofª\sg b]lv a:t'efpsf] bfgf x'Fb} vfB k|zf]wgsf
k|of]ufTds ;fdu|L;Ddsf ;Dk"0f{ vfB ;~hfn ;dfj]z ug'{kg{] x'G5 . ;g\ @))* sf] b'vb d]nf]dfOg b'Uw
sf08n] Pl;ofnfO{ g} ddf{xt kf¥of] . d]nf]dfOgnfO{ s[lif ;fdfu|Lsf] ¿kdf glnO{ o;sf] lgodg gul/g'n]
ultzLn / pT;fxhgs vfB ;'/Iff k|0ffnLsf] cfjZostfnfO{ emNsfpFb5 . af/Daf/ x'g] vfB ;'/Iffsf
36gfx¿ AofS6]l/ofsf] ;+;u{n] -contamination_ ubf{ x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf
@))& df cfn'df / hd{gLdf @)!! df l;dLdf ePsf] O=sf]nL gfds AofS6]l/ofsf sf/0f d[To' x'g]x¿nfO{
lng ;lsG5 . ;g\ @)!$÷!% df g]kfndf vfB ;DalGwt dxfdf/L / ;?jf /f]ux¿sf] sf/0fn] k|sf]ksf] #∞
d[To' b/ lyof] .

70
#=!@ pmhf{ nfut

!%*_ pmhf{sf] a9\bf] nfutn] dn, l;FrfO / ofGqLs/0fsf] nfutnfO{ a9fpFb} cGttM vfBsf] d"No j[l4
u/fpFb5 . o; kl/j]zdf gfkmfd"ns v]tL k|0ffnL / ltgLx¿sf] cfg'j+lzs ;fdu|Lx¿ pRRf bIftfo'Qm
x'g'kg{] 5 . o:tf ;fdu|Lx¿ xfOla|8 jv]{ wfg (hybrid wet rice) h:tf] pRr dnvfb tyf kfgL ;fdfu|L
k|0ffnL (input system) df cfwfl/t x'g}k5{ eGg] s]xL 5}g . ;LdfGtLs[t cj:yfx¿ tyf jftfj/0fLo
kl/jt{gsf cj:yfx¿df klg P/f]las /fO; k|0ffnLx¿ a9L k|efjsf/L / a9L pAhgL lbg] b]lvPsf 5g\ .
a9\bf] ;x/Ls/0f / s[lif pBf]usf] ljsf;n] 7"nf] dfqfdf kmf]xf]/sf] pTkGg x'G5Ù h'g Joj:yfkgsf] lx;fan]
dxFuf] tyf k|b"if0fsf] sf/s tŒjsf] ¿kdf /lx/xG5 . w]/} b]zx¿n] o:tf] kmf]x/nfO{ h}ljs dn pTkfbgsf
nflu k|of]u ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ .

#=!# hnjfo' kl/jt{g, k|fs[lts k|sf]k / ljZj ;ª\s6 Joj:yfkg

!%(_ df};d kl/jt{g, nufgL / k|ltkmnsf] ahf/ d"Nosf] ptf/r9fj, ;Ldfkf/ /f]ux¿ / k|fs[lts k|sf]kjf6
:yfgLo / If]qLo :t/df s[lifdf c;/ k/]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ef/tn] jftfj/0fLo ljljwtfsf sf/0f
x'g] k|fylds -v]tLsf] ljkmntf_ / s]xL xb;Dd låtLo -a:t'efpsf] d[To'_ If]qdf s[lif ladf / k|sf]k
k|ltlqmof ;+oGqsf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . ljklQ ;'/Iff ladf / 6f6 kN6]sf s[ifsx¿sf] ;'/Iffsf] j}wflgstf
h:tf k|ltlqmof ;+oGqx¿åf/f Jofj;flos s[lifdf x'g] hf]lvdnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

#=!$ v:sFbf] k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿

!^)_ s[lifhGo hldg / hn h:tf tyfslyt gjLs/0fLo ;|f]tx¿sf] v:sFbf] cj:yfn] csf{] r'gf}tL yk]sf] 5 .
hldgsf] k|of]u k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/, kfgLsf] clwsf/sf nflu ahf/x¿, hldg pkof]usf] If]q lgwf{/0f, hldg /
hn ;|f]tsf] lbuf]] pkof]u Joj:yfkgsf nflu cg'udg bIftf h:tf s]xL gLltut tyf ;+:yfut ;+oGqx¿
k|efjsf/L k|dfl0ft ePsf 5g\ .

#=!% ljQLo cg'zf;g

!^!_ s[lif s/ k|0ffnL k|zf;g ;lxtsf] PsLs[t s/ k|0ffnLsf nflu bafa g} cfw'lgs s[lif k|0ffnLsf] a9\bf]
ljz]iftfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

#=!^ kl/sNkgf syg

!^@_ o; cWofodf slyt kl/sNkgf If]qLo / /fli6«o :t/df ul/Psf] k/fdz{sf] kl/0ffd xf] . tn pNn]v
ul/Psf syg lgDg s'/fx¿df cfwfl/t 5— !_ #) gf]e]Da/ @)!! df sf7df8fF}df ul/Psf] /fli6«o
sfo{zfnf / @_ nut} @)!@–@)!# df ul/Psf] s[ifsx¿sf] ;+u7g;Fusf] k/fdz{ . o; sygdf w]/} tŒjx¿
;dfj]z 5g\Ù h;n] k|foh;f] g]kfnLx¿sf] vfB / s[lifIf]q;Fu ;DalGwt rf;f] / cfsfª\Iffx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg
ub{5 .

71
 æcfly{s j[l4nfO{ ult lbg], hLjg:t/nfO{ dfly psf:g], vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf of]ubfg lbg], vfB
;Dk|e'tf pGd'v cfTdlge{/, lbuf]], k|lt:kwL{ tyf ;dfj]zL s[lif If]q"

#=!& kl/sNkgfsf d'Vo tŒjx¿M

#=!&=! cfTdlge{/tf

!^#_ cfTdlge{/tfn] s'g} klg /fi6«sf] cf gf] hg;ª\VofnfO{ vfg k'Ug] u/L ug{ ;Sg] pTkfbgsf] Ifdtf;Fu
;DaGw /fVb5 . xfn g]kfnsf] vfB / s[lifJofkf/ dfq xf]Og wfg, ux'F ,ds} h:tf cfwf/e"t k|d'v vfBsf]
cfk"lt{ klg 3f6fdf /x]sf] 5 . cfTdlge{/tf g]kfnn] cfwf/e"t vfBsf] cfk"lt{ cfoftdf lge{/ x'g' x'Fb}g
eGg] cfsfª\Iffdf cfwfl/t 5 . s[lif afnLsf] pTkfbsTjsf] dWod j[l4n] klg vfBdf cfTdlge{/ x'g ;Sg]
x'gfn] of] Ps k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] nIosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o; wf/0ffn] g]kfn k|To]s j:t'df cfTdlge{/
x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf /fVb}g . g]kfn vfB / s[lif pTkfbgx¿df cfTdlge{/ x'g'k5{ . t'ngfTds kmfObfsf
cfwf/df eg] g]kfnn] s]xL vfB / s[lif pTkfbgsf] cfoftdf eg] lg/Gt/tf lbg ;Sg] 5 .

#=!&=@ lbuf]]kgf

!^$_ lbuf]] s[lifn] jftfj/0fLo, cfly{s / ;fdflhs cfofdnfO{ ;d]6\b5 . /fd|f] cEof; ;Fu} s[lif jftfj/0fLo
¿kdf lbuf]] / h}ljs ljljwtfnfO{ of]ubfg k'/fpg ;Sg] x'g ;S5 . cGt/afnL k|0ffnL, ;+/If0f vghf]t,
h}ljs v]tLkftL / s[lif jg o;sf s]xL pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ . cfw'lgs l;FrfO nufotsf k|efjsf/L
hnpkef]u Joj:yfkg, a:t'efp / s[lif k|zf]wghGo kmf]x/nfO{ afof]Uof; / afof]Uof; /lxt k|ljlwx¿df
pkof]u / PsLs[t afnL / df6f] kf]if0f Joj:yfkg cflbn] jftfj/0fLo s[lifsf] lbuf]]kgdf of]ubfg
k'¥ofpFb5 .

!^%_ s[lifsf] lbuf]]kgo'Qm cfw'lgsLs/0fn] df};d kl/jt{g, ljZj d"No ptf/r9fj, >dsf] pknAwtf /
jfnLgfnLsf zq' tyf /f]ux¿ km}ng ;Sg] ;DaGwL pTkfbgsf hf]lvdx¿;Fu h'Wgsf nflu ;zQm
u/fpg'kb{5 . a9\bf] cfly{s nfutnfO{ ;'wfl/Psf] pTkfbg, 7"nf cfsf/sf v]tL, d"No clej[l4 / lglZrt
sfo{x¿sf nflu ljlzi6Ls[t sDkgL / Jofj;flos ;]jf k|bfosx¿nfO{ cfp6;f]l;{¨ u/L ;Gt'ng ug{
;lsg] 5 . eljiosf] tof/Lsf nflu cg';Gwfg / k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ lj:tf/ ug'{kg{] x'G5 .
bL3{sfndf e"ldsf] PsLs/0f ckl/xfo{ x'g hfG5, t/ ;f]eGbf cufl8 g} ;fgf ls;fgx¿n] cfkm\gf] e"ldaf6
hLljsf rnfpg'kg{] x'G5 .

!^^_ dlxnf g} s[lif >dzlQmsf ax';ª\Vos ;|f]t x'g\ / dlxnfx¿df ;|f]tx¿sf] pkef]usf] lg0f{odf lgoGq0f
ug{] Ifdtf / zlQmsf] k|flKtdf g} ;fdflhs lbuf]]kg c8]sf] x'G5 . ah]6sf] afF8kmf8n] dlxnfx¿nfO{
cfTdlge{/ ls;fgsf] ¿kdf klxrfg ug{], pTkfbgsf ;fwgdf dlxnfx¿sf] kx'FrnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{],
pgLx¿df g]t[Tj ljsf; ug{] / ;/sf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L / lghL If]qsf ljleGg txx¿df dlxnfsf] :yfgnfO{
;'wf/ ug'{kb{5 . ;LdfGtLs[t ;d"xx¿n] k|foM u/L k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] k/Dk/fut ;'wf/sf] cEof; ug{
;Sb}gg\Ù h;n] h}ljs ljljwLs/0f / s[lifdf lbuf]] c;/ kfb{5 . oL ;d"xx¿sf] cj/f]wx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg
72
 ugf{n] Pl8P;n] cg';/0f u/]sf] ;fdflhs lbuf]]kgsf] sfo{qmdnfO{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb5 . ;dfg sfo{sf nflu
dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ ;dfg Hofnf lbg'k5{ EfGg] s'/fnfO{ Pl8P;n] hf]8bf/ ¿kdf l;kmfl/; ub{5 .

#=!&=# k|lt:kwf{Tdstf

!^&_ g]kfnsf] s[lifhGo pTkfbgsf] k|lt:kwf{Tdstf Go"g / 36\bf] /x]sf] 5 . o;sf cj/f]wx/sf ¿kdf sdhf]/
k"jf{wf/, sdhf]/ zf;g, sdhf]/ u'0f:t/ / ;'/Iff lgoGq0f, Go"g k|ljlw, ;Lldt Ifdtf / dfgj;|f]t, pRr
d"Nosf] ljlgdo b/, shf{ kxF'r / Jofkf/ ;~rfngdf sl7gfO /x]sf 5g\ . k|foh;f] lgof{t x'g] s[lif
pTkfbgx¿ sRrf :j¿ksf /x]sf 5g\ / d"No lgwf{/0f uGtJo ahf/df ul/G5 . k|lt:kwf{Tdstfn] pRr
u'0f:t/df ahf/ / pkef]Qmfsf] dfunfO{ k"/f ug{tkm{ pGd'v pTkfbg / ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ hgfp“b5 .
k|lt:kwf{Tds j:t'x¿ ;:tf d"Nosf g} x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g, t/ o:tf a:t'x¿n] k|efjsf/L d"No z[ª\vnfsf
dfWofdaf6 pkef]Qmfsf] ah]6 / rfxgfnfO{ e]6\g ;Sg] x'G5g\ . k|lt:kwf{Tdstf t'ngfTds kmfObfx¿,
pTkfbsTj / gfkmfd"nstfdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . o;sf cnfjf Ps sbd cl3 a9L o;n] ;:tf] d"Nodf hf]8
lbg'eGbf klg pRr d"No clej[l4 ;'/Ifftkm{ Wofg lbG5 . g]kfnsf] s[lifsf] k|lt:kwf{Tdstfdf x'g] ;'wf/n]
vfB / s[lif Jofkf/sf] 7"nf] 3f6fnfO{ ;'wfg{ ;Sb5 .

#=!&=$ ;dfj]lztf

!^*_ ul/aL, ;fdflhs / ef}uf]lns jlxis/0f, dlxnfsf] c;dfgtf / o'jfx¿sf] 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf aflx/L a;fOF
;/fOsf] s[lif ljsf;df ax'ut / hl6n ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] pRr leGgtfn] ljutdf
w'|jLs/0f / ;fdflhs åGålt/ 8f]¥ofPsf] 5 . s[lif ljsf;sf kmfObfx¿ ls;fg, hUufwgL, sfdbf/ /
pBdL h:tf ljleGg ;d"xx¿n] afF8\g'kb{5 . ax';fª\lVos ls;fgx¿ -sl/a *!∞_ n] Ps x]S6/eGbf sd
hldg / #–& sf] ;ª\Vofdf a:t'efpx¿sf] :jfldTj /fVb5g\ . k|efjsf/L s[lif /0fgLltn] ;fgf Jofkfl/s
ls;fgx¿nfO{ k|ToIf kmfObf k'¥ofpg, lgjf{xd'vL ls;fgsf] pTkfbsTj a9fpg / e"ldxLgx¿nfO{ /f]huf/L
k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5 . o; kl/sNkgfn] ;LdfGtLs[t ;d"xx¿nfO{ o; sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ul/g'kb{5 / s[lifsf]
gfkmfnfO{ afFl8g'kb{5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ hgfpFb5 . Pl8P;nfO{ jf:tljs / ;fdYo{jfg\ ;+oGqx¿sf] cfjZostf
kb{5Ù h;n] w'|jLs/0fnfO{ sd ub{5 / o;nfO{ nfu" ug{sf nflu g]t[Tjsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

#=!&=% cfly{s j[l4

!^(_ s[lifsf] ¿kfGt/0fsf] cGtb[{li6;Fu} Ps¿k x'Fb} Ps cem ultzLn s[lifnfO{ pRr pTkfbsTj j[l4n] ;fy
lbG5 . s[lifdf cfwfl/t ultljlwsf] j[l4n] u|fdL0f e]usf u}/ v]tLdf k|efj kfg{] 5 / u}/ v]tL / /f]huf/Ldf
j[l4 u/fpg] 5 . o;df z'4 ¿kdf s[lif k|zf]wg, e08f/0f, Jofkf/, VffB ;]jf, pTkfbg ;]jfx¿ / s[lif
ko{6gx¿ kb{5g\ . s[lif If]qsf] pRr j[l4b/n] pRr s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb5 . 36\bf]
hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ / 36\bf] s[lif >d j[l4n] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf s[lifdf k|ltJolQm pRr s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgn]
ul/aL Go"gLs/0f u/L u|fdL0f e]usf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ NofpFb5 .

73
#=!&=^ ;'wfl/Psf] hLljsf

!&)_ HfLljsf cGtu{t Ifdtf, ;DklQ -ef}lts / ;fdflhs b'j} ;|f]t ;dflji6_ / hLjg lhpg cfjZos kg{]
lqmofsnfkx¿ kb{5g\ . hLljsfnfO{ lbuf] agfpg] pkfox¿ eg]sf] tgfj / zf]ssf] ;fdgf ug]{ / ;Feflng],
Ifdtf / ;DklQsf] :t/ j[l4 ug]{ / k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] cfwf/nfO{ a]jf:tf gug]{ tl/sf g} xf] . d'Vo
tŒjx¿n] sfd / /f]huf/LnfO{ ul/aL Go"gLs/0f / sNof0f;Fu clg hLljsfsf] IfdtfnfO{ a[xt\ cfly{s
;fdflhs / cfkm" cfl>t /xg] jftfj/0fLo cfwf/ ;|f]tnfO{ hf]8\b5 .

#=!&=& vfB / kf]if0f ;'/Iff

!&!_ vfB s[lif ;+u7gn] !((^ df k|:tfj u/]sf] vfB / kf]if0fsf] kl/efiffdf vfB pknAwtf, vfBdf kx'Fr,
vfBsf] k|of]u tyf pkof]lutf / l:y/tfnfO{ hf]8]sf] 5 / kl/sNkgf sygsf] HfLljsf / ;dfj]lztfsf
cfofdx¿;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 . s[lif dfq vfB ;'/Iffsf] lgwf{/s xf]Og . tyflk of] Ps k|d'v lgwf{/s
eg] xf] . g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qsf] kl/sNkgfn] j[l4nfO{ yk cfDbfgLdf dfq geO{ o;sf] pknAwtf, kx'Fr /
ljz]if u/L vfB c;'/Iffdf /x]sfx¿sf nflu kf]if0fo'Qm vfBsf] pkof]lutfdf k|ltljlDat x'g] s'/fnfO{
hgfpFb5 .

vfB / kf]if0fsf] ;'/Iffn] cGgkfteGbf k|f0fLhGo / afujfgLhGo pTkfbgsf] w]/} ljljwtfk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf]
s[lif pTkfbg k|0ffnLnfO{ hgfpF5 . ;x/L ahf/x¿ / cGt/f{li6«o vfB Jofkf/sf] j[l4;Fu} vfB ;'/Iffsf
d'2fx¿ vfB / kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf dxŒjk"0f{ kIfsf ¿kdf cfpg] 5g\ . Pl8P; sf] kl/sNkgf ax'If]qLo kf]if0f
of]hgf -PdP;PgkL_ / vfB / kf]if0f ;'/Iff of]hgf / sfo{ -PKfmPgP;kL_ ;Fu cfj4 5 . s[lif ljsf;
dGqfnon] cg'[df]bg u/]sf] PkmPgP;kL Pl8P; sf] PdP;PgkLsf] kl/k"/s klg /x]sf] vfB / kf]if0f ;'/Iff
sfo{qmd nfu" ug{] Ps cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

#=!* nIo / ;"rsx¿

!&@_ Pl8P; sf] nfu" kZrft\ o;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k k|fKt x'g ;Sg] ;DefJo pknlAwx¿sf] ;"rs g} nIox¿
x'g\ . nIox¿ cNksfnLg -% aif{]_, dWosfnLg -!) aif{]_ / bL3{sfnLg -@) aif{]_ /flvPsf 5g\ . k|To]s
nIo ;Fu} ;"rs klg /flvPsf] 5Ù h;n] nIotkm{ k|ult jf sdLsf] dfkg ub{5 . k|To]s nIodf /flvPsf
dfGotfx¿ jf s;/L k|To]s nIonfO{ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 eGg] s'/f tflnsf !* df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
Pl8P; nfu" ug{] cfwf/ jif{ -@)!%_ sf] cfFs8f cBfjlws ug{sf nflu / tbg'¿k nIf lgwf{0fsf nflu
k|fljlws ;xof]u (TA) k|of]u ul/g] 5 .

74
Tflnsf !*M Pl8P; kl/sNkgfsf nflu ;"rsx¿ / nIox¿ (Indicators and Targets for ADS Vision)

kl/sNkgf @)!% sf] cNksfnLg dWosfnLg nIo bL3{sfnLg nIo

;Defu ;"rsx¿ cj:yf nIo -% jif{_ -!) jif{_ -@) jif{_ nIo cg'dfgsf
(Existing cfFs8fsf] ;|f]t
(Vision (Indicators)
situation at
( Short Term (Medium Term (Long Term dfGotfx¿
Component ) Target ) Target) Target )
2015)
afnLgfnLsf] pTkfbg
cfTdlge{/tf j[l4 !=%∞
(Self-reliant) vfBfGgdf !^ )–% k|ltzt )-% k|ltzt -@)))/)!– @)!%/ Joflgk|s],
vfBfGgdf ) k|ltzt
k|ltzt Jofkf/ cltl/Qm lgof{t cltl/Qm lgof{t !^_ @∞ dfly÷aif{ s]tlj,s[ljd, eG;f/
cfTdlge{/tf Jofkf/ 3f6f
3f6f Jofkf/ Jofkf/ hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ ljefu
!=$∞ -@)!%_ eGbf
a9L gePsf]
P]ltxfl;s lgdf{0f
b/sf] cfwf/, ;+u7g
tyf Joj:yfkg, /
;DefJo l;FrfO of]Uo
If]q leqM /fof]cf, l;Fd, s]tlj,
jif}{el/
@%=@ k|ltzt #% k|ltzt ^) k|ltzt *) k|ltzt ;tx l;FrfOM !))) s[ljd, cd, cfly{s
l;FrfO
x]÷jif{ ;j]{If0f
lbuf]]kg cfw'lgs l;+rfO{M
(Sustainable)
$))) x]÷jif{
6\o'jj]nM !,%),)))
x]S6/
–PsLs[t df6f] /
Dff6f]df jfnL kf]if0f
k|fª\ufl/s !=(^ k|ltzt #=) k|ltzt #=(@ k|ltzt $ k|ltzt Joj:yfkg k|j4{g s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
kbfy{ –vghf]t, afnL
hLjf+zsf] k|of]u /

75
 kl/sNkgf @)!% sf] cNksfnLg dWosfnLg nIo bL3{sfnLg nIo
;Defu ;"rsx¿ cj:yf nIo -% jif{_ -!) jif{_ -@) jif{_ nIo cg'dfgsf
(Existing cfFs8fsf] ;|f]t
(Vision (Indicators)
situation at
( Short Term (Medium Term (Long Term dfGotfx¿
Component ) Target ) Target) Target )
2015)
PsLs[t afnL kf]if0f
cEof;x¿df ;'wf/
–jgljgfzdf j[l4
gePsf]
–sj'lnotL jg,
;fd'bflos jg, /
lghL jg cGtu{tsf
If]qdf !)∞ j[l4
x}lzot –k'g:yf{kg÷j[Iff/f]k0f
jg tyf e" ;+/If0f
ljlu|Psf] Ul/aL Go"gLs/0f b/
#=&@ ldlnog @=** ldlnog @=%^ ldlnog !=^ ldlnog dGqfno, s]tlj,
hldg hf/L -@)))–@)!)_
x]S6/ x]S6/ x]S6/ x]S6/ s[ljd
(degraded –e"ld ;+/If0f / e"ld
land) k'gp{Tyfg
sfo{qmdx¿
–a9\bf] ljB't If]q,
-36\bf] bfp/f pmhf{
sf] dfu_
v'b kl/jt{g gePsf]
h+unn] –k|efjsf/L e" jg tyf e" ;+/If0f
9fs]sf] $$=& k|ltzt $$=& k|ltzt $$=& k|ltzt $$=& k|ltzt pkof]u Joj:yfkg dGqfno
lgodgsf] nfu"
ul/Psf]
hldgsf] lgDg sf/0fn] %∞ s]tlj, cd, cfly{s
#,@&* $,!*$ %,##( *,^(& cd]l/sL
pTkfbsTj s[lif s'n ufx{:y ;j]{If0f, s[lif ljsf;
cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/ 8n/
-s[lifIf]qsf] pTkfbg j[l4 dGqfno

76
 kl/sNkgf @)!% sf] cNksfnLg dWosfnLg nIo bL3{sfnLg nIo
;Defu ;"rsx¿ cj:yf nIo -% jif{_ -!) jif{_ -@) jif{_ nIo cg'dfgsf
(Existing cfFs8fsf] ;|f]t
(Vision (Indicators)
situation at
( Short Term (Medium Term (Long Term dfGotfx¿
Component ) Target ) Target) Target )
2015)
s'n ufx{:y –l;FrfOsf] lj:tf/
pTkfbg k|lt –;'wfl/Psf
x]S6/_ cEof;x¿
–;'wfl/Psf]
;fdfu|Lsf] k|of]u
–lj:tfl/t u|fdL0f
k"jf{wf/x¿
–v]tL ul/Psf] hUuf
la:tf/ gePsf]
lgDg sf/0fx¿n]
!!=*∞÷jif{ glthfsf]
s'n ufx{:y
* k|ltzt ( k|ltzt !! k|ltzt !^ k|ltzt cf};t j[l4 d"No
pTkfbgdf
–Joj;fonfO{ an cd, cfly{s ;j]{I0f,
s[lif
k'¥ofpg] ;'lw|Psf]
Joj;fosf]
jftfj/0f
k|ltzt
–s[lif Joj;fo
nufgLdf j[l4
lgDg sf/0fn]
lgof{tsf] !@=#∞ /
cfotsf] @=!∞
k|lt:kwL{ Jofkf/ 3f6f Jofkf/ 3f6f Jofkf/ 3f6f Jofkf/ art Jofkf/ tyf lgof{t
s[lif Jofkf/ -a[l4÷aif{_
(Competitive) !,!@# ldlnog !,)&# ldlnog **@ ldlnog %)* ldlnog k|j4{g s]Gb|
;Gt'ng –pRr d"Nosf
cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/
afnLgfnLsf]
pTkfbgdf j[l4
–afnL pAhfpdf j[l4

77
 kl/sNkgf @)!% sf] cNksfnLg dWosfnLg nIo bL3{sfnLg nIo
;Defu ;"rsx¿ cj:yf nIo -% jif{_ -!) jif{_ -@) jif{_ nIo cg'dfgsf
(Existing cfFs8fsf] ;|f]t
(Vision (Indicators)
situation at
( Short Term (Medium Term (Long Term dfGotfx¿
Component ) Target ) Target) Target )
2015)
–d"No clej[l4df a[l4
–u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/df
;'Wff/
–s[lifhGo Jofkf/
nufgLdf j[l4
Jofkf/ tyf lgof{t
s[lifhGo @%% ldlnog $%^ ldlnog *!$ ldlnog @,%(* ldlnog lgof{t j[l4
k|j4{g s]Gb|
lgof{t cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/ !@=#∞÷aif{
dlxnfsf] jf
e"ld zLif{ssf] btf{df
;+o'Qm
@)∞÷jif{ j[l4 s]tlj, e"ld ;"wf/
:jfldTjdf
!^ k|ltzt @) k|ltzt #) k|ltzt %) k|ltzt –n}ª\lus / e"ldsf] tyf Joj:yfkg
/x]sf]
d'2fdf ;r]tgf dGqfno
s[lifof]Uo
sfo{qmdx¿
hUuf k|ltzt
;dfj]zL aflx/L kx'Frdf %∞
(Inclusive)
j[l4
s[lif
–a9\bf] u|fdL0f
sfo{qmdsf] s[ljd, s]tlj,
!*=@ k|ltzt @@ k|ltzt @^ k|ltzt #@ k|ltzt k"jf{wf/
kx'Frleqsf s[lj/s[lif k|;f/
–;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlw
s[ifs lgb]z
{ gfno, k;]lj
;]jfsf] lj:tf/
k|ltzt
–s[lifhGo Jofkf/
;]jfdf %∞÷aif{ j[l4
j[l4 s[lif If]qsf] –Af9\bf] pTkfbsTj
@=@# k|ltzt -
(Growth) s"n ufx{:y $ k|ltzt % k|ltzt ^ k|ltzt j[l4
*_
pTkfbgsf] –a9]sf] nufgL

78
 kl/sNkgf @)!% sf] cNksfnLg dWosfnLg nIo bL3{sfnLg nIo
;Defu ;"rsx¿ cj:yf nIo -% jif{_ -!) jif{_ -@) jif{_ nIo cg'dfgsf
(Existing cfFs8fsf] ;|f]t
(Vision (Indicators)
situation at
( Short Term (Medium Term (Long Term dfGotfx¿
Component ) Target ) Target) Target )
2015)
cf};t j[l4b/ –a9]sf] u|fdL0f
k"jf{wf/
lgDg sf/0fn] s[lif
>ddf )=&∞ j[l4
–cGo If]qtkm{ hfg'
–aflx/L a;fOF ;/fO
s[lif If]qsf]
–36\bf] hg;ª\Vof cy{ dGqfno
s'n ufx{:y *#% !,)@( !,@^* !,(@^
j[l4 b/ cfly{s ;j]{If0f,
pTkfbg÷s[lif cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/
hLljsf]kfh{g lgDg sf/0fn] s[lif s]tlj
>lds
(Livelihood) s"ufpsf] %∞ a[l4
–a9]sf] pTkfbg,
nfufgL / k"jf{wf/
–;'lw|Psf cEof;x¿
Hff/L 36\bf] b/
u|fdL0f
$=*∞÷jif{ -@))#– g]kfn hLjg:t/
If]qx¿df @$=# k|ltzt !( k|ltzt !% k|ltzt ( k|ltzt
@))$-@)!#/!$ ;j]{If0f
u/LaL 36\bf] b/ #=$%_
vfB tyf Hff/L 36\bf] b/
kf]if0f ;'/Iff vfB hlgt &=%∞÷jif{ -@)))– g]kfn hLjg:t/
ul/aL -**_ @&=^ k|ltzt !( k|ltzt !# k|ltzt ^ k|ltzt
(Food and @)!% 36\bf] b/ ;j]{If0f
Nutration $=*%_

79
 kl/sNkgf @)!% sf] cNksfnLg dWosfnLg nIo bL3{sfnLg nIo
;Defu ;"rsx¿ cj:yf nIo -% jif{_ -!) jif{_ -@) jif{_ nIo cg'dfgsf
(Existing cfFs8fsf] ;|f]t
(Vision (Indicators)
situation at
( Short Term (Medium Term (Long Term dfGotfx¿
Component ) Target ) Target) Target )
2015)
Security) k'8\sf]kg
(stunting) k'8\sf]kg k'8\sf]kg
#&=$ k|ltzt, k'8\sf]kg (stunting) (stunting)
(stunting)
@( k|ltzt, @) k|ltzt, * k|ltzt,
sd tf}n
(underweight) sd tf}n sd tf}n
#)=! k|ltzt, sd tf}n (underweight) (underweight)
(underweight)
–kf]if0f lzIff
;'s]gf; x'g] @) k|ltzt, x'g] !# k|ltzt, x'g] % k|ltzt,
–:jf:Yo ;]jfsf]
Kff]if0f -Vofp6]kgf_ g]kfn :jf:Yo
;'s]gf; nfu]sf ;'s]gf; nfu]sf aflx/L kx'rdf
nfu]sf ;'s]gf; nfu]sf hgzf+lvs ;j]{If0f
hg;ª\Vof hg;ª\Vof lj:tf/
hg;ª\Vof hg;ª\Vof
(wasting) sf] (wasting) sf] –ul/aL Go"gLs/0f
(wasting) sf]
(wasting) sf] k|ltzt @, k|ltzt !,
k|ltzt !!=#, k|ltzt %,

laPdcfO{ (Body laPdcfO{ sd laPdcfO{ sd

laPdcfO{ sd ePsf dlxnfsf] ePsf dlxnfsf]
Mass Index) sd
ePsf dlxnfsf] k|ltzt !# k|ltzt %
ePsf dlxnfsf] k|ltzt !%
k|ltzt !*=!

80
@)!) / @)!% kl/b[Zosf ;|f]tx¿
 Agricultural trade balance and Agricultural Exports: TEPC, Nepal Foreign Trade Statistcs 2995/96 to
2014/15, and Department of Customs Foreign Trade Statistics 2015/16 .
 Year-round irrigation coverage, Department of Irrigation DOI (2016); National Planning Commission NPC
(2009), CBS NSCA (2011/12); Ministry of Agriculture Development, MOAD (2014/15); MOF Economic
Survey (2016)
 Soil organic matter: Soil Management Directorate, Department of Agricutlure (2014/15 and 2015/16)
 Ha degraded land: Ministry of Environment Science and Technology, MOEST (2005); Department of
Forest Research and Survey, DFRS (1999 & 2016); Department of Forest, DOF (1999), Environmental
Statistics of Nepal (2015); Department of Agriculture (2014/15)
 Forest cover: Department of Forest Research and Survey, DFRS (2016); Approach Paper 14 th Plan
 Agricultural land productivity (AGDP/ha): CBS NSCA (2011/12); MOF Economic Survey (2016).
 Agribusiness Share of GDP: MOF Economic Survey, (2016), .
 Percent of land ownership by women/ joint ownership: CBS NSCA (2091/92); NSCA (2001/02) & NSCA
(2011/12)
 Percent of farmers’ reached by agriculture programs: Directorate of Extension, Department of
Agriculture (2013/14), and Dept of Livestock Services
 Average annual growth of AGDP: MOF Economic Survey (2016) and CBS National Account
 AGDP/ Agricultural labor: MOF Economic Survey (2016); CBS Population Monograph Vol. III, (2014)
 Poverty in Rural Areas: CBS NLSS (1995/96, 2003/04 & 2010/11); CBS Annual Household Survey
(2012/13 & 2013/14)
 Self-sufficiency in food grains: Statistical Information of Nepalese Agriculture, MOAD (2014/15); MOF
Economic Survey (2016); TEPC and Dept of Customs Nepal Foreign Trade Statistics (2010/11 to 2015/16).
 Stunting of children 0-60 months: Nepal and Health Demographic Survey (2001, 2006 & 2011); CBS
NLSS (2010/11); CBS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (2014)
 Proportion of food insecure: CBS Nepal Living Standard Survey (2010/11); CBS Annual Household
Survey (2012/13 & 2013/14); NRB Household Budget Survey (2014/15)

Note: National Peasants Coalition questioned on the reliability of the data regarding land degradation and has submitted its view
that the current area under degraded land should not be more than 1 million hectare.

81
82
$= /0fgLlts ¿k/]vf
$=! Pl8P; sf nflu s[lif ¿kfGt/0fsf] tfTko{

!&#_ Pl8P;n] g]kfnsf] s[lifIf]qnfO{ cfufdL aL; jif{;Dd dfu{lgb]{z ug]{ 5 . o;aLr g]kfndf s[lifIf]qsf]
;+/rgfdf ljrf/0fLo lsl;dn] kl/jt{g eO{ s[lifeGbf cem l56f] s[lif Joj;fo km:6fpg] ck]Iff
ul/Psf] 5 . cy{tGqdf s[lif tyf c¿ If]qx¿aLrsf] alnof] xft]dfnf] ljz]if u/L u|fdL0f If]qsf] ul/aL
Go"gLs/0fdf ljz]if dxŒjk"0f{ x'g] 5 . lsgeg] s[lifdf cfwfl/t u}/ s[lif lqmofsnfkx¿ dha't cy{tGqsf]
;du| j[l4 cem a9L ;Gt'lnt u|fdL0f cy{tGq / /f]huf/L l;h{gfsf cfwf/ x'g] 5g\ .

!&$_ o; ;Gbe{df Pl8P;n] s[lif If]qsf] ljifdtfnfO{ x]g{] / pTkfbg If]q -afnL, kz', dT:o, jglj1fg_ dfq
geO{ k|zf]wg If]q, Jofkf/ / cGo ;]jfx¿ -e08f/0f, oftfoft, d;nGb, ljQLo, ahf/Ls/0f, cg';Gwfg,
k|;f/_ ;d]t ;d]6\g] sfd klg lbg of]Uo 5 .

!&%_ k|:t't of]hgf g]kfnsf] s[lif ¿kfGt/0fsf] j}rfl/s ¿k/]vfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} k|ltkfbg ul/Psf] xf]Ù h'g
g]kfnL ;dfh d'VotM s[lifdf cfwfl/t /xg]b]lv lnP/ ;]jf If]q / pBf]uaf6 k|foM cfkm\gf] cfDbfgL k|fKt
u5{g\ . o;/L of] of]hgf g]kfnsf] d'VotM s[lifdf cfwfl/t /xg]b]lv lnP/ ;]jf / pBf]uaf6 k|foM cfkm\gf]
cfDbfgL k|fKt ug]{ ;dfhsf] s[lif ¿kfGt/0fsf] j}rfl/s ¿k/]vfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ k|ltkfbg ul/Psf] xf] . of]
k|lqmofdf g]kfnL hgtfsf] vfB pTkfbg / ljt/0f Joj:yfkgsf] 9fFrf, u|fdL0f u}/ s[lif If]qsf ;fy} u|fdL0f
If]qsf] ljsf;, dhb'/ tyf e"ld pj{/tf, Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng, o'jf /f]huf/L / jfXo a;fOF ;/fO, s[lifdf
dlxnfsf] e"ldsf / uDeL/ ¿kdf nuftf/ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;Gbe{df k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] Joj:yfkg
h:tf s'/fx¿df uxg tfTko{ /xg] 5 . Pl8P;n] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] dxŒjfsfª\Iff / ljjztf cg';f/ s[lif
¿kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmof b|"t ultdf cl3 a9]sf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] ;fy} o;sf] z}nLsf] klg ;'lglZrt
ug]{ 5 .

!&^_ ¿kfGt/0fsf] of] k|lqmofdf w]/} s'/fx¿ Ps} k6s klg x'g] 5g\ .30 s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg / dhb'/Ldf s[lifsf]
lx:;f 36] klg s[lif pTkfbg / o;sf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg a9\g] 5 . To;}n] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf]
lx:;fdf sd eP klg s[lifdf s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg cem a9\b} 5 .

!&&_ Pl8P; sf nflu s[lif ¿kfGt/0f cg'ejsf] kf7af6 lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG531
s= lj1fg / k|ljlwdf nufgL a9fpg] . lqsf]0fLo 1fg, cg';Gwfg lzIff / lj:tf/df nufgL ug]{ .
v= Jofkstfdf cfwfl/t / ;dfj]zL s[lif clej[l4sf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ . ;fdflhs / ef}uf]lns
c;dfgtfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿df nufgL ug]{ .
u= ;fgf ls;fgnfO{ g]kfn / ljb]zdf a9\b} uO/x]sf] ;x/L hg;ª\Vofsf] ck]lIft cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{
;Sg] k|lt:kwL{ d"No z[ª\vnf;Fu ;dGjo u/fpg] .

30
Timmer 2007.
31
Based on Goletti 2011
83
 3= u|fdL0f g]kfnsf] cfly{s ;+/rgfnfO{ pmhf{ lbg] u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/ / u|fdL0f s[lif pBdx¿sf] k|rf/
ug]{ .

$=@ s[lif ljsf; / ul/aL Go"gLs/0f

!&*_ ;|f]t ;fwgdf ul/a b]zx¿df lbOPsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg j[l4 b/n] u}/ s[lif j[l4 b/eGbf kfFr u'0ff
a9L ul/aL x6fpF5, / s[lif k"FhLdf nufgLn] ef]sd/L 36fpgdf ;xof]u u5{ .32 s[lif ljsf;sf nflu s[lifdf
nufgL dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . g]kfndf t'ngfTds b/df tLg k|ltztn] dfq s[lif ljsf; ePh:t} ;fljssf]
Joj;fo kl/of]hgf klg ul/aL 36fpg] ;dodf ck|ToIf k|efj kg]{ 5 . olb ljuts} h:tf] sd j[l4 b/
sfod /Xof] eg] clxn]sf kRrL; k|ltzt ul/aL b/ cfwf ug{ g} aL; jif{eGbf a9L nfUg] 5 . -/]vflrq g+=
!@ x]g'{xf];\ ._ kfFr k|ltztsf b/n] tLj| ljsf;åf/f ul/aL cfwf ug{ bz jif{eGbf sd nfUg] 5 . Pl8P;n]
s[lif ljsf; / ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf nflu s[lif If]qdf a9LeGbf a9L nufgLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ 5 .

Poverty
Rate
25%
Poverty Reduction with Growth at 3% More than 20 years
to halve poverty

20%

15%

10% Less than 10 years

to halve poverty

Poverty Reduction with Growth at 5%

5%
2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 2031

lrq !@M j[l4 / ul/aL Go"gLs/0f33

32
Christiansen, L., Demery, L., and Kuhl, J. 2010. The evolving role of agriculture in poverty reduction: an
empirical perspective, Journal of Developing Economiecs, 96:239-254.
33
Based on growth poverty elastisticity of -2.
84
$=# Pl8P; sf] ¿k/]vfM k|efj, pknlAw, k|ltkmn, lqmofsnfkx¿

cf gf] ;kgf k|fKt ug{ Pl8P;n] s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf] ult rf/ cf]6f /0fgLlts ;Defux¿åf/f
a9fpg] 5 . tL ;Defux¿ ;'zf;g, pTkfbsTj, kmnbfoL Joj;foLs/0f / k|lt:kwf{Tdstf x'g\ . o;sf
;fy;fy} Pl8P;n] ;dfj]zLs/0f -;dflhs / ef}uf]lns_ b'j}, lghL If]q / ;xsf/L If]q clg Jofkfl/s
k"jf{wf/;Fu ;dGjo -h:t}M s[lif dfu{, ;ª\sng s]Gb|, Koflsª s]Gb|, ahf/ If]q_, ;"rgfsf k"jf{wf/ / ;"rgf
;~rf/ k|ljlw clg pmhf{sf k"jf{wf/ -h:t}M u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f, gjLs/0fLo / j}slNks pmhf{sf ;|f]tx¿_
sf] klg k|rf/ ug]{ 5 . ;dfj]zL, bL3{sfnLg, ax'dfuL{o / ;Dks{df cfwfl/t j[l4b/ tLj|tfsf] kl/0ffd pRr
vfB / kf]if0fsf] ;'/Iff, ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, s[lif Jofkf/sf] k|lt:kwf{, u|fdL0f 3/w'/Lsf] pRr / plrt
cfDbfgL / ls;fgsf ;'lglZrt ul/Psf clwsf/x¿ h:tf kl/0ffdx¿ ck]Iff ul/Psf 5g\ . /]vflrq gDa/
!# n] Pl8P; sf] /0fgLlts ¿k/]vfsf] :ki6Ls/0f k|bfg ub{5 .

!= vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff

@= ul/jL Go"gLs/0f
#= s[lif Joj;fodf k|lt:kwf{Tdstf
$= pRr / cem} yk ;dtfd"ns cfo
%= ls;fgx¿sf cflwsf/ ;'/lIft / ;'b[9
;dfj]zLs/0f lghL If]q,
;xsf/L If]q

lbuf]kg ;';DjGw ÷;Dks{

Gffkmfd"ns
;'zf;g pTkfbsTj
Joj;foLs/0f
k|lt:kwf{Tdstf

lrq !#M s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] /0fgLlts ¿k/]vf

!&(_ Pl8P; ¿k/]vfdf k|efj, pknlAw, k|ltkmn / lqmofsnfkx¿sf] tfls{s qmdx¿ 5g\ . oL ;Dk"0f{
qmdx¿n] cluNnf] efudf k|:t't ul/Psf] Pl8P; sf] p2]Zo k|flKtdf of]ubfg lbg] 5g\ .

85
$=$ Pl8P; sf] k|efj

!*)_ Pl8P; sf] s'n k|efjdf lj:tfl/t vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff, ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, k|lt:kwf{Tdstf, 3/w'/Lsf]
pRr / plrt cfDbfgL clg ls;fgsf] clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf u/L kfFr k|sf/sf 5g\ . k|efjsf ;"rsx¿
Tfflnsf !( df lbOPsf 5g\ .
Tflnsf !(M Pl8P; k|efjsf ;"rsx¿
k|efj ;"rs
 % jif{ d'lgsf aRrfx¿df -pd]/ cg';f/sf] cUnfO cg';f/_ k'8\sf]kg
vfB tyf kf]if0fsf]  % jif{ d'lgsf aRrfx¿df -pd]/ cg';f/sf] tf}n cg';f/_ sd tf}n
;'/Iff  % jif{ d'lgsf aRrfx¿df -pd]/ cg';f/sf] cUnfO cg';f/_ Vofp6]kg
 k|hgg pd]/sf dlxnfdf zlQm cNktfsf] clwstf -ljPdcfO{ sf] gfk cg';f/_
ul/aL Go"gLs/0f  u|fdL0f ul/aLsf] ;fem]bf/L
k|lt:kwf{Tdstf  s[lif Jofkf/df ;Gt'ng

pRr / plrt  k|ltJolQm cfo

cfDbfgL  lugL u'0ffª\s

s[ifsx¿sf] clwsf/sf]  vfB tyf vfB ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] sfg'g

;'lglZrttf /  Pl8P; d'Vo ;ldltdf ls;fg k|d'vx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj
dha'bLs/0f  ls;fgsf] clwsf/sf] sfg'g, ls;fgsf] ;ldlt

$=$=! vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff

!*!_ Pl8P; sf ;Dk"0f{ pknlAw, k|ltkmn / ultljlwx¿n] k|ToIf jf k/f]If ¿kdf vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf
of]ubfg ug]{ 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} Pl8P;n] s0ff{nL h:tf] cToGt dsf{df k/]sf If]qsf ;'Ts]/L tyf ue{jtL
dlxnf, hghflt, blnt, ;d"xsf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ 5 . pQm pTkfbg
/fli6«o Wjhfafxs sfo{qmdsf] ¿kdf cfof]hgf ul/g] 5 . o;n] g]kfn s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff of]hgf, vfB
tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{of]hgf, vfB / vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf Pp6f gofF kfFr jif]{ lj:t[t sfo{qmd
;lxtsf] pksfo{qmdx¿ cfof]hgf ug]{ 5 . vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfof{Gjogdf ev{/} kfl/t ePsf]
ax'If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf;Fu} sfd ug]{ 5 .

!*@_ pTkfbsTjdf Pl8P; sf] ;Defu b'O{sf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf o;/L k|efj k5{M
s= pRr pTkfbsTj / k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] lbuf] k|of]uåf/f g]kfndf bL3{sfnLg z}nLaf6 vfB pTkfbgsf]
dfqf a9fP/ .
v= ;'wfl/Psf] vfB/bfgf/aLp ;l~rtL, cfktsfnLg l:ylt / hnjfo' cg's"n s[lif cEof;, cfktsfnLg
cj:yfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ tTk/tf b]vfO{ s[ifssf] c;'/Iff 36fP/ .

!*#_ gfkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0fdf Pl8P; sf] ;Defu tLgsf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf o;/L k|efj kb{5M -s_
cfDbfgL a9fP/ -v_ ahf/ kx'Fr ;'wf/ u/]/ -u_ kf]:6 xfe]{:6 3f6f 36fP/ .

86
!*$_ k|lt:kwf{Tdstfdf Pl8P; sf] ;Defu $ sf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf o;/L k|efj k5{M -s_ vfB ;'/Iff
;'wf/ u/]/ -v_ vfBsf] ljljwtfsf nflu Jofkf/df e/ k/]/ -u_ dlxnf, o'jf, pk]lIft ;d"x / b'u{d If]qsf
JolQmx¿åf/f ;d]t ;~rflnt n3', ;fgf / dWod s[lif pBdsf] ljsf;sf] ult a9fP/ .

$=$=@ ul/aL Go"gLs/0fM

!*%_ /]vflrqdf k|blz{t Pl8P; ¿k/]vfdf ljlzi6tf lbP cg';f/ Pl8P; sf] b|'tultsf] ljsf; cToGt
dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . s[lifsf] b|'t ljsf;, ;'wfl/Psf] zf;g, pTkfbsTjdf j[l4, gfkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0f /
k|lt:kwf{Tdstfsf] j[l4 u/]/ s[lifdf b|'t ljsf; xfl;n ul/g] 5 . efu $=@ n] cfly{s ljsf; Psbd Go"g
ultdf eO/xFbf s[lif ljsf; ul/aL 36fpg] Pp6f zlQmzfnL tl/sfsf] ¿kdf k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 .
Pl8P; oxL d'Vo lgisif{df /xG5 / dsf{df k/]sf, ul/a 3/kl/jf/, lgjf{xd'vL ls;fg clg e"ldxLg u|fdL0f
3/kl/jf/nfO{ nlIft agfO{ ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ pkfosf] ;'lglZrttfsf ;fy k|rf/ u5{ . o;sf nflu
Pl8P;n] Joj;foLs/0fdf Go"g kx'Fr ePsf k|fyldstf lbOPsf d"No z[ª\vnfsf nflu ahf/ cg's"ng u5{
/ dsf{df k/]sfx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ub}{ n3' tyf ;fgf s[lif pBdsf] k|rf/ u5{ .

$=$=# s[lif Jofkf/af6 x'g] jrt

!*^_ g]kfnsf] s[lif j}b]lzs ljlgdosf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ ;|f]t x'g ;S5 . Pl8P;n] ljsf; ;Defjgf ePsf]
b]zdf vfBGg / s]xL ;fdu|L cfoft k|lt:yfkgdf k|o{fKttfsf] krf/ ub{5 . cem dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f s] xf] eg]
g]kfndf s]xL s[lif ;fdu|Ldf t'nfgfTds kmfObf 5 / pko'Qm gLlt tyf nufgL u/]/ of] b]z k|lt:kwL{ /
pRr d"Nosf pTkfbgsf] v'b s[lif lgof{tstf{ x'g ;S5 .

$=$=$ u|fdL0f 3/kl/jf/sf] pRr / plrt cfDbfgL

!*&_ Pl8P;n] pRr cfDbfgL / ;'wfl/Psf] hLjgz}nL / vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffåf/f s[ifs / s[lif pBdLsf]
;d[l4sf] p2]Zo /fVb5 . ul/aL / ljsf;aLrsf] ;DaGw 5nkmn ul/Psf] efu $=@ n] ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf
cfDbfgL ljt/0fsf] dxŒjnfO{ a9fjf lbPsf] 5 . h:t}M cfDbfgLsf] clws c;dfg ljt/0fn] ul/aL Go"gLs/0f
ljsf; sfo{df c;/ ub{5 . Pl8P;n] pk]lIft ;d"x / If]qsf] ;dfj]z clg d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf;sf] kx'Frsf]
klg k|rf/ ub{5 . pQm d"No z[ª\vnfsf] ljsf; o;sf] nfef+zsf] cem ;dfg ljt/0fdf hf]8 lbg]
ul/ax¿sf] ahf/df cfwfl/t x'G5 . To;}u/L Pl8P;n] k/Dk/fut ¿kdf kl5 kfl/Psf ;d"xÙ h:t}M dlxnf,
o'jf / c¿ ljkGg blnt / hghflt ;d"xåf/f rnfOPsf s[lif pBd ljsf;sf] k|rf/ ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 .

$=$=% s[ifsx¿sf] dhj'b ul/Psf] clwsf/

!**_ Pl8P;n] /0fgLltsf] of]hgf ug{, lg0f{o lng, sfof{Gojg ug{ / lg/LIf0f ug{sf lglDt s[ifssf] ;xeflutf
;'lglZrt ug{ ;+:yfut k|lqmof pknAw u/fpF5 . Pl8P;n] ljz]if u/L s[ifssf k|ltlglwx¿ o;sf] s]Gb|Lo
/ :yfgLo txsf dxŒjk"0f{ ;dGjofTds k|lqmofsf lx:;f x'g\ eGg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrt u/fpF5Ù h:t}M pgLx¿
87
 Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjog ;ldltsf ;~rfns ;b:o x'g\, pgLx¿ g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\sf] af]8{df 5g\,
pgLx¿ nueu rf/ xhf/ uflj;df /x]sf ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jfs]Gb|sf] af]8{df 5g\, pgLx¿ s[lif
Jofj;flos s[lif u7aGwgsf] / d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; ;+u7gsf ;b:o 5g\, s[lif If]qsf nflu gLlt th'{df
ubf{ / of]hgf k|ltkfbg ubf{ pgLx¿sf] ;Nnfx lnOG5, pgLx¿nfO{ s[lif If]qsf] cg'udg ubf{ klg ;Nnfx
lnOG5 . pgLx¿ lhNnf :t/Lo kf]if0f tyf vfB ;'/Iff ;~hfnsf ;b:o klg x'g\ . oL ;a ;+:yfx¿df
s[ifsx¿sf] k|ltlglw x'Fbf pgLx¿ Pl8P; df cfkm\gf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ / ;an agfpg of]Uo /xg]
5g\ .

!*(_ o; cltl/Qm Pl8P;n] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] l;4fGtdf /x]/ vfB clwsf/ / vfB :jtGqtf;Fu
;DalGwt ljwfgx¿sf] k|ltkfbg klg ub{5 . Pl8P;n] zf;g tŒj cGtu{t s[ifssf] clwsf/ a'emfpg, tL
clwsf/x¿sf] k|rf/ ug{, To;sf] lg/LIf0f ug{ / ltgsf] ;'/Iff ug{ ljz]if kxn ug]{ 5 . To;} u/L g]kfn
;/sf/n] s[lif dGqfnosf] g]t[Tjdf s[lifsf] d'Vo pTkfbgnfO{ ;xfos d"No k|bfg ul/lbg] k|lqmofsf] :yfkgf
ug]{ 5 .

!()_ Pl8P;n] ls;fgsf] clwsf/ a9fpg d2t ug{sf lglDt ls;fgx¿sf] g} pRr:t/Lo / k"0f{ ¿kdf
cflwsfl/s cfof]u :yfkgfsf] k|j4{g ub{5 . ls;fgx¿sf] cfof]usf] ljz]if sfo{lbzf, ;+of]hg /
ls;fgx¿sf] cfof]usf] lgu/fgL ug]{ sfd Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf] k|f/lDes r/0fd} ul/g] 5 .

$=% Pl8P; sf pknlAw / k|ltkmn

!(!= Pl8P; sf d'Vo rf/ pknlAwx¿ 5g\M

pknlAw != — ;'wfl/Psf] zf;g
pknlAw @= — pRr pTkfbsTj
pknlAw #= — gfkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0f
pknlAw $= — a9fOPsf] k|lt:kwf{Tdstf

!(@= tflnsf @) df /0fgLltsf k|To]s pknlAwsf] k|ltkmn k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ .

tflnsf @)M Pl8P; sf /0fgLlts ;Defusf nIox¿

jt{dfg l:ylt jt{dfg l:ylt
pknlAw ;"rs nIo
-@)!)_ -@)!%_
jflif{s cf}ift
jflif{s cf}ift # @=@# k|ltztn] jflif{s cf}ift %
zf;g s[lif pTkfbgdf j[l4
k|ltztn] j[l4 j[l4 -*_ k|ltztn] j[l4
k|ltx]S6/ !*)$ k|ltx]S6/ #,@&* k|ltx]S6/ $&*&
e"ldsf] pTkfbsTj
cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/
pTkfbsTj k|lt dhb'/
dhb'/sf] k|lt dhb'/ &($ k|lt dhb'/ !*##
*#% cd]l/sL
pTkfbsTj cd]l/sL 8n/ cd]l/sL 8n/
8n/
88
 jt{dfg l:ylt jt{dfg l:ylt
pknlAw ;"rs nIo
-@)!)_ -@)!%_
s[lif pTkfbgsf]
s[lif pTkfbgsf] %) s[lif pTkfbgsf] *)
ahf/Ls[t jrt %) k|ltzteGbf
k|ltzteGbf sd k|ltzteGbf a9L
sd
Jofj;flosLs/0f
s[lifsf] s'n
s[lif Jofkf/sf] s'n s'n ufx{:ysf] !) s'n u|fx:tsf]
ufx{:ysf] @)
ufx{:y pTkfbg k|ltzt * k|ltzt
k|ltzt
k|lt:kwf{Tdstf kRrL; s/f]8 b'O{ c/a cd]l/sL
rf}aL; s/f]8 c;L
s[lif vfBsf] lgof{t krf; nfv 8n/
nfv cd]l/sL 8n/
cd]l/sL 8n/

$=%=! ;'wfl/Psf] zf;g

!(#_ Pl8P; df ;'wfl/Psf] zf;g eGgfn]34 ;/sf/sf] of]hgf k|ltkfbg / sfof{Gjog gLlt / k|jfx sfo{sf]
Ifdtf eGg] hgfpF5 . of] Ifdtflagf Pl8P; sfof{Gjog x'g] 5}g . zf;gsf d'Vo tŒjx¿M35 hjfkmb]lxtf,
;xeflutf, k"jf{g'dfg ug{ ;lsg] ljz]iftf / kf/blz{tf x'g\ .

!($_ s[lif If]qsf] ;xof]usf nflu k6sk6s 3f]if0ffx¿ eP tfklg pQm If]qnfO{ ;xof]u lbg] gLlt of t
k|ltkfbg g} ePsf 5}gg\ of t sfof{Gjog ePsf 5}gg\ . ;d:of rsf{pg'df d'Vo g]tfsf] sfo{sfndf
k6sk6s kl/jt{g, gLlt sfo{qmd / of]hgf sfof{Gjg clg gLlts} Ps¿ktfsf] ljifosf nflu klg ;d:of
a9fpg] sfd d'Vo x'g\ . o;sf] kl/0ffd rflxF gLltsf] ljZj;gLotfsf] cefj xf] . h'g cl3Nnf
sfo{qmdx¿sf] c;kmntfsf] nflu s]xL xb;Dd lhDd]jf/ 5 . o:tf] l:yltaf6 aRg Pl8P;n] gLlt
k|ltk4tfsf] /fd|f] ljZj;gLotfsf] nflu nIo lgwf{/0f u5{ / To;sf] plrt tl/sfn] lg/LIf0f u5{ .
Pl8P;n] ljleGg ;+:yfx¿, ljleGg tx -s]Gb|Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo_ / ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnf -;/sf/,
gful/s ;dfh, ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/_x¿aLr rflxg] ;dGjo / k|efjsf/L of]hgfsf jfwfx¿sf] klg klxrfg
ub{5 . zf;sLo pknlAw xfl;n ug{ k|efjsf/L ;dGjo / of]hgf d'Vo pknlAw x'g\ . Pl8P; nfu" ug{
Pp6f sfof{Gjog ;xfotf OsfO{n] ljleGg ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;xh agfpg] 5 . To;} avt Pl8P; sf] ;dfj]z
ug'{kg]{ kIf -n}ª\lus, dsf{df k/]sf] ;d"x, ef}uf]lns dsf{df k/]sf] ;d"x_x¿ pko'Qm klqmofÙ h;n]
;xeflutf / hjfkmb]lxtf ;'lglZrt ub{5, To; kIfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg] 5 . gful/s ;dfh -ls;fgsf
;+:yfx¿, ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿_df ;/sf/ / 5flgPsf ;+:yfx¿ b'jl} eq hgtfs} Ifdtfn] Pl8P; zf;gsf]
;~rfngsf] dha'tLs/0fdf ;/b/ of]ubfg lbg] 5g\ .

!(%_ clt dsf{ k/]sf ;d"xx¿sf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf sd ug{ ljZj;gLo sfo{qmdlagf Pl8P;
/ vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf g} of] of]ubfgsf] ;fob} s'g} ljZj;gLotf xf]nf . Pl8P; sf] ;d:t p2]ZodWo]
Pp6f p2]Zo hgtfsf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf] ;'wf/ ug'{ xf] . of] Ps bL3{sfnLg p2]Zo xf]Ù h;df

34
World Bank 1992, “Governance and Development”, the World Bank
35
ADB 1995, “Governance: Sound Development Management”, Asian Development Bank, October 1995

89
 Pl8P; sf ;a} ;Defux¿n] of]ubfg u5{g\ . t/ cNksfnLg cj:yfdf clt dsf{df k/]sf ;d"xsf] tTsfn
cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ ;/sf/sf] Ifdtfdf g} Pl8P; zf;gsf] hfFr x'g] 5 . of] zf;gsf] hfFrnfO{ k|ltlqmof
lbg zf;g ;~rfng ;Defu cGtu{t Pl8P; df vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff b]zsf] d'Vo sfo{qmdsf] ¿kdf
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

!(^_ Pl8P; sf] kl/sNkgf xfl;n ug{ zf;g ;Defu ;DejtM ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ xf] . o;sf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjogdf sfo{ k|bz{g / kl/0ffddf cfwfl/t Ps ;'wf/ Joj:yfkgsf] h?/L kb{5 . kl/0ffddf cfwfl/t
Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] k|j4{g ug{ dfksx¿ o;} ;Defuleq k/LIf0f ul/g] 5g\ .

!(&_ Pl8P; df lgDg bz sfo{x¿åf/f ;'wfl/Psf] zf;gsf] ;d:t pknlAwx¿ xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 .

Tfflnsf @!M ;'wfl/Psf] zf;gsf]] pknlAwsf] k|ltkmnx¿

qm=;= If]q pknlAw ljj/0f
sfo{qmd g]t[Tjdf / sfo{qmd / cfof]hgf
gLlt ljZj;gLotfsf] ;~rfngdf ls;fgsf] xs k|j4{gdf l:y/
!=! gLltsf] ljZj;gLotf
k|lta4tf ljZj;gLo / :yL/ gLlt / cem a9L
lg/Gt/tf
jt{dfg ;+of]hg ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf dha'b kfg]{ /
/fl6«o of]hgf cfof]u h:tf jt{dfg ;+of]hg
;+:yfleq gofF k|lqmof :yfkgf ug{ clg
Pl8P; sfof{Gjogdf
;/sf/L lgsfosf sfo{qmd / ;xsf/L
!=@ ;dGjo ;+nUg ;+:yfx¿aLr
;+:yf;Fusf] of]hgf, lghL If]q, s[ifs;Fu, u}/
;'wfl/Psf] ;dGjo
;/sf/L ;+:yf / ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/;Fu
;/sf/L ;+:yf sfo{qmd / of]hgf ;+of]hg u/L
gofF cfjZostfsf] ;Daf]wg ug'{
/fl6«o of]hgf cfof]u nfO{ ax'If]qLo of]hgf /
gLltsf] sfof{Gjg lg/LIf0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L
!=# of]hgf th'{df PsLs[t of]hgf th'{df
lbg'sf ;fy} gLlt / of]hgf k|of{Kt ¿kdf
ah]6 ljlgof]hg ePsf] ljZjf; lbnfpg'
ljZn]if0ffTds ;]jf, lgu/fgL / d"Nofª\sg
clg k|fljlws ;xfotfåf/f Pl8P;nfO{ ;xh
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog agfpg s[lif ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{t Pp6f
!=$ sfof{Gjog ;xof]u
;xof]u Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]uL OsfO{ -gLlt tyf
cGt/f{li6«o ;xsfo{ ;dGjo dxfzfvf_ sf]
:yfkgf ug'{
s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo txdf pko'Qm ;+:yfx¿sf]
n}ª\lus ;dfgtf /
n}ª\lus ;dfgtf clg Ifdtf clej[l4åf/f Pl8P; df gLlt of]hgf /
;fdflhs, ef}uf]lns
!=% ;fdflhs / ef}uf]lns sfof{Gjog txsf] n}ªlus ;dfgtf, ;fdflhs
;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu
;dfj]zLs/0f ;dfj]zLs/0f / ef}uf]lns ;dfj]zLs/0f
;+oGq :yfkgf
lglZrt ug{ Jofks ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ug'{
Pl8P; sf] ;dod} cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg ;dod} / Jofjxfl/s
!=^ cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg
k|efjsf/L cg'udg / 9¨n] ug{ Ifdtf clej[l4 / ;|f]tx¿ ;Fu;Fu}
90
 qm=;= If]q pknlAw ljj/0f
d"Nofª\sg ljleGg ;/sf/L OsfO{nfO{ ;fy lbg'
s[ifs ;+:yf, ;xsf/L ;+:yf / Jofkf/÷pBf]u
of]hgf, sfof{Gjog /
;+:yf ;lxtsf] gful/s ;dfh Pl8P; df
Pl8P; sf] cg'udgdf
;xeflutf / ;+nUg ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{, ;"rgfdf kx'Fr
!=& gful/s ;dfhsf]
hjfkmb]lxtf /fVg] clg Pl8P; of]hgf, sfof{Gjog /
;xeflutf :yfkgf ug]{
cg'udgsf] ;doel/ ;'emfj / l;kmfl/;x¿
k|lqmof
k|bfg ug'{
Pl8P; ;xsfo{ /
Pl8P; ;xsfo{ / sfof{Gjog ;'wf/ ug{ nlIft
dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg k|d'v
!=* ;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf lgdf{0f tyf dfgj;|f]t
/ Ifdtf lgdf{0f ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf lgdf{0f
ljsf; s]lGb|t of]hgf agfpg'
ug]{
clt dsf{df k/]sf vfB tyf kf]if0faf6 c;'/lIft ;fdflhs /
!=( vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff ;d"xsf] ;'wfl/Psf] vfB ef}uf]lns ¿kn] dsf{df k/]sf ;d"xnfO{ nlIft
tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff pkfox¿
glthf / sfo{ ;+kfbgdf cfwfl/t
sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf /fd|f] sfo{ ;DkfbgnfO{
Joj:yfkgsf] k|j4{g / sfof{Gjog ug{ dfu{
!=!) cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg k'/:sf/ lbg] of]hgf agfO{
bz{g / /fd|f] :t/df rNg] sfo{k4lt :yfkgf
k4lt ;~rfng ul/Psf] Joj:yf
ug'{

$=%=@ pRr pTkfbsTj

!(*_ e"ld / dhb'/sf] pGgt pTkfbsTj Pl8P; sf] cfwf/lznfd} 5 . s[lif pTkfbsTj a[l4sf] nflu ahf/sf]
dfu;Fu;Fu} s[lif pTkfbgsf] sfo{ Ifdtf / lbuf]kgf a9fpg pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] cg';/0f / hfgsf/L
cfjZos kb{5 . s[lif pTkfbsTj a9fpg s]xL dfkb08 rflxG5g\, h'g lgDg s'/f;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\M
s= s[lifsf] k|efjsf/L cg';Gwfg / k|;f/
v= s[lif ;fdu|Lsf] k|efjsf/L k|of]u
u= k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿ -e"ld, hn, df6f] / jg_sf] k|efjsf/L / bL3{sfnLg cEof; / pkof]u
3= hnjfo' kl/jt{g / k|sf]kk|lt a9\bf] ;dfg's"ng

!((_ Pl8P; df k|ljlw pTkfbg tyf k|;f/df ;+nUg lghL If]q, ;xsf/L If]q, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, cu'jf s[ifs,
s[ifs kf7zfnfsf ;fy} ;/sf/L If]q k|d'v g]t[TjbfoL kfq x'g] 5 . tyflk ;/sf/L If]qsf] cGo stf{sf]
k|of;df ;xsfo{ ug]{, gLlt / of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf ;xhLs/0f ug]{, sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍsg ug]{ / lgodx¿
nfu" u/fpg] sfo{df k|d'v e"ldsf 5 .

@))_ Pl8P;n] s[lif k|;f/df klxn] s]xL stf{x¿ ;+nUg 5g\ / ;do;Fu} ltgsf] pkl:ylt emg\ w]/} dxŒjsf] x'g]
5 eGg] s'/fsf] klxrfg u5{ . ;fj{hlgs k|;f/ ;]jfdf ljzfn dfgj;|f]tsf] j[l4sf] jsfnt ug'{eGbf
Pl8P;n] jt{dfg ;/sf/L dfgj ;|f]tsf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf] a9fjf lbG5 / pgLx¿sf] s[lif k|;f/ ;]jfsf]
;fy} ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsfsf] ;d]t a9fjf ub{5 . of] e"ldsf kl/jt{gn] ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] txdf ;]jf

91
 lj:tf/df cem w]/} dxŒj lbg] 5, hxfF ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/g] 5 / s[lif, kz';]jf /
s[lif ;"rgf / ;~rf/ k|fljlwsx¿ ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|df egf{ ul/g] 5g\ .

@)!_ Pl8P;n] /0fgLltsf] ;kmntfsf nflu pTkfbgsf ;fwg ljz]if u/L e"lddfly s[ifsx¿sf] kx'Fr / lgoGq0f
x'g' r/d dxŒjsf] s'/f xf] eg]/ klxrfg u5{ . e"ld ;DaGwL dxŒjk"0f{ ljifo h:t}M df]lxofgL, e"v08Ls/0f,
pTkfbg Ifo, e"pkof]u of]hgfx¿ Pl8P; sf] sfof{jlwd} ;'lNemg h?/L 5 / ;f]sf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu
s[ifssf ;+:yf, ;xsf/L / lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf, e"ld pTkfbsTjsf] j[l4sf lglDt plrt / k|efjsf/L
;+oGq fjZos kg]{ 5 . o;sf] c;/ e"pTkfbsTjsf] j[l4 / o;n] u|fdL0f 3/w'/Lsf] hLjgdf k|ltljlDat x'g]
5 . g]kfnsf] s[lif ;+/rgfdf cem ;fgf ls;fgsf] k|e'Tj ePsfn] ahf/Ls/0f, ;xsf/L, ljQLo / d;nGb
;fdu|Lsf] cfly{s :t/ k|fKt ug{ s[ifs ;+:yf / ;xsf/Lx¿ cfjZos x'g] 5g\ . >d pTkfbsTj a9fpg
d"No j[l4b/ cg';f/ pgLx¿sf] Hofnf lgoldt ¿kdf gjLs/0f ul/g] 5 .

@)@_ pTkfbsTjsf] j[l4 klg u'0f:t/Lo nufgLsf] ;d;fdlos v'b pTkfbsTj j[l4sf nflu s[lif If]qdf
bL3{sfnLg pTkfbsTj / k|lt:kwf{Tdstf, k|fs[lts ;|f]t / cGo nufgLsf] pGgt k|ljlw clg k|efjsf/L
Joj:yfsf] kx'Fr / ¿kfGt/0fdf e/ kb{5, h'g s'/f Pl8P;n] klxrfg ub{5 . cNksfnLg ;dosf nflu
nlIft ljifo jf ahf/ lu/fj6nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cg'bfg Ps /fd|f] pkfo eP klg bL3{sfnLg ;dodf
pTkfbsTj ;'wf/sf nflu Tof] of]Uo, ;Ifd jf k|efjsf/L ;dfwfg x'g ;Qm}g . s[ifsnfO{ pgLx¿sf]
nufgLsf] /f]hfO / ;]jf a9fpg] sfd ;zQmLs/0f ug{ Pl8P;n] bL3{sfnLg k|ljlw / cEof; k}bf ug]{ /
To;nfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg]{ sfddf hf]8 lbg] 5 ;fy} ef}r/ k4ltsf] klg k|of]u ug]{ 5 .

@)#_ Pl8P; df pGgt pTkfbsTjsf] ;d:t k|ltkmn lgDg !# cf]6f pknlAwåf/f ul/G5 .

tflnsf–@@M pRr pTkfbsTjsf] pknlAw–@ sf nflu k|ltkmnx¿

qm=;= If]q pknlAw ljj/0f
gjLgtd tyf dfud'vL k|ljlw / ;"rgf k|jfx tyf
s[ifs / s[lif pBdsf] cg's"ng k4ltsf nflu s[lif k|;f/df lghL If]q,
@=! k|;f/ cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ ;xsf/L If]q, u}/ ;/sf/L If]q / ;fj{hlgs If]qsf]
k|;f/ k|0ffnLsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f k|j4{g / ul/ad'vL ljs]lGb|t k|;f/ k|0ffnLsf]
:yfkgf
s[lif / s[lif pBdsf] cg';Gwfg—lzIff—k|f;/lar lqsf]0fLo ;+of]hg
cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|f]T;fxg ub}{ s[ifs / s[lif pBddf cfjZos
@=@ cg';Gwfg
cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLsf] cg';Gwfg ug{ ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / pQ/bfloTj axg
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug]{ s'/f Wofg /fVb} gfs{sf] k'g;{+/rgf ug]{
cg';Gwfg / k|;f/aLrsf] 3lgi6 PsTj,
ljZjljBfno, s[lif sn]h / Jofj;flos
ljBfnosf] ;'b[9 Ifdtf / s[ifs tyf s[lif
@=# lzIff ;an s[lif lzIff k|0ffnL
pBdLx¿sf] cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ ;Daf]wg
k4ltnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ PsLs[t dfkb08sf]
lj:t[t Kofs]h lgwf{/0f
@=$ e"ld e"ldsf] /fd|f] / bL3{sfnLg e"pkof]u Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ tyf s[lif If]qsf]

92
qm=;= If]q pknlAw ljj/0f
k|of]usf nflu k|of{Kt s[lif If]q k|j4{gsf nflu e"ldsf] s'zn / lbuf] pkof]u x'g]
u/L rSnfaGbLo'Qm hldg ;lxtsf hUufwgLåf/f
;~rflnt 7"nf ;xsf/Lx¿ / Jofj;flos s[lif
kmfd{ If]qsf] ljsf;

;dtfk"0f{ / ;DefJo tj/n]

;:tf] / plrt ;|f]tåf/f l;FrfOsf] tLj|tf / k|antf
l;FrfO If]qsf] lj:tf/ /
@=% l;FrfO a9fO{ l;FrfO Joj:yf ;'wf/]/ l;FrfOof]Uo If]q
l;FrfOsf] s'zntf clej[l4 tyf
lj:tf/ ug]{ .
Joj:yfkg
u'0f:t/Lo s[lif ;fdfu|L
s[lif ;fdu|L cfk"lt{ / ljt/0fsf nflu lbuf] gLltsf]
@=^ s[lif ;fdfu|L lskmfotL d"Nodf ;dod}
k|ltkfbg u/]/ nfu" ug]{
pknJw
;|f]tx¿df kof{Kt nufgL /
Ifdtf lgdf{0fåf/f aLpljhg
;|f]tx¿df k|ofKt nufgL / Ifdtf lgdf{0fåf/f
@=& aLp ;DaGwL b[li6sf]0f @)!#—@)@%
jt{dfg aLpljhg gLltsf] ;'lglZrttf .
;Fu} jt{dfg aLpljhg gLltsf]
k|efjzfnL sfof{Gjog
5f]6f] ;dosf nflu :jLsfo{ x'g] dfu k"/f ug{ dnvfb / cGo cg'bfgsf]
dnvfb cfk"lt{sf] Jofjxfl/s cNksfnLg ;do;Dd o;s} :t/df sfod /fVg],
;dfwfgn] dWo tyf bL3{sfnLg ltgnfO{ aLrdf k'g/fjnf]sg u/]/ pTkfbsTj /
@=* dnvfb
/0fgLltnfO{ k|:6\ofpF5 / dnvfbsf] k|of]u Ifdtf ;'wfg{ s]xL dfkb08
pTkfbsTj ;'wf/ ug]{ p2]Zo ;'?jft ub}{ ltgnfO{ bL3{sfnLg ;dosf nflu
/fVb5 . Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
s[ifsnfO{ g]kfnsf] s[lif k|0ffnL
Joj:yfsf nflu ;'wfl/Psf kz', kG5L / df5fsf] gZn/k|hflt rfx]sf] txdf
@=( kz' gZn
pko'Qm / ljleGg kz' gZnx¿ ;'lglZrt ug]{
pknAw 5g\ .
lghL If]q dfkm{t\ s[ifsx¿sf]
r]tgf lgdf{0f, dfusf nflu k|f]T;fxg, ;x'lnotk"0f{
@=!) ofGqLs/0f kx'Fr x'g] u/L ofGqLs/0fsf ljQLo aGbf]j:t, Ifdtf ljsf; / ;zQmLs/0f
ko{fKt ljsNkx¿ ;lxt ofGqLs/0fdf ;xof]u .
tgfj ;xgzLn afnL tyf kz'sf] k|of]u, k"j{
r]tfjgL k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf, ls;fg sNof0f sf]if;Fu
hnjfo' kl/jt{g k|sf]k, d"No
ls;fgx¿sf] cl:y/tf clg c¿ cf3ftx¿sf] kx'Fr, vfgf tyf aLh ;~ro k|0ffnL clg hnjfo'
@=!! ;dfg's"ng rt'/ (climate smart) s[lif cEof; h:tf pkfox¿
nflu ls;fgsf] ;' b9
[
(Resilience) k|of]u u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{g, k|sf]k tyf ljz]if
;dfg's"ngf
:jefjsf] em8\sfsf nflu ls;fgx¿sf] ;dfg's"ng
a9fpg] .
c;n s[lif kz' lrlsT;f tyf pTkfbg
lbuf] v]tL tyf c;n s[lif
lbuf] v]tL tyf cEof;x¿sf dfkb08x¿ :yfkgf ug]{ / PsLs[t
cEof;x¿, c;n kz' lrlsT;f
@=!@ c;n s[lif df6f] pj{/tf, af]6 lj?jfsf] kf]if0f, zq'hLj
tyf kz' kfng cEof;x¿
cEof; Joj:yfkg / ayfg (herd) Joj:yfkgsf nflu
:yfkgf tyf ckgfOg] .
c;n cEof;x¿sf] k|j4{g ug'{ tyf ckgfpg'

93
qm=;= If]q pknlAw
k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg Joj:yfkg
tyf hLjgofkg ;'wf/sf nflu
Pslqt Pj+ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
@=!# e"–Joj:yfkg cjwf/0ff ;lxt
jg lj1fg
lgjf{xd'vL pTkfbghGo jg
k}bfjf/nfO{ k|lt:kwL{, s[lifd}qL
tyf ;dfj]zL jg Joj:yfkg
Jojxf/df ljsl;t ul/g] .
ljj/0f
;fy;fy} jfof] Uof; / jfof]df; (Bio gas and Bio
mass) k|of]u u/L gjLs/0fLo pmhf{x¿nfO{ k|j4{g
ug]{ .
k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg Joj:yfkg tyf hLjgofkg
;'wf/sf nflu Pslqt Pj+ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t e"–
Joj:yfkg cjwf/0ff ;lxt lgjf{xd'vL
pTkfbghGo jg k}bfjf/nfO{ k|lt:kwL{, s[lifd}qL
tyf ;dfj]zL jg Joj:yfkg Jojxf/df ljsf;
ul/g] .

$=%=# gfkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0f

@)$_ Pl8P; df gfkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0faf6 k|fKt x'g] pknlAw s[lifsf] ¿kfGt/0faf6 xfl;n x'g] pknlAwsf]
Ps lx:;fsf ¿kdf /xg] 5 . of] ¿kfGt/0f k|lqmofdf, clwsf+z lx:;f s]jn hLljsfsf nflu dfq
v]tLkftL ul/Fb} cfPsf] s[lif, d"ntM lgjf{xd'vL -cGo hLljsf jf 3/kl/jf/sf] vfB ;'/Iffsf] ljsNkx¿
pknAw gePsf]_ cj:yfaf6 clwsf+z lx:;f Joj;foLs/0fsf] p2]Zo lnPsf] s[liftkm{ pGd'v x'g'sf ;fy}
:yfgLo, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ahf/;“u hf]l8Psf] x'g] 5 .

@)%_ Jofj;flos s[liftkm{ ¿kfGtl/t x'gsf nflu ljleGg pkfox¿sf] cjnDag cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf nflu
s]jn ls;fgx¿df dfq geO{ cfwf/e"t ¿kdf s[lifhGo pTkfbgx¿ / ;]jfx¿nfO{ Joj;foLs/0f ug]{
sfo{df ;+nUg s[lif–pBdx¿ / ;xsf/Lx¿df klg s]lGb|t x'g'k5{ . oL pBdx¿df ;fdu|L k|bfosx¿,
pTkfbg sDkgLx¿, ahf/Ls/0f ug]{ ;xsf/Lx¿, e08f/0f ;~rfnsx¿, dfn;fdfgsf] k|aGw ug]{
sDkgLx¿, s[lif k|zf]wgstf{x¿, s[lifhGo tyf vfB pTkfbgx¿sf] cfoftstf{ / lgof{tstf{x¿,
ljt/sx¿, Jofkf/Lx¿, s[lif / s[lifhGo pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t ;xsf/Lx¿ / s[lifhGo ;]jf k|bfosx¿
-ljQLo ;]jf k|bfosx¿, ladf k|bfosx¿, Jofj;flos ;]jf k|bfosx¿ nufot_ kb{5g\ .

@)^_ gfkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0fsf nflu ljleGg pkfox¿sf] cjnDag tyf k|lqmofx¿sf] ;dfof]hg x'g
cfjZos k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, nufgLsf] jftfj/0f cg's"n agfpg / bIftfk"0f{ Jofj;flos s[lif
k|j4{gsf nflu s/f/sf Joj:yfx¿ ;'b[9 u/fpg s/ / ljQLo ;]jfx¿df ;'wf/x¿ cfjZos kb{5 .
Pl8P;n] cy{tGqsf] ;Gt'ngsf] ;'lglZrttf xfl;n u/L /fli6«o cfo / /f]huf/Ldf k|efj kfg{sf nflu
;Lldt ;ª\Vofdf d"No z[ª\vnfx¿sf] k|fyldstf tf]Sg'kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ klg hf]8 lbG5 . cGTodf,
Pl8P;n] Jofj;flos s[lifnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ ef}lts tyf ;+:yfut k"jf{wf/x¿sf] -s[lif ;8sx¿, ljB't, ahf/
;DaGwL hfgsf/L / ahf/ cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLx¿_ ;'wf/df klg ;xof]u ub{5 .

@)&_ Pl8P; df gfkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0f pknlAw tkl;nsf cf7 glthf dfkm{t xfl;n ul/G5 M

94
tflnsf–@#M gfkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0f pknlAw # sf nflu k|ltkmnx¿
qm=;+= If]q glthf ljj/0f
;/sf/;Fu ls;fg ;+3, Jofkf/ ;+3, ;xsf/L tyf
s[lif Joj;foLs/0fsf nflu
#=! nufgL jftfj/0f c¿ lghL ;+:yf sf] ;+/lrt jftf{ dfkm{t\ s[lif
;'lw|t nufgL jftfj/0f
Joj;foLs/0fsf nflu ;'lw|t nufgL jftfj/0f
s/f/ v]tL, hldg tyf ;/;fdfg 7]Ssf / uf]bfd
Jofj;flos s[lifsf nflu
#=@ s/f/ /l;bsf] ;'/lIft sf/f]jf/ ug{] Jofj;flos s[lifsf]
s/f/ Joj:yfx¿
nflu s/f/ Joj:yfx¿
;/sf/nfO{ yk dfqfdf /fh:j lbg] bL3{sfnLg
bIftfk"0f{ s[lif If]qnfO{
#=# s/ nIo ePsf] bIftfk"0f{ s[lif If]qnfO{ ;xf/f lbg]
;xf/f lbg] s/ gLlt
s/ gLlt
ljleGg k|lt:kwf{Tds tyf dfuaf6 rNg] ljQLo
#=$ ljleGg k|lt:kwf{Tds tyf
ljQ tyf ladf tyf s[lif ladf pTkfbg cfk"lt{ ug{] ljljw s[lif
dfuaf6 rNg] pTkfbgx¿
ljQ tyf ladf k|bfos
;fgf :jfldTj ls;fg /
;fgf ls;fg / s[lif pBdLnfO{ d"No clej[l4 /
s[lif pBdLnfO{ d"No
#=% kmfObfx¿ a9fpg] k|lt:kwf{Tds s[lif d"No
d"No z[ª\vnf clej[l4 / kmfObfx¿
z[ª\vnfnfO{ af6 cfPsf] /fli6«o sfo{qmdsf] nflu
a9fpg] k|lt:kwf{Tds s[lif
k|fylds[t ;d"x d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf;
d"No z[ª\vnf
u|fdL0f ;8s ;~hfnsf]
#=^ ;8s u|fdL0f ;8s ;~hfnsf] lj:tf/
lj:tf/
s[lif ahf/ ;"rgf / ahf/
s[lif ahf/ ;"rgf / ahf/ 1fgsf nflu ;"rgf
#=& ahf/ 1fg 1fgsfnflu ;"rgf ;~rf/
;~rf/ k|ljlw pTkfbg
k|ljlw pTkfbg
u|fdL0f u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f / u|fdL0f, ljB'lts/0f / gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ -kfgL,
#=*
ljB'tLs/0f gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ lj:tf/ 3fd, xfjf, jfof]df;, jfof] Uof;_

$=%=$ k|lt:kwf{Tdstfdf j[l4

@)*_ b|'t ultdf j[l4 x'g] s[lifn] cem};Dd klg ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf g]kfnsf nfvf}F hgtfnfO{ ul/aLaf6
dfly p7fpg] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] pkfosf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . ul/aL sd ug{ s[lifdf cfwfl/t a[l4 c¿ cfly{s
If]qaf6 pTkGg x'g] j[l4eGbf b'O{b]lv tLg u'0ff a9L k|efjsf/L 5 . Pl;ofnL cy{tGqsf] cg'ejaf6 s]
b]lvPsf] 5 eg], s[lifsf] j[l4df pTk|]/0ff hufpg] pkfox¿dWo]sf] Pp6f ;a}eGbf ;kmn pkfo eg]sf]
s[lifut pBdLx¿nfO{ nufgLsf nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug'{ / 1fg tyf pTkfbg ;fdu|Ldf kx'“r
a9fP/ pRrtd pTkfbsTj xfl;n ug'{ xf] . lbuf]] j[l4sf nflu ;+/rgfut kl/jt{gx¿ / ;'wf/x¿ cfjZos
5g\Ù h;nfO{ ljZjJofkL d"Nosf] ptf/–r9fjn] k|efj kfb}{gÙ h'g j[l4 Pp6f v/fa÷k|lts"n dg;'gn] klg
sd x'“b}g / afx\o nufgLdf dfq lge{/ /x“b}g . To;}n] Pl8P;n] k|lt:kwf{TdstfnfO{ d'Vo hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
;Ifd, d]x]gtL / bIf dfgj ;|f]t, ljZj ahf/df g]kfnnfO{ lrgfpg ;Sg] Pp6f :ki6 klxrfg ePsf] /
pTkfbsTjnfO{ a9fpg ;Sg] / d'n'ssf] k|fs[lts cj;/x¿df cfwfl/t gof“ pTkfbgx¿ / k|lqmofx¿;“u}
gjLgtf Nofpg ;Sg] g]t[TjbfoL v'aL / b[9 OR5fzlQmdf k|lt:kwf{Tdstfsf] hu /x]sf] x'G5 .

95
@)(_ of] kl/sNkgf k"0f{ ug{sf nflu lghL If]qsf] pmhf{ / l;h{gzLntf cTofjZos 5 . jiff{F}cl3 PlkkL sf]
lgdf{0f ePb]lv lghL If]qn] s[lifdf 7"n} nufgL u/L xhf/fF} lbuf]] hflu/ tyf cfDbfgL k|bfg u/]sf] 5, s'v'/f
kfng If]qn] gf6sLo pGglt u/L Ps Jojl:yt pBf]u ag]sf] 5, ag]kfsf g;{/L nufgL stf{x¿ @) xhf/
ls;fgx¿ / hl8j'6L ;ª\snsx¿sxfF k'U5g\, Jofj;flos b"w pTkfbgn] clxn] hLjgofkgsf nflu b"w
pTkfbg ug{] k|0ffnLnfO{ k|lt:yfkg u/]sf] 5 / t/sf/L If]qdf ePsf] gf6sLo lj:tf/ k|fylds pTkfbsnfO{
;'xfpFbf] ahf/;Fu hf]8\g] lbuf]] cfk"lt{ z[ª\vnfdf ePsf ;fgf tyf dWod nufgLsf] pTkfbg xf] . s[lifdf
lghL If]qsf] of] k|fb'ef{j s'g} ;+of]u xf]Og, of] ef/t, aª\unfb]z tyf kfls:tfg nufot ljZjJofkL ¿kdf
eO/x]sf] 5 . ;~rf/sf] o'u / /fd|f] lzIffn] g]kfnL pTkfbsx¿nfO{ cem /fd|f cEof;x¿sf] cWoog ug{ /
ahf/sf ;"rgfdf kx'“r sfod ug{ ;Sg] agfPsf] 5Ù hals :yfloTj, hldgsf] a9\bf] ahf/ efp / ljk|]if0f
-/]ld6\ofG;_n] nufgL ug{ ;lsg] /sd h'6fOlbPsf] 5 .

@!)_ oL kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ s[lifsf] k|j4{g / k|lt:kwf{Tdstfsf nflu 5'6\6} cjwf/0ffsf] cfjZostf
kb{5Ù h;n] Psflt/ pTkfbs ls;fgx¿sf ;fy;fy} lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] ckl/xfo{ e"ldsfnfO{ ;Daf]wg
ub{5 eg], csf{tkm{ ;/sf/af6 k|lt:kwf{Tdstfsf ;fy} ul/asf] ljsf; pGd'v j[l4sf] cg'udg ug]{,
lgodg ug]{ tyf ;xhLs/0f ug]{ e"ldsfnfO{ klg ;Djf]wg ug]{ 5 . o;/L ;/sf/sf] ;'b[9 ;xeflutfdf
lghL If]q / ;xsf/L If]qsf] pmhf{ / gjLgtfsf] ;lDd>0fdfkm{t\ ;sf/fTds ;fj{hlgs pknlAw ;'lglZrt
u/fpg'nfO{ g} k|foM ;fj{hlgs–lghL ;fem]bf/L eGg] ul/G5 . oL ;fem]bf/Lx¿sf] ;f/ eg]s} s'g} g s'g}
¿ksf] …cltl/Qm ;DefjgfÚ l;h{gf ug'{ xf]Ù h'g c¿x¿sf] ;+nUgtfaf6 ;Dej xF'b}g . ;/sf/L kIfaf6 x]bf{,
o;n] cfkm\gf] nufgL j[l4 ug]{ cj;/ kfp“5 / pknlAwx¿nfO{ Pslqt ug{ ;S5 eg] lghL / ;xsf/L
If]qsf nflu ;fj{hlgs sf]ifdf j[[l4 x'“bf pRr–hf]lvd pRr–;Defjgf /x]sf cfof]hgfx¿df nufgL ug{
8/fpg] cj:yfnfO{ sd u5{ .

@!!_ Pl8P; df k|lt:kwf{sf] jl[4sf] pknlAw tkl;nsf rf/ glthf dfkm{t xfl;n ul/G5 M
tflnsf–@$M k|lt:kwf{Tdstfsf] pknlAw $ sf nflu k|ltkmnx¿
qm=;+= If]q Glthf ljj/0f
;/sf/L nufgL, lghL ;fj{hlgs ;fem]bf/L /
ahf/ k"jf{wf/x¿sf] k|fyldstfg';f/ d"No z[ª\vnfsf] ljsf;df s]lGb|t
$=! ahf/ k"jf{wf/x¿
ljsf; ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfsf] of]uaf6 ahf/ k"jf{wf/x¿sf]
ljsf;
gof“kgsf ;fgf tyf s/ k|f]T;fxg, ;'xfpFbf] cg'bfg sf]if / s[lif Joj;fo
$=@ gj k|jt{g demf}nf Jofj;flos OGSo'a]6/ sf] of]uaf6 gof“kgsf ;fgf tyf demf}nf
s[lif pBdx¿sf] j[l4 Jofj;flos s[lif pBdx¿sf] j[l4
alnof] Jofkf/ jftf{ Ifdtf, P;lkP;, P8L tyf
l;le8L tl/sfx¿s;Fu nfu" ug{] tyf dfGo Ifdtf,
vfB / s[lifhGo
z'Ns ;+/rgfdf pTkfbg pGd'v e]befj Go"gLs/0f
$=# lgof{t k|j4{g pTkfbgx¿sf] lgof{tdf
cyjf x6fpg', ef/t;Fu l:y/ ljlgod b/ / s[lif
j[l4
If]qdf To;sf] c;/ x]/]/ tyf ljZn]if0f u/]/ vfB /
s[lifhGo pTkfbgx¿sf] lgof{tdf j[l4
u'0f:t/ tyf vfB ;'/Iff tyf u'0f:t/ vfB ;'/Iff tyf u'0f:t/ clej[l4 . k|efjsf/L
$=$
;'/Iff clej[l4 lgodfjnL tyf ;+3 ;+:yf
96
$=^ Pl8P;, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / gofF ;+3Lo ;+/rgf

@!@_ Pl8P; sf] ;dfj]zL tyf ;'zf;g ;DefunfO{ /0fgLlts b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ b'O{ d'Vo kf6f 5g\ M
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / s[lif kof{j/0fLo ljljwtfÙ h;n] Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;d]6\5 .

@!#_ Pl8P; :yfgLo :jfot zf;g P]g @)%^ sf] sfof{GjognfO{ alnof] ¿kdf ;dy{g u5{ . :yfgLo
cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] / :yfgLo ;d'bfok|lt pQ/bfoL nufgLx¿ klxrfg ug{ :yfgLo ¿kdf
;xefuL of]hgf th'{df h?/L x'g] 5 . cy{ dGqfnon] ;g\ @)!^/!& sf] ah]6 efif0fdf lbPsf] gofF
lgb]{zgn] s[lifdf !*Ü nufgL ug{ ;ª\s]t lbPsf] 5Ù h'g cl3Nnf] jif{sf] t'ngfdf $#% n] a9L xf], h:fn]
ubf{ :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ s[lifdf nufgL ug{ k|]/0ff ldn]sf] 5 .

@!$_ ;+3Lo ;+/rgfsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gofF k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf ag]sf] 5 /fhg}lts
tfstx¿df 5nkmn eO/x]sf] 5 . Pl8P;n] agfPsf] lgodg ;+ljwfg k"j{sf] k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfdf 5 / olb
gofF k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf :yflkt eof] eg] Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;dy{g o'lg6n] cfˆgf] lgodgdf cfjZos
k'g/fjnf]sg u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cg'df]bgsf nflu cg'/f]w ug]{ 5 .

@!%_ Pl8P; sf] jt{dfg lgodg ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g tyf ;xefuL of]hgf;Fu ;dlGjt 5 /
;f] eljiodf ;d]t /xg] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu Pl8P;n] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t tyf Joj:yflkt ;fd'bflos
s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|nfO{ k|aGw u/]sf] 5 . o;} u/L Pl8P;n] If]qLo tyf lhNnf s[lif ljsf; ;ldltsf]
Ifdtf ljsf;nfO{ ;xof]u ub{5 .

$=& Pl8P; tyf s[lif kof{j/0fLo ljljwtf

@!^_ g]kfnsf] wgL s[lif kof{j/0fLo ljljwtfn] ubf{ nufgL sfo{qmd ljleGg ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf tyf
Ifdtfdf dfq} geO{ tL ;d'bfosf s[lif kof{j/0fLo cj:yfdf klg cfwfl/t eO{ lgdf{0f ug{'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf
nflu l;FrfO kl/of]hgfsf] 9fFrf t/fO{{, kxf8 tyf lxdfnsf nflu a]Unf a]Un} x'G5g\ clg ToxL cg'¿k
k|fljlws ;dfwfgx¿ ckgfpg'kg{] x'G5 . d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf;k|ltsf] b[li6sf]0fn] cfk"lt{ z[ª\vnfsf] pTkfbg
If]qb]lv vkt/lgof{t uGtJo;Dd ;a}nfO{ Wofgdf /fVg'k5{ . Go"g k"jf{wf/ cK7\of/f] clg s[lif df};d cj:yf
h:tf sf/sn] ubf{ g]kfnsf w]/} kxf8L tyf lxdfnL efudf s[lif Joj;foLs/0f ug{ ;xh 5}g . o:tf]
ljljwtfn] ubf{ Pl8P; Pp6f /fli6«o /0fgLlt eP tfklg o;sf] :yfgLo ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ubf{ ToxfFsf]
s[lif kof{j/0fLo tyf ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s cj:yfnfO{ Wofgdf /fV5 . ;d'bfo -uflj; cfwfl/t_ s[lif
k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|n] :yfgLo s[lif kof{j/0fLo cj:yfnfO{ Wofgdf lnPsf] ;'lglZrt ug{] 5 . lgjf{xd'vL
v]tLnfO{ ;'xfpFbf] pTkfbg a9fpg] k|ljlw tyf k|0ffnLnfO{ ljsf; tyf afF8kmfF8 ug{] sfd cg';Gwfg tyf
k|;f/ k|0ffnLsf] x'g] 5 . -Pl8P; ;Defu @ x]g{'xf];\_

@!&_ Pl8P; sf] /fli6«o sfo{qmd :yfgLo lgsfo -pbfx/0f uflj;, ;d'bfo cfwfl/t ;+:yf_ lghL If]q tyf
;xsf/Lx¿n] k|fof]hg u/]sf :yfgLo sfo{qmd;Fu} hf]l8G5 clg ;x–cl:tTj /fV5 . /fli6«o sfo{qmdn]
;Daf]wg ug{ g;Sg] ljlzi6 :yfgLo cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ :yfgLo sfo{qmdnfO{ :yfkgf tyf
97
 k|fof]hg ug]{ :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ Pl8P;n] k|f]T;fxg ug]{ 5 . gjk|jlt{t tyf s[lif pBdzlntf pBd, o'jf,
dlxnf, lk5l8Psf ;d"x / lk5l8Psf If]qsf nflu :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 k|fKt x'g] sf]if afx]s /fli6«o s[lif
cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; sf]if / cGo sf]ifx¿df lgj]bg lbO{ lng ;S5g\ .

$=* Pl8P; / ls;fgx¿sf] ;dflhs cfly{s ljljwtf

@!*_ u|fdL0f hg;ª\VofnfO{ juL{s/0f ug]{ Ps ;dfGo ljlw36 oL tLg ;d"xdf x]g'{ xf] . -s_ ;fgf Jofj;foL
ls;fgx¿ -v_ lgjf{xe"ld ls;fgx¿ / -u_ e"ldxLg . ;LdfGtLs[t e"ldxLgx¿ klxnf] ;d"x cyf{t\ ;fgf
Joj;foL ls;fgx¿df k5{g\Ù hf];Fu !=)–%=) x]S6/ / a9Lsf] hldg 5 cfˆgf] pTkfbgsf] #)Ü a]R5g\,
a[xt\ / 7"nf] nufgL (input) x'g] s[lifnfO{ tof/ 5g\ / d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf;df ;xefuL x'g klg tof/ 5g\ .
oL u|fdL0f 3/wgLx¿ v]tLdf Wofg lbG5g\ / To;}df lge{/ /xG5g\ . pgLx¿;Fu yf]/} k"FhL x'G5, ;fx'sf
nflu hf]lvd x'G5g\ / cfˆgf] cfDbfgL a9fpg hf]lvd lng klg OR5's x'G5g\ . of] ;d"xn] ;Dk"0f{ u|fdL0f
kl/jf/sf] @)Ü37 cf]u6\5 . hldgsf] %)Ü v]tL u5{g\ / ;DejtM pTkfbgsf] a9L dfqf lnG5g\ . olb xfdL
% x]S6/eGbf a9L hUuf ePsf] / hldgsf] #=#Ü k|of]u ug]{ kl/jf/sf] lgoGq0f ug]{, xfdL;Fu hDdf hldgsf]
%^Ü x'G5 , Tof] eg]sf] Pl8P; sf nflu ;fgf Joj;foL pTkfbgsf nflu Wofg lbg'kg]{ kl/jf/sf] ;ª\Vof
&$%,))) x'G5 . oxL &$%,))) ;fgf Joj;foL ls;fgx¿af6} v]tL If]qsf] j[l4 x'G5 / logLx¿n] g}
u|fdL0f u}/–v]tL /f]huf/, vfgf cfk"lt{ tyf /fli6«o cfDbfgLnfO{ xfFS5g\ .

36
oxfFsf] ;dfGo juL{s/0fdf dflgPsf] v]t cfsf/sf] l;dfgf ljleGg s[lif kof{j/0fLo If]q tyf df6f]sf] ljz]iftfx¿ cg';f/
;dfof]hg ug'{k5{ . w]/} lj:tf/df guO{, oxfF eGg vf]lhPsf] s'/f s] xf] eg] v]t cfsf/sfg';f/ juL{s/0f ul/Psf leGg leGg
ls;fgx¿nfO{ Pl8P; a]Unf–a]Un} tl/sfx¿ ckgfpg'k5{ .
37
of] tYofÍ hUuf afF8kmfF8sf nflu ul/Psf] s[lif hg;ª\Vof @))! df cfwfl/t 5 . ev{/s} s'g} ;dfj]zLo tYofÍ pknAw 5}g,
t/ of] efudf k|:t't ul/Psf d'Vo ts{x¿ hUuf afF8kmfF8df ;fgf] kl/jt{g Nofpgsf nflu klg alnof] 5 .

98
tflnsf @%M ;g\ @))!÷)@ / @)!!÷!@ hUuf :jfldTj afF8kmfF8
@))!÷)@ @)!!÷!@
:jfldTj :jfldTjsf] If]qkmn
:jfldTjsf] ;ªVof k|ltzt hDdf If]qkmn k|ltzt hDdf ;ª\Vof k|ltzt hDdf If]qkmn k|ltzt hDdf
cfsf/ -Ú))) _ k|ltzt -Ú))) k|ltzt -Ú)))_ k|ltzt -Ú))) k|ltzt
x]S6/_ x]S6/_
)=% x] eGbf !%&*=( $&=#Ü $&=#Ü #()=@ !$=&Ü !$=&Ü !,(*&=) %#=% %#=% $*%=) !(=@ !(=@
sd

)=% –! x] (!%=& @&=$Ü &$=&Ü ^$!=& @$=@Ü #*=(Ü (*$=) @^=% *)=) ^(%=! @&=^ $^=*
eGbf sd

!–% x] eGbf *!&=$ @$=% ((=@Ü !$@*=@ %#=*Ü (@=&Ü &#@=& !(=& ((=& !,@%*=! $(=( (^=&
sd

%x] / a9L @%=$ )=*Ü !))Ü !($ &=#Ü !))Ü !!=* )=# !))=) *$=$ #=# !))=)

hDdf ###&=$ !))Ü @^%$=! !))Ü #,&!%=^ !))=) @,%@@=% !))=)

;|f]t M s[lif hg;ª\Vof, @)%*, s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ, ljefusf] l6P 6f]nLsf] u0fgfdf cfwfl/t

99
@!(_ bf];|f] >]0fLdf lgjf{xd'vL ls;fg k5{g\Ù h;n] )=%–!=) x]S6/sf] hldg lgoGq0f u5{g\ . pgLx¿n] u|fdL0f
kl/jf/x¿sf] @&%% -;fgf Joj;foL ls;fgs} xf/fxf/L_ cf]u6\g] logLx¿n] klxnf] >]0fLeGbf nueu cfwf
dfq -@*Ü_ hldgdf v]tL u5{g\ . ;fgf Joj;foL ls;fg x'g\ oLdWo] s]lxn] kof{Kt rf}kfof /fV5g\, t/
;d"xut ¿kdf logLx¿ lgjf{xd'vL pTkfbsx¿ x'g\Ù hf];Fu k"0f{ ¿kdf hLljsf]kfh{g ug{ ;d]t hUuf
kof{Kt ¿kdf 5}g . logLx¿n] hLjgofkg ug{ kof{Kt u|fdL0f u}/–v]tL /f]huf/ vf]Hg' cfjZos x'G5 . Ps
x]S6/eGbf a9L hldg x'g] / To;};Fu ;DalGwt pRr cfDbfgL x'g] pgLx¿sf] Go"g k"FhL x'G5 / C0fsf]
h?/t k5{, t/ pgLx¿nfO{ C0f wgLn] hf]lvdo'Qm 7fG5g\, To;}n] oL ls;fgn] cfˆgf] ;do u}/–ls;fgL
sfd cyjf To:tf] sfdsf] vf]hLdf latfpF5g\ .

@@)_ t];|f] >]0fLdf e"ldxLg / ;LdfGtLs[t e"ldxLg k5{g\ . pgLx¿n] u|fdL0f hg;ªVofsf] nueuf cfwf efu
cf]u6\5g\ -@! nfv kl/jf/_ t/ hldgsf] !(Ü dfq} lgoGq0f u5{g\ . o;sf] ^% ;Fu s'g} e"ld 5}g .
s[lifsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4af6 klg of] ;d"xsf] cfDbfgL Tolt w]/} a9\b}g . cjZo of] ;d"xsf dflyNnf] :t/df
/xg] s]xLn] afujfgL jf pRr d"No v]tLaf6 s]xL nfe kfpg ;S5g\, t/ pgLx¿n] To;df cfˆgf] ;Dk"0f{
hldg /fvL hf]lvd lng'k5{ . e"ldxLg tyf )–!–)=% x]S6/eGbf sd hUuf ePsfx¿nfO{ ;fgf–Joj;foL
ls;fgx¿sf] cfDbfgL j[l4af6 pTk|]l/t u|fdL0f u}/–v]tL If]qdf b|'t j[l4sf] ck|ToIf c;/af6 Pl8P;n]
of]ubfg ug]{ 5 .

@@!_ cfwfb]lv Ps x]S6/ hldg ePsf ls;fgx¿n] ;'wfl/Psf s[lif cEof;af6 kof{Kt dfqfdf kfl/jfl/s
cfDbfgL a9fpg ;S5g\ . tyflk of] ;d"x ;fgf Jofj;flos ls;fgx¿ -! x]S6/eGbf a9L hldg ePsf_sf
t'ngfdf a9L hf]lvddf 5g\, ls;fgLeGbf u}/ ls;fgLdf a9L Wofg lbG5g\ / k"FhL tyf C0f lng] Ifdtf
sd x'G5 .

@@@_ a]Unfa]Un} k|sf/sf] s[lif kof{j/0fLo If]q tyf km/s v]t ju{ cg';f/ a]Unfa]Un} k4lt cjnDag ug'{kg]{
tYonfO{ Pl8P;n] klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . k|To]s uf=lj=;=df ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jfs]Gb|sf] k|j{4gn]
cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ 5g\ . To:t} Pp6} s[lif–kof{j/0fLo If]qdf klg Jofj;flos
lgjf{x;'vL / e"ldxLg ls;fgx¿sf cfjZostf km/s x'G5g\ . d"No z[ª\vnfsf] Jofj;flos ljsf;
Jofj;flos ls;fgx¿nfO{ kmfObfhgs x'G5 eg] ;xsf/L v]tL lgjf{xd'vLx¿nfO{ a9L sfo{nfUbf] x'G5 .
To:t} lj:tf/ ;]jfsf] s'kgx¿ Jofj;flos ls;fgn] k|of]u u5{g\ eg] pTkfbg ;fdu|Lsf] s'kg lgjf{xd'vL
ls;fgx¿sf nflu x'G5 . Jofj;flos a}+s ;]jf Joj;foL ls;fgx¿nfO{ x'G5 / n3'ljQ lgjf{xd'vLsf nflu
x'G5 .

@@#_ ;fgf Jofj;flos ls;fgx¿k|lt nlIft ;+:yfx¿sf] ;Gbe{df -pbfx/0f d"No z[ª\vnf_, ;fgf Jofj;flos
ls;fgx¿sf nflu ckgfOPsf] k4ltnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;Sg] hlt ;d]l6g ;Sg] 5g\ eg] To; afx]ssf
cGo lgjf{xd'vL s[ifsx¿ 5'6\g] 5g\ . To;sf/0f Pl8P;n] ;d'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|x¿ dfkm{t\ /
lgjf{xd'vL ls;fgx¿ / Jofj;flos ls;fgx¿sf nflu pko'Qm ljleGg tf}/tl/sfx¿ k|j4{g ub{5 . u|fdL0f
If]qdf u}/–s[lif If]qsf] /f]huf/L lj:tf/ / s[lifdf cfwfl/t pBdx¿sf] ljsf;sf] ;dli6ut :j¿kn] u|fdL0f
If]qsf e"dLxLg 3/kl/jf/x¿ Pl8P;af6 k/f]If ¿kdf nfeflGjt x'g] 5g\ .

100
@@$_ Pl8P; sf] @) jif]{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf s[lif If]qsf] ¿kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmof cl3 a9\g] 5 / u|fdL0f
If]qsf clwsf+z 3/kl/jf/x¿n] of t ufp“s} u}/–s[lif If]qdf jf ;x/L If]qdf /f]huf/L kfpg] 5g\ . pRr
cfDbfgLsf] cj;/sf] cfsif{0fn] jf u|fdL0f If]qdf gfkmfd"ns /f]huf/L / cfsif{s hLjg:t/ gx'g'sf]
ljsif{0fsf sf/0fn] u|fdL0f 3/ kl/jf/x¿sf] Pp6f pNn]vgLo ;ª\Vofn] ufpFaf6 knfog x'g] qmd klg
;Fu;Fu} hf/L g} /xg] 5 . h'g;'s} k|lqmofaf6 eP klg g]kfndf s[lif If]qsf] Joj;foLs/0f a9\g] 5, tfklg
Jofj;flos s[lif d"ne"t ¿kdf ;–;fgf :jfldTjsf ultljlw -b'O{ x]S6/eGbf sd hldg ePsf ls;fgx¿_
df ;Lldt /xg] 5 . v]tL ls;fgLd} hLljsf]kfh{g cfl>t /xg] k|sf/sf] v]tLkftL klg nfdf] ;do;Ddsf
nflu Jofj;flos s[lif;Fu} cl:tTjdf /lx/xg] 5 . s"n s[lifdf ;+nUg hg;ª\Vofdf eg] o;sf] lx:;f 36\g]
5 . Pl8P;n] s[lifsf] Joj;foLs/0fnfO{ tLa| agfpb} ;fgf Jofj;flos ls;fgx¿sf] cfo / lgjf{xd'vL
ls;fgx¿sf] hLjg:t/ b'j}df ;'wf/ ug]{ 5 / ;fy} u}/ s[lif If]qdf j[l4 / /f]huf/L ;[hgfsf] cj;/ a9fP/
e"ldxLg÷;LdfGts[t e"ldxLgx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] 5 .

@@%_ tflnsf–@^ n] Pl8P; sf] ljleGg k|ltkmnsf] k|efjx¿x¿ # ;d"xsf ls;fgx¿ -Jofj;flos lgjf{xd'vL
tyf e"ldxLg_df b]vfpF5 . Jofj;flos ls;fgx¿ Pl8P; sf clwsf+z sfo{s|dx¿af6 k|ToIf ¿kdf
k|efljt x'g] 5g\ . s]xL kIf÷j:t'÷ljifox¿df k|efj k|ToIf / lgs} bx|f] x'g] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu l;FrfO,
oflGqs/0f, d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; / lgsf;Lx¿nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . s[lifd} hLljsf]kfh{g cfl>t /x]sf
kl/jf/x¿ klg clwsf+z Pl8P; sf k|lqmofx¿af6 k|efljt x'g] 5g\ . hldg -h:t}, df]lxofgLsf] ;d:ofnfO{
;Daf]wg ug]{, hUuf ef8fdf lbg], ;xsf/L v]tL, x|f; ePsf] hldgnfO{ ;'wfg]{, u'0f:t/Lo / ;dod} s[lif
;fdu|Lsf] pknAwtf -h:t}, lgjf{xd'vL ls;fgx¿ nlIft s'kg, ;'wfl/Psf] nrstf_ / n3'ljQ tyf s[lif
ladf;Ddsf] kx'“rh:tf n}ª\lus, ;fdflhs / ef}uf]lns ;dfj]zLs/0f;“u ;DalGwt Pl8P; sf
k|fjwfgx¿sf] k|ToIf k|efj lgs} alnof] 5 . hldg gePsf jf hldg geP ;/xsf hgtf klg vfB tyf
kf]if0f sfo{qmdx¿, n}ª\lus tyf ;fdflhs÷ef}uf]lns ;dfj]zLs/0f, jg k}bfjf/;Ddsf] kx'“r / ;fgf tyf
demf}nf pBdx¿sf] ljsf;;“u ;DalGwt Pl8P; sf k|fjwfgx¿af6 k|ToIf ¿kdf nfeflGjt x'g] 5g\ .

tflnsf–@^M ljleGg v]tL cfsf/ u|fdL0f 3/w'/Ldf Pl8P; sf c;/x¿

pknlAw÷k|ltkmn Jofj;flos lgjf{xd'vL e"ldxLg
;'zf;g
gLltut k|ltj4tfsf] ljZj;gLotf * * *
Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg ljleGg * * *
lgsfox¿aLrsf] ;'b[9 ;dGjo
PsLs[t of]hgf * * *
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf ;xfotf * * *
Pl8P; df n}l¨s ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs tyf
ef}uf]lns ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu :yfkgf ul/Psf * *** ***
;+oGqx¿
Pl8P; sf] ;dod} / k|efjsf/L cg'udg / * * *
d"Nofª\sg
gful/s ;dfhsf ;xeflutfsf nflu ;+oGq * * *
:yfkgf
101
 pknlAw÷k|ltkmn Jofj;flos lgjf{xd'vL e"ldxLg
Pl8P; sf] ;dGjo / sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg * * *
ePsf d'Vo lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4
;jf{lws lk5l8Psf ;d"xx¿sf] ;'wfl/Psf] vfB * ** ***
tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff / vfB clwsf/
sfo{;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLx¿ * * *
:yflkt k|f]T;fxgx¿;“u ;Da4 u/fOPsf]
pRr pkfbsTj
ls;fgx¿ / s[lif–pBdLx¿sf
cfjZostfx¿k|lt hjfkmb]xL ljs]lGb|t k|;f/ ** ** *
k|0ffnL
ls;fgx¿ / s[lif–pBdLx¿sf
cfjZostfx¿k|lt hjfkmb]xL ljs]lGb|t ** ** *
cg';Gwfg k|0ffnL
;'b[9 s[lif lzIff k|0ffnL ** ** **
hldgnfO{ k|efjsf/L / lbuf]] 9ª\uaf6 pkof]u ** * ** *
ug]{ lsl;dsf] rSnfjGbL ;lxtsf] v]tL If]q
;dtfd"ns / lbuf]] lx;fan] lj:tfl/t l;l~rt * ** ** *
If]q / ;'b[9 l;FrfO k|efjsfl/tf Pj+ Joj:yfkg
;xh / ;/n d"Nodf u'0f:t/Lo s[lif ;fdu|Ldf ** * ** *
kx'rF
;|f]t ;fwg / Ifdtf lgdf{0fdf kof{Kt nufgLsf
dfWodaf6 aLp ljhgsf] /fli6«o b[li6sf]0f
@)!#–@)@%sf ;fy} ljBdfg aLp ljhg
gLltx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog dfkm{t\ plrt ** * ** *
d"Nodf ;dod}, u'0f:t/Lo aLp ljhgx¿sf]
kx'“r x'g ;Sg] ;'wfl/Psf] / ljs]lGb|t aLpljhg
k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf
cNksfnLg cjlwsf] nflu :jLsfo{, dWod /
bL3{sfnLg ;dofjlwsf] nflu :ki6 /0fgLltsf ** * ** *
;fy pTkfbsTjdf ;'wf/sf nflu dnvfb
cfk"lt{sf] Jofjxfl/s ;dfwfg
g]kfnsf] v]tL k|0ffnL / jftfj/0f ;'xfp“bf] pGgt ** * ** **
gZnsf kz'x¿sf] pknAwtf
ls;fgx¿df oGq, pks/0fx¿sf] kx'“r *** ** *
hnjfo' kl/jt{g, k|fs[lts k|sf]kx¿, d"Nodf
cl:y/tf / cGo ljkt\x¿sf] l:yltdf klg ** *** **
ls;fgx¿df ;'wfl/Psf] nrstf
lbuf]] s[lif÷kz'kfng, c;n s[lifhGo cEof;x¿
(GAP), c;n kz'lrlsT;f kz'kfng cEof; ** ** *
(GVAHP) :yfkgf / cjnDag ul/g]
k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg Joj:yfkg tyf hLjgofkg * ** ***
;'wf/sf nflu Pslqt Pj+ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
102
 pknlAw÷k|ltkmn Jofj;flos lgjf{xd'vL e"ldxLg
e"–Joj:yfkg cjwf/0ff;lxt lgjf{xd'vL
pTkfbghGo jg k}bfjf/nfO{ k|lt:kwL{, s[lif d}qL
tyf ;dfj]zL jg Joj:yfkg Jojxf/df ljsl;t
ul/g] .
gfkmfd'vL Joj;foLs/0f
s[lif Joj;foLs/0fsf nflu ;'wfl/Psf] nufgLsf] * * *
jftfj/0f
Jofj;flos s[lifsf nflu s/f/ k|aGwx¿ ** ** *
k|efjsf/L Jofj;flos s[lif If]qsf nflu ;xof]uL ** * *
s/ gLlt
k|lt:kwL{ Pj+ dfudf cfwfl/t ljljw ljQLo tyf ** *** *
s[lifhGo ladf pTkfbgx¿
ahf/ k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; ** ** *
gof“kgsf ;fgf tyf demf}nf Jofj;flos s[lif ** ** **
pBdx¿
vfB / s[lifhGo pTkfbgx¿sf] lgof{tdf j[l4 ** ** *
vfB ;'/Iff tyf u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ** ** **
k|lt:kwf{
ahf/ k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; ** ** *
gof“kgsf ;fgf tyf demf}nf Jofj;flos s[lif ** ** ***
pBdx¿
vfB / s[lifhGo pTkfbgx¿sf] lgof{tdf j[l4 *** ** *
vfB ;'/Iff tyf u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ** ** **
b|i6JoM * ck|ToIf c;/ ** k|ToIf c;/ *** w]/} 7"nf] k|ToIf c;/

$=( Pl8P; tyf ;x/Ls0f

@@^_ ;x/L hg;ª\Vof @)^* sf] hgu0fgf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ªVofsf] !& k|ltzt k'Uof] / o;sf]
jflif{s j[l4b/ #=#* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5Ù h'g u|fdL0f hg;ªVofsf] j[l4b/ eGbf -!=)# k|ltzt_ # u'0ffeGbf
a9L xf] / ;g\ @)!% df ;x/L hg;ªVof a9]/ s'n hg;ªVofsf] !(Ü k'Uf]sf] 5 / $=! k|ltzt a[l4b/ 5 .
casf] @) jif{df of] hg;fª\lVos kl/jt{gLo g]kfnL ;dfh / ljz]if u/L s[lif If]qdf w]/} 7"nf c;/x¿ ug]{
5 . olb clxn]sf] k|jl[ Q rNg] xf] eg] Pl8P; sf] cGTo;Dd g]kfnsf] Ps ltxfO hg;ª\Vof ;x/df a:g]
5.

@@&_ ;x/L hg;ª\Vof a9bf] ;x/L vfgfsf] dfu dfq geO{ a9L ljljw vfBfGg -wfgafnL afx]s_ sf] a9\bf]
dfudf vfB ;'/Iffdf a9L s8fO{, u'0f:t/ kf]if0fsf] nflu a9\bf] hfu/0f / cfzfdf clg vfgfnfO{ u|fdL0f
efuaf6 ;x/df k|aGw ug{ rflxg] 7"nf nufgLx¿df ¿kfGt/0f x'G5 .

103
@@*_ afnL s6fgL kl5 x'g] gf]S;fgx¿ sd ug{, d"No z[ª\vnf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; u/]/ / k|lt:kwf{Tds d"No
z[ª\vnfsf] ljsf; u/]/ Pl8P;n] oL r'gf}tLx¿ ;Daf]wg u5{ . Pl8P;n] ljb]zL ahf/df k|j]zsf nflu dfq
geO{ 3/]n' hg;ª\VofnfO{ vfB ;'/Iffsf vt/fx¿sf lj?4 arfpg klg u'0f:t/ / ;'/Iff cfZjf;g
Joj:yfnfO{ k|j4{g u/L o;nfO{ a9fjf lbPsf] 5, t/ u|fdL0f hg;ª\VofnfO{ hfu/0fdf k|fyldstf lbFbf lbFb}
klg kf]if0f hfu/0fdf x:tIf]kn] klg ;x/L If]qdf e/k"/ ;s/fTds c;/ x'g] 5 .

@@(_ To;} u/L ;x/L ul/aL / u|fdL0f / ;x/L cfDbfgLaLr /x]sf] c;dfgtf a9L b]lvPsf] 5 . ;x/L ul/aL
w]/}h;f] vfB ul/aL / lgDg kf]if0f;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 / a9\bf] c;dfgtfn] ;fdflhs tgfj / lz3|
;dfwfg, vfB cg'bfg / ;x/sf ul/anfO{ vfg]s'/f afF8kmfF8 ug]{ lbg] rfklt/ 8f]¥ofpF5 .

@#)_ b|'t ;x/Ls/0fn] ubf{ g]kfnel/sf ;x/ jl/kl/sf If]qsf] w]/} pj{/ s[lif of]Uo hldg x|f; ePsf] 5 -hUuf
Knl6Ë_ . ;x/ jl/kl/sf hldg hf]ufpg e" pkof]u of]hgf / hldgsf] juL{s/0f Ps pkfo eP tfklg
o;sf] nflu Jofks nfutsf] ;fdgf ug'[kb{5 . a9\bf] ;x/L hg;ª\Vof / ;x/ jl/kl/sf s[lifhGo hldgsf]
x|f;n] ubf{ ;x/L of]hgfsf nflu vfB ;'/Iff Ps yk r'gf}tL aGb5 .

@#!_ Pl8P;n] ;x/L If]q jl/kl/sf hUuf Knl6Ësf] ;d:of tyf pj{/ s[lif of]Uo hldgsf] x|f;nfO{ klxrfg
u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] o;n] xfn}sf] e"–pkof]u of]hgf gLlt sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u ug]{ 5 .

@#@_ ;x/L jftfj/0fdf vfgfjf6 ;g]{ ljleGg h'gf]l6s / u}/h'gf]l6s /f]ux¿sf sf/0fn] vfB ;'/Iff ;DaGwL
36gfx¿ b|'t ultn] km}ng ;S5g\\ . ;fy;fy}, kf]if0ffTds c;Gt'ngx¿ ;x/lt/ a9L b]lvG5Ù hxfF
Go"gkf]if0f, ljz]if u/L ul/ax¿df, / wgLx¿df s'kf]if0f -;':t hLjgz}nLsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] df]6f]kgf /
ljleGg lsl;dsf g;g]{ /f]ux¿sf sf/0f_ b]lvG5g\ .

@##_ Pl8P;n] h'gf]l6s /f]ux¿sf] lgu/fgL k|0ffnL, ;'b[9 lgbfgfTds / k/LIf0f Ifdtf, / ;'b[9 k|ltlqmof Ifdtf
;'wf/ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ 5 .

104
%= Pl8P; sfo{ of]hgfsf lqmofsnfkx¿
%=! pknlAw, k|ltkmn / lqmofsnfkx¿

@#$_ Pl8P; ts{;ª\ut 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf lqmofsnfkx¿ nlIft k|ltkmn xfl;n ug{ cfjZos x'G5g\ . Pl8P;
df $ cf]6f pknlAw ;d"x cGtu{t #% cf]6f k|ltkmn -tflnsf @& x]g'{xf];\_ 5g\Ù h;nfO{ xfl;n ug{ @#@
cnu cnu lqmofsnfkx¿ cfjZos 5g\ .

Tflnsf @&M Pl8P; sf pknlAw / k|ltkmnx¿

pknlAw (Outcome) g+= k|ltkmn (Output)
!=! gLltut k|lta4tfsf] ljZj;gLotf
!=@ Pl8P; sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg lgsfox¿ aLrdf ;'wfl/Psf] ;dGjo
!=# PsLs[t of]hgf
!=$ k|efjsf/L sof{Gjog ;xof]u
Pl8P; cGt{ut n}lËs ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs / ef}uf]lns ;dfj]zL
!=%
;+oGqsf] :yfkgf
!=;'wfl/Psf] zf;g !=^ Pl8P; sf] ;d;fdlos / k|efjsf/L cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg
Pl8P; sf] of]hgf sfo{Gjog / cg'udgsf nflu gful/s ;dfhsf]
!=&
:yflkt ;+oGq
Pl8P; sf] ;dGjo / sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg d'Vo ;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf
!=*
clej[l4
!=( clt ljkGg ju{sf] vfgf / kf]if0f ;'/Iff / vfB clwsf/sf] clej[l4
/fd|f] sfo{;Dkfbg ug]{nfO{ k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ;lxt sfo{;Dkfbgdf
!=!)
cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf
s[ifs / s[lif pBdLx¿sf] cfjZostfk|lt pQ/bfoL ljs]lGb|t k|;f/
@=!
k|0ffnL
s[ifs / s[lif pBdLx¿sf] cfjZostfk|lt pQ/bfoL ljs]lGb|t cg';Gwfg
@=@
k|0ffnL
@=# Ps dha't s[lif lzIff k|0ffnL
hldgnfO{ k|efjsf/L / lbuf]] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] kof{Kt If]qkmn
@=$
/x]sf] s[lif hldg ;lxtsf] v]tL If]q
;dtfk"j{s / ;DefJotf ;lxt lj:tf/ ul/Psf] l;l~rt If]q /
@=%
@= pRr pTkfbsTj ;'wfl/Psf] l;FrfO Ifdtf tyf Joj:yfkg
@=^ ;dod} plrt d"Nodf u'0f:t/Lo s[lif ;fdfu|Ldf kx'Fr
;|f]t / Ifdtf clej[l4df kof{Kt nufgLaf6 aLp ljhg /fli6«o b[li6sf]0f
@=& -l;8 lehg_ @)!#—@)@% nufotsf] aLp ;DaGwL gLltsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog
cNksfndf :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsg] dnvfb cfk"tL{sf] Jofjxfl/s ;dfwfgÙ
@=* h;n] pTkfbg j[l4sf] p2]Zo /fVb5 / dWo tyf bL3{sfnLg ;dfwfgsf]
klg ;ª\s]t ub{5 .
@=( g]kfnL v]tL k|0ffnLdf pko'Qm ljljw pGgt kz' gZn ls;fgnfO{

105
 pknlAw (Outcome) g+= k|ltkmn (Output)
pknAw x'g]
@=!) lghL If]qjf6 ls;fgnfO{ ljleGg oflGqs/0f ljsNkx¿df kx'Fr
ls;fgx¿df hnjfo' kl/jt{g, k|sf]k, d"No cl:y/tf tyf cGo
@=!!
cf3ftx¿df ;dfg's"ng
lbuf]] v]tL, c;n s[lif cEof; -GAP), c;n kz' :jf:Yo tyf kz'kfng
@=!@
cEof; h:tf k|of]ux¿ :yfkgf / cg';/0f
k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg / hLljsf ;'wf/sf nflu ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
e"kl/b[Zo ljlw (Landscape approach) ;lxtsf] s[lifd}qL / ;dfj]zL jg
@=!#
Joj:yfkg sfo{jf6 lgjf{xd'vL jGo pTkfbgnfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds, s[lifd}qL
/ ;dfj]zL jg Joj:yfkgdf ljsf; .
#=! s[lif Joj;foLs/0fsf nflu ;'wfl/Psf] nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f
#=@ Jofj;flos s[lifsf nflu s/f/ Joj:yf
#=# Jofj;flos s[lif If]qnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ vfnsf] s/ gLlt
ljleGg k|lt:kwf{Tds tyf dfudf cfwfl/t ljQLo / s[lif ladf
#=$
pTkfbgx¿
#= d'gfkmfhGo
Joj;foLs/0f ;fgf ls;fg / s[lif pBdLnfO{ nfe ldNg] tyf d"No clej[l4 ug]{
#=%
k|lt:kwf{Tds s[lif d"No z[ª\vnf
#=^ u|fdL0f ;8s ;~hfn lj:tfl/t
ahf/ 1fgsf nflu s[lif ahf/ ;"rgf / ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlw ;DaGwL
#=&
pTkfbgx¿
#=* lj:tfl/t u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f / gjLs/0fLo pmhf{x¿
$=! ahf/ k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;
$= k|lt:kwf{Tdstfdf $=@ gjk|jlt{t ;fgf tyf demf}nf s[lif Joj;fo pBd ljsf;
j[l4 $=# VffBfGg / s[lif ;fdfu|Lsf] lgof{tdf j[l4
$=% kl/is[t vfWo ;'/Iff / u'0f:t/

%=@ pknlAw !;Fu ;DalGwt ultljlwx¿M ;'wfl/Psf] k|zf;g

@#%_ Pl8P; sf] kl/0ffd ! ;'wfl/Psf] k|zf;g xf] . o;sf] kl/0ffd tflnsf @* df b]vfOPsf !) cf]6f
k|ltkmn (Output) / %$ cf]6f lqmofsnfkx¿af6 k|fKt x'G5Ù h;nfO{ tn lj:t[t ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf]
5.

Tfflnsf @*M ;'wffl/Psf] zf;gsf nflu pknlAw ! ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

pknlAw k|ltkmn sfo{ lqmofsnfkx¿
! ;'wfl/Psf] zf;g
!=! gLlt k|ltk4tfsf] ljZj;gLotf
!=!=! Pl8P; df hgr]tgf cleofg ;~rfng
!=!=@ Pl8P; cg'udgaf6 gLltut l:y/tf tyf sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tf
;DaGwL ljifox¿sf] ;'lglZrttf
!=!=+# k|d'v Pl8P; kbx¿sf] sfo{sfn a9fpgdf d2t k'¥ofpg
106
pknlAw k|ltkmn sfo{ lqmofsnfkx¿
lgodfjnLsf] th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog
!=!=$ Pl8P; sf] kfFrjif]{ ;dLIff
!=!=% Pl8P; sf] ;'lglZrt sfof{Gjogsf nflu gLltlgod kl/dfh{gnfO{
a9fjf
!=!=^ s[ifssf] xsclwsf/ ;'\lglZrt ug]{ ;+oGqsf] ¿kdf ls;fg
cfof]usf] :yfkgf
!=@ Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;'\wfl/Psf] ;dGjo
!=@=! /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt / s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog
;ldltsf] :yfkgfsf nflu lgodfjnL ;+zf]wg
!=@=@ /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldltsf] Ifdtfdf ;anLs/0f
!=@=# /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldltsf] pk;ldltsf] :yfkgf /
ltgLx¿sf] lgoldt e]63f6sf] ;'lglZrttf
!=@=$ s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldltsf] Ifdtf clej[l4
!=@=% If]qLo s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt / lhNnf s[lif ljsf; ;ldltsf] p:t}
k|sf/sf] a}7s ug{ a9fjf
!=@=^ jflif{s If]qut k|ltj]bgsf] tof/L
!=@=& Pl8P; sfof{Gjog, dfu{bz{g / cg'udg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
!=# PsLs[t of]hgf
!=#=! ax' dGqfno of]hgfx¿sf] PsLs/0fsf] ;'lglZrttf
!=#=@ bL3{sfnLg of]hgf / jflif{s sfo{of]hgf / ah]6sf] tfbDotfsf]
;'lglZrttf
!=#=# of]hgfx¿sf] lgoldt cg'udgsf] ;'lglZrttf
!=$ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;xof]u
!=$=! sfof{Gjogdf ;3fpg s[lif ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{t Pl8P;
sfof{Gjog ;xof]u k|fljlws ;xfotf
!=% n}ª\lus ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs tyf ef}uf]lns ;dfj]lztf ;+oGqsf]
:yfkgf
!=%=! vfB ;'/Iff tyf jftfj/0f dxfzfvfsf]] ;anLs/0f
!=%=@ /fli6«o txsf] n}ª\lus ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f
-h];L_ df cfwfl/t Pjd\ ef}uf]lns ;dfj]zLs/0fdf cfwfl/t
tYofª\s lgdf{0f tyf cBfjlws ug]{
!=%=# s]Gb|Lo ljefu / lhNnf txsf lgsfox¿df h];L sd{rf/Lsf]
kb:yfkg tyf Ifdtf clej[l4
!=%=$ dlxnf / k'?if s[ifsx¿sf] u'0ffTds tyf kl/df0ffTds
;xeflutfdf clej[l4
!=%=% ;a} lhNnfx¿sf] s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf h];L ;Daf]lwt agfpg]
!=%=^ s[ifssf] kx'Frdf ;'wf/
!=%=& s[lif cg';Gwfgdf h];LnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ a9fjf lbg]
!=%=* h];L /0fgLltsf] ljsf;
!=^ ;dodf / k|efjsf/L cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg
!=^=! s]Gb|Lo / lhNnf:t/sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg OsfO{{x¿sf]
Ifdtf ljsf;
107
pknlAw k|ltkmn sfo{ lqmofsnfkx¿
!=^=@ Pl8P; sf] Jojl:yt cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug{ pko'Qm ljlw /
lgsfosf] :yfkgf
!=^=# vfB / kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg -g]kfn vfB
;'/Iff cg'udg k|0ffnLsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;_
!=^=$ s[lif tyf kz'u0fgf ;~rfng
!=^=% g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] ;+nUgtfdf ;+o'Qm
cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg sfo{ ;~rfng
!=& gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xeflutfsf] nflu ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf
!=&=! g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL b'j} efiffdf Pl8P; sf] j]a;fO6 lgdf{0f tyf
;~rfng
!=&=@ gLlt tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u ;dGjo dxfzfvf cGtu{t Pl8P;
;"rgf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf
!=&=# If]qLo tyf lhNnf:t/df ;dfg k|s[ltsf] Pl8P; ;"rgf s]Gb|sf]
:yfkgf
!=&=$ Pl8P; cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgsf] cfjlws k|ltj]bg Joj:yflksf
;+;b\sf] s[lif tyf hn;|f]t ;ldlt / gful/s ;dfh ;dIf k|:t't
!=* Pl8P; ;dGjo / d"Nofª\sgdf ;lDdlnt k|d'v ;+:yfx¿sf]
Ifdtf clej[l4
!=*=! Ifdtf ;DaGwL cfjZostf d"Nofª\sg
!=*=@ k|d'v ;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ;DaGwL of]hgf th'{df
!=*=# Ifdtf clej[l4 of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg
!=*=#=! ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ -s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, gLlt tyf cGt/f{li6«o
;xof]u ;dGjo dxfzfvf, s[lif ljsf; If]q ;+:yfut ;xof]u
OsfO{{, s[lif ljefu, kz' ;]jf ljefu, vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f
lgoGq0f ljefu / g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifbsf] Ifdtf clej[l4
;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng
!=*=#=@ /fli6«o s[ifs ;~hfnsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ;DaGwL sfo{qmd
;~rfng
!=*=#=# /fli6«o ;xsf/L dxf;+3sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ;DaGwL sfo{qmd
;~rfng
!=*=#=$ k];fut ;+3;+:yfx¿, lghL If]qsf ;+u7gx¿ / pTkfbs tyf
pkef]Qmf ;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng
!=*=$ s[lif ljsf; dGqfno tyf ;DalGwt ljefux¿sf] ;+u7gfTds
;'wf/sf] d"Nofª\sg
!=*=% s[lif ljsf; dGqfnodf gLlt tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u ;dGjo
dxfzfvfsf] :yfkgf
!=( clt ljkGg ju{sf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf ;'wf/
!=(=! nlIft vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{qmdsf] 9fFrf lgdf{0f
!=(=@ nlIft /fli6«o vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog
!=(=# g]kfn vfB ;'/Iff of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog
!=(=$ vfB kf]if0f ;'/Iff of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog
!=(=% Rffn' vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff kl/of]hgf -h:t}, eljiosf nflu
108
pknlAw k|ltkmn sfo{ lqmofsnfkx¿
cfxf/ sfo{qmd_ Pjd\ kf]if0f / ul/aL lgjf/0f ;DaGwL ax'kIfLo
kxnx¿;Fu ;dGjo
!=(=^ g]kfn vfB ;'/Iff of]hgf, vfB kf]if0f ;'/Iff of]hgfsf ;fy} cGo
vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff kl/of]hgfx¿sf] ;dLIff
!=(=& s]Gb|Lo tyf lhNnf :t/Lo vfB ;'/Iff ;dGjo ;+oGqsf] Ifdtf
clej[l4
!=(=* vfB clwsf/ / vfB ;fj{ef}ldstf ;DaGwL sfg'g lgdf{0f tyf
sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg
!=!) sfo{Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf
!=!)=! lgb]{lzsf tyf :t/Lo sfo{;~rfng k|s[of :yfkgf
!=!)=@ sfo{Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] k/LIf0f sfo{qmd
;~rfng
!=!)=# k/LIf0f sfo{qmdsf] d"Nofª\sg / l;kmfl/;

%=@=! ljZj;gLo gLlt k|lta4tf;Fu ;DalGwt pknlAw !=! cGtu{tsf lqmofsnfkx¿

@#^_ Pl8P; ;DaGwL hgr]tgf cleofgsf] ;~rfngM Pl8P; -klxnf] b'O{ jif{_sf] k|fylds r/0fdf uxg
cg'udg x'g] / Pl8P; sf] afFsL cjlwdf a9L lgoldt x'g] . cleofgdf lgDg s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z ul/G5M
s_ Pl8P; sf] k|ltj]bg tof/L / Jofks ljt/0f -g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLdf_
v_ Pl8P; sf] Go'hn]6/ tof/L / Jofks ljt/0f
u_ Pl8P; sf af/]df s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo / lhNnf txdf k|:t'tLs/0f -klxnf] b'O{ jif{ q}dfl;s k|:t'lt /
cGo jif{x¿df cw{jflif{s k|:t'lt_
3_ Pl8P; sf af/]df s[lif ljsf; dGqfnoaf6 lgoldt -q}dfl;s ¿kdf_ k|]; lj1lKt k|sfzg
plNnlvt cleofgsf dfWodaf6 ljt/0f ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ ;fdu|L / ;"rgfdf gLltut ljZj;gLotfsf ;fy}
l:y/tf tyf lg/Gt/tf ;DaGwL ;"rgfnfO{ Pl8P; sf] ;kmntfsf] ;+j]bgzLn kIfsf ¿kdf ljz]if dxŒj
lbOg] 5 .

@#&_ Pl8P; sf] jflif{s cg'udgn] gLltut lg/Gt/tf / l:y/tfsf] d'2f ;'lglZrt ub{5Ù h'g Pl8P; sf]
sfof{Gjogsf] a]nf v8f ePsf] x'G5 . OG6/g]6, aflif{s Pl8P; ;Dd]ng, k|ltj]bg k|:t'ltaf6 cg'udg
k|ltj]bgsf] Jofks pknAwtf x'g'kb{5 . ha sfo{qmdsf] l:y/tf / gLltut lg/Gt/tfdf ;d:of ePsf] kQf
nfU5Ù ta Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xfotf OsfO{{ / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] ;'wf/fTds sfo{x¿sf nflu k|:tfj
/fvL Pl8P; cGtu{t /x]sf] s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt / /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldltsf]
pk;ldltx¿df 5nkmn ug'{k5{ .

@#*_ Pl8P; sfof{Gjogdf cfa4 d'Vo kbx¿nfO{ nfdf] ;dofjlw;Dd l6Sg ;xof]u k'Ug] :t/Lo sfo{k|0ffnLsf]
lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ . To:tf kbx¿df s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf ;lrj, ;x;lrj gLlt tyf
cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u ;dGjo dxfzfvf, dxflgb]{zs s[lif ljefu, kz' ;]jf ljefu, vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f
lgoGq0f ljefu, vf; dxTjsf sfo{s|d k|aGws / sfo{s|d÷kl/of]hgf lgb]{zs cflb k5{g\ . oL kbx¿sf]

109
 sfo{sfn sDtLdf tLg jif{sf] x'g'kb{5 . plNnlvt sd{rf/Lsf] tf]lsPsf] kb cg';f/sf] ck]lIft sfo{ tyf
;dofjlwsf] ljifodf clgjfo{ cg'udg ul/g] 5 tfls tL sd{rf/Lx¿n] lgwf{l/t sfo{sfn k"/f ug{ ;s"g\ .

@#(_ Pl8P; sf] ;dLIff, k'g/fjnf]sg / cBfjlws -cfjZos /x]sf v08df_ x/]s kfFr jif{df x'g'kb{5 .
;dLIff / d"Nofª\sg Pl8P; sfof{Gjog / ;xof]u lgb]{zg ;dltsf] cWoIftf ug]{ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf]
g]t[Tjdf x'g] 5Ù h; cGtu{t ;fGble{s ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿ / gful/s ;dfhsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ kg]{ 5g\ .
Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xfotf ;~rfng ;ldltn] 5fg]sf] :jtGq Kofgnn] ;dLIff / d"Nofª\sg ;~rfng ug]{
5 . ;dLIff / d"Nofª\sgn] gLlt ljZj;gLotfsf] v08 ;dfj]z ug]{ 5, Pl8P;;Fu} gLlt sfof{Gjogdf
l:y/tfsf ljifox¿nfO{ hf]8 lbg] 5 / gLlt / sfo{s|d sfof{Gjogdf lg/Gt/tf lbg] 5 . /fli6«o Pl8P;
sfof{Gjog ;ldltn] ;dLIffsf] / d"Nofª\sg Kofgnsf] l;kmfl/;sf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ 5Ù h;n] Pl8P; sf]
lglZrt efux¿nfO{ cBfjlws ug]{ ;DaGwL clGtd lg0f{o lng] 5 .

@$)_ Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt ug{ gLlt / sfg'g kl/j{tgnfO{ hf]8 lbg'k5{ . /fli6«o Pl8P;
sfof{Gjog ;ldlt / /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldltn] Pl8P; sfof{Gjog tyf ;dGjo / gLltut k|lta4tf
;Fu} Pl8P; sfof{GjognfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ lhDd]jf/L /fV5 .

@$!_= Pl8P; df ls;fgsf] xs clwsf/ k|j4{g ug]{ ;+oGq ljsf;sf nflu ls;fg cfof]usf] :yfkgf ug]{ .
s[ifssf] xs clwsf/sf] k|j4{g ug{sf nflu Pl8P;n] pRr :t/Lo k"0f{ clwsf/ ;DkGg tyf :yfoL vfnsf]
ls;fg cfof]u :yfkgfnfO{ k|j4{g ub{5 . Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf] k|fylds r/0fdf ls;fg cfof]usf] ljlzi6
;Gbe{ ;t{x¿ (TOR), ;+/rgf / lgodfjnL lgwf{/0f ul/g] 5 . oBlk s[ifssf clwsf/x¿ ;+ljwfg /
sfg'g cGtu{t dfq} ;'/lIft ul/G5g\ t/ Pl8P;n] k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] s[ifs clwsf/sf af/]df a'emg
cWoogx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ 5Ù h;sf] cfwf/df g]kfn ;/sf/n] 7f]; k|:tfj th'{df ug{ ;Sg] 5 . cWoogdf
lgDg s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z ul/g] 5M
s_ g]kfndf ls;fg clwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff / ltgLx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg
v_ k|rlnt sfg'gn] k|bfg u/] cg';f/sf] s[ifs xs clwsf/ ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] klxrfg
u_ cfjZos sfg'g ;DaGwL l;kmfl/;
3_ g]kfndf s[ifs clwsf/sf] cg'udg
ª_ k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly s[ifssf] xs clwsf/ / k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] pkef]u ;DaGwL ljBdfg gLlt /
sfg'gx¿sf] ;dLIff / ;Defljt k'g/fjnf]sgsf nflu l;kmfl/;

%=@=@= Pl8P; sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg ;+:yfx¿aLr ;xsfo{ k|j4g{ ug{ k|ltkmn !=@ ;Fu ;DalGwt
lqmofsnfkx¿

@$@_ Pl8P; sfof{Gjog / ;dGjogsf nflu :yflkt ;DalGwt ;+:yfut ;+oGq h:t} s[ifs cfof]u, /fli6«o
Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt, /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt, ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jfs]Gb| / ;DalGwt
PlkkL ;+:yfx¿ -s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt, If]qLo s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt, lhNnf s[lif ljsf;
;ldlt_ _Ù /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldltsf] pk ;ldltx¿sf] u7g . s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf ;lrj,
/fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldltsf] kb]g ;lrj x'g] 5g\ / ls;fg cfof]u, /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg,
110
 ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+:yfx¿, ;xsf/L / lghL If]qsf k|ltlglwx¿ /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt, s]Gb|Lo s[lif
ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt, If]qLo s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt, lhNnf s[lif ljsf; ;ldltsf ;b:o x'g] 5g\ .

@$#_ /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldltsf] Ifdtfdf clej[l4M Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{{sf] dfWodaf6 a}7s
;~rfng, DofOg'6 / sfo{;"rLsf] tof/L tyf sfuhft ljt/0fdf Ps ;lrjfnosf] k|aGw ul/g] 5 . o;sf
;fy} rf}}dfl;s a}7s ;~rfng ug]{ / a}7sdf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;|f]tx¿ ljlgof]hg ug]{ . a}7s ;DaGwL
;"rgfsf ;fy;fy} a}7ssf lg0f{ox¿ Pl8P; sf] j]a;fO6df k|sflzt ug]{ .

@$$_ /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldltsf] pk;ldlt u7g / lgoldt a}7ssf] ;'lglZrttf -sDtLdf rf}dfl;s_M
Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xfotf OsfO{{sf] dfWodaf6 a}7s ;~rfng, DofO{g'6 / sfo{;"rLsf] tof/L tyf
sfuhft ljt/0fsf] k|aGw ;lrjfnon] ug]{ 5 . o;sf ;fy} rf}dfl;s a}7s ;~rfng x'G5 / a}7sdf
;xefuLx¿nfO{ sfuhft AffF8kmf8 ;'lglZrt ug]{ 5 . a}7s ;DaGwL ;"rgfsf ;fy;fy} a}7ssf lg0f{ox¿
Pl8P; sf] j]a;fO6df k|sflzt ub{5 . pk;ldlt lgDgfg';f/ x'g] 5g\ M
s_ s[lif tyf l;FrfO ;DaGwL pk;ldlt
v_ ;/sf/L If]q, lghL If]q, ;xsf/L If]q / s[ifs ;+:yfx¿ ;DaGwL pk;ldlt
u_ ;/sf/L If]q / u}/ ;/sf/L÷cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L If]q ;DaGwL pk;ldlt
3_ cg';Gwfg– k|;f/ – lzIff ;+:yfx¿ ;DaGwL pk;ldlt
ª_ vfB ;'/Iff, kf]if0f / vfB ;'/Iff kxn ;DaGwL pk;ldlt

@$%_ s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldltsf] Ifdtfsf] ;anLs/0f M Pl8P; sof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{{sf]
dfWodaf6 a}7s ;~rfng, DofOg'6 / sfo{;"rLsf] tof/L tyf sfuhft ljt/0fdf Ps ;lrjfno pknAw
u/fpF5 . o;sf ;fy} rf}dfl;s a}7s ;~rfng x'G5 / a}7sdf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;|f]t AffF8kmf8sf]
;'lglZrttf u/fpF5 . Pl8P; sf] j]a;fO6df a}7s ;DaGwL ;"rgfsf ;fy;fy} a}7ssf DofOg'6 ;d]t
k|sflzt ub{5 .

@$^_ If]qLo s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt / lhNnf s[lif ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;f]xL cg'¿ks]f a}7sf] k|j4g{ u5{ / If]qLo /
lhNnf :t/Lo a}7ssf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjogosf nflu s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldltdf k'u]sf]
;'lglZrt u5{ . If]qLo s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt / lhNnf s[lif ljsf; ;ldltsf] lg0f{o cg'udg ug{ sfof{Gjog
;xof]u OsfO{{sf] sd{rf/L kl/rfng u5{ .

@$&_ sfof{Gjog ;fxotf OsfO{{sf] d2tn] s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldltn] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf
nflu jflif{s If]qut k|ltj]bg tof/ u5{ . / Tof] k|ltj]bg Pl8P; sf] j]a;fO6df /flvPsf]] ;'lglZrt u5{ .

@$*_ Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{{sf] ;xfotfn] Pl8P; sfof{Gjog dfu{bz{g / cg'udg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
ug]{ tfls To;nfO{ s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo tyf lhNnf :t/Lo lgsfo / ;+:yfx¿n] a[xt\ ¿kdf k|;f/ ug{ /
cjnDag ug{ ;s"g\ .

111
%=@=# PsLs[t of]hgfdf k|ltkmn !=# ;Fu ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿

@$(_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u u7g / ;~rfng cfb]z @)^& -@)!)_ df lgDgfg';f/ ;+zf]wgåf/f ax' dGqfno
of]hgfnfO{ PsLs[t ug]]{ M
s_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k|fylds lhDd]jf/L eg]sf] If]qut of]hgf tyf Pp6f dGqfnodf c;/ kg{
;Sg] jf c;/ kf/]sf csf{ dGqfnodf csf]{ If]qsf] /sdnfO{ PsLs[t / ;dGjo ug'{ xf] .
v_ dGqfnosf] sfo{ of]hgf / ah]6 dfudf h;n] PseGbf a9L dGqfnodf k|efj kf5{ To;df
;fdGh:o /fVg] tl/sf ;lxt /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ;+;b\df k|ltj]bg k]; ug]{ 5 .

@%)_ bL3{sfnLg of]hgfx¿sf] jflif{s sfo{ of]hgf / ah]6df PsLs/0f ;'lglZrt ug]{Ù h;sf nflu /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]u u7g tyf ;~rfng cfb]z @)^& -@)!)_ sf] ;+zf]wg u/L lgDg lhDd]jf/L yKg] M
s_ k~r jifL{o of]hgfx¿nfO{ /fli6«o tyf If]qLo bL3{sfnLg /0fgLlts gLlt tyf of]hgf;Fu
ldNbf]h'Nbf] eP gePsf] k|dfl0ft ug]{Ù
v_ jflif{s of]hgf tyf ah]6 ljlgof]hg k~rjifL{o of]hgf cg's"n eP gePsf] k|dfl0ft ug]{Ù
u_ jflif{s of]hgf tyf ah]6df s'g} v/faL b]lvP ;/sf/ / ;+;b\nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] st{Jo .

@%!_ s[lif ljsf; dGqfnojf6 sfof{Gjog x'g] / k|wfgdGqL cWoIf /x]sf] /fli6«o ljsf; sfo{ ;ldltn] nfu"
u/]sf] cfof]hgfx¿sf] nflu s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t /fli6«o Pl8P; sfof{Gjog
;ldltsf] k|rlnt gLltsf] ;dGjo d~raf6 of]hgfsf] lgoldt cg'udg ;'lglZrt ul/G5 M
s_ lgod cg';f/ /fli6«o Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt / /fli6«o ljsf; sfo{ ;ldlt ;~rfng ug'{ -
sDtLdf k|To]s b'O{ / rf/ dlxgfdf_
v_ c;n zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @))( cGtu{t ;/sf/L cfb]z :yflkt ug]Ù{
h;df of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogsf ;Gb{edf dGqfno :t/Lo ljsf; sfo{ ;ldlt / /fli6«o ljsf;
sfo{ ;ldltn] ;/sf/nfO{ jflif{s k|ltj]bg a'emfpF5g\ .

%=@=$ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;xfotfdf k|ltkmn !=$ ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

@%@_ s[lif ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{t Pl8P; sfof{Gojg ;xfotf k|fljlws ;xof]un] Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogsf]
d2tåf/f -s_ gLlt ljZn]if0f, gLlt ;dfof]hg / lgods ¿k/]vfdf s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf] Ifdtf j[l4Ù -
v_ Pl8P; sfof{Gjog l:yltsf] cg'udg / If]qut ljsf; :t/ cg';f/ /0fgLlt ;dfof]hgdf ;xof]u -u_
s[lif If]qsf nflu plrt ;dGjo / k|r'/ nufgL If]q a9fpg If]qut a[xQ/ kx'r (Sector-Wide
Approach) sf] ;dLIff / d"Nofª\sg -3_ sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL ljsf; / ;+:yfs/0fÙ
-ª_ s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldltb]lv /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u;Dd Pl8P; sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg ;lxt
ljleGg ;dGjo ;+oGqsf] -/fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt, s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt, lhNnf
s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt _ ;xof]u ;lxt ljZn]if0ffTds ;"rgf tyf ;Nnfx ;]jfÙ -r_ cfwf/ jif{sf] -@)!%_
cfFs8f cBfjlws / pQuf{dL nIo, OToflb .

112
@%#_ Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u sfo{qmdn] Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf] ;'?sf jif{x¿df g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|fljlws
;xfotfdf lg/Gt/tf lbg] nIf /fv]sf] 5 . o;sf p2]Zox¿ lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ .
s_ k|fljlws ;xfotf, k/fdz{ ;]jf / Ifdtf clej[l4åf/f Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogdf d2t ug'{
v_ Pl8P; sf] ;dGjo, of]hgf / gLlt cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgdf ;'wf/
u_ Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogåf/f bft[ lgsfosf] sfo{s|ddf ;dfof]hg

@%$_ Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu jt{dfgdf 5l/Psf ljleGg lgsfox¿ / gLlt, sfg'gL / ljj]rgfTds
;Lkx¿sf] ;dGjo x'g'k5{ . k|efjsf/L of]hgf tyf gLltut th'{df / cg'udgsf] cfwf/ k|efjsf/L
;dGjosf] k|To'Q/ xf] . Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{, /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt tyf pk ;ldlt /
k|ljlws ;xof]unfO{ s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt, ;lrjfno ;]jfsf nflu pQ/bfoL /x]sf] 5 .
gLlt, sfg'gL / ljj]rgfTds Ifdtfn] ek/k"0f{ o; ;ldltn] gLlt / sfof{Gjogsf] b"/Ldf d]6fpg] 5 .

%=@=% Pl8P; cGtu{t n}lËs ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs tyf ef}uf]lns ;dfj]zL ;+oGq :yfkgfdf k|ltkmn !=% ;Fu
;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿

@%%_ n}+lus ;dfgtf tyf ;dflhs ;dfj];Ls/0f -h];L_ / ef}uf]lns ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] ;jfndf s[lif gLlt,
of]hgf / sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] nflu s[lif ljsf; dGqfnodf vfB ;'/Iff tyf jftfj/0f dxfzfvfsf]
n}ª\lus ;dtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f zfvfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f . of] lqmofsnfksf] nflu h];L kl/k|]Ifaf6
Pl8P; sf] lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogdf of]ubfgsf nflu ljleGg Ifdtf clej[l4 -tflnd, z}lIfs e|d0f,
sfo{zfnf_ ug{ sd;]sd b'O{ k"0f{sfnLg k];fut sd{rf/L cfjZos kb{5 . o;sf] cltl/St Pl8P; sf] h];L
/0fgLlt tof/L ubf{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« dlxnf (UN Women) n] cltl/St Ifdtf clej[l4 k|bfg ug{{ ;Sg] 5 .

@%^_ cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg k|0ffnLleq ;dflxt ;+oGqsf ¿kdf / of]]hgf / gLlt lgdf{0fdf k[i7kf]if0f ug{ s[lif
ljsf; dGqfno/vfB ;'/Iff tyf jftfj/0f dxfzfvfdf /fli6«o txsf] h];L cfwfl/t / ef}uf]lns ;dfj]zL
cfwfl/t tYofÍ pTkfbg / ;+/If0f . s[lif ljsf; dGqfno/vfB ;'/Iff tyf jftfj/0f dxfzfvfdf /fli6«o
tYofÍ sfof{no / ljsf; ;fem]bf/sf] ;dGjodf h];L ;DalGwt / ef}uf]lns ;dfj]zL ;DalGwt tYofÍ
/flvg] 5 . o; lqmofsnfksf] nflu tYofÍzf:qL / pko'St ; 6j]o/ / xf8{j]o/sf] ;]jf cfjZos kb{5 .
vfB ;'/Iff tyf jftfj/0f dxfzfvfn] tYofÍ ljZn]if0faf6 k|fKt k|d'v d'2f / k|j[lQ phfu/ ul/Psf]
cfjlws k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L ljt/0f ug'{kb{5 / gLlt tyf of]hgf th'{dfdf of]ubfg lbg'kb{5 .

@%&_ h];L b[li6sf]0fjf6 s[lif sfo{qmdx¿sf] ah]6 sfof{Gjog / cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg/n]vf k/LIf0f s[lif
sfo{s|dx¿df cfwfl/t of]hgf ah]6 lgwf{/0f, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, d"Nofª\sg / n]vf k/LIf0fsf nflu
s]Gb|Lo ljefu / lhNnf :t/sf lgsfox¿df :ki6 kl/eflift lhDd]jf/L ;lxt h];L sd{rf/Lx¿sf]
kb:yfkgf / ;anLs/0f M k|To]s ;Da4 ljefu / lhNnfdf tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L / h];L ljZn]if0f / h];L
sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf Ifdtf ePsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;'lglZrttf x'g] . lhNnf :t/df h];L sd{rf/LnfO{ h];L
b[li6sf]0f / ljZn]if0f, of]hgf th'{df, ah]6 lgdf{0f / of]hgf tyf d"Nofª\sgsf tl/sfsf] af/]df k|f/lDes /
cg';/0f tflnd k|bfg ul/g] 5 .

113
@%*_ lhNnf, Onfsf / ;fd'bflos txsf] ;+:yfaf6 sfof{Gjog x'g] s[lif ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿df ;a} lnª\u /
;fdflhs ;d"xsf k'?if / dlxnf s[ifssf] ;xeflutfsf] u'0ffTds / kl/df0ffTds kIfdf j[l4 . of]
lqmofsnfkn] s[lif sfo{s|dsf] l8hfOg / sfof{Gjog b'j}df dlxnf / ;dflhs ¿kn] jlxis[t ;d"xnfO{
;dfg ¿kn] kmfObf k'U5 . Pl8P; sf] of]hgf / sfof{Gjogsf] a]nf ;dfj]zL l;4fGtaf6 k/ x6]df vfB
;'/Iff tyf jftfj/0f dxfzfvfsf] s]Gb|Lo txsf sd{rf/L / lhNnf :t/Lo h];L sd{rf/Lx¿ ;r]t x'g'k5{ .

@%(_ ;a} lhNnfdf s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf h];L ;Daf]lwt agfpg] . lhNnf :t/sf h];L sd{rf/Lx¿n] of]hgf /
sfof{Gjog cj:yfdf k|;f/ sfo{qmd h];L ;Daf]lwt ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ 5g\ . h];L ;DaGwL k|;f/
lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cg'udgsf nflu -h:t} Pp6f lhNnfdf dlxgfdf Ps k6s_ Pl8P;n] cfof]hgf /
sfo{s|d If]qdf lgoldt e|d0f vr{df ;xof]u u5{ .

@^)_ s[lif pTkfbgsf ;fwgdf -v]tL, C0f, ;fdfu|L h:t}M aLp, dnvfb, pGgt k|ljlw, l;FrfO / ahf/_
s[ifssf] kx'Frdf clej[l4 -;a} ef}uf]lns If]q ;Dk"0f{ n}lËs tyf ;dflhs cfly{s ;d"xdf_ . o;sf nflu
Pl8P; sf] c¿ v08df b;f{P cg';f/ /fd|f];Fu sfd ug]{ ahf/, k|;f/ Joj:yf, k"jf{wf/ / ;fdu|L ljt/0f
Joj:yf cfjZos kb{5 . h];L b[li6sf]0f eg]sf] pTkfbgsf ;fwgdf ls;fgsf] kx'Frdf ljleGg ;fdflhd
;d"x, ljz]if ¿kn] ;'ljwfljxLg ls;fg] ;dfj]z ;'lglZrt ug'{ xf] . cfof]hgf l8hfOg / sfof{Gjogsf] a]nf
h];L b[li6sf]0f ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 eg]/ h];L sd{rf/Ln] cfZj:t kfg]{ 5g\ . Pl8P;n] /fli6«o s[ifs
u7aGwgn] sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{qmddf k|fljlws ;xfotf dfkm{t ;xof]u ug]{ 5 .

@^!_ ;Dk"0f{ ef}uf]lns If]qdf s[lif cg';Gwfg / k|ljlw ljsf;df h];L ;Daf]wgtf k|j4{g . gfs{sf h];L
sd{rf/L / s]Gb|Lo tyf lhNnf :t/sf h];L sd{rf/Lx¿n] sfo{qmd l8hfOg / sfof{Gjogdf h];L
;Daf]wgtf k|j4{g ug'{kb{5 .

@^@_ Pl8P; lqmofsnfksf] of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udgdf h];L b[li6sf]0f ;'lglZrt ug{ Pl8P; sf]
efusf ¿kdf h];L /0fgLltsf] ljsf; ug]{ . /0fgLlt ;+o'Qm /fi6« dlxnf h:tf ljlzi6 ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf
th'{df ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

%=@=^ ;d;fdflos k|efjsf/L cg'udg / d"Nofª\sgsf nflu k|ltkmn !=^ ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

@^#_ s]Gb|Lo / lhNnf :t/Lo OsfO{sf] cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg Ifdtf ljsf; M o; cGtu{t s]Gb|Lo txsf
ljefux¿df -s[lif ljefu, kz' ;]jf ljefu, vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu, l;FrfO ljefu, jg tyf
e" ;+/If0f ljefu_ cg'udg d"Nofª\sg dxfzfvf jf OsfO{df sfo{/t d'Vo sd{rf/L / k|To]s lhNnfsf]
lhs[ljsf / ljk;]sfsf] of]hgf tyf cg'udg OsfO{df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] lgoldt k|lzIf0f kb{5 . Ifdtf
ljsf;nfO{ cg'udg d"Nofª\sg ;dod} / k];fut lx;fan] ;~rfng ug{ ;|f]tx¿ -h:t} xf8{j]o/ /
;km\6j]o/, ;j]{If0f ah]6, cg'udg e|d0f ah]6_ pknAw u/fP/ klg kl/k"0f{ ul/g] 5 .

@^$_ Jojl:yt Pl8P; cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg ug{ tnsf ;lxt pko'Qm tl/sf :yfkgf .

114
 s_ g]kfn ;/sf/, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, lghL If]q, z}lIfs If]q, ljQLo ;+:yfx¿, ;fj{hlgs af]8{,
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg / cfof]ux¿jf6 sfof{Gjog x'g] k|d'v s[lif sfo{qmdsf] l:ylt / sfo{ ;Dkfbg
v_ d'Vo gLlt / of]hgf sfof{Gjog cj:yf / ;du| k|efjsfl/tf .
u_ sfof{Gjog OsfO{ / ;+:yfx¿sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg .

@^%_ o; cGtu{t Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf o;sf] tl/sfsf] ljsf; / sfof{Gjog kb{5Ù h;af6 Pl8P;
sf] l:yltsf] lgoldt cg'udg k|ltj]bg b'j} g]kfnL / cª\u|]hLdf pknAw x'g] 5 .

@^^_ o'/f]k]nL o'lgogsf] nufgL / ljZj vfB sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]udf s[lif dGqfnosf] cfof]hgfsf ¿kdf /x]sf]
vfB ;'/Iff k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / ;+u7gLs/0fsf] cfwf/df vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf] cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg .

@^&_ s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf] s[lif Joj;fo k|j4{g tyf tYofª\s dxfzfvf / s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefusf]
;dGjodf s[lif tyf kz' u0fgf ;~rfng ug]{ .

@^*_ s]Gb|Lo :t/df /fof]cfsf] / lhNnf:t/df lhlj;/uflj;sf] g]t[Tjdf ;/sf/ / ljsf; ;fem]bf/ ;lDdlnt
;+o'Qm cg'udg d"Nofª\sg ld;g ;~rfng ug]{ . s]xL k|d'v ;Defusf] ax' If]q k|s[lt cg'¿k o;n] ;du|
Pl8P; / ljz]if u/L cg'udg k|lqmofdf k|d'v If]qsf] ;xeflutf / :jfldTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ 5 .

%=@=&= Pl8P; sf] of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udgdf gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xeflutf k|ltkmn !=& ;Fu
;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

@^(_ g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL b'j} efiffdf Pl8P; j]a;fO6 :yfkgf / ;~rfng . Pl8P; ;DaGwL ;"rgfdf gful/s
;dfhsf] kx'Fr ;xh u/fpg Pl8P; sf] j]a;fO6 :yfkgf ul/g] 5 / Pl8P; sf] ;"rgf g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL
b'j}df pknAw u/fOg] 5 .

@&)_ gLlt tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u ;dGjo dxfzfvfdf Pl8P; ;DaGwL sIf :yfkgfÙ Pl8P; ;"rgf sIfsf]
sfo{x¿ lgDgfg';f/ x'g] 5 .
 Pl8P; sf] k|sfzg / k|ltj]bgx¿ hg ;dIf pknAw u/fpg] -;"qkft k|ltj]bgx¿, of]hgf th'{df
sfuhftx¿, cg'udg k|ltj]bgx¿, 36gfx¿, gLlt ;"qkft, nufgL] of]hgfx¿, cfof]hgf /
sfo{s|d_
 Pl8P; ;DaGwL lh1f;fsf] k|ltls|of
 ljz]if lh1f;fx¿ s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf] ;DjlGwt lgosfox¿ jf cGo lgsfox¿df k7fpg] .
 Pl8P; ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu Pl8P; ;~hfn ;xhLs/0f -s[lif ;+u7gx¿, ;xsf/Lx¿, s[lif pBd
Joj;fox¿, s[lif k];fut ;+u7gx¿, s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo txsf ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿, ljsf;
;fem]bf/x¿_
@&!_ o; ;"rgf sIfsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfngsf nflu ;~rf/df sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf lgdf{0f, pko'St xf8{j]o/
tyf ;km\6j]o/ ;fdu|L, clen]v / 5kfO ah]6 cfjZos kg]{ 5 .
115
@&@_ s[lif ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ s]Gb|, ljefux¿, If]qLo, lhNnf, s[lif ljefu / kz' ;]jf ljefu cGtu{tsf
lhNnf :t/Lo lgsfox¿ / ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|x¿df o:t} k|sf/sf] Pl8P; ;"rgf sIfsf]
:yfkgf ug'{ kg]{ 5 .

@&#_ s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] jflif{s ¿kdf sf7df8f}F / k|To]s lhNnfdf gful/s ;dfhaf6 k[i7kf]if0f lng
Pl8P; cg'udg d"Nofª\sg k|ltj]bgsf] cfjlws k|:t'tLs/0f ug]{ 5 .

%=@=* Pl8P; ;dGjo / sfof{Gjogdf ;lDdlnt k|d'v ;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4df k|ltkmn !=* ;Fu
;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

@&$_ Pl8P; sf] of]hgf th'{df, gLlt lgdf{0f,sfof{Gjog, ;dGjo, / cg'udgdf ;+nUg k|d'v ;+:yfx¿sf]
Ifdtf cfjZostf klxrfg . o;df ;+nUg lgsfox¿M /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, s[lif
ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{tsf k|d'v ljefux¿ -s[lif ljefu, kz' ;]jf ljefu, vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f
ljefu_, s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\, s[lif tyf jg lj1fg ljZjljBfno / ;Da4 ;+:yfx¿ -l;FrfO
dGqfno/l;FrfO ljefu, lzIff dGqfno, jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfno/jg ljefu, :yfgLo ljsf;
dGqfno/8f]ln8f/====_, k|d'v s[ifs ;+u7gx¿, / k|d'v ;xsf/L ;+u7gx¿ . ;dGjo / sfof{Gjog;Fu
;DalGwt Ifdtf cfjZostfx¿ .

@&%_ d'Vo ;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf j[l4sf] of]hgf agfpg] . o;df ;d]l6g] ljifox¿ s]xL xb;Dd ;+:yf ;+:yfaLr
km/s x'g ;S5g\ . ;fy}, k|of]ustf{ cg';f/ tflnd lbg] tl/sf / Ifdtf ljsf; klg km/s x'g ;S5g\ .
Pl8P; sf] klxnf] jif{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ls|ofsnfksf] ulx/fOdf hfg'k5{ / To;kl5 afFsL jflif{s ¿kdf
hfg'kb{5 .

@&^_ Ifdtf clej[l4sf] sfof{Gjog / cg'udg . o; cGtu{t cw{ jflif{s jf jflif{s kf7\oqmd / tL Ifdtf
lgdf{0fsf] k|efjsf] cg'udg kb{5g\ . ljz]if Ifdtf clej[l4 ls|ofsnfkx¿ lgDg lgsfodf ul/G5g\ .
s= d'Vo ;/sf/L lgsfox¿
v= /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg, /fli6«o ;xsf/L dxf;+3 / lghL If]qsf ;+:yfx¿

@&&_ Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg s[lif ljsf; dGqfno / ljefu
:t/sf] ;+u7gfTds ;'wf/ d"Nofª\sg M d"Nofª\sg / l;kmfl/; ubf{ rfn' tyf ljutsf sfof{s|dx¿sf]
ljZn]if0faf6 klxrfg ul/Psf of]hgf / sfo{fGjogaLrsf] l/SttfnfO{ ;d]t Vofn ug'{ h?/L 5 .

@&*_ s[lif ljsf; dGqfnodf /x]sf] of]hgf dxfzfvf cGtu{tsf] gLlt zfvf / j}b]lzs ;xof]u ;dGjo
zfvfnfO{ :t/f]Gglt u/L gLlt tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u ;dGjo dxfzfvfsf] :yfkgf M s[lif ljsf;
dGqfnosf o:tf dxfzfvfn] bIftfk"j{s cfkm\gf] sfd ug{ ;Sg] u/L Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug'{kb{5 . of]
dxfzfvfn] dGqfnodf Ifdtf lgdf{0f tyf gLlt ljZn]if0fnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ ;+oGq pknAw u/fpg] 5 .

116
 Pl8P;n] ljZj Jokf/ ;+u7g tyf ljD:6]s h:tf b'O{kIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo k|fjwfgx¿sf] /fli6«o :jfy{
cg's"n ;b'kof]usf nflu pko'St dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] ljsf;nfO{ k|j4g{ ug]{ 5 .

%=@=( clt ljkGg ju{sf] pGgt vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff ;DaGwL k|ltkmn !=( ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

@&(_ oL ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkx¿ Ps vf; dxŒjsf] sfo{s|d cGtu{t ;+ul7t ul/g] 5 / vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff
sfo{s|dsf ¿kdf hgfOg] 5 . of] sfo{s|dleq cGo tLg ;xfos sfo{s|dx¿ 5g\ M xfn e"d08nLo s[lif
tyf vfB ;'/Iff sfo{s|dsf] efusf] ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ul/Fb} cfPsf] s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff cfof]hgf, vfB
s[lif ;+u7gsf] ;xof]udf tof/ kfl/Psf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{qmd, ax'If]q kf]if0f sfo{qmd / vfB
kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]ufy{ l8hfOg / sfof{Gjog ul/g] gofF nlIft /fli6«o vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff
cfof]hgf . xfn ePsf / cfof]hgf ul/g] ;dfg sfo{qmdx¿;Fu clwstd tfnd]n ldnfpg / cem
/fd|f];Fu nIo lgwf{/0f ug{ ax'If]q kf]if0f of]hgf;Fu ;dGjo /fVg' cTofjZos x'g] 5 . o; k|ltkmn !=(
cGtu{tsf ultljlwx¿ lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ M

@*)_ vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf jt{dfg cfof]hgfx¿ kl/k"0f{ ug{ nlIft /fli6«o vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff
sfo{s|dsf] l8hfOg ug]{ . of] cfof]hgf Pl8P; sf] klxnf] kfFr jif{ cjlwsf] dWolt/ l8hfOg ul/g] 5 /
Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{sf] ;dGjodf xfnsf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg,
dWofjlw ;dLIff / d"Nofª\sgaf6 kmfObf lnOg] 5 .

@*!_ nlIft /fli6«o vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{s|d sfof{Gjog M of] sfo{s|d ul/a tyf ljkGg ju{ tyf
ef}uf]lns ¿kn] ljkGg If]qx¿ -h:t}M s0f{fnL_ k|lt nlIft 5 / o; cGtu{t ue{jtL / :tgkfg u/fpg]
dlxnf ls;fg ;lxt nlIft nfeu|fxLsf] pTkfbsTj, hLjgofkg / kf]if0f Joj:yfdf ;'wf/sf sfo{qmd
;dfj]z 5 . ;dLIff / of]hgf th'{df ul/;lsPsf] /fli6«o vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff cfof]hgf / vfB tyf
kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{qmd ;lxt c¿ ;dfg sfo{qmdsf] l;sfOsf] cfwf/df gofF sfo{qmdn] ;jf]{Qd cEof;x¿
-h:t} vfB tyf ;fdfu|L ef}r/, s/];faf/L t/sf/L, kmfd{leqsf] e08f/0f, ;+/If0f / k|zf]wg, /}yfg] vfgf,
;ª\sng s]Gb|x¿, ;DklQ sfo{qmdsf] nflu vfB / gub, jRrfx¿sf] nflu ;"Id kf]if0f kl/k"lt{ sfo{qmd,
aflnsf k|f]T;fxg sof{s|d, ljBfno cfxf/_ sf] k|of]u / o;sf] /fli6«o txdf lj:tf/ ub{5 .

@*@_ s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff sfo{s|dsf] sfof{Gjog M of] sfo{s|dn] g]kfnsf dWo tyf ;"b"/ klZrd ljsf;
If]qsf kxf8L tyf lxdfnL !( lhNnfx¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . o; sfo{s|dsf nfefyL{x¿ afnL s[ifs -
cg'dflgt k|ToIf nfefyL{x¿ $),)))_, kz'kfng s[ifs -@&,)))_, s/];fafnL pTkfbgdf ;+nUg dlxnf -
#%,)))_, tyf ue{jtL tyf :tgkfg u/fpg] dlxnf ePsf 3/kl/jf/ -$%,)))_ x'g] 5g\ . sfo{s|d
;~rfng tyf sfof{Gjog, cfof]hgf If]qdf k"j{ cl:tTjdf /x]sf ;d"xx¿ ;d]t, ;d"xut ¿kdf ul/g] 5 .
o;sf ;fy} dlxnfx¿sf] s[lif tyf kf]if0fdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsfnfO{ Vofn /fvL pgLx¿sf] nIo lgwf{/0f tyf
cfof]hgf ;~rfngdf ;dfj]lztfnfO{ ljz]if dxŒj lbOg] 5 .

@*#_ g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf vfB s[lif ;+u7gaf6 tof/ kfl/Psf vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{ of]hgf sfof{Gjog .
of] sfo{s|d !) nfv clt ljkGg ul/a kl/jf/k|lt nlIft 5 -ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if sfo{s|dn] hgfP cg';f/_

117
 / vfBfGg afnL, dT:okfng, jg lj1fg, afujfgL pTkfbg / kz'kfngdf ljleGg k|ljlw / kf]if0f sfo{qmd
;+nUg x'g] 5 . vfB ;'/Iff tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{qmdsf ;a} ;Defux¿df h];L / kf]if0f sfo{qmd d"n
k|jflxt x'g] 5 . cfof]hgfn] sfg'gL kIf h:t} vfB clwsf/ / vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff P]gdf ;d]t ;xof]u
ug]{ nIo /fv]sf] 5 .

@*$_ cd]l/sL cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; lgof]uåf/f ;~rflnt ls;fg sfo{qmd, ljZj vfB sfo{qmdaf6 ;xof]u
ul/Psf sfo{s|dx¿ / clt vfB c;'/lIft u|fdL0f 3/kl/jf/ / ls;fgx¿;Dd ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ k'uf];\
egL ;'lglZrt x'g g]kfn ;/sf/ / c? ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] ax'If]q kf]if0f of]hgf 5ftfleq nufgL
ul/Psf sfo{qmdx¿ . vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfof{qmdsf Joj:yfksn] /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldltsf]
vfB kf]if0f ;'/Iff pk;ldltdf k|ltj]bg k]; ug]{ 5g\ . -efu &=& x]g'{xf];\_

@*%_ Pl8P; sf] ;'?sf] kfFr jif{sf] ;dflKt;Fu} vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff /fli6«o sfo{s|dsf] ;dLIff ul/g] 5 .

@*^_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u txdf pRr :t/Lo kf]if0f vfB ;'/Iff ;~rfng ;ldlt / kf]if0f / vfB ;'/Iff
;dGjo ;ldlt lhNnf txdf lhlj;n] ;~rfng u/]sf] lhNnf kf]if0 tyf vfB ;'/Iff ;~rfng ;ldlt
h:tf s]Gb|Lo / lhNnf vfB ;'/Iff ;dGjo ;+oGqsf] Ifdtf lj:tf/ . o;n] ax'If]q kf]if0f of]hgfdf Pl8P;
sf] of]ubfg a9fpF5 / vfB ;'/Iff tyf kf]if0fsf ;Dk"0f{ k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ;+nUg u/fpF5 .

@*&_ vfB clwsf/ tyf vfB ;Dk|e'tf sfg'g tof/ / ltgLx¿sf] sfof{Gjog k|j4{g . vfB clwsf/ / vfB
;Dk|e'tf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf :yfkgf ePsf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #^ n] vfB ;Dk|e'tfnfO{ vfB
clwsf/ cyjf kof{Kt vfB clwsf/df x]l/Psf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/nfO{ lgz]if gug]{ ;t{df Pl8P; of]
l;4fGt cg's"n 5 / o;sf] cg'udg Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf ul/g] 5 .

%=@=!) sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL k|ltkmn !=!) ;Fu ;DjlGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

@**_ oL lqmofsnfkx¿ ;/sf/L ;]jf k|jfx, ljz]if ¿kn] s[lif k|;f/ sfo{stf{sf] sfo{;Dkfbg, ;'wf/ ug{df
nlIft 5 . o;sf] p2]Zo sfo{ ;DkfbgnfO{ /fd|f] sfo{ ;DkfbsnfO{ k'/:s[t ug]{ k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnLdf hf]8g\ '
xf] .

@*(_ c;n sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf nflu :ki6 d"Nofª\sg dfkb08 / cg'udg k|0ffnL ;lxt lgb]{lzsf / dfgs sfo{
;~rfng k|ls|of :yfkgf .

@()_ !% lhNnfdf -k|To]s ljsf; If]qsf] k|To]s ef}uf]lns If]qaf6 !/! lhNnf_ sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t
Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL gd'gf sfo{qmd ;~rfng . o;sf] p2]Zo ljleGg lhNnfsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg cg'udg u/L
/fd|f] sfo{ ;dkfbgsf] cfwf/df pTs[i6 kfFr lhs[ljsf / lhk;]sfnfO{ -efu (=#=! xg]{'xf];\M_ ;Ddfg ug'{ xf]
. gd'gf sfo{qmddf Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{n] tof/ ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] l8hfOg / sfof{Gjog kb{5 .

@(!_ gd'gf sfo{qmdsf] d"Nofª\sg / o;sf] ;Defljt lj:tf/ / ;+:yfut ljsf;sf nflu ;'emfj .
118
%=# pknlAw @M pRrtd pTkfbsTj;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿M
@(@_ Pl8P; sf] pknlAw @ pRrtd pknlAw xf] . of] pknlAw tflnsf @( df b]vfOP cg';f/ !# k|ltkmn /
!!@ lqmofsnfkx¿sf] dfWodaf6 k|fKt ul/g] 5 Ù h;nfO{ lj:t[t ¿kdf tn lbOPsf] 5 .
Tflnsf @(M pRrtd pTkfbsTj;Fu ;DalGwt pknlAw @ sf lqmofsnfkx¿
pknlAw k|ltkmn lqmofsnfk ljj/0f
@ pTkfbsTjdf j[l4
@=! ljs]Gb|Ls[t s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf
@=!=! ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf
@=!=!=! ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|sf nflu ;fwf/0f lgb]{lzsfsf]
lgdf{0f
@=!=!=@ sfo{qmdsf af/]df hgr]tgf cleofg
@=!=!=# ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgfdf ;xof]usf nflu
Ifdtf lgdf{0f
@=!=!=$ ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgfsf nflu aLp k'h F Lsf]
Joj:yf
@=!=!=% ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|sf k|;f/ k|fljlwsnfO{ k|lzIf0f
@=!=!=^ ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|nfO{ k|fljlws ;xfotf
@=!=!=& ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|sf] afXo cg'udg
@=!=@ s[lif tyf kz' ;]jf s]Gb| tyf pks]Gb|x¿sf] Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f
@=!=@=! k|fljlwsx¿sf nflu tflnd, sfo{zfnf / cWoog e|d0f
@=!=@=@ s[lif k|bz{g / s[ifs tflndsf nflu ;|f]t ;fwgx¿
@=!=@=# s[lif tyf kz' ;]jf s]Gb| / pks]Gb|x¿sf] k"jf{wf/ / pks/0fdf
;'wf/
@=!=# k|;f/ tyf k/fdz{ ;]jfsf nflu ef}r/ k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf
@=!=#=! gd'gf ef}r/ cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfof{Gjog / d"Nofª\sg
@=!=#=@ gd'gf cfof]hgf cGtu{t %),))) ef}r/nfO{ ah]6 pknAw
@=!=$ s[ifs ahf/Ls/0f kf7zfnfsf] :yfkgf
@=!=$=! sfo{qmdsf] Ifdtf lgdf{0f tyf k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f tflndsf]
cfof]hgf
@=!=$=! d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf;sf nflu k|fyldstf k|fKt uflj;x¿df
s[ifs ahf/Ls/0f kf7zfnfsf] sfof{Gjog
@=!=% s[lif k|;f/df ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|j4{g
@=!=%=! x/]s ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb| Pjd\ s[lif tyf kz' ;]jf
s]Gb| / pks]Gb|df OG6/g]6sf] ;'ljwf ;lxt sDKo'6/ / 6\ofan]6
k|bfg
@=!=%=@ df]afOndf cfwfl/t PlKns];gsf] k|of]u
@=!=^ s[ifs ;d"x / ;+:yfx¿sf] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿;Fu
;DaGw :yfkgf
!=!=& sfo{If]qsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ n}ª\lus ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs
119
pknlAw k|ltkmn lqmofsnfk ljj/0f
;dfj]zLs/0f / kf]if0f ;+j]bgzLntf ;DaGwL tflnd k|bfg
@=@ ljs]Gb|Ls[t s[lif cg';Gwfg k|0ffnL
@=@=! gfs{nfO{ s[lif k|0ffnLsf] ;jf]{Rr lgsfosf] ¿kdf k'gu{7g ug]{,
gfs{ cGtu{t /fli6«o cg'Gwfg ;+:yf / If]qLo s[lif cg';Gwfg
s]Gb|n] cg';Gwfg / tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ .
@=@=!=! g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg sf]ifsf] :yfkgf, gf8]{kmdf ufEg] /
gfs{;Fu Pstf
@=@=!=@ Pl8P;;Fu tfnd]n x'g] u/L gfs{ lehg @)!!–#) sf] 6'Ëf]
nufpg]
@=@=!=# afujfgL, kz' :jf:Yo, dT:o kfngsf nflu /fli6«o cg'Gwfg
;+:yfsf] :yfkgf
@=@=!=$ ;'b"/ klZrd ljsf; If]qsf] pRr lxdfn, dWo kxf8 / t/fO{{
If]qdf If]qLo s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb :yfkgf
@=@=!=% eO/x]sf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿df t/fO{{ -@_, dWo kxf8 -!_ /
pRr lxdfn -!_ s[lif ofGqLs/0f s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf
@=@=!=^ If]qLo s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb tyf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ bf]xf]/f]kgaf6
hf]ufpg ;dGjofTds tj/af6 k'g;{+/rgf
@=@=@ cg';Gwfg, lzIff / k|;f/aLr lqsf]0ffTds ;DaGwsf] :yfkgf
@=# s[lif lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
@=#=! s[lif ljZjljBfnosf] ;'ljwf tyf Ifdtfdf ;'wf/
@=#=@ s[lif tyf jg lj1fg ljZjljBfnodf gofF ljefux¿sf] :yfkgf
@=#=@=! s[lif Jofkf/ ljefusf] :yfkgf
@=#=@=@ k|ljlw lj:tf/ ljefusf] :yfkgf
@=#=# ;+o'Qm z}lIfs tyf cg';Gwfg sfo{qmdsf nflu ;xof]u
@=#=$ s[lif ljZjljBfno / lghL If]qsf aLr ;fe]mbf/Lsf] ljsf;
@=#=% cGo If]qx¿df gofF s[lif÷kz'lj1fg sn]hx¿sf] :yfkgf
@=#=^ k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\sf] Ifdtf
;'b[9Ls/0f
@=#=& j}b]lzs pRr lzIff / tflndx¿af6 ;/sf/L z}lIfs k|0ffnL /
lghL If]qsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f
@=#=* vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/IffnfO{ k|rlnt z}lIfs k|0ffnLdf d"n
k|jfxLs/0f
@=$ hldgsf] s'zn tyf lbuf]] pkof]u x'g] u/L kof{Kt cfsf/sf]
s[lif
@=$=! e"ld;'wf/ ;DaGwL k|rlnt gLlt tyf sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg /
sfof{Gjogsf nflu gLltut lg0f{o / lgodg
@=$=@ e"ld Joj:yfkg sfof{no dftxtsf sfdx¿sf] ;dGjosf
nflu e"ld ;DaGwL P]g cGtu{t ;/sf/L cfb]z hf/L
@=$=# df]lxofgL tyf e"lddfly å}w :jfldTjsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{
e"ld GofofwLs/0fsf] :yfkgf

120
pknlAw k|ltkmn lqmofsnfk ljj/0f
@=$=$ xbaGbLeGbf a9L hldgdflysf] :jfldTj Go"gLs/0f ug{ nIo
lgwf{/0f tyf sfof{Gjog
@=$=% hUufwgL ;~rflnt v]tL, s[lif ;xsf/L / s[lif Joj;fo v]tL
k|a4{gsf nflu cfjZos gLltlgod lgdf{0f tyf k|f]T;fxg /
lg?T;fxgsf pkfox¿sf] cjnDag
@=$=^ /fli6«o e"ld s/f/ lgud cfof]hgfsf] k/LIf0f
@=$=& e"–v08Ls/0fdfly lgoGq0f
@=$=$=! sfg'gL dfkb08
@=$=$=@ ljQLo tyf s/ k|f]T;fxg
@=$=* s[lif Jofkf/ ;~rfngnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ s/f/ s[lif P]g nfu"
@=$=( df]lxofgL xsd'Qm :jR5 sfof{b]z ;lxtsf] bL3{sfnLg e"ld
s/f/ P]g -s/f/ s[lif P]gsf] cª\u x'g ;Sg]_ nfu"
@=$=!) e"–If]qLs/0f gLlt nfu"
@=$=!! k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu x}l;ot lalu|Psf] hldgsf] klxrfg
@=$=!@ e"lddf dlxnfsf] clwsf/af]w hgr]tgf clej[l4
@=% lj:tfl/t tyf ;'wfl/Psf] l;FrfO
@=%=! cTolws ;DefJo ;fwgaf6 l;FrfO If]qsf] lj:tf/
@=%=!=! ;'? ul/Psf ;txL l;FrfO cfof]hgfx¿sf] k"0f{tf
@=%=!=@ dWod kf]v/L tyf hns'08x¿sf] k/LIf0f lgdf{0f
@=%=!=# lalu|Psf ;txL l;FrfO cfof]hgfx¿sf] dd{t ;Def/
@=%=!=$ lalu|Psf xft]snx¿sf] dd{t
@=%=!=% gofF xft]snx¿sf] lgdf{0f
@=%=!=^ cfw'lgs l;FrfOsf] ljsf;
@=%=@ k|rlnt cfof]hgfx¿sf] k|efjIf]q lj:tf/
@=%=# l;FrfO 3gtf j[l4
@=%=#=! hnfwf/ Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/
@=%=#=@ cGt/ hns'08 :yfgfGt/0f (Inter-basin transfer) lgdf{0f
@=%=$ l;FrfO k|0ffnL / cgkmfd{ hn Joj:yfkg
@=%=$=! l;FrfO Joj:yfkg dxfzfvfsf] ;'wf/ tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L
l;FrfO ljsf; ljefudf ¿kfGt/0f
@=%=$=@ ;/sf/ tyf l;FrfO ;]jf sf]if ;ª\sngaf6 kof{Kt ah]6 k|bfg
@=%=$=# hn pkef]Qmf ;+:yf / s[ifsx¿sf] Ifdtf lgdf{0f
@=%=% l;FrfO Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL :yfgfGt/0fsf] sfof{Gjog
@=%=^ cled'vLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg sf]ifsf] :yfkgf Pjd\ l;FrfO
;]jf sf]ifsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
@=%=& PsLs[t hn;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf] sfof{Gjog
@=%=* dlxnf s[ifsx¿sf] Ifdtf lgdf{0f
@=^ s[lif ;DaGwL nufgLdf kx'Fr
121
pknlAw k|ltkmn lqmofsnfk ljj/0f
@=^=! l:y/ gLltsf] lgdf{0f
@=^=@ nufgLsf nflu ef}r/ k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf
@=& aLp ljhg gLltsf] sfof{Gjog
@=&=! aLp ljhg cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4
@=&=@ lghL, ;xsf/L tyf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t aLp pTkfbg k|j4{g
@=&=# u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf k|0ffnL nfu"
@=&=$ xfOla|8 -j0f{zª\s/_ aLp pTkfbg k|j4{g
@=&=% aLpsf] dfu / cfk"lt{sf nflu ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf
@=&=^ h}ljs ljljwtf gLltsf] sfof{Gjog
@=&=& aLpsf nflu ef}r/ k|0ffnLsf] k/LIf0f
@=&=* aLp ;Dk|e'tfsf nflu v'nf k/fu;]rg, pGgt tyf :yfgLo
aLp pTkfbg k|0ffnLsf] k|j4{g
@=* ;'wfl/Psf] dnvfb cfk"lt{ tyf ljt/0f k|0ffnL
@=*=! pko'Qm :t/sf] cg'bfg ;lxt dnvfb ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/
@=*=@ dnvfbsf] s'zn k|of]usf nflu k"/s dfkb08
@=*=@=! k|bz{g tyf hgr]tgf cleofg
@=*=@=@ k|fËfl/s tyf h}ljs dnsf] k|j4{g
@=*=@=# dnvfb pTkfbg tyf vl/bsf] nflu ;DefJotf cWoog
@=*=@=$ dnvfbsf] akm/ :6s :yfkgf
@=*=@=% dnvfb ;DaGwL clen]v s]Gb| tyf cg'udg k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf
@=*=@=^ dnvfbsf nflu ef}r/ k|0ffnL
@=*=@=& u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf k|0ffnL nfu"
@=( ;'wfl/Psf] kz' k|hgg
@=(=! kz' :jf:Yo / k|hggsf] ljsf;;Fu} kz'kfng gLltsf] th'{df
@=(=@ pGgt gZn pTkfbgsf nflu Ifdtf lgdf{0f
@=(=# kz' k|hggsf nflu ef}r/ k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf
@=(=$ t/n gfO6«f]hg pknAwtfsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs-lghL ;fem]bf/L
sfo{qmd
@=!) ofGqLs/0fsf ljsNkx¿sf] pknAwtf
@=!)=! ;"rgf k|jfx
@=!)=@ u|fxsx¿sf] ljQLo kx'Frdf ;'wf/
@=!)=# ;]jf k|bfos tyf dd{tx¿sf] Ifdtf lgdf{0f
@=!)=$ s[lif pks/0fx¿ 7]Ssfdf lngsf nflu Jofj;flos jftfj/0f
to
@=!)=% ofGqLs/0f ;xfotfsf nflu lgod sfg'g / s/sf] k'g/fjnf]sg
@=!)=^ ef}r/ cfof]hgfsf] k/LIf0f
@=!! s[ifsx¿sf] ;'wfl/Psf] k|lt/f]w Ifdtf

122
pknlAw k|ltkmn lqmofsnfk ljj/0f
@=!!=! tgfj ;xgzLn hft tyf gZn ;DaGwL cg';Gwfg
@=!!=@ k"j{;fjwfgL k|0ffnL
@=!!=# hnjfo' ;"rgf / df};d ;"rLs/0f k|0ffnL
@=!!=$ s[ifs sNof0fsf/L sf]ifsf] k/LIf0f
@=!!=% s[lif ladf k|j4{g
@=!!=^ vfB ;l~rtL k|0ffnL ;b[9Ls/0f
@=!!=& aLp tyf bfgf/ 3fF; ;l~rtL k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
@=!!=* hnjfo' cg's"n s[lif cEof;sf nflu s[ifs tyf k|;f/
sfo{stf{sf] Ifdtf ;'wf/
@=!!=( ;Defljt hf]lvdsf] k"j{ ;ts{tf tyf ;Daf]wgsf nflu sf]ifsf]
:yfkgf
@=!@ lbuf]] s[lif, c;n s[lif cEof; / c;n kz' lrlsT;f tyf
kz'kfng cEof; cg's/0f
@=!@=! dfkb08 lgwf{/0f
@=!@=@ lghL If]q;Fu k|;f/ sfo{qmd
@=!# jg ljsf;
@=!#=! ;Ifd gLlt jftfj/0f ;'b'9Ls/0f
@=!#=@ e" pkof]u gd'gf ljsf; jg;Fu PsLs/0f
@=!#=# jg pBd / ahf/Ls/0f ljsf;
@=!#=$ jgIf]q;Fu ;DalGwt n}ª\lus ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs
;dfj]zLs/0fsf] clej[l4
@=!#=% h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng
@=!#=^ ;+:yfut tyf dfgjLo ;|f]tsf] ljsf;
@=!#=& jgIf]qsf] lbuf]] ljsf;sf nflu cg';Gwfg tyf k|;f/
@=!#=* jgIf]qdf nufgL ;DaGwL /0fgLlt / of]hgf ljsf;
@=!#=( gLlt lgdf{0fsf nflu ;+o'Qm d~rsf] ljsf;

%=#=!= s[ifs / s[lif Joj;foLsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ ljs]lGb|t k|;f/ k|0ffnLsf] k|ltkmn @=! ;Fu
;DalGwt lqmofsnfk?
@(#_ k|To]s uflj;df ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf k|j4{g . Pl8P; n] lhNnf s[lif ljsf; tyf
kz' ;]jf sfof{nosf hgr]tgf tyf Ifdtf ljsf; lqmofsnfkx¿ dfkm{t\ k|To]s uflj;df ;fd'bflos s[lif
k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 . :yfgLo ;d'bfoåf/f u7g x'g] ;]jf s]Gb|sf] ;~rfng
;d'bfo, ;xsf/L, s[ifs ;+u7g tyf s[lif pBdLx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj /xg] Ps ;ldltåf/f x'g] 5 . ;ldltsf
;b:ox¿n] ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf tkm{af6 ljQLo tyf j:t'ut of]ubfgsf nflu k|ltlglwTj ug]{
5g\ . ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|sf] k|f/lDes sf]if uflj; cg'bfg -k'FhLut cg'bfgsf] s[lifsf nflu
nlIft !% k|ltzt ah]6sf] pkof]u_, s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/af6 k|fKt aLh sf]if tyf ;ldltdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{
;/f]sf/jfnf ;d"xx¿sf] of]ubfgaf6 h'6fOg] 5 . k|To]s ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb| k"0f{ ¿kn]
123
 ;ldltåf/f ;~rflnt x'g] 5 / k|;f/sf nflu cfjZos sd{rf/L tyf k|fljlwsx¿sf] lgo'lQm klg ;ldltn]
g} ug]{ 5 . s]Gb|sf] Joj:yfkg tyf dfgjLo ;|f]t kl/rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L ;Dk"0f{ ¿kn] ;f]xL ;ldltdfly
lge{/ /xg] 5 .

@($_ ljs]lGb|t /fli6«o dxŒjsf] sfo{qmd lj1fg k|ljlw tyf lzIff sfo{qmd Joj:yfksn] of] k|ltkmn k|flKtsf
nflu tn pNn]v u/]sf ;d]t lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ 5g\ .
s_ ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgfsf nflu ;fwf/0f lgb]{lzsf tof/L
v_ sfo{qmd ;DaGwL hgr]tgf cleofg ;~rfng
u_ ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgfdf ;3fpg Ifdtf lgdf{0fsf ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng
3_ ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|nfO{ aLhsf]if pknAw u/fpg]M uflj;jf6 cem 7"nf] nufgL h'6fpg
k|efj kg]{ cj:yfdf dfq aLhsf]if pknAw u/fOg] 5
ª_ ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|åf/f lgo'Qm sd{rf/L tyf k|fljlwsx¿sf nflu tflndsf] cfof]hgf
r_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf s[lif tyf kz' ;]jf s]Gb| / pk;]jf s]Gb|x¿sf] ;~hfn, /fli6«o tyf If]qLo tflnd
s]Gb| Pjd\ lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no / kz' ;]jf sfof{nox¿ dfkm{t\ ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf
s]Gb|nfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u k|bfg
5_ ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|x¿sf] afXo cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg

@(%_ ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|x¿sf] rfn" tyf sfo{qmd vr{ pgLx¿ :jo+n] Joxf]g]{5g\ . uflj;
sfof{nox¿n] cfˆgf] ah]6sf] lglZrt k|ltzt c+z tL s]Gb|x¿nfO{ jflif{s ¿kdf pknAw u/fpg] ;DaGwdf
lg0f{o lng ;Sg] 5g\ . s]Gb|sf] Ifdtf / Joj:yfksLo s'zntf cg';f/ sf]if j[l4sf nflu cGo ;|f]tx¿
-s[ifs ;+u7g, lghL If]q, ;DalGwt kl/of]hgf OToflb_af6 klg ah]6 k|fKt x'g ;Sg] 5 . k|;f/
ultljlwx¿sf] k|fyldstfaf/] s]Gb|sf] ;~rfns ;ldltn] g} lg0f{o ug]{ 5 . s[lif k|;f/sf lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{
:yfgLo txdf ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿;Fu hf]l8g] 5 . :yfgLo sfo{qmdx¿n] Pl8P; cGtu{tsf /fli6«o
so{qmdx¿;Fu ;dGjo ug]{ 5g\ . ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|x¿ ;/sf/L zf;sLo lgsfox¿;Fu
ldNbf]h'Nbf] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f u/L cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf s[ifsx¿nfO{ nlIft ;]jf k'¥ofpg pRrtd :yfgdf
/x]/ lqmofzLn x'g] 5g\ . ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|x¿ ;"rgfsf] cfbfgk|bfg, tflnd / k|fljlws
;xof]usf dfWodaf6 s[lif tyf kz' ;]jf s]Gb| / pks]Gb|sf ;/sf/L ;~hfnx¿;Fu hf]l8g] 5g\ . g]kfnsf]
;+3Lo k|0ffnLnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL k'g;{+/rgfkl5 aGg] :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] ;ª\Vof cg';f/ ;fd'bflos s[lif
k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|sf] ;ª\Vof tf]lsg] 5 .
@(^_ rfn" Pjd\ eljiodf :yfkgf x'g] s[lif tyf kz' ;]jf s]Gb| / pks]Gb|x¿sf] Ifdtf ;'b'9Ls/0f ug]{ . clxn]
b]ze/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf #&* s[lif ;]jf s]Gb| / ((( kz' ;]jf s]Gb| tyf pks]Gb|x¿ 5g\ . tLdWo]sf
k|foh;f] s]Gb| tyf pks]Gb|x¿n] k|fljlws Ifdtf, k|efjsf/L ;]jfsf nflu kof{Kt sd{rf/L / ;~rfng
vr{sf] cefj em]ln/x]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/L ;]jf s]Gb| tyf pks]Gb|x¿sf] ;'b[9 Ifdtfdfly g} uflj; :t/df
:yfkgf x'g] ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|x¿sf] ;kmntf lge{/ /xg] 5 . t;y{ Pl8P;n] ;/sf/n]
vf]n]sf s[lif tyf kz' ;]jf s]Gb| / pks]Gb|x¿sf] ;'b[9Ls/0fdf ;3fpg lgDg lqmofsnfkx¿ ug]{ 5M
s_ tflnd, sfo{zfnf, k|bz{g / cWoog e|d0f dfkm{t\ s[lif tyf kz' ;]jf s]Gb| / pks]Gb|sf
sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 . ljlzi6 Ifdtf clej[l4 sfo{qmdx¿n] lgDg cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg
ug]{ 5g\M
124
 c_ s[ifs kf7zfnf ;lxtsf] k|;f/ ljlw / s[ifs ahf/Ls/0f kf7zfnf
cf_ d"No z[ª\vnfsf] ljsf;
O_ lbuf]] s[lif cEof;
O{_ c;n s[lif tyf kz'kfng cEof;
p_ n}ª\lus ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f
pm_ kf]if0f
P_ kmfd{ ah]6 lgdf{0f
P]_ Jofj;fo of]hgf tof/L
cf]_ s[lif k|;f/df ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u
cf}_ lgjf{xd'vL s[lifsf] ljz]if cfjZostf
v_ s[ifs kf7zfnf / s[ifs ahf/Ls/0f kf7zfnfsf] ;~rfng, s[ifs e]63f6 / cg'udg lqmofsnfkx¿
;lxt k|bz{g tyf tflnd ultljlw ;~rfngsf nflu kof{Kt ;|f]t k|bfg ug]{ .
u_ s[lif tyf kz' ;]jf s]Gb| / pks]Gb|x¿sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ Pjd\ pks/0fx¿df ;'wf/ .

@(&_ cfjZostf ;Daf]wg x'g] u/L ;jf]{Qd k|;f/ tyf k/fdz{ ;]jfdf s[ifsx¿sf] kx'Fr k'Ug] u/L pgLx¿sf]
;zQmLs/0f ug{ ef}r/ k|0ffnL k|j4{g ug]{ . o;sf nflu ;'?df k/LIf0fdf cfwfl/t k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf /
To;kl5 plrt k'g/fjnf]sg ;lxt To;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lsg] 5 . o;;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkdf
lgDg r/0fx¿ ;d]l6g'kg]{ 5M

s_ k/LIf0f ef}r/ cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog / d"Nofª\sg

c_ nIo lgwf{/0fsf] :ki6 bfo/f ;lxt s[lif k|;f/ ;]jfsf nflu ef}r/ k|0ffnLsf] l;4fGt tyf
;+:yfut ;+oGq l{gdf{0f
cf_ ef}r/ k|0ffnL sfof{Gjogsf nflu xft] k'l:tsf tof/L
O_ ef}r/ k|0ffnLsf] k|fyldstfdf ljljw s[lif kof{j/0fLo If]qdf /x]sf lgjf{xd'vL tyf
cw{Jofj;flos s[ifsx¿ kg]{ u/L s[lif k|;f/ ;]jfsf nflu nlIft k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
O{_ s[ifsx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] ef}r/ ;f6]/ pkof]udf Nofpgsf nflu ;'ljwf k'Ug] ;ª\Vofdf s[lif k|;f/
;]jf k|bfosx¿sf] :jLs[lt, of]Uo ;]jf k|bfosx¿n] lghL If]qsf sDkgL, ;xsf/L,
ljZjljBfno, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yf, k];fut ;+u7g ;lxtsf
s[ifsx¿nfO{ k|;f/ ;]jf lbg]
p_ ljljw s[lif kof{j/0fLo If]qdf /x]sf ljleGg nlIft ;d"xsf -lgjf{xd'vL tyf cw{Jofj;flos_
s[ifsx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L ef}r/ k|0ffnLsf] k|f/lDes gd'gf kl/of]hgf lgdf{0f
pm_ cg'udg / d"NofÍg k|lqmofdf Ps lgoGq0f ;d"xsf] ;+nUgtf ;'lglZrt x'g] u/L ef}r/
k|0ffnLsf] cg'udg / d"NofÍgsf nflu dfks cfwf/ -baseline_ tof/ kfg]{
P_ k|0ffnLnfO{ cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug]{ / o;sf] :t/f]Gglt / cg';/0f jf sfo{qmds} vf/]hLsf
nflu ;'emfj lbg] .

v_ %),))) s[ifsx¿nfO{ k|;f/ tyf k/fdz{ ;]jf ef}r/x¿sf lgldQ ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug]{ .

125
@(*_ klxnf] sfo{qmdsf] ;sf/fTds k'g/fjnf]sg k|fKt eO{ ef}r/ sfo{qmd cem a9L nfeu|fxLx¿dfem lj:tf/
tyf cg';/0f ug'k{ g]{ l;kmfl/; k|fKt ePdf kof{Kt ;|f]t cfjZos kg]{ 5 . of] ;|f]t ;/sf/sf] gofF ah]6
ljlgof]hg of ljBdfg /f;folgs dnsf lbOPsf] cg'bfgsf] Ps c+znfO{ k'g{ljlgof]hg u/]/ k|fKt ug{
;lsG5 .

@((_ Jofj;flos s[lif / To:tf If]qx¿Ù hxfF /fli6«o sfo{qmdx¿åf/f of]hgfa4 ul/Psf k|fydLs[t d"No z[Înf
ljsf; lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ug]{ . -x]g'{xf];\ d"No z[Înf ljsf;sf] efu %=%=^_ . s[ifs
ahf/Ls/0f ljBfnosf] p2]Zo s[ifsx¿ / pkef]Qmfx¿aLr bL3{sfnLg / Jofj;flos ;DaGw ;'lglZrt ug'{
xf] . d"No z[Înfsf] k|To]s txdf pRrtd d"No yk xf];\ eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu k|;f/
larf}lnofx¿ s[ifs ;d"x¿;Fu dfq geO{ s[ifx¿, Jofkfl/s / s[lif pBf]ux¿ -;fdu|L cfk"lt{stf{x¿,
k|zf]wgstf{x¿, cGo rfFhf]kfFhf]sf] Joj:yf ug]{ sDkgLx¿_ ;lDdlnt ;d"xx¿;Fu klg sfd ug'{ kg]{ 5 .
ultljlwdf lgDg ljljw r/0fx¿ ;+nUg 5g\ M

s_ s[ifs ahf/Ls/0f ljBfnodf k|lzIf0f ;fwg tyf k|;f/ larf}lnofx¿sf] Ifdtf j[l4 u/L
sfo{qmdsf] Ifdtf tyf k|lzIfsx¿sf] k|lzIf0f (TOT) :yfkgf ug]{ .
v_ d"No z[Înf ljsf;sf nflu k|fyldstfdf /flvPsf uflj;x¿df s[lif ahf/Ls/0f kf7;fnf
;~rfng ug]{ .
!= d"No z[Înf ljsf;sf nflu /fli6«o sfo{qmdx¿;Fu ;DalwGt s[ifsx¿, Jofkf/Lx¿ / s[lif
pBdx¿sf] klxrfg ug]{ .
@= afXo sfo{qmd a9L k|efjsf/L x'g] :yfgx¿, h:t} ;ª\sng s]Gb|x¿ / ahf/ s]Gb|x¿leq}
of glhs} /x]sf ;|+f]tdf s[ifsx¿ tyf pBf]ux¿nfO{ k|;f/ lqmofsnfkx¿ / ;"rgf
;]jfx¿sf] k|j4{g ug]{ .
#= s[ifs ahf/Ls/0f kf7;fnf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ .
$= sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ .

#))_ s[lif k|;f/sf nflu ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlwx¿sf] k|j4{g ug]{ . s[lif k|;f/sf nflu b'O{ leGg k|ljlwx¿
;+nUg /x]sf] ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlw sfo{qmdsf] th'{df ug]{ .
s_ ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb| l:yt s[lif ;"rgf s]Gb|x¿nfO{ OG6/g]6 hl8t sDKo'6/ of 6\ofAn]6
k|bfg ug]{ .
v_ df]afOndf cfwfl/t k|ljlwx¿ k|bfg ug]{ .

#)!_ k|ljlwx¿n] -sDKo'6/ of df]afOn cfwfl/t xf];\_ s[ifsx¿nfO{ k|fljlws / ahf/ ;DaGwL ;"rgf k|bfg u/L
;]jfx¿nfO{ cem a9L nfut k|efjsf/L agfpgsf lgldQ k|;f/ ;]jfx¿ -;/sf/L÷lghL_, ;"rgf k|ljlw
tyf ;~rf/ sDkgLx¿ / df]afOn sDkgLx¿aLr ;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qx¿aLr ;fem]bf/Lsf] cGj]if0f ul/g]
5 . o;/L k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfx¿df lgDg s'/fx¿ ;DaGwL ;"rgf ;+nUg x'g ;Sg] 5 M aLp ljhg, dn, v]tL
tl/sf, ahf/ 1fg, afnL ;DaGwL eljiojf0fL, df};d ;DaGwL ;"rgf, k|lzIf0f sfo{qmdx¿, ljleGg vfnsf
k"/s cg'bfg sf]ifjf6 k|:tfj cfx\jfg, lgof{t / cfoft OToflb .

126
#)@_ Jofj;flos a}+sx¿ nufotsf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ tyf s[ifs ;d"xx¿ Pj+ ;+:yfx¿aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{
;xhLs/0f ug]{ . o;sf nflu lgDg pkfox¿ cfjZos 5g\ M
s_ s[ifs ;d"xx¿ tyf ;+:yfx¿ ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ / Jofj;flos a}+sx¿sf u|fxsx¿ aGg ;s"g\
eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ltgLx¿nfO{ cfwf/e"t n]vf / Joj;fo of]hgfdf Ifdtf clej[l4
ug]{ .
v_ ljQLo ;+:yfx¿df k]; ug{sf nflu s[ifs ;d"x / ;+:yfnfO{ Joj;fo of]hgf tof/ kfg{
;xhLs/0f ug]{ .
u_ s[ifs ;d"xsf ;+:yfx¿ / ljQLo ;+:yfx¿aLr ;+jfb tyf ;DaGw :yflkt ug{sf lgldQ oL b'j}
kIfx¿ ;lDdlnt rf}dfl;s of cw{ jflif{s sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ .

#)#_ lkmN8 :t/sf] k|fljlws sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ n}lËs ;dtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]lztfsf af/]df hfu?s u/fpg
k|lzIf0f lbg] . o;df lgDg pkfox¿ kg{ ;Sg] 5g\ M
s_ k|;f/ sfo{qmdd} ;d]l6Psf] n}lËs ;dtf / ;fdflhs ;dfj]lztf / ljz]if u/L dlxnf nlIft
kf]if0faf/] k|lzIf0f lbg] .
v_ h]6L / h]l6Pdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj clej[l4 ug]{ vfnsf gLltsf] k|j4{g ug]{ / n}lËs ;dtf /
;fdflhs ;dfj]lztf ;DaGwL 1fgnfO{ k|fljlws sd{rf/Lsf] a9'jfsf nflu k'/:sf/sf ¿kdf
ckgfpg] tj/n] h];L ;DaGwL 1fgsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

%=#=@ s[ifsx¿ tyf s[lif pBdx¿sf] cfjZostf cg'¿ksf] ljs]Gb|Ls[t cg';Gwfg k|0ffnL ;DaGwL k|ltkmn
@=@ ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿M

#)$_ /fli6«o s[lif cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLnfO{ k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ . /fli6«o s[lif cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLnfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls[t u/L
s[ifsx¿, ;xsf/Lx¿, / s[lif pBdx¿sf cfjZostfx¿k|lt cem a9L ;+j]bgzLn agfOg] 5 . gfs{n] s'g}
klg cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgf / sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ 5}g . o;n] s[lif cg';Gwfg gLltx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{,
cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwx¿ sfod ug]{, /fli6«o dfkb08x¿ lgwf{/0f ug]{ / z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;dGjo ug]{
h:tf sfo{x¿ ug]{ 5 . gfs{n] /fli6«o s[lif cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLsf] ;jf]{Rr ;+:yfsf ¿kdf sfo{ ug]{ 5 . of]
cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgfx¿sf] ;dGjo, ;xhLs/0f, PsLs[t, cg'udg Pj+ d"NofÍg ug]{, cg';Gwfg
kl/of]hgfnfO{ cfly{s ;xfotf lbg], dfgj ;+;fwg / k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ / /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o
¿kdf cg';Gwfg ;DaGwx¿nfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ Ps gLlt lgdf{0f :t/sf] ;+:yf x'g] 5 . To;} u/L gfs{n]
s[ifsx¿, :jtGq cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx¿ / lghL If]qsf cg';Gwfg ultljlwx¿nfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ 5 . cfwf/e"t
cg';Gwfg (basic research), bL3{sfnLg /0fg}lts cg';Gwfg (long term strategic research), Jojxf/d'vL
cg';Gwfg (applied research) / cg's"ng ;DaGwL cg';Gwfgsf] (adptive research) sfof{Gjog /fli6«o
s[lif cg';Gwfg ;+:yfgn] -NARI_ ug]{ 5 . s[lif kof{j/0fdf cfwfl/t If]qLo s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb| -RARS_
;xsfo{d"ns (collaborative) Pj+ sfo{d'vL (action) cg';Gwfgsf lglDt lhDd]jf/ x'g] 5g\ / ufpF :t/df
s]jn sfo{d'vL cg';Gwfg dfq sfof{Gjog ul/g] 5 . :yfgLo :t/sf cg';Gwfg ultljlwx¿sf] Joj:yf
s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] dfkb08x¿ cg';f/ ul/g] 5 . gf/L / If]s[cs]n] ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jfs]Gb|,
;xsf/Lx¿, s[lif pBdx¿ h:tf :yfgLo :t/sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ 6]jf k|bfg ug]{ 5 . ;/sf/L
cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx¿df nufgL vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'lglZrttf, vfB h:tf, h}ljs ;'/Iff, kof{j/0fLo
127
 kl/jt{gsf c;/nfO{ Go"gLs/0f, jftfj/0f Pj+ h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f / ul/aL 36fpg] h:tf sfo{sf
nflu ul/g] 5 . k'g;{+/rfgfdf lgDg s'/fx¿ ;+nUg x'g] 5g\ M

s_ gfs{;Fu} /fli6«o s[lif cg';Gwfg sf]ifsf] -NARDF_ :yfkgf,

v_ Jofj;flos tyf hLljsf]kfh{g s[lifsf cfjZostfx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL Pl8P;;Fu d]n vfg] u/L
gfs{ kl/sNkgf @)!!–@)#) nfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg] .
u_ /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ;+:yfgx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 ug]{ . ljBdfg /fli6«o s[lif cg';Gwfg ;+:yfg /
/fli6«o kz' lj1fg cg';Gwfg ;:yfgsf cltl/Qm /fli6«o afujfgL cg';Gwfg ;+:yfg /fli6«o kz'
:jf:Yo cg';Gwfg ;+:yfg / /fli6«o hnr/ tyf dT:o cg';Gwfg ;+:yfg :yfkgf ug]{
3_ 8f]6Ll:yt s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|nfO{ ;'b"/ klZrdsf If]qLo s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|df kl/0ft ug]{
xfn;fn}sf] lg0f{osf] kl/k"/ssf ¿kdf ;'b"/ klZrd If]qsf ljleGg s[lif–kof{j/0fLo :yfgx¿df
-pRr kxf8, dWo kxf8 / t/fO{{_ s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf ug]{ .
ª_ ljBdfg cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿ cGtu{t g} t/fO{{, dWo kxf8 / pRr kxf8L e]ux¿df s[lif
+ofGqLs/0f s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgf ug]{ .
r_ cf;kf;df /xL p:t} vfn] ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿ tyf
sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ PsLs[t ug]{ . o;n] k|zf;lgs vr{ / vf; u/L b}lgs ;~rfngdf nfUg]
;+;fwgsf] bf]xf]/f] vr{ 36fpF5 .

#)%_ cg';Gwfg–lzIff– k|;f/ lqsf]0f leqs} ;DaGwx¿nfO{ alnof] t'Nofpg] . gfs{ n] z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿ / k|;f/
;]jf;Fu ltgLx¿sf] z}lIfs p2]Zo nufotsf ;]jfx¿sf] pknAwtf tyf cfbfgk|bfgsf nflu sfo{d"ns
;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{ 5 . ;fem]bf/L dfkm{t lghL If]q s[lifcg';Gwfg / k|ljlwdf ;xefuL x'g] 5 . cfOlkcf/
sf] k|of]hgsf nflu lhg a}+s / kz' cfg'jf+lzs ;+;fwg sfo{qmdnfO{ alnof] t'Nofpg' cfjZos 5 . To;}
u/L s[lif z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|fl1s cg';Gwfgsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] 5Ù h;n] cfg'jf+lzs ;anLs/0fnfO{
k|j4{g ug'{sf ;fy} /fli6«o s[lif cg';Gwfg sf]if / cGo ;|f]tx¿åf/f cfly{s ;xof]usf] dfWodaf6
Jofjxfl/s cg';GwfgnfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpF5 . gfs{n] M

s_ z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿ / k|;f/ ;]jfx¿;Fu ;'ljwfx¿sf] afF8kmfF8 / sd{rf/L / sfo{qmd ;xof]usf]

nflu sfof{Tds cg';Gwfg lzIff k|;f/ -REE_ ;DaGwx¿af/] lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug]{ 5 .
v_ af}l4s ;DklQdflysf] clwsf/ -IPR_ sfg'g cGtu{t ul/Psf] Jofj;flos nufgLsf] ;Gbe{df
Joj;foLs/0f Pj+ ;DefJo gfkmfsf] ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf u/L lghL If]q;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Lsf nflu
cg';Gwfg lzIff k|;f/ lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug]{ 5 .

%=#=# s[lif lzIff k|0ffnL ;anLs/0f k|ltkmn @=# ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

#)^_ cg';Gwfg / k|;f/;Fu ;fdLKotf, ljZjljBfno, s[lif sn]hx¿ tyf Jofj;flos ljBfnox¿sf] Ifdtf
j[l4 / s[ifsx¿ Pj+ s[lif pBdx¿sf] cfjZostfk|lt cem /fd|f] k|ltsfo{nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ s[lif ljsf;
/0fgLltn] ljleGg tl/sfx¿ Pj ;dli6ut Kofs]hnfO{ ;3fpg] 5 . tL tl/sfx¿ lgDg lnlvt x'g] 5g\ M

128
#)&_ k|of]uzfnf tyf >Job[Zo / ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw pks/0fsf] ;'wf/sf nflu k|fKt cfjlws
cg'/f]wx¿sf] cfwf/df s[lif tyf jg lj1fg ljZjljBfnosf ;'ljwfx¿ / Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ .

#)*_ s[lif Joj;fo ljefu / k|ljlw lj:tf/ ljefu ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L s[lif tyf jg ljZjljBfnodf gofF
ljefux¿ :yfkgf ug]{ .

#)(_ /fli6«o s[lif cg';Gwfg sf]if / cGo cfly{s ;|f]tx¿ cGtu{tsf gfs{ ;+:yfx¿ / ef}r/ k|0ffnL cGtu{tsf
k|;f/ ljefux¿ / lhNnf clwsf/Lx¿sf] ;xsfo{df e}/x]sf] z}lIfs, cg';Gwfg / k|;f/ sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ 6]jf
lbg] .

#!)_ lghL If]q;Fu s[lif ljZjljBfno ;fem]bf/L ;~rfng Joj:yf :yfkgf ug]{ . o;df ;'ljwfx¿, ef8fdf
lng], lghL÷;fd'bflos ;+u7gx¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f lbg] tyf af}l4s ;DklQ sfg'g cGtu{t ;Demf}tfdf
cg';Gwfg ;~rfng ug{ lbg] nufotsf gjLgtd pkfox¿ kb{5g\ .

#!!_ g]kfnsf cGo If]qx¿df klg gofF s[lif÷kz' lj1fg sn]hx¿ :yfkgf ug]{ .

#!@_ kf7\oqmd ;'wf/ tyf k|lzIfs k|lzIf0fsf dfWodaf6 k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\sf]
Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ . k|lzIfsx¿, Jofj;flos / hLljsf]kfh{g s[lifsf] cfjZostfx¿;Fu kl/lrt 5g\ /
ltgLx¿sf ljz]if ;d:ofx¿ ;Daf]wg ug{{ k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ cg';Gwfg tyf k|;f/sf ;|f]tx¿tkm{ af6f]
b]vfpg ;Ifd 5g\ egL ;'lglZrt x'g] .

#!#_ j}b]lzs l8u|L tyf k|lzIf0f dfkm{t\ ;/sf/L, z}lIfs k|0ffnL / lghL If]qsf k];fut sd{rf/Lsf] Ifdtf
clej[l4 ug]{ . o; cGtu{t] ;/sf/L gLlt lgod / cfjZostf cg'¿k sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ afXo b]zdf b'j}
cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg k|lzIf0f tyf Jofj;flos l8u|Lx¿nfO{ cfly{s ;xfotf k|bfg ug{ Pl8P; 5fqj[lQ
:yfkgf ug]{ 5 . l8u|L xfl;n u/]kZrft\ nfeu|fxLx¿n] cfkm\g} ;+:yfdf sDtLdf @ jif{ sfd ug]{ u/L g]kfn
kms{g'kg]{ k|fjwfg ;'lglZrt ug]{ u/L pQm sfo{qmdsf] 9fFrf tof/ ul/g] 5 . pQm 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmd
;/sf/L sd{rf/L Pj+ z}lIfs ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx¿ / ljBfyL{x¿ tyf lghL If]qsf sd{rf/Lx¿ nufotfsf
u}/ ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ v'nf ul/g] 5 .

#!$_ hg :jf:Yo/lrlsT;f zf:q cWoog ;+:yfgx¿ / s[lif ljZjljBfnox¿, sn]hx¿ / Jofj;flos

ljBfnox¿aLrsf] ;dGjoaf6 ljBdfg s[lif lzIff k|0ffnLdf vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/IffnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f
ug{] .
%=#=$ hUufnfO{ k|efjsf/L tyf lbuf] lx;fan] pkof]u x'g] kof{Kt 7"nf ls;fgx¿af6 lgld{t s[lif If]q k|ltkmn
@=$ ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿
#!%_ e"ld ;'wf/;Fu ;DalGwt ljBdfg sfg'g / gLltx¿nfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ jf sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu gLlt
th'{df u/L cjnDag ug]{ . s[ifsx¿sf] rfxgfnfO{ ;+/If0f tyf s[lifhGo pTkfbgsf] Joj;foLs/0fnfO{
vfsf k|bfg u/L e"–pkof]u of]hgf, e"ld ljv08Ls/0f÷e"ld :jfldTj, hUuf xbaGbL cflbh:tf s'/fx¿
o;df kb{5g\ . lg0f{odf ;/sf/sf ;fy;fy} s[ifs ;+u7gx¿, ;xsf/Lx¿ / lghL If]qsf k|ltlglwx¿nfO{
129
 ;+nUg u/fpg'kb{5 . ;/sf/n] eljiodf u7g ug]{ s'g} klg e"ld cfof]usf] ;b:ox¿df s[ifs ;+u7gx¿,
;xsf/Lx¿ / lghL If]qsf k|ltlglwx¿ /xg' cfjZos 5 .

#!^_ e"ld Joj:yfkg sfof{no cGtu{tsf sfo{x¿nfO{ Pslqt ug{sf nflu e"ld ;DjlGw P]g cGtu{t Ps
;xsf/L cfb]z hf/L ug]{ . o;leq lgDg sfo{x¿ k"/f ug{sf nflu ljBdfg dfnkf]t sfof{no, e"ld ;'wf/
sfof{no / gfkL sfof{nosf sfo{x¿ kb{5g\ M
s_ hUuf gfkL
v_ Sof8]:6«n gfkL
u_ ;fj{hlgs, ;/sf/L / u'7L hUufsf] Joj:yfkg
3_ xbaGbL sfof{Gjog
ª_ hUuf btf{

#!&_ df]lxofgL / bf]xf]/f] :jfldTjsf ;d:ofx¿ ;'Nemfpg hUuf Gofo ;ldlt -tribunal_ v8f ug]{ . o;sf
nflu—
s_ e"ld P]g @)@! sf] ;+zf]wgnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ h;n] !(^$ k"j{sf df]lxofgL xs / bf]xf]/f]
:jfldTjsf -wf/f @^ v_ ;DaGwL emu8fx¿sf] l5gf]kmfgf] ug]{ lhDd]jf/L e"ld;'wf/ clws[t of
e"ld s/ clws[taf6 -P]g cGtu{t ætf]lsPsf] clwsf/LÆ_ lhNnf cbfntsf Jofj;flos
GofofwLz, hUuf wgLx¿sf] Ps k|ltlglw / df]xLx¿sf] Ps k|ltlglw ldn]/ ag]sf] Gofo ;ldltdf
:yfgfGt/0f ub{5 .
v_ o:tf d'2fx¿sf] l5gf]kmfgf] k|ltjif{ k|ltIf]qsf lx;fan] cÍdf nIo lgwf/0f ug]{ .
u_ nIo k'¥ofpg g;Sg] lhNnf e"ldJoj:yf sfof{nox¿nfO{ sf/jfxL lgwf{/0f ug]{ .

#!*_ e"ld ;DaGwL P]gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] hUuf xbaGbL cg';f/ hUuf :jfldTj 36fpgsf nflu nIo lgwf{/0f
Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug]{ / pQm nIo k"/f ug{ g;Sg] lhNnf e"ld Joj:yfkg sfof{nox¿nfO{ lbOg] b08 lgwf{/0f
ug]{ .

#!(_ hUuf wgLn] g} ;~rfng ug]{ kmfd{x¿, s[lif ;xsf/Lx¿ / s[lif Joj;fo kmfd{x¿nfO{ k|j4{g ug{
lgodgx¿, k'/:sf/x¿ Pj+ b08x¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{ . cFlwof afnLsf] Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug{, cg'kl:yt
hUufwgL tŒjnfO{ 36fpg / hUufsf] pTkfbsTjnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ lgDg tŒjx¿n] 6]jf lbG5g\M
s_ ;'ljwfx¿ / b08x¿
!= hUufsf] pTkfbsTjsf] :t/nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ e"ld ;DaGwL P]g wf/f ## n] Joj:yf u/]sf]
%)–%) cg'kftsf] cFlwof k|0ffnLnfO{ o:tf] cg'kftdf 36fOof];\ ls o;n] hUufwgLn]-
ljz]if u/L cg'kl:yt hUUffwgL_ hUuf df]xLnfO{ a]Rg k|f]T;flxt u/f];\ .
@= s[lif of]Uo hldgnfO{ afFemf] 5f8]df a9\bf] b/sf] hUuf s/ nufpg] .
#= hUuf ljqm]tfx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ df]xLn] cFlwof k|0ffnL cg';f/ pQm hUuf k|of]u ubf{
df]lxofgL xs gnfuf];\ eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{ e"ld ;DaGwL P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ .
$= cg'kl:yt hUufwgLx¿af6 e"ldxLg df]xLx¿n] hUuf k|fKt ug]{ s'/fnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{

130
 cfly{s k'/:sf/x¿sf] -pbfx/0fsf nflu ljqm]tfx¿nfO{ s/ s6f}tL, jf ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if
dfkm{t k"/s cg'bfg klxrfg ug]{_ Joj:yf ug]{ .
%= gLlt cleJolQmåf/f -Statement_ gofF df]lxofgL xs ylkg] 5}g eGg] :ki6 kfg]{ .
v_ hUuf ef8f P]g -of s/f/ v]tL P]g_ lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{Ù h;n] ubf{ df]lxofgL xs ljgf
hUuf bL3{sfnsf nflu Gofof]lrt ¿kdf -lglZrt ef8f /sd of cFlwof_ ef8fdf lng ;lsG5 .
u_ ax'–p2]ZoLo s[lif ;xsf/Lx¿ / cGo ;fd'bflos of PsLs[t :j¿ksf ;+o'Qm v]ltkftLsf]
u7gnfO{ k|j4{g Pj+ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ . o;sf lgldQM
!= hUufsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ -df]lxofgL xs bfaLsf] Joj:yf lj?4 ;'/Iff ;lxt ;xsf/Lsf]
gfddf btf{ u/]/ of gu/]/_ ;xh agfpg ;xsf/L P]g / e"ld P]g ;+zf]wg ug]{ .
@= ;+o'Qm v]ltkftL÷of ;+o'Qm nufgL -s[ifs Jojl:yt l;FrfO k|0ffnL nufot_, ;+o'Qm
pTkfbg, plrt Joj:yfkg ;'lglZrt ug]{, k|efjsf/L /]vb]v ug]{ tyf ;+:yfsf] sfof{Gjog
h:tf p2]Zox¿sf nflu ;xsf/L P]gsf] ;+zf]wg dfkm{t Psn p2]ZoLo 9fFrfeGbf
ax'p2]ZoLo ;x/sf/Lx¿sf ;fy;fy} cGo k|sf/sf ;fd'bflos÷PsLs[t 9fFrfsf v]tLkftL
u7gnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ .
#= s/ / cfly{s k'/:sf/x¿

#@)_ xfn pkof]udf g/x]sf] hUufnfO{ ef8fdf k|of]u ug]{ k|of]hgnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ æhUuf ef8fdf nufpg]
;+:yfgÆ of]hgfsf] ;'?jft ug]{ . æhUuf ef8fdf nufpg] ;+:yfgÆ n] To:tf] hUuf ef8fdf nufpg]
sDkgLnfO{ hgfpF5Ù h;n] hUufwgL / pQm hUufnfO{ ef8fdf lng rfxg] JolQmx¿aLr dWo:tstf{sf]
sfd ub{5 . pQm dWo:tstf{ sDkgLn] hUufwgLx¿sf] clwsf/sf] Uof/]G6L ub{5 / lghL JolQmx¿,
;xsf/Lx¿ of lghL pBdx¿n] bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf hUuf ef8fdf lng] k|lqmofnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ub{5 .

#@!_ hUuf ljv08Ls/0fnfO{ sd ug]{— ;/sf/n] hUuf lav08Ls/0f sd ug{sf nflu sfg'gL, cfly{s /
s/d"ns ;'ljwfx¿sf] ;'?jft ug]{ 5 .
s_ sfg'gL pkfox¿M
!= k/fDk/fut k}t[s ;Dklt P]gsf] -d'n'sL P]g_ k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ / hUuf Pshgf
xsjfnfnfO{ dfq x:tfGt/0f ug{ ldNg] ;Defjgfsf] ;DaGwdf ;'emfj lbg] .
@= ;fgf v]tLof]Uo hUufsf 6'qmfx¿sf] pk–ljefhgsf] btf{df tNnf] xbaGbL ;[hgf ug]{ tfls
k}t[s ;DklQ clwu|x0f of ljqmLsf qmddf x'g] hUufsf] pk–ljefhg sd xf];\ .
v_ cfly{s / s/ ;'ljwfx¿— logLx¿sf] cg'kl:ylt -u}/–s[ifs_ xsjfnfx¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] k}t[s
;Dkltsf ¿kdf clwu|x0f u/]sf] hUuf pQm hUufdf v]tLkftL ul/]/x]sf] xsjfnfnfO{ lgDg
Joj:yf cg';f/ ljqmL ug{ k|f]T;flxt ub{5 M
!= hUuf afFemf] 5f8]sf] s/ -dfly x]g'{xf];\_
@= sd Aofhb/sf C0fx¿ -pbfx/0fsf] nflu s[lif ljsf; a}+s dfkm{t\_
#= hUufsf] ljqm]tf tyf cg'kl:yt xsjfnfnfO{ df]xLn] xfn;Dd p;sf] hUuf hf]tjfx
u/]afktsf] df]lxofgL xsaf6 ;'/Iff k|bfg u/]/ .
$= ærSnf s/Æ sf] ;'?jft u/]/

131
#@@_ s[lif Joj;fo ;~rfngnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ s/f/ v]tL P]g sfof{Gjog ug]{Ù h;df c¿x¿ nufot lgDg
s'/fx¿ klg ;dfj]z x'G5 M
s_ ax';ª\Vos ;fgf ls;fgx¿;Fu ;+o'Qm dfndf]nfO ug]{ Joj:yfx¿
v_ s/f/df ;+nUg ;d"xx¿nfO{ ;'/Iff -ls;fgx¿nfO{ pwf/f] / y'lkF|b} hfg] C0faf6 / 7]s]bf/x¿nfO{
cgflws[t ljqmLaf6_
u_ afnLgfnL / kfNt' kz'kG5Lsf] ladfsf] Joj:yf
3_ rn ;DklQsf nflu w/f}}6L btf{ :yfkgf u/L ;'/If0f sf/f]jf/ P]gnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

#@#_ cFlwofsf] -df]xLofgL k'gM ;lqmo xf]nf eGg] x]t'n]_ ;DefJo ljsNksf ¿kdf hUuf ef8f P]gnfO{ -;Dejt
7]Ssf v]tLkftL P]gsf] c+zsf ¿kdf_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ . hUuf ef8f ;DaGwL P]gnfO{ s[lif Joj;fo
Joj:yfx¿sf] klg cfwf/ dfGg]Ù h;n] lgDg s'/fx¿ k|bfg ug{ ;S5 M
s_ Gof]of]lrt ef8f ;Demf}tf -eGg'sf] tfTko{ tf]lsPsf] lglZrt ef8f /sd of pko'Qm cFlwof cg'kft_
v_ bL3{sfnLg ef8fsf] ;DaGwdf df]lxofgL xsaf6 ;'/Iff lbg] pkfox¿
u_ s[lif Joj;foåf/f v]tLkftLsf nflu bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf ef8fdf lng;Sg] Ifdtf

#@$_ hUufsf] If]q lgwf{/0f -zoning_ gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{

s_ hUufsf] ljv08Ls/0f /f]Sgsf nflu e"ld ;DaGwL P]g -v08 ! s_ adf]lhd e"ld ;DaGwL P]gsf]
wf/f %! ª -!_ / xfn;fn} cg'df]lbt e"–pkof]u gLlt cGtu{t /xL ;/sf/sf] cfb]zåf/f e"ld
;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfnon] tof/ kf/]sf] ljBdfg hUuf juL{s/0fsf] cfwf/df If]q lgwf{/0f
-zoning_ k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ .
v_ xfn;fn} cg'df]lbt hUuf pkof]u gLltnfO{ ;fy lbg] ljlgodx¿ th'{df ug]{, pQm ljlgodx¿d}
s[lif ljsf; dGqfno / e"ld ;"wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg dGqfnosf] ;xdlt ljgf ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf
:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] v]tLkftL of]Uo egL juL{s/0f ul/Psf] hUufsf] d'Vo (municipal)
rf}3]/f kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] 5}gg\ egL lgwf{/0f ug]{ .

#@%_ k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu x}l;ot lau|]sf] hUufsf] klxrfg ug]{ / pQm x}l;ot lau|]sf] hUufnfO{ k'g:yf{kgf ug]{
sfo{qmdnfO{ 6]jf lbg] . o; cGtu{t s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno, e"ld ;'wf/ tyf
Joj:yfkg dGqfno / :yfgLo ;d'bfox¿aLrsf] ;xsfo{ cGtu{t k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu of]Uo If]qx¿sf]
;j]{If0f tyf klxrfg ug]{ sfo{x¿ kb{5g\ . tL If]qx¿df gbL lsgf/÷af9Ln] Ifltu|:t If]qx¿, gflËPsf
kxf8x¿ / kj{tLo e"ld / x}l;ot lau|]sf jgx¿ kg{ ;S5g\ . x}l;ot lau|]sf] hUufsf] klxrfg kZrft\
s[lif, jg, dT:okfng, kz'kIfL kfng / e" ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿nfO{ Pslqt u/L pQm x}l;ot lau|]sf
hUufsf] k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmd sfod ul/g] 5 .

#@^_ e"lddfly dlxnfsf] clwsf/ ;DaGwL hgr]tgf hufpg s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltn] dlxnf tyf jlxis[t
;d"xx¿;Fu ;+jfb ug{sf lgldQ sfg'gL lzIff tyf n}lËs ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs ;dfj]lztf pGd'v
;+oGqx¿nfO{ 6]jf lbg] 5 . tL ;+oGqx¿df ;+o'Qm :jfldTj, dlxnfsf] gfddf ;DklQ btf{ u/]df s/ 5'6
gLlt, dlxnfsf] nflu ;dfg k}t[s ;DklQdfly clwsf/ cflb kb{5g\ .

132
%=#=% ;dfg / ;DefJo tj/n] lj:tfl/t l;FrfO If]q / ;'wfl/Psf] l;FrfO Ifdtf / Joj:yf k|ltkmn @=% ;Fu
;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

#@&_ s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltn] l;FrfO ljsf;sf nflu ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / Ifdtf ljsf;sf] Ps lj:t[t Kofs]hnfO{
6]jf k'¥ofpg] 5 . 7"nf] dfqfsf] nufgL / ;+;fwg cfjZos kg]{ x'Fbf ;/sf/ / ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿n] lbOPsf
;'emfjx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] lgoGq0fdf /fVg ;lsg] pk–kl/of]hgfx¿ cGtu{t sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ .

#@*_ ;a}eGbf ;DefJo tl/sfaf6 l;FrfO If]qdf j[l4 ug]{ . s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltn] o; ;Gbe{df lgDg
ultljlwx¿nfO{ 6]jf lbg] 5 M
s_ klxNo} ;'? eO;s]sf ;txsf of]hgfx¿nfO{ k"/f ug]{ . l;S6f, /fgLhd/f / aaO{ dxfsfnL l;FrfO\,
s0ff{nL c~rn l;FrfO ljsf; kl/of]hgf, dWod l;FrfO, ;'g;/L–df]/Ë, jfudtL l;FrfO
kl/of]hgfx¿ / cGo vf; u/L ;dy/ e"–efudf ;~rfng eO/x]sf kl/of]hgfx¿dWo] cg'dflgt
*),))) x]S6/ k"/f x'g afFsL 5 . oL of]hgfx¿dWo] k|lt x]S6/ $$@)) b/n] nueu $$$&
ldlnogsf] nfutdf !!#,))) x]S6/ k"/f eO;s]sf] 5 . o;sf] cfwf/df afFsL *)))) x]S6/ k"/f
ug{ nfUg] cg'dflgt vr{ $#@) ldlnog x'g cfpF5 .
v_ d´f}nf kf]v/L÷tnfp lgdf{0f— oL tnfpx¿n] l;FrfO tyf vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{sf nflu kfgL ;ª\u|x
u5{g\ / hldgd'lgsf] kfgLnfO{ k'ghL{jg lbG5g\ . ltgLx¿nfO{ ;tx of cfw'lgs l;FrfO;Fu
-pbfx/0fsf] nflu l:k|Ín/ yf]kf k|ljlw_ hf]8\g ;lsG5 . xfndf s'g} klg ;+:yfn] ax'p2]ZoLo hn
;+;fwg ljsf;df ljz]if tj/n] sfd u/]sf 5}gg\, t/ e"ldut–hn ;+;fwg ljsf; af]8{ -Ground
Water Resource Development Board_ o; sfdsf nflu pko'Qm x'g ;S5 .
!= s[ifsx¿sf] cfjZostf cg'dflgt nfut–gfkmf ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df ;Defljt
tnfp÷kf]v/L If]qx¿sf] klxrfg ug{sf nflu pko'Qm lhDd]jf/ lgsfo klxrfg ug]{ /
cWoog ug]{ .
@= s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt cGtu{t cu'jf tnfpx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ / ltgLx¿sf] k|efj n]vfhf]vf
u/L To:tf tnfpx¿ cGoq klg lgdf{0f ug]{ .
u_ s[ifsx¿sf] dfusf] cfwf/df Ifltu|:t e"–;tx k|0ffnLx¿sf] dd{t ug]{ .
!= Ifltu|:t k|0ffnLx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg]{ cg'dflgt k':yf{kgf nfut lgsfNg] /
k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu ;/sf/ of bft[ ;+:yfaf6 cfly{s ;xfotf h'6fpg kl/of]hgf tof/
kfg]{ .
@= k|f/lDes cg'dfg cg';f/ k|lt x]S6/ ;/b/ $!))) jf b/n] #$)) x]S6/df #$ ldlnog
8n/ nfut nfUg] e"–;tx l;FrfO k'g:yf{kgf kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
3_ s[ifsx¿sf] dfusf] cfwf/df Ifltu|:t 6\o"aj]nx¿ dd{t ug]{ .
!= k|To]s e"ldut hn ;+;fwg ljsf; af]8{n] e"-;"rgf k|0ffnL (GIS) k|of]u u/]/ hUufsf]
:yfg, :jfldTj, l:ylt / ;~rfngdf gcfpg'sfsf/0f ;lxt dd{t ug'{kg]{ 6\o'aj]nx¿sf]
;"rL tof/ kfg]{ .
@= k'g:yf{kgsf nflu cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fpg ;/sf/ of bft[ ;+:yfsf nflu kl/of]hgf tof/
kfg]{ .

133
 #= k|f/lDes cg'dfg cg'';f/ k|lt x]S6/ ;/b/df !)) 8n/sf b/n] @$))) x]S6/df @=$
ldlnog 8n/ nfutsf] 6\o"aj]n dd{t kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
ª_ gofF 6\o'aj]nx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{, @=% b]lv $ x]S6/;Dd l;FrfO ug{ ;Sg] sd ulx/f] 6\o'aj]nsf] d"No
uf8]sf] vr{, kDk, kDk /fVg] ;fgf] 3/, kfgL ljt/0f ug]{ kfOk ;d]t u/L nueu ? &),))).–
kb{5 . e"–;tx of]hgf k|lt x]S6/ nfut @%) b]lv $)) 8n/ x'Fbf sd ulx/f] / 6\o'aj]nsf] nfut
k|lt x]S6/ e"–;txsf] s'n nfutsf] !) % eGbf klg sd kg{ cfpF5 . tyflk sd ulx/f] 6\o'aj]n
k|of]u ubf{ kfgL tfGbf lah'nL, dl§t]n of l8h]nsf] d"No ltg'{kg]{ ePsfn] s[ifsx¿ e"\–;tx of]hgf
g} /f]H5g\ eGg] s'/f s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltn] klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . sd ulx/f] 6\o'aj]n sfo{qmd ;lsg]
r/0fdf gk'u];Dd gofF ulx/f] 6\o'aj]nx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ vr{ lgs} dxFuf] k5{ / ltgLx¿nfO{ cem a9L
;fdflhs ;+u7gsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
!= gofF 6\o'aj]nx¿ lgdf{0f ug{ kl/of]hgf tof/ kg]{ M
-c_ cg'dflgt &%))) x]S6/ ;d]6\g] -cf_ cf}hf/, lgdf{0f tyf k|fljlws ;Nnfxsf nflu
lghL If]qnfO{ ;+nUg ug]{ / -O_ nfut ;fem]bf/L jf kDk;]6 / kfOkx¿df Eof6 tyf
eG;f/ s/ 5'6h:tf ;'ljwfx¿sf] Kofs]h .
@= kl/of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
r_ vf; u/L kxf8L If]qx¿df cfw'lgs l;FrfO (Nonconventional Irrigation) ljsf; ug]{ . ;fgf
:yfgLo hn;|f]t of hn e08f/df cfwfl/t cfw'lgs l;FrfO pko'Qm ljsNk x'g ;S5 .
kl/0ffd:j¿k kxf8L :yfgx¿df s[lif ljsf; ;ldltsf] l;FrfO If]qsf] nufgL pRr dxŒjsf]
afnLgfnL pTkfbgsf nflu cfjZos yf]kf of l:k|Ín/ l;FrfOdf cfwfl/t u'?Tj If]q, hn e08f/ /
;fgf :t/sf kfgL tfGg] k|ljlwx¿df s]lGb|t x'g] 5 . t/fO{{df glhs}sf vf]nf of cGo kfgLsf
;|f]tx¿af6 n3' kfgL tfGg] k|ljlwsf ;fy;fy} v'§fn] kfgL tfGg] sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tfsf nflu
;'emfj lbOg] 5 . s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] ;xof]udf u}/–k/Dk/fut l;FrfOsf] ljsf; k|j4{g ug]{
tl/sfx¿ lgDg 5g\M
!= cfly{s ;xof]usf nflu lgDg tl/sfx¿ dfkm{t cfw'lgs l;FrfO ljsf; kl/of]hgf tof/
kfg]{ -c_ cfw'lgs l;FrfO ljsf;sf -of] k|ltkmnn] l;FrfO a[xt\ of]hgfnfO{ gofFkg lbG5_
nflu pko'Qm :yfgx¿÷s[lif ;d'bfox¿ klxrfg ug{sf nflu ul/g] lhNnf lhNnfsf]
;j]{If0f, -cf_ cGo ljsf; k|of;x¿;Fusf] ;DaGw, pbfx/0fsf nflu afujfgL d"No z[Înf
ljsf;, kf]v/L÷tnfp, -O_ ;/sf/, bft[ ;+:yf, lghL If]q, / nfestf{ ;fem]bf/x¿ /
nfut ;fem]bf/L, lghL If]qsf] cf}hf/ cfk"lt{stf{x¿ / Jofj;flos a}+sx¿sf] cfly{s
;xof]u h'6fpgsf nflu ;'ljwfsf] Kofs]h h:tf ;+oGqx¿sf] klxrfg ug]{ .
@= cfw'lgs l;FrfO ljsf; cu'jf nfut ;fem]bf/L kl/of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ . tTkZrft\
b]vfkg]{ u}/–k/Dk/fut l;FrfOsf] ljsf;n] lghL If]q oL k|ljlwx¿sf nflu ahf/sf] ljsf;
ug{sf nflu k"0f{ ;Ifd 5 eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 .

#@(_ ljBdfg of]hgfx¿sf] k|efjsf/L If]qnfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{ . nfut ;fem]bf/Lsf] cfwf/df -pbfx/0fsf nflu
ls;fgx¿n] >ddf of]ubfg k'¥ofpF5g\_ Pl8P;n] lgDg adf]lhdsf pkfox¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ 5 M
s_ l;FrfO Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{ . cg'dflgt !&))) x]S6/df rn]sf] l;FrfO of]hgfx¿ $) k|ltzteGbf
sd Ifdtfdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] Pl8P;n] hn pkef]Qmf ;+3x¿ -Water Users
134
 Association_ / s[ifsx¿nfO{ lgDg tl/sfx¿åf/f l;FrfO Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ 5 M -!_
kfgL r'xfj6 sd ug{ gx/sf] :tf/f]Gglt ug]{ -@_ kfgL Joj:yfkg / ljt/0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg
;+/rgfnfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{, hldg ;Dofpg], Joj:yfkg ;'wfg]{, ljt/0f ;~hfnx¿ -v]tsf s'nf]x¿_
lgdf{0f ug]{ / -$_ ljz]if cfjZostf ePsf] cj:yfdf kfOksf] kfgL k'¥ofpg] -%_ k|efjsf/L
l;Flrt s[lif Joj:yfkgsf nflu hn pkef]Qmf ;+3 -hp;_sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ .
v_ l;FrfO If]q lj:tf/ ug]{ . ljBdfg l;FrfO k|0ffnLn] ;]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf] l;FrfOo'Qm If]q j[l4 ug{sf
nflu cfjZos gx/sf] ;~hfn lj:tf/df Pl8P;n] ;xof]u ug]{ 5 .
u_ gx/sf] ;a} e]ux¿sf k|ltlglw ls;fgx¿nfO{ afnL of]hgfdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg l;l~rt s[lif k|;f/
;]jfx¿sf] Joj:yf dfkm{t kfgL ljt/0f / afnL of]hgfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg], kfgL ljt/0f, afnL
pTkfbsTj, ;dfgtf clej[l4 ug{sf nflu hn pkef]Qmf ;+3sf] ;+nUgtf tyf ;anLs/0f
cfjZos 5 .
3_ :yfoL ;~hfn lgdf{0f ug]{ / s[ifs Jojl:yt l;FrfO k|0ffnLsf -Farmer Managed IIrrigation
System_ k|d'v gx/x¿ ;'wf/ ug]{ . Pl8P; cGtu{t klg s[ifs Jojl:yt l;FrfO k|0ffnLnfO{
pgLx¿sf] k|d'v gx/x¿df ;'wf/ ug{ ;3fpg ;/sf/ / bft[ ;+:yfx¿sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf
;~rflnt sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg] 5 .
!= ;fO6sf] cj:yf / :yfgLo hn agf}6sf] -hydrology_ cfwf/df of]hgfx¿ / cfjZostfx¿
klxrfg ug]{ .
@= sfo{x¿ tof/ Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug]{ / nueu &))) s[ifs Jojl:yt l;FrfO k|0ffnLsf
nflu Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ .
ª_ k|:tfljt 6\o'aj]n ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t cltl/Qm kfgL cfk"lt{sf nflu kfgL sd x'g] k'5f/sf]
If]qdf sd ulx/f] 6\o'aj]nx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ .

kfgLsf] ;|f]taf6 l;FrfO nIo

cfw'lgs l;FrfO
&),)))x], &%

e"ldut hn
!&$))) x] !^%

;tx l;FrfO
*@&,)))x], &&%

lrq !$M kfgLsf] ;|f]taf6 l;FrfO nIo

135
##)_ oL ultljlwx¿n] ;Defljt l;FrfO If]qsf] -tflnsf #)_ *) k|ltzteGbf a9L nIo cg';f/ l;l~rt
If]qdf j[l4 ug]{ cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;df ax';ª\Vos -&&Ü_ e"–;tx l;FrfO of]hgfsf] k"0f{tf /
k'g:yf{kgfaf6 ;DkGg x'g] 5 eg] gofF / k'g:yf{lkt 6\o'aj]nsf] hldgd'lgsf] kfgLn] !^Ü of]ubfg lbg] 5 .

tflnsf #)M kfgLsf] ;|f]t cg';f/ l;rfOF nIo

k|ltkmnx¿÷ gof“ )))
l;FrfO jif{ e/L l;FrfO nIo -))) x]_
OsfO{x¿ x]
@)##
ls|ofsnfkx¿ ;tx e"ldut cfw'lgs hDdf
;Dddf
!=! rfn" ;tx l;FrfO *) *)
@=! kxf8 / t/fO{{df cfw'lgs l;+rfO{ $))) x]÷k|lt
sf] ljsf; aif{ &) &)
!))) x]÷k|lt
@=@ gof“ ;tx l;FrfOsf] ljsf; @) @)
aif{
@=# gof“ sd ulx/f] 6\o'aj]nx¿ !%))))
!%) !%)
lgdf{0f x]÷k|lt aif{
@=$ l;FrfO Joj:yfkg x:tfGt/0f $))))
$) )
kl/of]hgf klxrfg x]÷k|lt aif{
pQ/flwsf/L kl/of]hgf %)))) x] % )
@=% cGt/ hnfzo :yfgfGt/0f # kl/of]hgf
!%) !%)
of]hgfx¿ &)))) x]
#=! kxf8 / t/fO{{sf eTs]sf $))) x]÷k|lt
^& ^&
of]hgfx¿ dd{t ug]{ aif{
#=@ sd ulx/f] / ulx/f 6\o'aj]nx¿ @))) x]÷k|lt
@$ @$
dd{t aif{
#=# d'xfg / k|d'v gx/x¿ nueu
@% x]÷k|lt
&))) s[ifs Jojl:yt l;FrfO !&)
of]hgf !&)
k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/
$=! ljBdfg of]hgfx¿sf] l;FrfO !))))x]÷k|lt
Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ aif{ !&)
!))))x]÷k|lt
$=@ gx/x¿ lgdf{0f !&)
aif{
s'n &&^ *@& !&$ &) !)&!
g]kfnsf] ;DefAo l;FrfO of]Uo If]q !@*)
nlIft aif{el/sf] l;l~rt If]q ∞ *$ ∞
k|sf/sf] cfwf/df nIosf] k|ltzt &&∞ !^ ∞ &∞ !)) ∞

##!_ l;FrfOsf] ;3gtf j[l4 ug]{ . df};dL gbL k|jfx, kDk tfg]sf] vr{ a]xf]g{ s[ifsx¿sf] clgR5f, / e/kbf]{
ljB't cfk"lt{sf] cefj h:tf sf/0fx¿n] ;txL k|ljlwx¿df nueu &)Ü l;FrfO of]Uo If]q s]jn k"/s

136
 dg;'gL df};dsf] l;FrfOdf ;Lldt x'G5 . Pl8P;n] l;FrfO ;3gtf j[l4sf nflu lgDg tj/n] ;3fp
k'¥ofpF5 M
s_ jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfnosf] lhDd]bf/Ldf /x]sf] r'l/of If]q ;+/If0f sfo{qmd nufot hnfzo
-catchment_ Joj:yfkg / k'g{:yfkgfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] .
v_ olb ljB't pTkfbg u/]/ klg cfly{s ¿kn] ;Dej eof] eg] kfgLsf] cefjdf ul/g] l;FrfO
k|0ffnLnfO{ kfgL cfk"lt{ ug{sf nflu kfgL :yfoL gbLaf6 df};dL gbLdf n}hfg cGt/ hnfzo
:yfgfGt/sf of]hgfx¿ -Inter Basin Transfer_ lgdf{0f ug]]{ . lqmofsnfkx¿ lgDg 5g\ M
!= l;FrfO ljefun] k"j{ klZrd kfgL :yfgfGt/ kl/of]hgf k|:tfj k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ 5Ù
@= k"0f{ jftfj/0fLo k|efj cWoog (Environmental Impact Assessment) / ;'/Iff Joj:yfx¿
;lxt hnljB't zlQm tyf l;FrfOsf nflu & cf]6f cGt/ hnfzo :yfgfGt/ k|0ffnLx¿
kl/sNkgf tyf lgdf{0f ug]{ .

##@_ l;FrfO k|0ffnL / kmfd{ leqsf] kfgL Joj:yfkg ;'wfg]{ . Pl8P;n] l;FrfO k|0ffnL / kmfd{ leqsf] kfgL
Joj:yfkg ;'wf/sf nflu lgDg tl/sfn] ;xof]u ug]{ 5 M
s_ lgsfo Jojl:yt l;FrfO k|0ffnLsf] -Agency Managed Irrigation System_ Joj:yfkgnfO{ cem
/fd|f] t'Nofpg ljBdfg l;FrfO Joj:yfkg l8lehgnfO{ ;'wf/ Pj+ ;anLs/0f u/L l;FrfO ljsf;
ljefu agfpg],
v_ /fli6«o ;|f]tx¿af6 xf];\ of kof{Kt dfqfdf l;FrfO ;]jf z'Ns -Irrigation Service Fee_ p7fP/
xf];\ kof{Kt dfqfdf ah]6 k|bfg ug]{ .
u_ hn pkef]Qmf ;+3sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ / ls;fgx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] l;FrfO k|0ffnL / k|rngdf
;'wf/ Nofpg ;Nnfx / ;Dej eP cfly{s ;xfotf k|bfg ug]{ .

###_ l;FrfO Joj:yfkg x:tfGt/0fnfO{ -Irrigation Management Transfer_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ . hn pkef]Qmf ;+3
of kfgL ;ldltx¿n] !%))) hlt l;FrfO k|0ffnLx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ul//fv]sf5g\ . l;FrfO ljefun] lgdf{0f
u/]sf #@ cf]6f l;FrfO of]hgfx¿sf d'Vo k|0ffnLx¿ pQm lgsfon] -l;+lj_ g} Jojl:yt u5{ . To;df
;xfos tyf tNnf :t/sf gx/x¿ hn pkef]Qmf ;+3 / hn pkef]Qmf ;d"x¿n] Jojl:yt u5{g\ . ;a}sf]
d'Vo k|0ffnLx¿ of afFsL lgsfo Jojl:yt l;FrfO k|0ffnLsf ;a} h;f]sf nflu lhDd]jf/L lng hp;nfO{
;Ifd t'Nofpg Pl8P;n] l;+rfO{ Joj:yfkg x:tfGt/0f nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ 5 . ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ sfo{x¿ lgDg
5g\ M
s_ 7"nf of]hgfx¿sf nflu ;+o'Qm -lgsfo÷hp;_ Joj:yfkg t/ hp;nfO{ a9\bf] lx;fan] lhDd]jf/L
:yfgfGt/ u/]/ . pbfx/0fsf nflu rf}sLbf/x¿sf] /f]huf/sf] ;Gbe{df .
v_ demf}nf of]hgfx¿df -%))) b]lv !)))) x]S6/;Dd_ hp; of hn pkef]Qmf dxf;+3nfO{ k"0f{
lhDd]jf/L / :jfldTj :yfgfGt/0f ug]{ .
u_ s[ifssf] :jfldTjdf /xg] l;FrfO Joj:yfkg sDkgL of ;xsf/L -Irrigation Management
Company_ u7g Pp6f ;+efu, / cGt/f{li6«o cg'ejsf] cWoog ug{ tyf :jfldTj :yfgfGt/0fsf]
;+oGqsf] af/] ;Nnfx lbg :yfgfGt/0f lgsfo u7g u/L b'O{j6f demf}nfb]lv 7"nf l;FrfO
k|0ffnLx¿sf nflu l;FrfO Joj:yfkg x:tfGt/0f cu'jf kl/of]hgf tof/ Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
l;rfFO Joj:yfkg sDkgL l;+rfO{ z'Ns hDdf ug]{ nufotsf ;~rfng tyf cfly{s
137
 Joj:yfkgk|lt lhDd]jf/ x'g] 5 . o;df hp; of hn pkef]Qmf dxf;+3n] jf]8{sf] ¿kdf sfo{ u5{
eg] ;~rfng Joj:yfkgsf] nflu Ps hgf la1 l;FrfO Joj:yfks -h:t}M l;FrfO ljefsf
OlGhlgo/_ /xG5g\ .
3_ hp;nfO{ :jfldTj :yfgfGt/0f ug{sf nflu cfjZos sfg'gL ;+/rgfx¿df ;'wf/ ug]{ .

##$_ ;~rfng / dd{t -Operation and Maintenance_ sf nflu sf]if v8f ug]{ . l;FrfO ljefu lgsfo
Jojl:yt l;+rfO{ k|0ffnLsf k|d'v k|0ffnLsf] ;~rfng / dd{t ;lxt ;~hfn Pj+ k|d'v gx/ Joj:yfkgk|lt
lhDd]jf/ x'G5 . hp;n] p7fpg] l;FrfO ;]jf z'Nssf] s]xL c+z of]ubfg ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5, t/ jt{dfg
l:yltdf w]/}h;f] of]hgfx¿df of] k|efjsf/L x'Fb}g . cNksfnLg ¿kdf Pl8P;n] tnsf gx/x¿ / d'Vo
k|0ffnL ;~rfng tyf dd{tsf nflu kof{Kt /sd k|bfg ug{ l;FrfO ;]jf z'Ns ;Íng ug{ cfjZos
pkfox¿nfO{ k|j4{g tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ 5 . tL pkfox¿ lgDg lnlvt 5g\ M
s_ k|0ffnLdf ;'ljwfx¿ leœofpg] . pbfx/0fsf nflu l;FrfO ;]jf z'Nssf] cg'kftdf ;/sf/L ah]6
;xfotfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . pQm /sd ah]6 cg'/f]wleq ;dfj]z ug{sf nflu kof{Kt ;dofGt/
x'g'k5{ .
v_ hUuf s/;Fu} ;]jf z'Nssf] /l;b gTyL ug'{kg]]{ sfg'g th'{df ug]{ . s'g} gx/df jf ljsf;nfO{ kfgL
k'¥ofpg g;s]sf] v08df l;FrfO ;]jf z'Nsdf k"0f{ of cf+lzs 5'6 lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' cfjZos
5.
u_ hUuf ljqmL btf{ x'g'k"j{ l;FrfO ;'ljwf z'Ns cBfjlws ug'{kg]{ ljBdfg cfjZostfnfO{ sfof{Gjog
ug]{ .
3_ l;FrfO ;]jf z'NsnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ / cNksfnLg ¿kdf k|ltafnLsf] lx;fan] tyf bL3{sfnLg
¿kdf ld6/ h8fg u/L kfgLsf] kl/df0fsf] cfwf/df z'Ns lng] .

##%_ PsLs[t hn ;|f]t Joj:yfkg sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

s_ @)!) df d:of}bf ul/Psf] PsLs[t hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg gLltnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg] . o;sf] s]xL
c+z l;FrfO{ gLlt @)&) df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5
v_ kfgLnfO{ lnP/ cGt/If]q k|lt:kwf{ of ljjfb x'g] If]qx¿af6 ;'? u/L hn ;Ldfdf cfwfl/t
PsLs[t hn ;|f]t Joj:yfkgnfO{ /fli6«o ¿kdf cjnDag ug]{ .

##^_ l;l~rt s[lif / hn ;|f]t Joj:yfkgdf dlxnf s[ifsx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ . Pl8P; cGtu{t
kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] l;FrfO tyf hn ;|f]t Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{qmdx¿df Ifdtf clej[l4 df]8\o"n
klg ;+nUg x'g] 5 . h];L kIfnfO{ ;d]6\gsf nflu cGo pkfox¿sf ;fy;fy} dlxnf ljsf;sf nflu s;/L
l;FrfO k|0ffnL lgdf{0f, Joj:yfkg / dd{t ug]{ eGg] s'/fdf Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{qmd lbg' cfjZos 5 .

%=#=^ ;dod} ;'ky d"Nodf s[lif ;fdfu|L dfly kx'Fr k|ltkmn @=^ ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

##&_ s[lif ;fdfu|L] cfk"lt{ / ljt/0fsf nflu plrt gLlt th'{df ug]{ . Pl8P; n] lgDg s'/fx¿ ;+nUg /x]sf]
gLltx¿sf] th'{dfnfO{ ;xfotf ug]{ 5 M
s_ ul/a, ;LdfGtLs[t tyf b'u{d If]qsf ls;fgx¿dfly nlIft
138
 v_ ;fj{hlgs ;+;fwgsf] cGo k|of]hgx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL tof/ kfl/Psf] ts{;Ët cg'bfgsf] cfwf/
u_ k/ lge{/tfsf] ;[hgf of cg'bfgx¿ PSsfl; x6fOlbFbf kg]{ gsf/fTds k|efjaf6 d'Qm x'g
cg'bfgx¿nfO{ Ps ;do;Ldfkl5 aGb ug]{ Joj:yf .
3_ ;/sf/sf] cfo / ah]6 Ifdtfleq} l:y/ /xg ;Sg] vr{
ª_ lgodfg';f/ cg'bfgsf] ljt/0fsf] cg'udg
r_ cg'bfgsf] pknlAw / k|efjsf] d"NofÍg
##*_ ;du| Pl8P; ;Fu o:tf] gLltsf] tfbfDotf ;'lglZrt ug]{ lgb]{lzsfx¿ -guideline_ lgDg 5g\M
s_ ;dosf] ;Gbe{df l:y/tfM kof{Kt ;do lbO{ cg's"ng ug]{ gLlt th'{df u/L 3f]if0ff ul/Psf
kl/jt{gx¿ afx]s cfslids kl/jt{g gug]{ .
v_ lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] k|j4{gM s[lif ;fdu|L cfk"lt{ / ljt/0fdf ;+nUg lghL tyf ;xsf/L If]qdf
g} cfFr cfpg] u/L ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ -parastatals_ k|j4{gsf nflu cg'bfgsf] k|of]u gug]{ .
u_ cg'bfg gLltsf] cfjlws k'g/fjnf]sgM cg'bfg gLltsf] pQm cWoogsf] cfwf/df cfpFbf] kfFr
jif{sf nflu cg'bfgx¿ x6fpg ;lsG5 -olb ltgLx¿n] cfˆgf p2]Zox¿ k"/f ul/;s]sf 5g\ eg]_
eg] cGo s]xL ;'? ug{ ;lsG5 .
3_ k|lt:kwf{Tdstfsf] k|j4{gM k|lt:kwf{TdstfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ . kl/k"/s pkfox¿ ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu s[lif ;fdu|Lsf] k|efjsf/L Pj+ ;Ifd pkof]usf] af/]df k|bz{g .
ª_ l:y/tfsf] k|j4{g M ;'wfl/Psf] cEof;x¿ / ;'lglZrt cfk"lt{ / ljt/0f z[Îvnfx¿ dfkm{t\ s[lif
;fdu|Lsf]] l:y/ pkof]unfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
r_ u'0f:t/sf] k|j4{g s[lif ;fdu|Lsf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu lhDd]bf/ lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf,
;+;fwg tyf pQm sfo{sf nflu cfjZos cflwsfl/stf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
5_ ;dfj]zLs/0fM ;dod} c;n s[lif ;fdu|Ldf ljz]if u/L ;LdfGtLs[t ;d"xx¿ nufot ;a}sf] kx'Fr
;'lglZrt ug]{ .
h_ cg'bfgsf] k|ltufdL k|j[lQ M ;a}eGbf sd cg'bfg cfjZos kg]{x¿nfO{ cg'bfg k|0ffnLsf] ;a}eGbf
7"nf nfestf{x¿ aGg] l:ylt ;[hgf ug]{ .

##(_ s[lif ;fdu|Lsf nflu ef}r/ k|0ffnLsf] th'{df ug]{ . o; cGtu{t s[ifsx¿nfO{ ef}r/ lbOG5Ù h;n]
pgLx¿nfO{ cfk"mn] dg k/]sf] s[lif ;fdfu|L lsGgsf nflu ;anLs/0f u5{ . klxnf k|0ffnLsf] sfof{Gjogsf
nflu lgb]{lzsf tof/ kfg]{, k|0ffnL ;'? ug]{, pQm cu'jf k|0ffnLsf] ;sf/fTds k'g/fjnf]sgsf cfwf/df pQm
k|0ffnLnfO{ cg';/0f Pj+ :t/f]Gglt ug]{ . olb d"NofÍsgn] ef}r/ k|0ffnLsf] cg';/0f / k|;f/0fnfO{ a9fjf
lbof] eg] :ki6 alxu{dg /0fgLlt klg tof/ kfg'{k5{ .

%=#=& ;+;fwg / Ifdtf clej[l4df kof{Kt nufgL u/L aLp ljhg kl/sNkgf @)@% nufotsf ljBdfg aLp
ljhg gLltx¿sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog k|ltkmn @=& ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿

#$)_ aLpljhg;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿ aLpljhg kl/sNkgf @)@%, s[lif h}ljs ljjjwtf gLlt @)@% /
aLpljhg lgodfjnL @)^( ;Fu d]n vfG5g\ .

139
#$!_ k|hgg / d"n aLp -foundation seed_ pTkfbg ug{sf nflu aLpljhg cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿sf] Ifdtf
clej[l4 ug]{ . o;df lgDg s'/fx¿ ;+nUg 5g\ M
s_ ;/sf/L cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx¿, cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿, ljZjljBfnox¿ / lghL If]qsf] pBf]usf] Ifdtf
clej[l4sf nflu cfly{s ;xof]u j[l4 ug]{ .
v_ hLljsf]kfh{g s[lif k|wfg If]qx¿df afnLgfnLsf u'0f:t/Lo hftx¿ / v'nf k/fu;]rg k|hfltx¿
-OPVs_ sfod ug]{ / cGt/f{li6«o lgsfox¿;Fu /fd+|f] ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ .

#$@_ lghL, ;xsf/L If]q tyf ;d'bfo cfwfl/t aLp pTkfbgnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ . o;df lgDg s'/fx¿ ;+nUg x'G5
M
s_ u'0f:t/Lo aLp a]gf{ pTkfbgsf nflu ;DalGwt ;/sf/L, lghL / ;xsf/L ;+u7gx¿, kmd{ /
g;{/Lx¿;Fusf] ;fem]bf/LnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{
v_ a]gf{ tyf aLpsf] Jofj;flos pTkfbg ug{ ;Ifd agfpg lghL / ;xsf/L If]qnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ /
;/sf/sf] e"ldsf rflxF ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f, gLlt tyf lgod th'{df, ;"rgf lbg],
cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug]{ x'g] 5 .
u_ lghL / ;xsf/L aLp pTkfbsnfO{ d"n aLp -foundation seed_ k|bfg ug]{
3_ ;/sf/L / lghL If]qx¿nfO{ k|hgg aLp, d"n aLp / j0f{z+s/ aLpljhg pTkfbg ug{sf nflu
k|j4{g ug]{
5_ ;/sf/L cfjZostf k"/f ug{ Pj+ lgof{tsf nflu aLp pBdnfO{ pBf]us} ¿kdf k|j4{g ug]{ .
r_ kx'Fr gePsf b'u{d If]qx¿df ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t aLp pTkfbg / h}ljs ljjLwtfnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ .

#$#_ u'0f:t/ ljZj;gLotf k|0ffnLx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ . o;df lgDg s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ M
s_ ;DalGwt ;/sf/L ;+u7gx¿sf] ;'wfl/Psf] Ifdtf dfk{mt aLp a]gf{sf] k|fdf0fLs/0f k|lqmofnfO{
;an t'Nofpg] .
v_ g;{/Lx¿nfO{ s[lif ;fdfu|Lsf] u'0f:t/ kfngf ug{ nufpg] .
u_ lghL If]qsf ;fy;fy} ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f / k|fdf0fLs/0fsf] Joj:yfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt
ug]{ .
3_ ljBdfg :t/;Fu d]n gvfg] sd;n u'0fsf] aLplahg k/]df s[ifsx¿nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbg'kg]{ sfg'g
sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

#$$_ j0f{zª\s/ (hybrid) pTkfbgnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ . o;df lgDg s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ M
s_ cfjZos k/LIf0f kZrft\ pko'Qm j0f{zª\s/sf] cfoftnfO{ cg'dlt lbg] .
v_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;+:yfx¿, lghL tyf ;xsf/L If]q / ljb]zL sDkgLx¿;Fusf] ;fe]mbf/Ldf :yfgLo
j0f{zª\s/ aLp ljhg pTkfbgnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .

#$%_ aLpsf] dfu / cfk"lt{af/]] ;"rgf k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug]{ . o;df hgtfsf] kx'Frdf /x]sf] cBfjlws 8f6fa];
x'G5Ù h;df g;{/Lx¿ aLp pTkfbg s]Gb|x¿ / cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿sf] af/]df / aLp pTkfbg / d'Vo
afnLx¿sf] aLpsf] e08f/sf af/]df ;dof]lrt hfgsf/L x'G5 . of] 8f6fa];n] afnL / If]qsf] cfwf/df

140
 ck]lIft dfu / cfk"ltstf{x¿ / lg/LIf0fx¿sf af/]df klg hfgsf/L lbG5 . dlxnf, blnt,
hghflt÷cflbjf;L / dw];L ls;fgx¿nfO{ klg ;lhn} hfgsf/L pknAw x'g] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

#$^_ h}ljs ljljwtf gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{ . o;df lgDg s'/fx¿ ;+nUg x'g5] g\ M
s_ s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt ljljw h}ljs ;+;fwgsf] ;Íng, juL{s/0f / n]vfhf]vfnfO{ ;anLs/0f ug]{ /
j}1flgs k|ltj]bg÷clen]vdf ;xof]u ug]{] .
v_ s[lif–h}ljs ljljwtfsf] btf{ k|0ffnL ;'? ug]{ .
u_ g]kfnL h}ljs ljljwtf / cfg'j+lzs ;+;fwgsf] cg';Gwfg Pj+ k|of]usf nflu lgod th'{df ug]{ .
3_ h}ljs ljljwtf, cfg'j+lzs ;+;fwgsf] / dfgj :jf:Yodf kg{ ;Sg] gsf/fTds k|efjaf6 aRg
cg';Gwfgsf nflu afx]s cfg'jf+lzs ¿kdf kl/jlt{t hLj (Genetically Modified Oraganism)
-aLp, afnLx¿, kz'kG5L_ lgof{t, pTkfbg / k|of]udf /f]s nufpg] .

#$&_ aLpsf nflu ef}r/ k|0ffnL ;'? ug]{ . o; cGtu{t h;n] ef}r/ k|fKt ub{5g\ pgLx¿nfO{ cfk"mn] /f]h]sf]
aLp ljhg lsGg ;anLs/0f ub{5 . k|ydtM k|0ffnL ;'? ug]{ . To;sf] ;s/fTds k'g/fjnf]sgsf cfwf/df
c¿ k|0ffnLsf] cg';/0f tyf :t/f]Gglt ug]{ .

%=#=* dn cfk"lt{sf nflu 5f]6f cjlwsf nflu :jLsfo{, dWod / bL3{sfnsf nflu /0fgLlt / pTkfbgdf
;'wf/ ug]{ nIo ePsf] Jofjxfl/s ;dfwfg k|ltkmn @=* ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿ .

#$*_ dn cg'bfg k|0ffnLsf] cem k|efjsf/L ljt/0fdf qmdzM kl/jt{g . 5f]6f] cjlwsf nflu dnsf] cg'bfgdf
xfn}sf] :t/ sfod ug]{, dWod cjlwdf To;nfO{ ;dfof]hg ug]{ . To;sf nflu Pl8P; sf] cjlwdf k|To]s
% jif{df ;DejtM …dn cg'bfgsf] k|efjdfly k'g/fjnf]sgÚ zLif{ssf] cWoognfO{ sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg]{ 5 .

#$(_ pTkfbg / dn k|of]u ;IfdtfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ kl/k"/s pkfox¿df lghL If]qsf] e"ldsfnfO{ cem a9L
k|j4{g ug]{ nufotsf lgDg s'/fx¿ ;+nUg 5g\ M
s_ dnsf] ;Ifd k|of]u k|bz{g ug{ / ls;fgx¿nfO{ dnsf] ;Ifd k|of]usf] nfut / nfutsf af/]df
lzlIft ug{sf nflu k|bz{g / hgr]tgf cleofg . k|bz{gx¿ k|fof]hg tyf cfof]hgf ug{ tyf
ls;fgx¿nfO{ k|fljlws hfgsf/L lbg of] cleofgn] lghL If]qsf dn cfk"lt{stf{x¿nfO{ ;+nUg
ug'{k5{ .
v_ df6f]sf] pj{/fkgnfO{ l6sfp /fVg] k|fËfl/s tyf h}ljs dnnfO{ sDtLdf cltl/Qm of kl/k"/s
:t/df k|j4{g ug]{ / a9L pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj k|fKt ug{sf nflu /f;folgs dn k|of]u ug]{ .
o;df lgDg s'/fx¿ ;+nUg 5g\ M
!= lghL If]qsf cfk"lt{stf{x¿ / pTkfbgstf{x¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] cEof;x¿ / k|bz{gLsf] lj:tf/ .
@= gu/kflnsfsf] h}ljs tŒj / s[lif k|zf]wg kmf]x/ -pbfx/0fsf nflu ;fj{hlgs lghL
;fem]bf/L dfkm{t_, u'0f:t/ / ;'/Iff ljZn]if0f, ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] :t/ k'u]sf pTkfbgx¿sf]
btf{df cfwfl/t Jofj;flos h}ljs dn pTkfbg ug]{ pBdx¿sf] :yfkgdf ;xhLs/0f ug]{ .
u_ dn pTkfbg / cfk"lt{sf ;DaGwdf ;DefJotf cWoog ug]{ . of] cWoogdf lgDg s'/fx¿sf
;DefJotf ;+nUg 5g\ M
141
 != ;fj{hlgs-lghL ;fem]bf/L Joj:yf cGtu{t b]zleq} dn sf/vfgf :yfkgf ug]{Ù
@= hnljB't zlQm / l;FrfOsf nflu kfgLsf] cfjZostf k/]sf l5d]sL b]zx¿af6 ;Dejt
k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL Jofj;flos ;Demf}tfsf ¿kdf dn sf/vfgfx¿sf nflu b]z
aflx/af6 ;dtf -equity_ z]o/ k|fKt ug]{Ù
#= j}b]lzs dn cfk"lt{stf{x¿;Fu -ef/t / t];|f] d'n'sx¿ b'j}_ bL3{sfnLg s/f/ ug]{ .
3_ ;fj{hlgs-lghL ;fem]bf/L cGtu{t dnsf] e}k/Lsf nflu e08f/0f- akm/ :6s (buffer stock) ug]{
.
ª_ cflwsfl/s / cgf}krfl/s b'j} vfnsf cfoft -kl5Nnf] rflxF ;j]{If0f tYofÍaf6 k|fKt ug]{_
nufot dn k|of]u / ljt/0f ;DaGwL 8f6fa]; / cg'udg k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug]{ .
r_ dnsf nflu ef}r/ k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug]{ . o; cGtu{t ls;fgx¿nfO{ ef}r/ k|bfg ul/G5Ù h;n]
pgLx¿nfO{ cfk"mn] rfx]sf] /f;folgs of k|fËfl/s÷h}ljs dn lsGgsf nflu ;anLs/0f ub{5 .
k|ydtM k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'? ug]{ . clg ;sf/fTds k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cfwf/df pQm k|0ffnLnfO{ cg';/0f
tyf :tf/f]Gglt ug]{ .
5_ u'0f:t/ ljZj;gLotf k|0ffnL cjnDag ug]{ . o;df lgDg s'/fx¿ ;+nUg 5g\ M
!= ;DalGwt ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;'wfl/Psf] Ifdtf dfkm{t dn lg/LIf0fnfO{ ;an kfg]{ .
@= cfoftstf{x¿ / yf]s ljqm]tfx¿nfO{ dnsf] u'0f:t/ dfkb08 kfngf ug{ nufpg]
#= lghLsf ;fy;fy} ;/sf/af6 u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f / k|fdf0fLs/0fsf] Joj:yfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .

%=#=( g]kfnL kz'kfng k|0ffnLnfO{ pko'Qm ljleGg hftsf ;'wfl/Psf kz' gZnx¿ s[ifsx¿nfO{ pknAw
u/fpg] ;DaGwdf k|ltkmn @=( ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

#%)_ k|hgg ljsf; / kz' :jf:Yo ;d]l6Psf] kz'kfng gLlt th'{df ug]{ .

#%!_ ;'wfl/Psf] gZn pTkfbgsf nflu Ifdtf ljsf;

s_ ;'wfl/Psf] gZn pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{,
v_ j+z (Progeny), pTkfbsTj / ;Ifdtfsf] ;xL clen]v sfod /fvL ;'wfl/Psf gZnx¿ pTkfbgsf
nflu lghL If]q tyf ;xsf/Lx¿nfO{ k|j4{g ug{]
u_ gZn ;'wf/sf nflu k|hgg sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ k|j4{g ug{sf nflu s[lqd uef{wfg k|of]uzfnfx¿
lj:tf/ ug]{ .
3_ s'v'/fkfngsf] dfp :6s (grandparent stock) :yfkgf ug{ lghL If]qnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{
-ª_ lghL If]qnfO{ ;'wfl/Psf] gZn pTkfbgdf ;xof]u ug]{
r_ clen]v /fVg / ;'wfl/Psf] kz'x¿sf] u'0f:t/, :jf:Yo l:ylt, pTkfbsTj ;'wf/df ;xof]u ug]{
5_ kz'kfng ladf of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u ug]{ .

#%@_ kz'sf] gZn, kz' :jf:Yo ;'ljwf / kz'kfng ladfsf nflu ef}r/ k|0ffnL th'{df ug]{ . o; cGtu{t
s[ifsx¿nfO{ ef}rf/ k|bfg ul/G5Ù h;n] ltgLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] /f]hfOsf] kz' of ;]jf lsGg ;S5g\ . k|ydtM
of] k|0ffnLsf] k|f/De ug]{ / cu'jf k|0ffnLsf] ;sf/fTds k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cfwf/df k|0ffnLsf cg';/0f tyf
:t/f]Gglt ug]{ .
142
#%#_ s[lqd uef{wfg sfo{qmdsf nflu t/n gfO6«f]hgsf] -Liquid Nitrogen_ e/kbf]{, ;Ifd / lg/Gt/ cfk"lt{ .
o;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L 9fFrfdf t/n gfO6«f]h KnfG6sf] :yfkgf e/kbf]{ pkfox¿dWo] Ps
x'g ;S5 .

%=#=!)= lghL If]qsf] dfWodaf6 s[ifsx¿nfO{ ljljw ofGqLs/0f ljsNkx¿df kx'Fr ;DaGwL k|ltkmn @=!) ;Fu
;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

#%$_ hgr]tgf hfu/0f, dfu pTk|]/0ff, ;x'lnot ljQLo Joj:yf, yf]s ljqm]tf ;~hfnsf] k|fljlws Ifdtf
clej[l4 -vf; u/L b]zel/sf b'O{ kfª\u|] 6«\ofS6/ / xft] 6«\ofS6/sf yf]s ljqm]tfx¿_ / s/df s]xL
km]/abndfly s]lGb|t ofGqLs/0f /0fgLlt . o; /0fgLltsf nflu lghL If]qsf cf}hf/ cfk"lt{stf{ /
Jofj;flos a}Í If]qsf] ;dGjotf cfjZos 5 . of] tl/sf lgDg s'/fx¿df s]lGb|t 5 M -!_ t/fO{{sf nflu
ax'sfof{Tds ljsNkx¿ ePsf kfj/ l6n/ -@_ kxf8L If]qx¿sf nflu ldgL @ kfª\u|]sf] -s]xL j}slNks
pks/0fx¿ hf]8\g ldNg]_ ;ª\Vofdf j[l4, -#_ sd zlQmn] rNg] tyf >d arfpg] cf}hf/x¿ / kj{tLo
If]qx¿df ofGqLs[t l;FrfO . of] /0fgLltsf rf/ tŒjx¿ x'g] 5g\ M

#%%_ ;"rgf k|;f/0f M lghL If]q ;g\ @)!! df cg'dflgt $%)) 6«ofS6/ a]r]/ rf/ kfª\u|]x¿sf] ljqmLdf ;+nUg
5, t/ w]/} h;f] s[ifsx¿ / b'O{ kfª\u|] 6«ofS6/ xft] 6«ofS6/sf ;Defljt u|fxsx¿nfO{ b'O{ kfª\u|] 6«ofS6/sf
ljsNkx¿ / kmfObfx¿af/] w]/} sd hfgsf/L 5 . To;sf/0f Pl8P; n] b'O{ kfª\u|] 6«ofS6/sf cfoftstf{x¿
/ yf]s ljqm]tfx¿;Fu vr{ ;fem]bf/L ug]{ u/L k/Dk/fut vghf]t tyf afnL leœofpg] tl/sfx¿sf] t'ngfdf
@ kfª\u|] 6«ofS6/sf kmfObfx¿nfO{ hf]8 lbg] vfnsf ;fdflhs ahf/Ls/0f cleofgx¿ ;~rfng ug{ d2t
ug]{ 5 . t/fO{{, kxf8 / lxdfnL If]qx¿ k|To]snfO{ Ps–Ps x'g] u/L hDdf tLg cf]6f k[ys cleofgx¿
rnfOg] 5 . ltgLx¿ k|To]ssf] nIo ;dfg x'g] 5 M s[ifsx¿nfO{ ;Defljt ljsNkx¿ / /f]hfOx¿sf
af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] . tyflk tLg km/s s[lif–cfly{s If]qx¿df oL ljsNkx¿sf] cled'vLs/0f tyf
;fk]lIfs ef/ k[ys x'g] 5 .

#%^_ ljQdf u|fxssf] kx'Frdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] M rf/ kfª\u|] 6««ofS6/ Jofj;flos a}+sx¿sf] lgoldt ljQLo
of]hgfx¿ -ef8fdf–lsGg]_ cGtu{t k/] klg @ kfª\u|] 6««ofS6/x¿nfO{ k|fo a}+ssf] ljQLo k|0ffnLn] a]jf:tf
u5{ / nfO;]G; Kn]6 lagf j}+sx¿ xft] 6«ofS6/sf ;Defljt u|fxsx¿nfO{ C0f lbg lxlRsrfpF5g\ . To;}
u/L rf/kfª\u|] 6««ofS6/sf s]xL yf]s ljqm]tfx¿n] h:tf] b'O{ kfª\u|] 6\ofS6/ cfoftstf{x¿ / yf]s
ljqm]tfx¿n] tLj| ljQLo of]hgf nfu" ug{ ;s]sf 5|}gg\ . s]xL Jofj;flos a}+sx¿n] b'O{ kfª\u|] 6««ofS6/sf]
ljqmLsf] ;Gbe{df u|fxs s]lGb|teGbf klg yf]s ljqm]tf s]lGb|t ljQLo Joj:yf dfkm{t\ ljQ Joj:yf ug{ tLj|
OR5f JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . yf]s ljqm]tfx¿n] xft] 6«ofS6/nfO{ C0f ;xof]u ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . ;Defljt
u|fxsx¿nfO{ C0f pknAw u/pg yf]s ljqm]tfx¿ / cfoftstf{x¿n] ;xnufgL u/]sf] l:yltdf klxnf]
jif{b]lv g} dxŒjk"0f{ ¿kdf ljqmL a9\g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
b'Ocf]6f ljsNkx¿ cGtu{t u|fxsx¿nfO{ C0f lbgsf nflu yf]s ljqm]tfx¿nfO{ ljQLo Joj:yf ldnfpg
Jofj;flos a}s + x¿nfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ M

143
 != yf]s ljqm]tfx¿nfO{ Jofj;flos lx;fad} C0f pknAw u/fpg] tfls ltgLx¿n] klg nueu !&
k|ltzt Aofh b/d} C0f lbg ;s"g\ .38
@= clGtd k|of]ustf{x¿nfO{ nlIft u/L aGb]h nufOPsf] eP klg /fi6« a}+ssf] æpk]lIft If]qÆ C0f
k|bfg qmfo{qmd dfkm{t\ ;:tf] C0fdf kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] .

#%&_ ;]jf / dd{tstf{x¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 M @ kfª\u|] / xft] 6«ofS6/ k|fljlws agf]6 ;fk]lIfs ¿kdf ;fdfGo
ePsfn] l8h]n kDk ;]6 of df]6/;fOsn;Fu t'ngf ug{ ;lsg] eP klg ljqmL kZrft\sf ;]jf tyf :k]o/
kf6\{; Joj;fo rflxF sdhf]/ 5 . To;}n] Pl8P; n] lgDg s'/fx¿df ;xof]u ug{ k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 M
s_ yf]s ljqm]tfx¿nfO{ . cfˆg} dd{t sfo{zfnfx¿ :yfkgf ug'{sf] ;§f b]zel/ 5l/P/ /x]sf ;–;fgf
sfo{zfnfx¿sf] k|fljlws Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ . oL sfo{zfnfx¿n] :k]o/ kf6{\; a]Rg tyf d'Vo
Jofj;flos s]Gb|x¿df ;~rfngdf /x]sf #)–#% yf]s ljqm]tfx¿sf nflu ;fgf larf}lnofx¿sf]
sfd klg ug{ ;S5g\ .
v_ yf]s ljqm]tfx¿nfO{ !))) s[ifsx¿÷;]jfbftfx¿nfO{ ofGqLs/0fsf k|efjx¿sf af/]df -cltl/Qm
pdf/ b/, nfut artsf] cy{, z"Go ;DofO{ (Zero leveling) sf] kmfObf, aLp 5g]{ d]l;gsf] k|efj
OToflb_ :yfgLo ljz]if1 aGgsf nflu ;3fpg k|fljlws k|lzIf0f lbg .

#%*_ s[lif pks/0f ef8fdf nufpg Jofj;flos jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ . ef8fdf pks/0f lbg] sDkgLx¿nfO{
;~rfngdf Nofpg lgDg j}wflgs pkfox¿ th'{df ug]{
s_ a+}ls¨ ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]gn] u}/ a+}ls¨ ;+:yfx¿nfO{ lnhdf lbg /f]s nufpg] 5}gg\ eGg] lsl;dsf]
sfg'gL k|i6tf .
v_ ef8f Joj;fodf ;+nUg sDkgLx¿nfO{ ef8f Joj;fo ;~rfng (leasing) ug{ ljQLo Joj:yf
k|fKt ug{sf nflu ;'/lIft ljlgdo P]g jf s/f/ P]gdf ;+;f]wg u/]/ Ps w/f}6L btf{ (pledge
registry) :yfkgf ug]{ .

#%(_ ofGqLs/0fnfO{ ;3fpg lgodg / s/df ;'wf/ ug]{ M dfly plNnlvt tLg tŒjx¿nfO{ ;fy lbg ;/sf/n]
lgDg ;xof]uL ljQLo pkfox¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ 5 M
s_ ;Ldf kfl/af6 cj}w ¿kdf leœofOPsf sd u'0f:t/sf :k]o/ kf6{\;sf] k}mnfj6 x6fO{ :yfgLo yf]s
ljqm]tfx¿ / ;fgf yf]s ljqm]tfx¿sf] Joj;fonfO{ k|j4{g ug{ Eof6 /sd / :k]o/ kf6{\;df nfUg]
cfoft cGtMz'Ns -h'g @*Ü eGbf w]/} x'G5_ 5'6 lbg] .
v_ ofGqLs/0fnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ b'Okfª\u|] 6««ØfS6/sf] :jfldTj kl/jt{gdf nufOPsf] % jif]{ k|ltaGw
x6fpg] .
u_ rf/ kfª\u|]df k"0f{ Eof6 nufpg] / b'O{ kfª\u|]df gnufpg] . ax';ª\Vos rf/ kfª\u|] 6««ofS6/x¿
s[lifeGbf klg Jofj;flos 9'jfgLsf nflu k|of]u ul/G5 .

38
Commercial banks must lend up to 15 % of their outstanding portfolio to agriculture and energy or face fines on
loans unallocated to this sector (Monetary Policy 2016/17). They therefore have an incentive to constantly look for
lending to this sector. Commercial bank also have the option to access concessionary financing for the “deprived
sector” (cooperatives and micro-finance institutions) at 10-10.5%, but there are restrictions on how the funds are
deployed.
.
144
 3_ b'O{ kfª\u|]sf nflu ;8s s/ 36fpg] . xfndf rf/ kfª\u|]sf] ?= @()).– / b'O{ kfª\u|]sf] ?=
@@)).– 5 . s[lifdf k|of]u ug{sf nflu xf] eg] of] b'O{ kfª\u|]sf] vl/bnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug]{ tŒj
xf] . To;sf ;fy} rf/ kfª\u|]sf] t'ngfdf of] lgs} a9L xf] .

#^)_ ef}r/ k|0ffnL k|f/De ug]{ . pks/0f k|of]usf] -l;8 l8«N;, l/k;{, n]h/ n]En;{, KnfG6;{ cflb_ b/nfO{ j[l4
ug{ b'O{ kfª\u|] / rf/ kfª\u|]df hf]l8g] ;a} pks/0fx¿df #)Ü cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . of] # jif{sf
nflu /xg] 5 / dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ;fdflhs ahf/Ls/0f cleofgnfO{ o;n]] ;fy lbg] 5 .

%=#=!!= hnjfo' kl/jt{g, ljkb\x¿, ;dfg's"ng -resilience_sf] ;DaGwdf k|ltkmn @=!! ;Fu ;DalGwt
lqmofsnfkx¿

#^!_ hnjfo' k'g:yf{kg Ifdtf s[lif ljsf;sf nflu pTkfbg klg /fd|f] ePsf] afnLgfnL, kz'kIfL / df5fsf
hftx¿ / gZnx¿dfly cg';Gwfg ug]{ . s[lif vfB / kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf kg]{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf
hf]lvdx¿nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu k"j{ r]tfjgL k|0ffnL :yfkgf u/L k"j{ r]tfjgL ;"rgfsf] cg';/0f
ug]{ .

#^@_ s[ifsx¿nfO{ ;"rgf k|bfg ug]{ 9fFrfdf hnjfo' ;"rgf / df};d ;"rsfÍ k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug]{ . o;
cGtu{t :yfgLo :t/df df};d hf]lvd ;"rsfÍ -s[lif ladfsf nflu j0f{g ul/P cg';f/ _ k|bfg ug{
hnjfo' tyf df};d ljefusf] Ifdtf clej[l4 / df};d ;"rsfÍsf cfwf/df km;n pTkfbgsf] eljiojf0fL
ug]{ Ifdtfdf clej[l4 kb{5g\ .

#^#_ s[ifsx¿nfO{ ;"rgf k|bfg ug{ hnjfo' df};d ;"rLs/0f k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug]{ . o; cGtu{t s[lif ladfdf
pNn]v ul/P cg';f/sf] :yfgLo :t/df df};d ;DaGwL ;"rgf lbg hnjfo' lj1fg ljefusf] Ifdtf clej[l4
/ df};dsf] k"j{cg'dfgsf cfwf/df afnL pTkfbgsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 kb{5g\ .

#^$_ s[ifs sNof0fsf/L sf]if ;'? ug]{Ù h;n] ;Í6df k/]sf s[ifsx¿nfO{ ljQLo ;|f]tx¿df kx'Fr lbg ;xof]u
k|bfg u5{ . o; sf]ifnfO{ ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|df hf]8\g ;lsG5 . of] s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo
;/sf/sf] cfly{s ;xof]uaf6 k|f/lDes aLp sf]if k|fKt u/]kl5 ;b:ox¿af6 ykyfk x'g] vfnsf] 3'DtL sf]if
x'g ;S5 .

#^%_ s[lif ladfnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ -Joj;foLs/0f cGtu{t ljj/0f lbOPsf] 5 ._

#^^_ cfsl:ds ;Í6nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ / nlIft s[ifs 3/w'/LnfO{ vfB ;'/Iff ljt/0f ug{ vfB e08f/0f
k|0ffnLnfO{ ;an t'Nofpg] .

#^&_ t/fO{d
{ f af9L / pRr lxdfnL If]qx¿df ef/L lxdkft h:tf k|fs[lts ljkb\x¿nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ aLp /
bfgf÷3fF;kft e08f/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ ;an t'Nofpg] . ;fd'bflos s[lif ;]jfs]Gb| ;Fusf] ;dGjogdf uflj;
:t/df ;d'bfo Jojl:yt aLp a}+snfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ .
145
#^*_ k|lzIf0f, s[ifs kf7zfnf / k|bz{gLx¿ dfkm{t\ hnjfo' d}qL s[lif cEof;x¿df k|;f/ sd{rf/Lx¿ /
s[ifsx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ .

#^(_ s[lif ladfsf] ;'/Iff gk'u]sf s[ifsx¿ / u|fdL0f If]qx¿nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ v8]/L, af9L, dxfdf/L, cfsl:ds
;Í6x¿nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ k"j{ tof/L / k|ltsfo{sf nflu Ps sf]if v8f ug]{ .

%=#=!@= lbuf] v]tL c;n s[lif cEof;x¿ / c;n kz' lrlsT;f tyf kz'kfng cEof;x¿ th'{df / cg';/0f
k|ltkmn @=!@ ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

#&)_ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s / s[lif kof{j/0fLo cj:yfx¿nfO{ ;'xfpFbf] tyf ;/sf/L / lghL If]qsf] cGtlq{mof
dfkm{t\ cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]usf] dfkb08;Fu t'ngfof]Uo c;n s[lif, lgdf{0f / kz' lrlsT;f tyf kz'kfng
;DaGwL cEof;x¿sf] dfkb08x¿ th'{df ug]{ .

#&!_ c;n cEof; ;DaGwL dfkb08x¿ / xl/t k|ljlwx¿sf] k|j4{g / cg';/0fsf nflu lghL If]q;Fu k|;f/
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ / o;df lgDg s'/fx¿ ;+nUg 5g\ M
s_ PsLs[t df6f] pj{/tf Joj:yfkg,
v_ PsLs[t la?jf kf]ifs tŒjx¿sf] Joj:yfkg,
u_ PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg
3_ h}ljs UofF; / h}ljs tŒjsf] pkof]udf cfwfl/t gjLs/0fLo pmhf{x¿ .
ª_ h}ljs v]tL
r_ kmfd{ ;/;kmfO / :j:Yo c;n cEof;x¿
5_ afnLgfnLdf xflgsf/s /;fogx¿sf] k|of]u /f]Sg] cEof;x¿ / kz'kfng pTkfbg k|lqmofdf
PlG6jfof]l6S;sf] k|of]udf lgodg

%=#=!#= k|fs[lts ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg / hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ ug]{ Ps ljxËd / ;d'bfo cfwfl/t e"-kl/b[Zo
tl/sf ;lxtsf] hLljsf]kf{hg pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t jg k|lt:kwf{Tds, s[lifd}qL / ;dfj]zL jg
Joj:yfkg cEof;df kl/0ft k|ltkmn @=!@ ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

#&@_ jg k}bfj/x¿ / ;]jfx¿ cem a9L Jofj;flos / lbuf] tj/n] ljsf;, Joj:yfkg / l6sfp ug{sf nflu
cfjZos gLltut jftfj/0fnfO{ ;an t'Nofpg] . o;sf nflu lgDg lnlvt pkfox¿ cfjZos kg]{ 5 M
s_ kl/jt{gzLn /fhg}lts / ;+:yfut kl/k|]Io cg'¿k gofF jg If]q /0fgLlt th'{df ug]{ .
v_ /fli6«o e"-pkof]u gLlt cg'';f/sf] jge"ld pkof]u of]hgf th'{df ug]{ .
u_ aflemPsf gLltx¿df a[xt\ /fli6«o e"-pkof]u gLlt tyf jg If]q gLlt, / ;/sf/sf] cGt/f{li6«o
k|lta4tf cg'¿k ;fdGh:otf Nofpg] / d"n sf/afxL ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
3_ jge"ld pkof]udf kl/jt{g /f]Sg, j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkg ;'? ug{ / jgIf]qsf] of]ubfgnfO{ ;an
kfg{ gLltut pkfox¿ th'{df ug]{ .

146
 ª_ 6f9fsf pkef]Qmfx¿, ;+;fwg afF8kmf8, ;fdflhs cGofo / 3'DtL uf]7 / lkm/Gt]x¿sf k/Dk/fut
pkof]u clwsf/x¿df ;d'bfo cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkg gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿af6 kg{ ;Sg]
gs/fTds c;/x¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkgsf gLltsf sfo{qmdnfO{
;+zf]wg ug]{ .

#&#_ jg;Fu e"-pkof]u gd'gfx¿nfO{ ljsf; tyf PsLs[t ug]{ . ;DalGwt jg If]qel/ ljBdfg jg Joj:yfkg
cEof;x¿nfO{ pTkfbs, Jofj;flos, ;fdflhs ¿kdf ;dfj]zL s[lif pTkfbg e"–pkof]u gd'gfx¿ PsLs[t
ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu tnsf pkfox¿ cfjZos 5g\ M
s_ ljleGg e"-kl/b[Zo / ef}uf]lns If]qx¿el/ k|To]s Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf nflu ;fdflhs / cfly{s
¿kdf ;a}eGbf j9L k|l:kwf{Tds jg k}bfj/x¿ klxrfg ug]{ Pj+ k|fyldstfdf /fVg] .
v_ k|To]s lsl;dsf ls;fgsf -;fgfb]lv wgL ls;fgx¿_ nflu ax'pkof]uL, kl/k|]Io ljlzi6,
hnjfo' kl/jt{g d}qL s[lif jg gd'gfx¿ th'{df ug]{ .
u_ v]tLkftL k4ltsf] pTkfbsTj, ;fdflhs, cfly{s ;'/IffnfO{ ;lqmo ¿kdf of]ubfg k'¥ofO/x]sf]
k|To]s e"-kl/b[Zo / ef}uf]lns If]qsf nflu jg ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jgsf nflu cfjZos ;3g
Joj:yfkg gd'gf th'{df / :t/f]Gglt ug]{ .

#&$_ jg pBd / ahf/Ls/0f ljsf;nfO{ ;an kfg]{ . o;sf nflu lgDg pkfox¿ cfjZos kg]{ 5g\ M
s_ e"-kl/b[Zo / ef}uf]lns If]qx¿df /x]sf kmfd{df jgsf] k|To]s Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] jg
k}bfj/x¿sf] -sf7 / u}/ sf7_ d"No z[Înfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ .
v_ jg If]q Joj:yfkgdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] e"ldsf klxrfg u/L pgLx¿nfO{ ;+nUg ug]{ .
u_ kl/k|]Io / pko'Qmtfsf cfwf/df ul/a, ;d'bfo Pj+ lghL If]qdfly hf]8 lbFb} s[lif jgdf cfwfl/t
pBdx¿sf] :yfkgfnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ .

#&%_ jg If]qdf n}lËs ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs ;dfj]lztfnfO{ ;an kfg]{ . o;sf nflu lgDg pkfox¿ cfjZos
5g\ M
s_ s]Gb|b]lv lhNnf tx;Ddsf ;a} txx¿df sfo{qmd th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf jg If]qsf] n}lËs /
;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f /0fgLltsf] sfof{GjognfO{ ;an t'Nofpg]
v_ vfB ;'/Iff, jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgf, / ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] nIo k|flKtsf nflu ;'xfpFbf] ul/ad'vL
gd'gfx¿ cg';f/ x}l;ot lau|]sf hldgsf]] k'g:yf{kgf ug]{, ;/sf/L e"ldnfO{ ;d[4 kfg]{ / sd
pAhgL x'g] v]tLkftL of]Uo e"ldsf] pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 Nofpg] .

#&^_ lgDg adf]lhdsf pkfox¿ cjnDag u/L h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf] ljsf; ug]{ / hnjfo' cg's"ng tyf
Iflt Go"gLs/0f ug]{ M
s_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf nflu :yfgLo cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfnfO{ /fli6«o cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfsf]
sfof{Gjogsf] ;xof]usf ¿kdf ;xof]u ug]{ / cg's"ng Pj+ Iflt Go"gLs/0fdf jgIf]qsf]
;Defux¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ hf]8 lbg] .
v_ le/fnf] s[life"ld k|ljlw -Sloping Agriculture Land Technology_ / afnL Joj:yfkgsf
cEof;x¿sf] -afnL rqm, vghf]t cflb_ cjnDagnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ pkfox¿ ;lDdlnt e"–;+/If0f
147
 / hnfwf/ Joj:yfkgdf ul/Psf] x:tIf]knfO{ cem tLj| kfg]{ / /fli6«o h}ljs ljljwtf sfo{
of]hgfsf] ;+zf]wg / sfof{GjognfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
u_ jftfj/0faf6 sfa{g x6fpg] nufotsf jftfj/0fLo ;]jfx¿af6 k|fKt x'g] /sd;Fu ;DalGwt
of]hgfx¿ gLltut lg0f{oaf6 th'{df, sfof{Gjgo / :t/f]Gglt ug]{ .
3_ :yfgLo jg j}slNks÷gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ / pmhf{ jrt of]hgfsf] pkof]unfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ .

#&&_ lgDg adf]lhdsf pkfox¿ dfkm{t\ jg ;+;fwgsf nflu ;+:yfut / dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; ug]{ M
s_ gofF jg /0fgLltdf cfwfl/t jg If]qnfO{ k'g;+{/rgf ug]{ . cfjlws ¿kdf sd{rf/LnfO{ k"j{
cled'vLs/0f ug]{ / ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+oGqnfO{ ;'wfg]{ .
v_ lj:t[t dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf; of]hgf tof/ Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
u_ jg If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf ;/sf/L, u}/–;/sf/L, ;fd'bflos / lghL ;+:yfx¿sf] zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{
k|hftfGqLs/0f u/L o;nfO{ ;dfj]zL, kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL agfpg] .

#&*_ lgDg pkfox¿åf/f lbuf] jgsf nflu cg';Gwfg / k|;f/ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
s_ /fli6«o, lhNnf / ;d'bfo :t/df lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg, ;~rf/, lzIff / hgr]tgf hfu/0f
/0fgLltx¿ th'{df Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
v_ jg cg';Gwfgsf cfjZostfx¿ / k|fyldstfx¿ :ki6 ¿kdf klxrfg u/L ;/f]sf/jfnf
lgsfox¿aLr ;xsfo{ ug]{ / /fli6«o / pk /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]udf u'0f:t/Lo
cg'sn " g cg';Gwfg ;~rfng ug]{ .
u_ c;n jg cEof;x¿ / k/LIf0f ;DaGwL k|;f/ Kofs]hsf] th'{df ug]{ . pQm k|;f/ Kofs]hdf jg
cltqmd0f nufotsf] jg ;DaGwL vt/fx¿df sdL, r/g Joj:yfkg, lbuf] jg Joj:yfkg /
;'wfl/Psf s[lif cEof;x¿ ;+nUg 5g\ .

#&(_ tnsf pkfox¿åf/f jg nufgL /0fgLlt / of]hgf th'{df ug]{ M

s_ lhNnf jg ljsf; sf]if Joj:yfkgsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
v_ ;/sf/L–lghL ;fem]bf/L ;DaGwL /0fgLlt th'{df ug]{ / jgdf lghL nufgL a9fpg] .
u_ If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s ;xof]u of]hgfx¿af6 nfe lng /fli6«o /]8 Kn; (REDD+)
/0fgLlt, h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt / sfo{ of]hgf, xl/t /f]huf/L / nufgL /0fgLlt of]hgf th'{df
ug]{ .
3_ gofF jg /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjog k|lqmofåf/f jg If]qdf cljl5Gg / :yfoL nufgLsf] jftfj/0f
l;h{gf ug]{ .
ª_ lghL / ;/sf/L If]q, cGt/f{li6«o / /fli6«o bftfx¿aLrsf] of]hgfa4 nufgLsf nflu ;dGjo ug]{ .
r_ lghL / ;/sf/L If]q, cGt/f{li6«o / /fli6«o bftfx¿sf]] nufgLsf nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug]{
.
5_ jg ahf/df kg]{ gsf/fTds c;/x¿nfO{ sd ug{ sfg'g sfof{Gjogsf] ;'wf/ ug]{ .
h_ l6sfp jg Joj:yfkg, h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f, jgsf /IffTds sfo{x¿, jftfj/0fLo ;]jfx¿ tyf
sfa{g Go"gLs/0fsf] z'Ns ltg]{ h:tf sfo{x¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg cGt/f{li6«o sf]ifx¿ nufot
/fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s ;xof]uaLr ;dGjo ug]{ .
148
#*)_ lgDg sfo{x¿åf/f gLlt / oyfy{ w/ftndf sfo{x¿sf nflu ;+o'Qm Knf6kmd{ th'{df ug]{ M
s_ s[lif / jg If]qx¿sf nflu agfOPsf gLltut k|of;x¿sf] dfkg tyf kx'Frsf nflu ;+:yfx¿sf]
sfo{x¿nfO{ PsLs[t ug]{ .
v_ ;femf a'emfO / efiff ljsf; ug{, cg's"ngsf] cfjZostfsf] ;DaGwdf ;femf ;Gb]z ;[hgf ug{ /
s[lif k|0ffnLx¿ / sfo{sf nflu k|fyldstfsf af/]df gofF / e/kbf]{ ;Gb]zx¿ ;dflxt ug]{tkm{
sfd ug]{ .
u_ s[ifsx¿nfO{ pTkfbsTjdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] k"FhL nufgLsf] nfut tyf nfesf af/]df dgg ug{
;3fpgsf nflu cem c;n ;"rgfsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
3_ s[lif / jgaLrsf] kl/k"/stfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ljBdfg 1fg / cg';Gwfgdf clej[l4 ub}{ hfg] .
ª_ s[lif pTkfbgnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ jg ;DaGwL ljBdfg / eljiosf of]hgfx¿dfly ljrf/ ul//x]sf
jg pkef]Qm ;d"x¿;Fu cGtlq{mofdf /xL lg0f{o lng ul/g] ;xof]unfO{ cem uxlsnf] agfpg] /
c;n sfo{ z}nLsf] gd'gfx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ .
r_ cg';Gwfgsf] bIftf / k|df0fsf cfwf/sf ;DaGwdf cfnf]rgfTds Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ .

%=$ pknlAw # ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿M gfkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0f

#*!_ Pl8P; sf] pknlAw # gfkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0f xf] . tflnsf #! df b]vfPh:t} / tnsf efux¿df
lj:t[tLs/0f ul/Ph:t} of] pknlAw * k|ltkmnx¿ / $@ lqmofsnfkx¿ dfkm{t\ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

tflnsf #!M gfkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0fsf nflu pknJwL # ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

pknJwL

k|ltkmn

ls|ofsnfk ljj/0f

# Gffkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0f
#=! ;'wfl/Psf] nufgL jftfj/0f
#=!=! Jofks Jofj;flos s[lif ;+u7gx¿sf] u7gnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{
#=!=@ s[lif Joj;fo, ;xsf/Lx¿, cf}Bf]lus lgsfox¿sf] ;xeflutfdf j[l4 ug]{
#=!=# pko'Qm lgodx¿ Hff/L ug]{
#=!=$ lghL If]q / /fHosf pBdx¿aLrsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f ;dfg agfpg]
#=!=% Jofj;flos s[lifnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ e" pkof]u gLltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg]
#=!=^ Jofj;flos s[lif ;DaGwL lg0f{onfO{ d2t ug{ ;"rgf k|bfg ug]{
#=@ Jofj;flos s[lifsf] nflu s/f/sf] Joj:yf ug]{
#=@=! s/f/sf] Joj:yfsf ;+oGqx¿nfO{ ;an t'Nofpg]
#=@=@ Jofj;flos s[lifdf Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{
#=# Jofj;flos s[lifnfO{ d2t ug{ s/ gLlt
#=$ s[lif ljQ / ladf
#=$=! s[lif ljQ / ladf k|bfosx¿sf] ljsf;nfO{ k|j4{g ug]{
#=$=!=! leasing dfkm{t bL3{sfnLg ljQLo ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{
#=$=!=@ ljQLo ;+:yfsf] ;DefJotfnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{
#=$=!=# s[lifsf] nflu w]/} ljQLo pTkfbgx¿ ljsf; ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{
#=$=!=
s[lif ljQsf nflu ;'ljwfx¿ lbg]
$
#=$=!=% s[ifsx¿nfO{ ljQLo Joj:yfkgdf k|lzIf0f lbg]

149
 pknJwL

k|ltkmn
ls|ofsnfk ljj/0f

# Gffkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0f
#=$=@ s[lif ladfsf] ljsf;nfO{ k|j4{g ug]{
#=$=@=! s[lif ladf lgb]{lzsfsf] sfof{Gjogdf ladf pBf]unfO{ d2t ug]{
#=$=@=@ s[ifsx¿sf dfem k|j4{g cleofg
#=$=@=# :yfgLo :t/sf] df};d ;"rsfª\s of]hgf ;'? ug]{
#=$=@=
$ If]qLo / :yfgLo :t/sf] afnL eljiojf0fLsf nflu s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf] k|fljlws Ifdtf ;an kfg]{
#=$=@=% %) ∞ lk|ldod cg'bfgsf nflu cu'jf of]hgf
#=% k|lt:kwf{Tds s[lif d"No z[ª\vnfx¿
#=%=! k|fyldstf lbOPsf /fli6«o d"No z[ª\vnf sfo{s|dx¿ :yfkgf ug]{
#=%=@ d"No z[ª\vnfsf] ljsf;nfO{ tLa| kfg{ d2t ug]{
#=%=# #=%=#=! b'Uw d"No z[ª\vnfsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;an kfg]{
#=%=#=@ d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; sf]if
#=%=$ #=%=$=! bfn d"No z[ª\vnfsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;an kfg]{
#=%=$=@ d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; sf]if
#=%=% #=%=%=! ds} d"No z[ª\vnfsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;an kfg]{
#=%=%=! d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; sf]if
#=%=^ #=%=^=! lrof d"No z[ª\vnfsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;an kfg]{
#=%=^=@ d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; sf]if
#=%=& #=%=&=! t/sf/L d"No z[ª\vnfsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;an kfg]{
#=%=&=@ d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; sf]if
#=^ u|fdL0f ;8sx¿sf] ;~hfn la:tf/ ug]{
#=^=! s[lif ;8sx¿nfO{ nlIft ug{ u|fdL0f ;8sx¿sf] gLltnfO{ cBfjlws ug]{
#=^=@ s[lif ;8sx¿sf] nflu lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nodf gof“ kmf“6 v8f ug{]
#=^=# s[lif ;8sx¿sf] ljsf; tyf dd{tsf nflu 5'6\6} /sd k|bfg ug]{
#=& s[lif ahf/ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L
#=&=! ahf/ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L / ;"rgfsf] nflu pTkfbgx¿sf] ljsf;nfO{ k|j4{g ug]{
#=* u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f / gjLs/0fLo pmhf{x¿
#=*=! s[lif ljsf; dGqfnoDff ljz]if u/L pmhf{ ljsf;sf nflu 5'6\6} ;DaGw la:tf/ kmf“6 v8f ug]{
#=*=@ s[ifs ;d'bfo;Fu ldn]/ pmhf{ ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/L-lghL ;fem]bf/LnfO{ d2t ug{ sf]if v8f ug]{

%=$=! s[lif Joj;foLs/0fsf nflu ;'wfl/Psf] nufgL jftfj/0fsf] ;DaGwdf k|ltkmn #=! ;Fu ;DalGwt
lqmofsnfkx¿

#*@_ s[lif Joj;foLs/0fsf nflu ;'wfl/Psf] nufgL jftfj/0fsf] af/]df cg'udg ug{ / ;/sf/;Dd jftf{ ug{
;Sg] Jofks If]q ;d]6]sf Jofj;flos s[lif ;+u7gnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ . ljBdfg jfl0fHo ;+3x¿ / ltgsf
dxf;+3, Jofkf/ ;+u7gx¿, ;xsf/L dxf;+3 cflbx¿n] d"No z[Înfel/ u7aGwgx¿sf] lgdf{0fnfO{ k|j4{g
ug]{ xb;Dd oL Jofj;flos s[lif ;+u7gx¿ ltgLx¿sf kl/k"/s x'G5g\ . s[ifs ;xsf/Lx¿, Jofkf/Lx¿,
s[lif ;fdfu|L cfk"lt{stf{x¿ / s[lif pBf]u h:tf stf{x¿sf] Jofks ;+nUgtfsf cfwf/df ltgLx¿sf]
;+/rgf k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qsf] Jofj;flos s[lif u7aGwg;Fu -Commercial Agriculture Alliance_
ldNbf]h'Nbf] x'g ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf cg'udg / k}/jL cGo ljBdfg ;+u7gx¿n] eGbf Jofj;flos
s[lifsf] cem km/flsnf] x'g]5 . k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qsf] Jofj;flos s[lif u7aGwgsf ;an / sdhf]/

150
 kIfx¿sf] ;dLIffaf6 o:tf Jofj;flos s[lif ;+u7gx¿sf] :yfkgfn] nfe lng ;S5g\ . k|To]s ljsf; If]q
/ pkIf]qdf -of eljiosf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf b]vf kg]{ s'g} c¿ ljsNk_ o:t} vfnsf ;+u7gnfO{ k|j4{g ul/g]
5.

#*#_ pkIf]q of]hgf / sfof{Gjogdf s[ifs ;+u7gx¿, s[lif Joj;fo, ;xsf/Lx¿ / pBf]u ;+u7gx¿sf]
;xeflutfdf j[l4 ug]{ .
s_ ;~rfns ;ldltx¿, s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt, :yfgLo of]hgf tyf sfof{Gjog
lgsfox¿ / Jofj;flos s[lifnfO{ lgodg ug{ ;'emfj lbg] lgsfox¿df k|ltlglwx¿ lgo'Qm ug]{ .
v_ ;/sf/ / s[ifsx¿, ;xsf/Lx¿ Pj+ lghL If]qnfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;DalGwt ;+u7gx¿aLr nufgL
jftfj/0f cg'udg ug]{ ;"rsx¿sf af/]df ;xdlt x'g'k5{ . oL ;"rsx¿nfO{ cg'udg ug]{
lhDd]jf/L s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt cGtu{+tsf] Ps sfo{ ;d"x of pk–;ldtnfO{ lbg
;lsG5 .
#*$_ 7"nf] :t/sf] Jofj;flos ;/sf/L s[lif k|j4{g ug]]{ plrt lgodgx¿ Hff/L ug]{Ù h;n] lgDg s'/fx¿ ;Dej
agfpF5 M
s_ lhNnf of If]qLo bfo/f el/sf ;xsf/Lx¿sf] ldnfg (merger)
v_ s/f/ v]tL]
u_ ef8fsf] hUufdf ul/g] v]tL -lease farming_

#*%_ s[lif ;fdfu|L / k|ltkmn ljt/0fdf lghL If]q / /fHosf pBdLx¿aLr k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fnfO{ ;dfg
t'Nofpg] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu dn, aLp, s[lqd uef{wfg, b"wsf] qmo tyf ljt/0fdf ;dfg k|lt:kwf{Tds
jftfj/0f . o;df lghL If]qnfO{ klg ;dfg Jofj;flos kmfObfx¿ -pbfx/0fsf nflu cg'bfg, cg'dlt,
;'ljwfx¿_ k|bfg ug]{ of /fHosf pBdx¿af6 oL kmfObfx¿ x6fOlbg] h:tf sfo{ ;+nUg x'g ;S5g\= .

#*^_ Jofj;flos s[lifnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ hUuf Knl6Ë, hUuf v08Ls/0f, hUuf xbaGbL, hUuf df]lxofgL, hUuf
PsLs/0f -e"ld ;DaGwL efu %=#=$ df x]g'{xf];\_ ;DaGwL hUuf pkof]u gLlt @)&@ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
#*&_ s[lif ljefu, kz' ;]jf ljefu, cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx¿ / s[lif Joj;fo k|j4{g ljefusf] ;xsfo{df kmfd{
Joj:Yffkg tyf cfly{s hfgsf/Lsf] tof/L / lj:tf/ dfkm{t Jofj;flos s[lif lg0f{ox¿df -pbfx/0fsf]
nflu afnL s'n nfe (crop gross margin), gub k|jfx ljZn]if0f, ahf/ ;DaGwL ;"rgf, Jofkf/ ;DaGwL
;"rgf_ ;xof]u ug{ ;"rgf k|bfg ug]{ .

%=$=@ Jofj;flos s[lifsf nflu s/f/ Joj:yf k|ltkmn #=@ ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

#**_ Jofj;flos s[lifsf nflu s/f/ Joj:yf ;DaGwL ;+oGqx¿ ;an kfg]{, / oL lgodgsf ;+oGqx¿ ;DaGwL
hgr]tgf / k|bz{gLnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ . o; cGtu{t lgDg s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ M
s_ s/f/ v]tL P]gnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ h;df cGo s'/fx¿ ;lxt lgDg s'/fx¿ ;+nUg 5g\M -!_
ax';ª\Vos ;fgf s[ifsx¿;Fu ;fd"lxs df]ndf]nfOsf] Joj:yf -@_ s/f/df ;+nUg ;d"x¿sf]
;+/If0f -C0f / hDdf x'Fb} hfg] C0faf6 pTkGg zf]if0faf6 s[ifsx¿nfO{ / cgflws[t ljqmLaf6

151
 7]s]bf/x¿nfO{_, -#_ afnLx¿sf] ladfsf] Joj:yfÙ -$_ ;'/lIft sf/f]jf/ P]gsf] sfof{Gjog -tn
x]g'{xf];\_ .
v_ rn ;DklQnfO{ ;'/If0f -lwtf]_ dfg]/ jfl0fHo btf{ v8f u/L ;'/lIft sf/f]jf/ P]g sfof{Gjog ug]{
h;n] -!_ rfx] s/f/ v]tL Joj:yfkgsf] c+zsf ¿kdf xf];\ of s[lif C0f of s[lif ;fdfu|Lsf nflu
lwtf] xf];\, s[ifsnfO{ cfjZos k/]sf] /sd eljiosf] afnL lwtf]df /fvL sfd rnfpg ;3fp k'U5Ù
-@_ s[lif ahf/sf nflu ef8fdf lng], vl/b ug]{ of ljQLo ef8fsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'U5 .
;'/lIft sf/f]jf/ P]gsf] sfof{Gjog cJofjxfl/s ;flat eof] eg] rn ;DklQnfO{ lwtf]sf ¿kdf
hdfgtdf /fVg ;/nLs[t hdfgt k|lqmofnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ s/f/ P]gsf] kl/R5]b % nfO{ ;+zf]wg
ug{ ;lsG5 .
u_ cFlwofsf] -df]lxofgL k'g sfof{Gjogdf cfpg] lrGtfn]_ ;DefJo ljsNk lbg tyf cg'kl:yt hUuf
wgLx¿nfO{ hldg a]Rg k|]l/t ug{ tyf s[lif Joj;fo v]tL Joj:yfkgsf] cfwf/ tof/ kfg{ hUuf
ef8f -Lease_ P]g -;Dejt s/f/ v]tL P]gsf] c+zsf ¿kdf_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ . o;n] lgDg
s'/fx¿ k|bfg u5{ M -!_ :jR5 ef8f s/f/ -pbfx/0fsf nflu tf]lsPsf] z'Ns of ;'xfpFbf] cFlwof
cg'kft_, -@_ bL3{sfnLg ef8f ;DaGwdf df]lxofgL xs nfUg] l:yltnfO{ /f]Sg] pkfox¿ / -#_ s[lif
Joj;fonfO{ v]tLkftL ug{ ;3fpg hUuf bL3{sfnLg ef8fdf k|fKt ug]{ Ifdtf
3= ef8f ;~rfngnfO{ lgDg tj/n] k|j4{g ug]{ -!_ ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ ef8f ;~rfng ug{ ;S5g\ eGg]
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf P]gsf] wf/f $& sf] pkwf/f !-3_ sf] dd{n] u}/ ljQLo ;+:yfx¿nfO{ s[lif
pks/0fsf] ljQLo ef8fdf lbg /f]Sb}g eGg] :ki6 kf/L s[lif pks/0fsf] ljQLo ef8fdf lbg] ef8f
sDkgLx¿sf] :yfkgfdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]Ù -@_ dfly j0f{g ul/P cg'¿k ;'/lIft sf/f]jf/ P]g
cGtu{t xf];\ of s/f/ P]g ;+zf]wg u/]/ xf];\ hdfgt -Pledge_ btf{ :yfkgf u/]/ .

#*(_ Jofj;flos s[lifsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ . ;'wfl/Psf] s/f/ Joj:yf, d"No ljsf; / ahf/ ;"rgf dfkm{t\
Jofj;flos s[lifsf] k|j4{gsf nflu s[lif Joj;foLs/0f / d"No z[Înf ljsf;sf k|d'v cjwf/0ffdf k|lzIf0f
/ Ifdtf ljsf; cfjZos k5{ . s[ifsx¿ / ltgsf ;+u7gx¿ -;d"xx¿ / ;xsf/Lx¿_ s[lif pBdx¿ /
ltgsf ;+u7gx¿ / ;]jf bftfx¿sf] -;/sf/L, Jofj;flos_ ;xsfo{df ul/Psf Ifdtf clej[l4
sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ Pl8P;n] ;xof]u ug]{ 5 .

%=$=# ;Ifd Jofj;flos s[lif If]qnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ s/ gLlt k|ltkmn #=# ;Fu ;DalGwt ls|ofsnfkxx¿

#()_ s[lif If]q ;xof]uL s/ gLlt th'{df ug]{ . cg'bfg / s/ dfkm{t\ ;Ifd Jofj;flos s[lif If]q ;xof]uL s/
gLlt th{'df ug]{ . cg'bfg / s/ ;'ljwf Jofj;flos kl/jt{gsf] cjlwaf6 of] If]qn] cg'bfg / s/ ;'ljwf
grflxg] kof{Kt :t/sf] kl/kSjtf / l6sfpkg k|fKt gubf{;Dd lbg] . nlIft cg'bfg / ;dfKt ldltx¿
ePsfn] o;n] cfd 5'6nfO{ lj:yflkt ug]{ 5 . -gf]e]Da/ !! sf] IMF sf] /fli6«o k|ltj]bg g= !!÷#!&( sf]
;'emfj cg';f/_ . bL3{sfndf s[[lif If]qn] ;/sf/nfO{ kl/rfngsf nflu cfosf] cltl/Qm ;|f]t k|bfg ug]{ 5 .
Pl8P; Jofj;flos s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} s/ ;'ljwfx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ;+;f]wg, tfls{sLs/0f, zt{x¿sf]]
ljlzi6Ls/0f, / cjlw -;lsg] Dofb_, k/fdz{ / hgr]tgf sfo{qmdnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ 5 . o;df tnsf
s'/fx¿ ;d]t ;dfj]z x'g] 5g\ M

152
 s_ lgDg p2]Zox¿ k|flKtsf nflu ljz]if cfo s/ 5'6 lgwf{/0f Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug]{ M -!_ kmfd{ KnfG6,
d]l;g/L / l;FrfO k"jf{wf/df nufgL pTk|]l/t ug{, / -@_ xl/t k|ljlwx¿ / sfj{g pT;h{g
Go"gLs/0f ug{
v_ s[lif ljdf lgb]{lzsf @)^( -;g\ @)!#_ cg';f/ s[lif ladf s/f/sf] j[l4nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ ladf
pBf]usf nflu s/ ;'ljwfx¿ th'{df Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
u_ s[lif C0fsf] j[l4nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ a}+lsË pBf]usf nflu s/ ;'ljwfx¿ th'{df Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
3_ e"lddf s/ nufpg] tl/sfdf NofOPsf kl/jt{gx¿sf] th'{df Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

%=$=$= ljljw k|lt:kwf{Tds Pj+ dfuk|]l/t ljQLo / s[lif pTkbfg cfk"lt{ ug]{ s[lif ljQ / ladf cfk"lt{stf{x¿
k|ltkmn #=$ ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

#(!= ljljw k|lt:kwf{Tds Pj+ dfuk|]l/t ljQLo / s[lif pTkfbgx¿ cfk"lt{ ug]{ ljljwtfk"0f{ s[lif ljQ / ladf
cfk"lt{stf{sf] ljsf;nfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ . Pl8P;n] ljQLo If]qsf tn pNn]v ul/Ph:tf rfn' gLltx¿ /
pkfox¿sf] sfofGjogdf ;xof]u ug]{ 5 .
s_ ljz]if u/L s[lif pks/0f / hUufsf nflu ef8f dfkm{t bL3{sfnLg cfly{s ;xfotf pknAw
u/fpg] .
v_ ljQLo ;+:yfsf] ;DefJotfnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ .
!= 5flgPsf gofF ljQLo ;+:yfx¿nfO{ dfq cg'dltkq k|bfg ug]{ tyf sdhf]/ ljQLo
;+:yfx¿nfO{ ufEg] ug]{ h:tf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] PslqttfnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ /fi6« a}+ssf]
hf/L k|of;nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
@= n3'ljQsf] pk If]qdf ;'wfl/Psf] ;DefJotf / lbuf]kg / zf;gsf] ;xhLs/0f ug]{ n3'
ljQ ;+:yfx¿sf nflu bf];|f] txsf] cg'udgsf] clwsf/ :yfkgf ug{ n3' ljQ P]gsf
Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
u_ s[lif pBdx¿sf ljljw cfjZostfx¿nfO{ cem /fd|f];Fu ;Daf]wg ug{ jl~rt If]q ;fk6L lgodg
h:tf ljBdfg lgodgx¿k|lt hjfkmb]xL /xg] u/L s[lifsf nflu ljleGg vfnsf ljQLo
pTkfbgx¿sf]] ljsf;df ;xhLs/0f ug]{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwdf -ICT_
cfwfl/t pTkfbgx¿ tyf cGo b]zsf ljQLo k|0ffnLx¿df ;lhn} pknAw ePsf pTkfbgx¿
h:t} :6s tyf e08f/0f sIf /l;bx¿Ù h;sf] g]kfndf k|of; g} ePsf] 5}g .
3_ s[lif ljQ ahf/df ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf j[l4 ug{ s[lif ljQsf nflu ;'ljwfx¿ lgDg
tj/n] k|bfg ug]{ .
!= ;fk6Lsf] kl/df0f a9fpgsf nflu pko'Qm x'G5 eg] lgb]{zg;Fu d]n vfg] u/L ;'ljwfx¿
k|bfg ug]{ . o;sf] /fd|f] pbfx/0f g]kfn /fi6« a+}sn] @)!! df hf/L u/]sf] lgb]{zg
æjfl0fHo a}+sx¿n] cfˆgf] s'n ;fk6Lsf] !)Ü s[lifdf lbg} k5{Æ xf] . of] lgb]{zgnfO{
s[lifsf nflu cfjZos ;'ljwfnfO{ ^=%Ü df k'glj{QLo ;xof]u ug]{ g]/fa}sf] Joj:yfn]
;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .
@= u|fdL0f ;fk6 stf{x¿sf] cfjZostfx¿sf af/]df cg'ej k|fKt ug{, s[lif ljQnfO{ cem
/fd|f] ;Fu a'‰g / s[lif C0f cfjZostfx¿nfO{ d"NofÍg ug{ ljQLo ;+:yfx¿nfO{ u|fdL0f
s]Gb|x¿df 5l/gsf nflu k|f]T;flxt ug]{ . o;sf] Pp6f /fd|f] pbfx/0f u|fdL0f zfvfx¿
153
 vf]Ng Jofj;flos a}+sx¿nfO{ Aofhljgfsf] C0f lbg] g]/fa}sf] jt{dfg -@)!#_ Joj:yf
xf] .
ª_ s[lif pBd C0fsf] C0f ltg]{ Ifdtf (credit worthiness) ;an t'Nofpg ls;fgx¿, ;xsf/Lx¿,
s[lif pBdLx¿, u|fdL0f dlxnf / u|fdL0f o'jfnfO{ ljQLo Joj:yfkgdf k|lzIf0f lbg] .

#(@_ s[lif ladfsf] ljsf;nfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ tfls s[ifsx¿sf] lgDg pkfox¿af6 ;DefJo afnL, kz'kfng /
dT:o pTkfbgx¿df kx'Fr k'uf];\ M
s_ s[lif ladf lgb]{lzsf @)^( -@)!#_ ;+;f]wg ;g\ @)!^ sfof{Gjog ubf{ ladf pBf]unfO{ ;xof]u
ug]{ / ;DefJo Jofj;flos kz'kfng / afnL ladf pTkfbgx¿ pTkfbg ug{ pko'Qm x'g] u/L
gLltdf x]/km]/ ug]{ .
v_ ladf pBf]u;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf s[lif ladf pTkfbgx¿sf] k|j4{g cleofg s[ifsx¿dfem n}hfg] .
o;df lgDg s'/fx¿ ;+nUg 5g\M Jofj;flos kz'kfng ladf of]hgf, b'Uw ;xsf/Lx¿åf/f Jojl:yt
kz'kfng ladf of]hgf / df};d cfwfl/t afnL ladf of]hgf .
u_ hnjfo' tyf df};d lj1fg ljefusf] ;xof]udf !! cf]6f cGg pTkfbg If]qx¿df :yfgLo :t/sf]
df};d ;"rsfÍ of]hgf ;'? ug]{ .
3_ afnLsf] k}bfjf/ df};dsf] ;"rsfÍsf] 9fFrfsf] cfwf/df If]qLo / :yfgLo :t/sf] afnL eljiojf0fL
hf]lvd n]vfhf]vfsf nflu s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf] k|fljlws Ifdtf ;an t'Nofpg] .
ª_ cNksfnsf nflu of]hgfnfO{ k|efjsf/L tj/n] ;'? ug{ %)Ü lk|ldod cg'bfgsf -ladf af]8{sf]
lgb]{zg cg';f/_ nflu of]hgf th'{df ug]{, lk|ldod cg'bfgsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ / lj:tf/} o;nfO{
x6fpg] .

%=$=%= ;fgf ls;fgx¿ / s[lif pBdx¿sf] d"No yk nfex¿df j[l4 ug]{ k|lt:kwf{Tds s[lif d"No z[Înf
k|ltkmn #=% ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

#(#_ Pl8P; sf] klxnf] kfFr jif{sf nflu ;Lldt ;ª\Vofdf d"No z[Înfx¿nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg] / k|To]s
k|fyldstfdf k/]sf d"No z[Înfsf nflu /fli6«o d"No z[Înf sfo{qmdx¿ :yfkgf ug]{ . k|fyldstfdf k/]sf
d"No z[Înfx¿ Pp6f k|lqmofaf6 5flgG5g\Ù h;n] lgDg cfwf/nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]sf x'G5g\ M -!_ ul/aL
Go"gLs/0f ;DefJotfÙ -@_ j[l4sf] ;DefJotf -of j[l4 / kx'Fr j[l4 ug]{ ;Defjgf _ -#_ x:tIf]ksf] ;Defjgf
/ -$_ ;femf d'2fx¿ -;fdflhs / n}lËs, jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgf, /fli6«o / If]qLo /0fg}lts
k|fyldstfx¿aLr tfbfDotf, Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng -cfoft k|lt:yfkg / lgof{t_ / ef}uf]lns km}nfj6_ .
k|fyldstfdf k/]sf d"No z[Înfx¿ lgDg 5g\ M 8]/L, d';'/f], ds}, lrof, t/sf/L / /fli6«o Pl8P;
sfof{Gjog ;ldltn] klxrfg u/]sf cGo .
s_ k|To]s d"No z[Înfsf nflu d"No z[Înf sfo{qmd ;~rfns ;ldltsf] klxrfg ug]{ . ;~rfns
;ldltdf ljlzi6 d"No z[Înf;Fu ;DalGwt pBf]usf k|ltlglwx¿, ls;fg k|ltlglwx¿, s[lif
Joj;fo pBdsf k|ltlglwx¿ / d"No z[Înfsf af/]df ljlzi6 1fg ePsf cg';Gwfg / k|;f/
k|ltlglwx¿ /xg] 5g\ .
v_ d"No z[Înf sfo{qmd ;~rfns ;ldltn] d"No z[Înf sfo{qmd Joj:yfks r'Gg] 5 . sfo{qmd
Joj:yfks d"No z[Înf ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt kl/of]hgfx¿ / k|of;x¿sf] ;dGjo k|lt lhDd]jf/
154
 x'g] 5 . sfo{qmd Joj:yfksn] d"No z[Înfsf] ljsf;sf nflu cem lj:t[t sfo{ of]hgf / nufgL
tof/ kfb{5 . ;~rfns ;ldltn] sfo{ of]hgfnfO{ cg'df]bg ug'{sf ;fy;fy} lg/Gt/ cBfjlws
ub{5 .
u_ k|To]s d"No z[Înfsf nflu d"No z[Înf ljsf;df ul/asf nflu ahf/ tl/sfdf hf]8 lbO{ d"No
z[Înf ljsf; Ifdtf clej[l4 lqmofsnfkx¿ ug]{ . of] tl/sfn] ;dfj]zL d"No z[Înfx¿sf]
cfudgnfO{ ;xhLs/0f u5{ . oL d"No z[Înfx¿n] ul/jnfO{ nfe k'U5 .
3_ k|To]s d"No z[Înf sfo{qmdsf nflu Ps cfwf/ /]vf -baseline_, nIo / cg'udg k|0ffnL th'{df
ug]{ / lg/Gt/ cg'udg ug]{ .

#($_ d"No z[Înf ljsf;nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ul/g] ;xof]udf lgDg lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;+of]hg ;+nUg x'g] 5 M
s_ tn lbOP h:t} w]/} ;/sf/;Fu ;DalGwt k|of;x¿ dfkm{t\ cem c;n s[lif Joj;fo jftfj/0fsf]
ljsf;nfO{ ;xhLs/0f / sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
!= d"No z[Înf sfo{qmd ;~rfns ;ldltx¿sf] :yfkgfnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{
@= k|fljlws ;xof]usf] andf d"No z[Înfx¿nfO{ ;'xfpFbf] gLltx¿ / lgodgx¿sf] th'{dfnfO{
;xof]u ug]+{ .
#= lghL If]qsf] ljsf / d"No z[Înf ljsf;sf] ;DaGwdf s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf sd{rf/LnfO{
k|lzIf0f lbg] .
$= s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf] s[lif Joj;fo zfvfsf] dfgj ;+;fwgdf j[l4 ug]{ .
%= cem c;n Joj:yfkg÷j:t'sf] ;+of]hg÷d"No z[ª\vnf kl/of]hgfx¿ / sfo{qmdx¿sf
pTkfbgx¿sf nflu /fli6«o aLp ljhg sDkgL cGtu{t lghL aLp ljhg ljt/s ;dGjo
pk;ldltsf] :yfkgf tyf cfly{s ;xfotf lbg] .
v_ ;/sf/åf/f nlIft ;xof]u dfkm{t k|fyldstfdf k/]sf d"No z[Înfsf klxrfg ag]sf pTkfbgx¿
tyf g]kfnsf jl~rt Pj+ PlSnPsf If]qx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
!= d"No z[Înf sfo{qmd Joj:yfkssf] ;dGjodf d"No z[Înf ljsf; of]hgfsf] ljsf;sf
nflu s[lif ljsf; dGqfnonfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ .
@= tl/sf th'{df ug]{ / d"No z[Înfsf nflu lhNnf k|lt:kwf{Tds of]hgf cl3 a9fpg] .
u_ ;'wfl/Psf] ljQLo ;xof]u k|0ffnL dfkm{t lghL If]qsf] k|of;x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
!= d"No z[Înf ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s ;+oGqsf] ;dLIffsf nflu s[lif ljsf; dGqfno / cGo
lgsfonfO{ k|fljlws / Joj:yfksLo ;xof]u .

#(%_ /fli6«o Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;ldltn] klxrfg u/]sf k|fyldstfdf k/]sf d"No z[Înfx¿sf] ljsf;nfO{
;an t'Nofpg] . sfo{qmdsf] k|s[lt / ah]6 k|fljlws ;xfotf (TA) ;d"xn] cWoog u/]sf] tyf oxfF pb\wt[
ul/Ph:t} 8]/L, bfn, ds}, lrof, tyf t/sf/Lx¿sf] pbfx/0fx¿;Fu ldNbf] h'Nbf] x'g] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu
pTkfbg, ahf/Ls/0f / gLltut÷;+:yfut ;xof]u dfkm{t 8]/L d"No z[Înf .
s_ lgDg s'/fx¿ dfkm{t\ ;fgf ls;fgx¿sf] b"w pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 ug]{ M
!= ;'wfl/Psf] 8]/L pTkfbg k|ljlwx¿df 8]/L ;fgf ls;fgx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{
@= 8]/L ;fgf ls;fgx¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ;'wfl/Psf] ;]jf cfk"lt{stf{x¿nfO{ ljQLo / k|fljlws
;xof]u ug]{ .
155
 v_ lgDg s'/fx¿ dfkm{t\ :yfgLo b'U3 ;xsf/Lx¿, ;Íng s]Gb|x¿ / ;'wfl/Psf] ahf/ ;DaGwx¿
;an t'Nofpg] M
!= cem u'0f:t/Lo b"w cfk"lt{sf nflu ;'wfl/Psf] Joj:yfkg cEof;x¿df ;xsf/Lx¿ /
;Íng s]Gb|x¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f / ljQLo ;xof]u
u_ lgDg s'/fx¿ dfkm{t\ 8]/L pk–If]qsf nflu k}/jL / gLltx¿df ;'wf/ ug]{
!= c;n k}/jL / ahf/ ljsf;sf nflu æ8]/L RofK6;{Æ sf] :yfkgfdf :yfgLo pBf]u jfl0fHo
;+3nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{
@= 8]/L pk–If]qsf] nflu c;n gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, kz' ;]jf ljefu,
pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 / 8]/L P;f]l;o;gnfO{ d2t ug]{
#= cg'udg / 1fg Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;sf nflu k|fljlws ;xof]usf] d2t

#(^_ pTkfbg, ahf/Ls/0f / gLltut÷;+:yfut d2t dfkm{t\ d';'/f] d"No z[Înfsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;an t'Nofpg] .
s_ lgDg tl/sfx¿ dfkm{t\ kmd{ :t/df bfnsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 ug]{ M
!= d"n aLp / k|df0fLs[t aLpsf] pTkfbg / ljt/0fdf j[l4sf nflu gfs{, lghL sDkgLx¿ /
pTkfbs ;d"x¿aLr ;xsfo{
@= ;'wfl/Psf] pTkfbg cEof;x¿df k|lzIf0f Kofs]h la:tf/ ug]{ / ;'wfl/Psf cEof;x¿df
k|lzlIft ;d'bfo :t/sf cu'jf s[ifsx¿n] -LFs_ :yfgLo ;|f]t JolQmsf -LRPs_ ¿kdf
;]jf ug]{ 5g\ .
#= kmfd{ :t/df vlgh c;Gt'ng / Jofks /f]ux¿sf] jt{dfg ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{
/fli6«o cGg tyf bnxg cg';Gwfg sfo{qmdnfO{ d2t ug]{ .
v_ lgDg tl/sf dfkm{t bfnsf] afnL leœofPkl5sf] sfo{x¿ / ahf/Ls/0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] M
!= ;kmf tyf :t/ 5'6\ofpg] pks/0f, ;ª\sng s]Gb|x¿, e08f/0f ;'ljwf tyf s/f/ v]tL
k|of]u u/L ;fd"lxs ahf/Ls/0fsf nflu s[ifs ;d"xx¿÷ ;xsf/Lx¿nfO{ d2t ug]{ .
@= ;dod} r'Qmf ug{ k|tLtkq hf/L ug{sf nflu ;/sf/ :t/sf] jftf{ dfkm{t\ cfoft ug]{
b]zx¿sf a}+sx¿;Fusf] ;DaGw ;~hfnsf] ;xhLs/0f ug]{ .
u_ lgDg tl/sfaf6 bnxg pk–If]qsf nflu gLltx¿ cg'udg 9fFrf / lgsfox¿df ;'wf/ ug]{ M
!= u'0f:t/nfO{ k|fyldsLs/0f ug]{ cflwsfl/s k|of]uzfnfx¿sf] :yfkgfdf d2t ug]{ .
@= lgof{t ljljwLs/0fsf nflu cfjZos ahf/ ;"rgf tyf ahf/ cg';Gwfgsf nflu
cg';Gwfg zfvf Jofkf/ tyf lgog{t k|j4{g s]Gb|leq} :yfkgf ug{ d2t ug]{ .

#(&_ pTkfbg, ahf/Ls/0f / gLltut÷;+:yfut ;xof]uaf6 ds} d"No z[ÎnfnfO{ ;an kfg]{ .
s_ lgDg pkfox¿af6 kmfd{ :t/df pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf ;'wf/ ug]{ M
!= d"n aLp, k|fdf0fLt aLp / xfOla|8 aLpsf] pTkfbg / ljt/0fdf j[l4sf nflu gfs{, lghL
sDkgLx¿ / aLp pTkfbs ;d"xx¿aLr ;xsfo{
@= ;'wfl/Psf] pTkfbg cEof;x¿af/] k|lzIf0f Kofs]h tof/ kfg]{ / ;'wfl/Psf cEof;x¿df
k|lzlIft ;d'bfo :t/sf cu'jf s[ifsx¿ -LFs_ cGo s[ifsx¿nfO{ :yfgLo ;|f]t JolQmsf]
¿kdf ;]jf ug]{ 5g\ .

156
 #= >ldssf] sdLsf] ;d:ofnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ cfjZos ;'wfl/Psf s[lif cf}hf/x¿ tyf
d]l;g/Lx¿nfO{ hglk|o agfpg] / pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 Nofpg pTkfbg ;fdu|Lx¿sf] -aLp,
dn, /f;folgs kbfy{x¿ / l;FrfO_ a9\bf] tyf ljj]szLn k|of]usf nflu ul/Psf
lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ d2t ug]{ .
v_ lgDg tl/sfx¿åf/f ds} :ofxf/]kl5sf sfo{x¿ / ahf/Ls/0fnfO{ ;'wfg]{ M
!= ;d'bfo :t/df aLp /sd -Seed money_ / e08f/0f ;'ljwfx¿sf] Joj:yf dfkm{t\ ;+o'Qm
ahf/Ls/0fsf] ;'?jft ug{ d2t ug]{ .
@= s/f/ v]tLsf] Joj:yf u/L bfgf / s[lif pBf]ux¿;Fu ;'wfl/Psf] ahf/ ;DaGwnfO{ d2t /
;xhLs/0f ug]{ .
u_ lgDg tl/sfx¿ dfkm{t\ ds} pk–If]qsf gLltx¿, cg'udg, 9fFrf / ;+:yfx¿df ;'wf/ Nofpg] .
!= :yfgLo s[ifs g]tfnfO{ :yfgL ;|f]t JolQm (LRP) sf] ¿kdf /fv]/ uflj; jf gu/kflnsf
txdf ;|f]t s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{ hs[ljsf/uflj; dfkm{t\ ;xof]u ug]{ .
@= ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t aLp pTkfbg, l;8 ;f]l;{ª\u -j0f{zª\s/_ / lhNnf txdf hft 5gf}6sf
nflu ;+:yfut ;~hfn tof/ ug{ lhs[ljsfaf6 ;xof]u ug]{ .

#(*_ pTkfbg, ahf/Ls/0f / gLltut÷;+:yfut d2tdfkm{t\ lrofsf] d"No z[Înfsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;an t'Nofpg] .
s_ lgDg tl/sfx¿af6 lrofsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf ;'wf/ Nofpg]
!= lrof pTkfbs s[ifs / au}Frfx¿nfO{ g;{/L / u'0f:t/Lo sndL la?jf ljsf;df ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg] .
@= u'0f:t/Lo lrof pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4sf nflu s[ifsx¿sf nflu k|bz{g Kn6 :yfkgf
/ tflndsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ .
#= gofF lrof aufg If]q klxrfg / lj:tf/sf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ .
$= lrof pBf]udf k|fljlws hgzlQm ljsf; -lrof hfFRg]]÷k|fljlws_ sf nflu ;xof]u .
v_ lgDg tl/sfx¿åf/f lrofsf] afnL :ofxf/]kl5sf sfo{x¿ / ahf/Ls/0fnfO{ ;'wfg]{ M
!= s[ifsx¿sf nflu ;'wfl/Psf] Kofs]lhª\u ;fdfu|L / v]tLaf6 pBf]u;Dd ;'wfl/Psf] 9'jfgL
;]jfsf nflu ;xof]u .
@= s[ifs ;d"x / ;xsf/Laf6 7]Ssfdf lrofkQL pTkfbgsf nflu ;xhLs/0f ug]{ .
#= ;'/Iff :t/, pTkfbg k|efjsfl/tf / c;n Joj:yfkg cEof;sf nflu lrof pBf]ux¿sf]
Jojl:yt :t/f]Ggltsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ .
$= s[ifsx¿sf nflu ;fgf] :t/sf] lrof k|zf]wg OsfO{ :yfkgf ug{ / ;fd"lxs a|flG8ª\usf
nflu ;xof]u ug]{ .
%= k|of]uzfnf ;'ljwfsf] :t/f]Gglt / ;'wfl/Psf] Kofs]lhª\usf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ .
u_ lgDg tl/sfx¿ dfkm{t\ lrof pk–If]qsf gLltx¿, lgodg 9fFrf, cg'udg, / ;+:yfx¿df ;'wf/
Nofpg] .
!= ;/sf/L–lghL ;fem]bf/L cGtu{t s]Gb|Lo uf]bfd 3/ / lnnfdL ahf/sf] (auction market)
:yfkgsf nflu ;xhLs/0f / ;xof]u ug]{ .
@= lrof cg';Gwfg, ljsf; / k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sf] :yfkgfsf nflu /fli6«o lrof tyf skmL
ljsf; af]8{nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
157
 #= lrof s[ifsx¿ / pBdLx¿nfO{ cfjZos ahf/ ;"rgf / cWoogsf nflu Jofkf/ tyf
lgof{t k|j4{g s]Gb|nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .

#((_ pTkfbg, ahf/Ls/0f / gLltut÷;+:yfut ;xof]u dfkm{t t/sf/Lsf] d"No z[Înfsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;an
t'Nofpg] .
s_ lgDg tl/sfx¿af6 ;fgf ls;fgx¿sf] t/sf/L pTkfbsTjdf ;'wf/ Nofpg]
!= a]df};dL t/sf/L pTkfbg / s[ifs pTkfbg k|lzIf0fsf nflu k|fljlws lgb]{lzsf
@= Knfl:6s 3/ / ;"Id l;FrfO k|ljlwx¿ la:tf/ ug]{
#= a]df};dL t/sf/L pTkfbg Ansx¿ ljsf; ug]{]
v_ lgDg tl/sfx¿af6 kf]:6 xfe]{:6 sfo{x¿ / t/sf/L ahf/Ls/0f ug]{
!=;'wfl/Psf] u|]l8Î, Kofs]lhË / ;Íng s]Gb|x¿sf] k|j4{g ug]{
@=ahf/ 1fgsf nflu a]df};dL t/sf/L sn ;]G6/ -call centre_ :yfkgf ug]{
u_ t/sf/L pk–If]qsf nflu gLltx¿, lgodg 9fFrf / ;+:yfx¿df ;'wf/ Nofpg] .

%=$=^ u|fdL0f ;8s ;~hfn lj:tf/ k|ltkmn #=^ ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

$))_ o;sf nflu ljlzi6 ¿kn] u|fdL0f ;8sdf s]lGb|t k|0ffnLut k|of;x¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . Pl8P;n]
tn pNn]v ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx¿df d2t ug]{ 5 .

$)!_ s[lif ;8s nlIft u|fdL0f gLlt cBfjlws ug]{ . o;n] s[lif ;8ssf] ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ ult k|bfg
ug{'sf ;fy} To;sf] u'0f:t/ / dd{tdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] nIo /fv]sf] 5 . of] gLltn] M
s_ s[lif pTkfbg s]Gb|nfO{ ahf/ s]Gb|;Fu hf]8\g] 5 .
v_ cGo s[lif ahf/ k"jf{wf/ sfo{qmdx¿;Fusf] ;dGjonfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ 5 .
u_ gLltsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu s]Gb| / pk/fli6«o :t/x¿aLr lhDd]jf/Lsf] ljefhgnfO{ :ki6 kfg]{ 5 .

$)@_ cBfjlws ul/Psf] s[lif ;8s gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ krxQ/} lhNnfdf lhlj; cGtu{t Ps k[ys
jl/i7 OlGhlgo/ k|d'v /xg] u/L lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{nodf s[lif ;8ssf nflu Ps gofF zfvfsf] :yfkgf
ug]{ .

$)#_ s[lif ;8ssf] ljsf; / dd{tsf nflu k[ys nufgL ug]{ . ;8ssf] ljsf; tyf dd{tsf nflu cfly{s
;xof]usf] ;+oGqn] b'j} lghL If]q / ;d'bfox¿nfO{ ;+nUg ug'{k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu pQm ;+oGqn] of] sfo{
k"/s cg'bfg dfkm{t ug{ ;S5 . k|f/lDes sf]ifn] k|lt lhNnf %) ls=ld=sf b/n] % jif{;Dd wfGg ;S5 /
;Gtf]ifhgs k'g/fjnf]sgsf cfwf/df o;nfO{ k'g yKg ;lsG5 .

%=$=&= ahf/ 1fgsf nflu s[lif ahf/ ;"rgf / ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlw pTkfbgx¿ k|ltkmn #=& ;Fu ;DalGwt
lqmofsnfkx¿
$)$_ k|of]ustf{x¿nfO{ d"No ltg{sf nflu ;'ljwfx¿ tyf lghL If]qnfO{ ;+nUg ub}{ ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlw
pTkfbgx¿sf] k|of]u u/L ahf/ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L / ;"rgfsf lglDt pTkfbgx¿sf] Ps ;ª\u|xsf]

158
 lgdf{0fnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ . ;fgf ls;fgx¿, Jofkf/Lx¿ / pBdLx¿sf] ahf/ hfgsf/L / ;"rgfsf] k|0ffnLdf
;xh kx'Fr x'g'k5{ . o;df Pl8P;n] ;dGjo ug]{ sfo{qmdsf] tof/L tyf sfof{Gjog ;+nUg x'g ;S5 . of]
sfo{qmddf df]afOn / OG6/g]6 ;~rf/ k|ljlwx¿ k|of]u u/L Jofj;flos ¿kdf ;DefJo ahf/ ;"rgf
;DaGwL pTkfbgx¿ / ;]jfx¿ :yfkgf ug{sf nflu lghL If]q, pBf]u ;+u7gx¿ /÷jf u}/ ;/sf/L
;+:yfx¿ ;'? ug{sf nflu cfly{s Joj:yfkg -pbfx/0fsf] nflu k"/s cg'bfgaf6_ ul/lbg] Joj:yf ;dfj]z
x'g ;S5 . oL pTkfbgx¿ / ;]jfx¿ yf]s ahf/ clwsf/L / ;"rgf ;~rf/ k|ljlw k|0ffnL k|bfossf]
;d"xn] ljsf; Pj+ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;S5 .

%=$=*= u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f / gjLs/0fLo pmhf{x¿ k|ltkmn #=* ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

$)%_ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{x¿nfO{ -kfgL, ;f}o{, xfjf, h}ljs lk08, h}ljs UofF;_ k|j4{g u/L u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f
sfo{qmdsf] lj:tf/nfO{ d2t ug]{ . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f, j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g ;ldlt, pmhf{ If]q ;xof]u
sfo{qmd OToflbsf] ;xsfo{df s[lif ;d'bfox¿nfO{ ljQLo Pj+ k|fljlws ;xof]u ug{ s[lif ljsf;
dGqfnonfO{ ;+nUg ug]{ .
s_ s[lif ljsf; dGqfnodf ljz]if ¿kn] pmhf{ ljsf;sf nflu Ps 5'§} ;Dks{ zfvf -liason_
:yfkgf ug]{ . s[ifs ;d'bfonfO{ lgDg s'/fx¿df ;3fp k'¥ofpg of] kmfF6nfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbg] M -!_
pmhf{ cfk"lt{sf nflu g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f, j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g ;ldlt, pmhf{ If]q ;xof]u
sfo{qmd / /fli6«o u|fdL0f tyf gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ sfo{qmddf k'Ug -@_ of]hgf, kl/sNkgf, k|flKt,
sfof{Gjog / dd{t ug{ / -#_ pmhf{ pTkfbgdf cfly{s ;xof]u -s]xL s];x¿df_ k|bfg ug{ .
v_ s[lif ;d'bfosf ;fem]bf/x¿ ;lxt pmhf{ ljsf;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs-lghL ;fem]bf/LnfO{ d2t
k'¥ofpg Ps sf]if v8f ug]{ . s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf] pmhf{ ;Dks{ zfvfn] pQm sf]ifsf] kl/rfng
ug]{ 5 .

%=% pknlAw $ ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿ M k|lt:kwf{Tdstfdf j[l4

$)^_ Pl8P; sf] pknlAw $ k|lt:kwf{Tdstfdf j[l4 xf] . of] pknlAw tflnsf #=@ df b]vfOPsf] tyf tnsf
efux¿df j0f{g ul/P h:t} $ k|ltkmnx¿ / @$ lqmofsnfkx¿ dfkm{t k|fKt x'G5 .

Tflnsf #@M k|lt:kwf{Tdstf j[l4 pknlAw $ ;Fu ;DalGwt ls|ofsnfkx¿

pknlAw
k|ltkmn

ls|ofsnfk ljj/0f

$ k|lt:kwf{Tdstf j[l4
$=! ahf/ k"jf{wf/ ljsl;t tyf Jojl:yt
$=!=! ahf/ k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;nfO{ k|j4{g ug]{
$=!=@ ;fj{hlgs-lghL ;fem]bf/L ljQLo ;xof]u ;+oGqx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
$=!=# ahf/ k"jf{wf/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4 sfo{qmdx¿
$=!=$ ahf/ ljsf;sf nflu /0fgLlts :yfgx¿ klxrfg ug]{ / ;DefJotf cWoog ug]{ .
$=!=% ;'wfl/Psf] ahf/ Jo:yfkgsf nflu gLlt lgodx¿ / :t/Lo ;~rfngsf tl/sfx¿
159
pknlAw
k|ltkmn
ls|ofsnfk ljj/0f

th'{df ug]{ .
$=@ ;fgf / demf}nf s[lif pBdx¿sf] j[l4
$=@=! s[lifdf cfwfl/t pBdx¿df nufgL pTk|]l/t ug{ s/ ;'ljwfx¿ cjnDag ug]{
$=@=@ s[lif Joj;fo OGSo'j]6/x¿ :yfkgfsf] k|j4{g ug]{
$=@=# s[lif pBdx¿sf gj kl/jt{gx¿sf] k|j4{g ug{ k"/s cg'bfgsf] :yfkgf ug]{
$=@=#=! s[lif pBdx¿ tyf ;xsf/Lx¿sf nflu gj kl/jt{g sf]if
$=@=#=@ o'jf, dlxnf, jl~rt ;d"xx¿ / If]qx¿sf nflu s[lif pBdzLntf sfo{s|dx¿
$=# vfB / s[lifhGo pTkfbgx¿sf] lgof{tdf j[l4
lgof{t k|j4{g ug]{ Pj+ cem kmfObfhgs Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfx¿ ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ ;an
$=#=!
kfg]{ .
$=#=!=! sfg'gL pkfox¿
$=#=!=@ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / kf]:6 xfe]{:6 ls|ofsnfkx¿df j}b]lzs nufgL k|j4{g ug]{
$=#=!=# ;+:yfut pkfox¿
$=#=!=$ cGt/f{li6«o pkfox¿
$=$ ;anLs[t vfB u'0f:t/ tyf ;'/Iff
cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf ;fdGh:o x'g] vfB u'0f:t/ tyf ;'/Iff dfkb08x¿ cjnDag
$=$=! Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug]{
$=$=!=! cfw'lgs vfB P]gsf nflu sfg'gL pkfox¿
$=$=!=@ vfB ;'/Iff tyf u'0f:t/ dfkb08x¿ th{'df Pj+ hf/L ug]{
dfkb08 k|fdf0fLs/0f lgsfox¿sf] cflwsfl/s :jLs[lt ;DaGwL sfg'g cjnDag
$=$=!=#
ug]{
vfB ;'/Iff tyf u'0f k|fdf0fLs/0fsf nflu /fli6«o k|of]uzfnfx¿sf] cflwsfl/s
$=$=!=$ :jLs[lt ;DaGwL sfg'g cjnDag ug]{ .
k|of]uzfnfx¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o cflwsfl/s :jLs[ltsf] :t/df ;an Pj+ cBfjlws
$=$=!=%
ug]{
P;lkP; tyf Sjf/]G6fOg -la?jf, vfB / kz'_ k4ltsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtfdf clej[l4
$=$=!=^
-ef}lts Pj+ dfgj ;+;fwg_
vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f s]Gb|sf If]qLo k|of]uzfnfx¿ / lhNnf sfof{nox¿
$=$=!=&
:yfkgf ug]{
$=$=!=* vfB P]g cGtu{t k"0f{ clwsf/ k|fKt vfB lgsfo u7g ug]{ -dWofjlwdf_
zq' hLj hf]lvd n]vfhf]vf, P;lkP; Joj:yfkg Pj+ lgu/fgLsf lgldQ Ifdtf
$=$=!=(
clej[l4 ug]{ .
Ps :jf:Yo tl/sf cjnDjg ug]{ / kz' :jf:Yo lgu/fgL, lgbfg / k|ltsfo{
$=$=!=!)
Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug]{
pk;ldltnfO{ vfB kf]if0f ;'/Iff / /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldltsf] vfB ;'/Iffaf/]
$=$=!=!!
;dGjo ug]{ / hfgsf/L lbg]

160
%=%=! ahf/ k"jf{wf/ ljsf; k|ltkmn $=! ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

$)&_ ;/sf/L nufgL, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] nufgL, ;/sf/L–lghL ;fem]bf/L / ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfsf]
;xsfo{ dfkm{t\ k|fyldstfdf /flvPsf d"No z[Îvnfx¿sf] ljsf;df s]lGb|t ahf/ k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;nfO{
k|j4{g ug]{ . ;/sf/L–lghL ;fem]bf/L ;lDdlnt ljljw k|sf/sf k"jf{wf/x¿sf pbfx/0fx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
s_ kmd{d} /x]sf] e08f/0f, zLt e08f/0fnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{
v_ gofF ahf/sf] ;[hgf / ljBdfg ahf/x¿sf] ;'wf/
u_ yf]s ahf/x¿;Fu hf]l8Psf] ;Íng s]Gb|x¿sf] ;~hfn
3_ s[lif k|zf]wg KnfG6x¿
ª_ s[lif k|zf]wg lqmofsnfkx¿ ug{ s[lif pBf]u pBdx¿sf] e"ld / cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/x¿df kx'FrnfO{
;xhLs/0f ug{sf nflu s[lif pBf]u kfs{x¿sf] lgdf{0f

$)*_ ;/sf/L–lghL ;fem]bf/L ljQLo ;xof]u ;+oGqx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

nufgLsf] cfsf/, ;Defljt hf]lvd, / :jfldTjsf] ;+/rgf;Fu plrt x'g] ;+oGqx¿ oL x'g ;S5g\ M k"/s
cg'bfg, C0f;Fu hf]l8Psf ck|ToIf cg'bfgx¿, ;/sf/L ;8sx¿df k|f/lDes h8fg k'FhL vr{df 5'6 -hxfF
5'6 cjlw tf]lsPsf] x'G5_, pkof]ux¿ tyf ;]jfx¿ -h:t} pmhf{, kfgL, kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkg_ .

$)(_ ahf/ k"jf{wf/ Joj:yfkg / ;'zf;gsf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4 sfo{qmdx¿ . ;/sf/L–lghL ;fem]bf/L
nufgLsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf of]ubfg lbg] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ tŒj ljleGg stf{x¿sf] e"ldsfx¿sf] :ki6 ljefhg
Pj+ cfk"lt{ z[Înfsf] c+zsf ¿kdf ahf/ k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;'wfl/Psf] Ifdtf xf] . t;y{ s'g} klg
ahf/ k"jf{wf/df ul/Psf] nufgL;Fu Joj:yfkg / ;'zf;gdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu Ifdtf clej[l4
sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yf x'g' cfjZos 5 . of] Ifdtf j[l4sf] Ps c+zsf ¿kdf d"No ;DaGwL hfgsf/L, ahf/
;"rgf / ahf/ ;DaGwL ;"rgf k|0ffnL h:tf ahf/ Joj:yfkgsf] ;ˆ6\j]o/ /xg] 5 .

$!)_ ahf/ ljsf;sf nflu /0fgLlts :yfgx¿ klxrfg ug]{ / ;DefJotf cWoog ug]{ .

$!!_ ;'wfl/Psf] ahf/ Jo:yfkgsf nflu gLlt lgodx¿ / :t/Lo ;~rfngsf tl/sfx¿ th'{df ug]{ .

%=%=@ gj k|jt{gsf/L ;fgf / demf}nf s[lif pBdx¿sf] ljsf; k|ltkmn $=@ ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

$!@_ s[lifdf cfwfl/t pBdx¿df nufgL pTk|]l/t ug{ tn lbOP h:t} y'k|} s/ ;'ljwfx¿ cjnDag ug]{ M
 s[lifdf cfwfl/t pBdx¿sf] cfos/df pRr s/ /lxt ;ª\3f/ -threshhold_ nfu" ug]{ .
 s[lifdf cfwfl/t pBdx¿sf] cfos/df Go"gtd cfos/ b/ nfu" ug]{ .
 tLj| ultsf] x|f; s§L -depreciation_
 nufgL nfutsf 5'6x¿
 cg';Gwfg / ljsf; nfutdf k"0f{ s§L
 3f6fnfO{ csf]{ jif{sf] lx;falstfadf ldnfg ug]{

161
  ljsl;t, sd ljsl;t / cljsl;t If]qx¿sf nflu qmdzM ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] a9\bf] :t/sf]
;x'lnotx¿
 /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx¿ / sDkgLx¿sf] ;xsfo{df g]kfnsf] s[lif cg';Gwfg / ljsf;df
ljb]zL nufgLstf{x¿nfO{ ;'ljwfx¿

$!#_ k"jf{wf/ ;'ljwfx¿, k|lzIf0f / Ifdtf clej[l4, ;~hfn, k/fdz{ ;]jfx¿ / ljQdf kx'Fr dfkm{t ;fgf tyf
demf}nf s[lif pBdx¿sf] j[l4nfO{ x'sf{pg s[lif Joj;fo OGSo'j]6/x¿sf] k|j4{g ug]{ . s[lif Joj;fo
OGSo'j]6/x¿n] ev{/} ;'? ePsf pBdx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;+oGq k|bfg ub{5g\ / ltgLx¿nfO{ l6sfp ;fgf
tyf demf}nf pBdx¿sf] ¿kdf ljsl;t x'g d2t ub{5g\ .39

$!$_ tn lbOPsf h:tf k|of;x¿af6 s[lif pBdx¿sf gj kl/jt{gx¿sf] k|j4{g ug{ k"/s cg'bfgsf] :yfkgf
ug]{M
s_ ;fj{hlgs-lghL ;fem]bf/L, Jofj;flos cg';Gwfg / ljsf;sf] ;xof]u pGd'v s[lif pBdx¿ /
;xsf/Lx¿sf nflu gj kl/jt{g sf]if . o;sf k|of]usf nflu lgDg d'Vo cfwf/ x'g ;S5g\M
k|:tfjn] s'g} vfnsf gjk|jt{gn] -pTkfbg ljsf;, k|lqmof of k|ljlwdf_ NofPsf a9LeGbf a9L
s[ifsx¿ of k|fylds pTkfbsx¿;Dd k'Ug] æcltl/QmtfÆ ;[hgf u5{ . of] gj k|jt{gn]
pTkfbssf] cfodf dfkgof]Uo tj/n] j[l4 NofPsf] x'g'k5{ . cg';Gwfgsf] lgs} 5f]6f] cjlwsf] c;/
/xf];\ eGg] ;'lglZrt ug{ lghL / ;xsf/Lx¿af6 k|:tfjdf k"/s sf]ifsf] Joj:yf -%)–%) g}
x'g'k5{ eGg] 5}g_ x'g'kg]{ of] of]hgfsf] csf]{ cfwf/ x'g ;S5 . of] sf]if s]jn lghL ;+:yfx¿ /
;xsf/Lx¿nfO{ pknAw x'g] 5 .
v_ o'jf, dlxnf, ljkGg ;d"xx¿, ljkGg If]qx¿sf nflu s[lif pBdzLntf sfo{qmdx¿ . o;
l:yltdf k"/s sf]ifn] s[lif pBdx¿ :yfkgf ug{ of]Uo u|fdL0f If]qx¿sf ljleGg ;d"x¿nfO{
cfˆgf] nIo agfpg] . k"/s cg'bfgnfO{ s[lif pBdzLntf Ifdtf clej[l4 sfo{qmd;Fu ufEg
;lsG5 . rf/cf]6f s[lif pBdzLntf sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|j4{g ul/g] 5M
!= o'jf s[lif pBdzLntf sfo{qmd
@= dlxnf s[lif pBdzLntf sfo{qmd
#= ljkGg ;d"x pBdzLntf sfo{qmd
$= ljkGg If]q -h:t} s0ff{nL_ pBdzLntf sfo{qmd
k|To]s s[lif pBdzLntf sfo{qmddf lgDg s'/fx¿ x'g] 5g\M
!= Ifdtf clej[l4 tŒjÙ h;df ;DefJo pBdLx¿nfO{ s[lif pBdx¿ :yfkgf ug{sf nflu
k|lzlIft Pj+ lgb]{lzt ul/G5 .
@= Ps k|lt:kwf{Tds k"/s cg'bfg sf]if h; dfkm{t\ pBdLx¿n] u|fdL0f If]qx¿df s[lif
pBdx¿ :yfkgf ug{ aLp /sddf kx'Fr k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ .

39
For a review of agribusiness incubators see: Goletti, F., et al. (2011), “Growing Food, Products and Business,
Applying Business Incubation to Agribusiness SMEs.” A publication of the World Bank Group/infoDev see
http://www.infodev.org/en/Article.800.html

162
$!%_ g]kfndf cGo k"/s cg'bfg of]hgfx¿n] -h:t} Joj;flos s[lif tyf Jofkf/ cfof]hgf / pRr d"No s[lif
cfof]hgf_ b]vfPsf] cg'ej cg';f/ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ pko'Qm k|:tfjx¿ k]; ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug{sf nflu
oL of]hgfx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ cjlwdf :yfgLo ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|z:t Ifdtf clej[l4 / ;xof]u k|bfg ug'{
lgs} dxŒjk"0f{ 5 .

%=%=#= vfB / s[lif pTkfbgx¿sf] lgof{tdf j[l4 k|ltkmn $=# ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

$!^_ P;lkP; (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards), P8L (Antidumping Duties) / l;le8L
(Countervailing Duties) h:tf dfkgx¿sf] k|of]u tyf cg';/0f ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ;lxt kof{Kt /
;~rfngdf /x]sf] cfoft÷lgof{t Joj:yfn] cf8 lbPsf] lgof{t k|j4{g ug]{ Pj+ cem kmfObfhgs Jofkf/
;Demf}tfx¿ ug]{ IfdtfnfO{ ;an kfg]{ . Pl8P;n] s[lif Jofkf/ Joj;fosf] ;'wf/nfO{ nIo agfpg oL
pkfox¿sf] ;lDd>0fnfO{ d2t ug]{ 5M
s_ Jofkf/ / j}b]lzs nufgL;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gL pkfox¿ . lgof{td}qL tyf cfoftnfO{ lgodg ug]{
jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug{sf nflu cfw'lgs Jofkf/ P]g cg'df]bg ug]{ . k|:tfljt Jofkf/ P]gdf lgDg
s'/fx¿ x'g] 5g\M -!_ ljZj Jokf/ ;+u7g cGtu{t cg'dlt k|fKt t/ g]kfndf cg'df]bg geO;s]sf]
plrt tyf cg'lrt Jofkf/ ;'/Iff pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf cg';f/ cfoftsf] lgodg .
oL pkfox¿df Jofkf/ ;Gt'ngsf sf/0fx¿ of cg'bfg ;lxtsf] cfoft of g]kfnL pTkfbsx¿nfO{
xflg ug]{ kmflnPsf pTkfbgx¿sf] cfoftnfO{ lg:t]h kfg]{ cflb kb{5g\ . -@_ jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{
dGqfno, Jofkf/ tyf lgof{t k|j4{g s]Gb| cGtu{t jf s[lif ljsf; dGqfnodf g} s[lif pTkfbg
lgof{t k|j4{g lgsfosf] u7g .
v_ j}b]lzs nufgL k|j4{g ug]{ . nufgLsf] jftfj/0f ;'wf/df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg, k|ToIf j}b]lzs
nufgLnfO{ ;xhLs/0f Pj+ lgodg ug{ / s[lif If]qdf k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL k|j4{g Pj+ cfsif{0f ug{
Pl8P; n] pBf]u dGqfno / g]kfn nufgL af]8{;Fu lgs6df /x]/ cGtlqm{of ug]{ 5 .
!= s[lifdf k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL Nofpgsf nflu pko'Qm lgodx¿ th'{dfsf lgldQ kf7
l;Sg tyf ;'emfj k|fKt ug{ g]kfn / Pl;ofsf cGo b]zx¿sf] s[lifdf k|ToIf j}b]lzs
nufgLdfly Ps cWoog sld;g ug]{ .
@= s[lif / s[lif Joj;fox¿df j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ ;'ljwfx¿ lbO{ nufgL k|j4{g ug]{ nufgL
P]gx¿ / lgodgx¿ cg'df]bg ug]{ .
#= 3/]n' s[ifsx¿sf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ Pl8P;n] k|fylds pTkfbg ultljlwx¿sf
nflu j}b]lzs k|ToIf nufgL v'Nnf ug]{ 5}g .
u_ ;+:yfut pkfox¿M
!= 5f]6f] cjlwsf nflu s[lif ljsf; dGqfno leq} cGt/f{li6«o s[lif Jofkf/ l8lehg v8f ug]{
. pQm l8lehgdf lgDg kmfF6x¿ /xg] 5g\ M Pp6f kmfF6 ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g ;DaGwL -xfn
of] s[lif Joj;fo k|j4{g tyf tYofÍ cGtu{t 5_, Pp6f kmfF6 P;lkP; OgSjfo/L
KjfOG6sf] -xfn vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu cGtu{t_ ¿kdf sfd ug{, Pp6f
kmfF6 cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf nflu . o;n] dfkb08, lgof{t cj:yf, lgof{t ;'ljwfx¿,
ahf/ ;"rgf tyf /0fg}lts j:t'x¿ -h:t} lrof_ nflu lnnfdL ahf/ lgdf{0f ug]{
163
 cflbh:tf ljifox¿df s[lif pTkfbgx¿sf lgof{tstf{x¿sf] nflu s]Gb|ljGb'sf] (Focal
point) ¿kdf sfd u5{ . of] kmfF6n] gLltut d'2fx¿dfly s[lif ljefu -h;n] a9L
s[ifsx¿sf] k|;f/df Wofg lbG5_ cGtu{tsf] s[lif Joj;fo k|j4{g tyf ahf/ ljsf;
lgb]{zgfno cGtu{tsf] cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf nflu ljBdfg sfo{qmdn] eGbf km/s
tj/n] Wofg s]lGb|t ug]{ 5g\ Ù kz' ;]jf ljefusf] ahf/ k|j4{g lgb]{zgfnonfO{ p:t}
sfo{ cfjZos kg]{ 5 / jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf] Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f OsfO{;Fu
;dGjo ug]{ 5 .
@= dWod cjlwdf lgDg cltl/Qm pkfox¿ dfkm{t Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf Ifdtf ;an kfg]{ M -!_
;Demf}tfdf ;xefuL ;d"xx¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f k|bfg ug]{Ù -@_ ;Demf}tf ug]{ Ph]G8fx¿sf]
cy{dfly cWoog ;~rfng ug]{ / -#_ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] 5nkmnx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ .
#= Pl8P; sf] If]qeGbf k/sf] ljlgdo b/ ;DaGwL a[xt\ cfly{s gLltaf/] Ps ;dLIffTds
;'emfj lbgsf nflu ef/t;Fu hf]l8Psf] xfd|f] ljlgdo b/ gLlt tyf g]kfnsf] s[lif
;f+:s[lts If]qdf o;sf] k|efjnfO{ bL3{sfndf k'g/fjnf]sg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ .
$= Jofkf/ zfvfsf] Jofkf/ ;"rgf ;Íng Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{
3_ 5f]6f tyf dWod cjlwsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o pkfox¿M
!= 5f]6f cjlwdf Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfsf] ;xL sfof{Gjogsf nflu Jofkf/ ;fem]bf/x¿;Fu ;+jfbdf
-eG;f/ s/ clwsf/Lx¿sf] ;+o'Qm uf]i7L_ ;+nUg x'g] .
@= dWodsfndf g]kfnsf Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfx¿sf lgDg kIfx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{M -c_
g]kfnsf] låkIfLo / ax'kIfLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfx¿df eG;f/ s/ / sf]6f 5'6 ePsf]
pTkfbgsf] se/]h -cf_ g]kfnL lgof{tsf k|fljlws sl7gfOx¿Ù -O_ t];|f] kIfåf/f g]kfnL
P;lkP; k|df0fLs/0fsf] klxrfgÙ -O{_ g]kfn ef/t Jofkf/ ;DaGwLsf] kf/:kl/s eG;f/ 5'6
;"rLaf6 bnxg tyf afujfgL pTkfbgx¿nfO{ x6fpg]Ù -p_ ;fkm\6f (South Asiam Free
Trade Area) cGtu{tsf] Jofkf/ ;fem]bf/x¿sf] gsf/fTds ;"rLaf6 s[lifhGo
pTkfbgx¿nfO{ x6fpg]Ù -pm_ o; If]qsf b]zx¿;Fu låkIfLo t'ngfTds ¿kdf kmfObfhgs
Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfx¿nfO{ lgisif{df k'¥ofpg]Ù -P_ s/ ;+/rgfdf ljBdfg lgdf{0fd'vL lje]b
pGd'ng sd ug]{ / -P]_ lgof{tdf ;'ljwf lbg] k4ltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ .

%=%=$ vfB u'0f:t/ / ;'/Iff clej[l4 k|ltkmn $=$ ;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿

$!&_ cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf ldNg] vfB u'0f:t/ / ;'/Iff dfkb08x¿ cjnDag Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug]{ . g]kfnL
pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ c;'/lIft vfB kbfy{x¿ pkef]u ug{af6 /f]sL g]kfnaf6 lgof{t ul/g] pkhx¿nfO{
cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Ifd agfpgsf nflu lgDg sbdx¿ rfNg'k5{M
s_ k|ltlqmofTds eGbf klg ;'emfjd'vL cfw'lgs vfB P]g cg'df]bg ug]{ . o;n] cfGtl/s Jofkf/ /
s[lifhGo tyf s[lif Joj;fo pkhx¿n] lgof{t ahf/sf] ljsf; d}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf u5{ .
To;sf ;fy;fy} o;n] las|L ul/Psf vfB kbfy{ :jLsf/f]Uo dfkb08sf 5g\ egL ;'lglZrt ug]{,
cvfB ld>0fnfO{ /f]Sg] tyf b08 ug]{ / vfB klxrfg Ifdtf (traceability) sf] k|j4{g ug]{ . gofF
vfB P]gdf tnsf ljifoj:t'x¿df ljleGg k|fjwfgx¿ /xg ;S5g\ M

164
 != dGqfno;Fu ;Da4 t/ dGqfnosf] ;+/rgfsf] cËsf ¿kdf g/x]sf] Pj+ vfB u'0f:t/ /
;'/Iff :t/x¿ ;d]tsf s'/fx¿df dfkb08x¿ hf/L Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/ k|fKt Ps
:jtGq vfB k|flws/0fsf] u7g .
@= vfB k|ljlw Pj+ u'0f lgoGq0f ljefunfO{ -of :yfkgf eO;s]kl5 vfB k|flws/0f_ :yfgLo /
lgof{ltt vfB kbfy{x¿sf] P;lkP; dfkb08 hf/L ug]{ clwsf/ 5 eGg] ;t{ . P;lkP;
dfkb08x¿ sf]8]S; Plnd]G6fl/o; (Codex Alimentariuss) sf h:t} cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf
dfGotf k|fKt dfkb08x¿ ePsfn] k|flws/0fn] tL P;lkP; dfkb08x¿ ;/nLs[t
k|lqmofaf6 ug]{ .
#= lghL If]qåf/f ;~rflnt u'0f:t/Lo k|of]uzfnf ;]jfx¿nfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ .
v_ P;lkP; sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ Jofkfl/s ;fem]bf/x¿af6 nfUg ;Sg] cfoft k|ltaGwx¿af6 hf]lug
cGt/f{li6«o P;lkP; dfkb08x¿ k"/f ePsf] vfB ;'/Iff Pj+ u'0f:t/ dfkb08x¿ th'{df, cjnDjg
/ sfof{Gjog ug]{ . gofF dfkb08x¿ hf/L ug{sf nflu ul0ftLo nIo lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
u_ dfkb08 k|fdf0fLs/0f lgsfox¿sf] cflwsfl/s :jLs[lt ;DaGwL sfg'g cjnDag ug]{
3_ vfB ;'/Iff Pj+ u'0f:t/ k|fdf0fLs/0fsf nflu /fli6«o k|of]uzfnfx¿sf] cflwsfl/s :jLs[lt
;DaGwL sfg'g cjnDag ug]{ .
!= g]kfnL dfGotf lgsfo :yfkgf ug]{ .
@= g]kfnL dfGotf lgsfonfO{ dfGotf lbnfpgsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o k|of]uzfnf dfGotf ;+3 –
(International Laboratory Accreditation Corporation) ;Fu cfj4 x'g] .
ª_ lgDg k|of]uzfnfx¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf k|fKt dfkb08df ;an Pj+ cBfjlws ug]{M
!= vfB u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f k|of]uzfnf / vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu cGtu{tsf
o;sf If]qLo k|of]uzfnfx¿
@= /fli6«o kz':jf:Yo 8fOUgf]l:6s k|of]uzfnf / kz' ;]jf ljefu cGtu{tsf If]qLo
k|of]uzfnfx¿
#= kz' ;]jf ljefu cGtu{tsf /fli6«o kz' :jf:Yo u'0f:t/ Pj+ cf}ifwL Joj:yfkg sfof{no
k|of]uzfnf
$= kz' ;]jf ljefu cGtu{tsf] bfgf ljZn]if0f k|of]uzfnf
%= s[lif ljefu cGtu{tsf] /fli6«o Pj+ If]qLo afnL ;+/If0f k|of]uzfnfx¿
^= s[lif ljefu cGtu{t df6f] k/LIf0f k|of]uzfnfx¿
&= s[lif ljefu cGtu{t aLp ljhg k/LIf0f k|of]uzfnfx¿
*= kz' ;]jf ljefu cGtu{t lrtjg l:yt /fli6«o kG5L /f]u 8fOUgf]l:6s k|of]uzfnf
r_ 5f]6f] cjlwsf nflu lgDg ;+:yfut pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5M
!= s[lif ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{tsf] vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefunfO{
k|ltlqmofTdsaf6 ;lqmo lgsfosf ¿kdf kl/0ft u/L o;sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ . of];Fu
vfB ;'/Iff u'0f:t/ dfkb08x¿ hf/L ug]{ jflif{s of]hgfx¿ Pj+ nIox¿ / vfB ;'/Iff
u'0f:t/ dfkb08x¿ / hgr]tgf sfof{Gjog Ifdtf x'g' cfjZos 5 .
@= sfo{x¿ :ki6 kfg]{ / k[ys lgsfox¿aLrsf] bf]xf]/f]kg x6fpg] -pbfx/0fsf nflu kz'bfgf
/ kz':jf:Yo cf}ifwLsf] lgodg kz' ;]jf ljefu of vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f
ljefusf] If]qflwsf/leq kg{ ;S5_ .
165
 #= lgDg tl/sfn] vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefunfO{ :yfgLos/0f ug]{ M -!_ vfB
u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f If]qLo k|of]uzfnfx¿ kfFr} If]qdf :yfkgf ug]{, -@_ ;a} lhNnfx¿df vfB
u'0f:t/ lgodg sfof{nox¿ :yfkgf ug]{ .
h_ dWofjlwdfM
!= gofF vfB P]g cGtu{t vfB ;'/Iff u'0f:t/ dfkb08 hf/L Pj+ nfu" ug]{ k"0f{ clwsf/ k|fKt
vfB lgsfo u7g ug]{
@= k|of]uzfnfsf] k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu g]kfnL dfGotf lgsfo :yfkgf ug]{
em_ zq'hLj tyf /f]usf hf]lvd ;"rL lgdf{0f tyf P;lkP; Pj+ lgu/fgL k4ltsf ;fy;fy} o:tf
hf]lvdx¿sf nflu dfGotf k|fKt P;lkP; Joj:yfkgsf] tof/L / k|;f/0fsf lgldQ Ifdtf
clej[l4 ug]{ .
!= zq'hLj / /f]u lgu/fgL ultljlwx¿nfO{ cem} k|efjsf/L agfpg afnL ;+/If0f
lgb]{zgfnosf] Ifdtf ;an kfg]{ . o;df lgDg lgu/fgL ultljlwx¿ ;+nUg x'g ;S5g\M
-c_ afnLgfnL zq'hLj lgu/fgL tyf zq'hLj hf]lvd ljZn]if0fÙ -cf_ lgbfgfTds / juL{o
klxrfgÙ -O_ aLp / cGo la?jf k|;f/0f ;fdu|Lx¿ k|j]z kZrft\ hfFr -Post Entry
Quarantine_ ug]{Ù -O{_ la?jfsf zq' hLj / /f]usf] dxfdf/L km}n]df To;sf] k|ltsfo{ .
@= k|fyldstfdf /flvPsf afnLgfnLdf sfo{qmd k"/f x'g] ldlt ;lxtsf] l6sfp lgu/fgL
sfo{qmd th'{df Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug]{ . ;j]{If0fsf] 8fOUgf]l:6s tŒjnfO{ zL3| kfg{ ;j]{If0f
cGtu{tsf] cem ;zQm juL{o klxrfgnfO{ k|j4{g ul/g] 5 -cˆ7\of/f gd'gfx¿sf nflu
If]qLo ;xof]u tyf afx\o ;xof]udf kx'Fr dfkm{t\_ . afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfnosf
sd{rf/LnfO{ k|lzIf0f lbOg] 5 . ljBdfg k|of]uzfnf / pks/0fnfO{ cBfjlws ul/g] 5 .
#= jfg:klts :jR5tfsf pkfox¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08x¿;Fu d]n vfg] u/L ljleGg
afnLx¿sf nflu jfg:klts :jR5tfsf dfkb08 th'{df ug]{ .
$= af]6la?jfdf nfUg] zq'hLj / /f]usf af/]df eljiojf0fL ug{ k"j{ r]tfjgL k4ltsf] ljsf;
ug]{ .
`_ kz':jf:Yosf nflu, Ps :jf:Yo tl/sf cjnDjg ug]{ . o; ;Gbe{df lgu/fgL sfo{qmdnfO{ o;/L
;an t'Nofpg ;lsG5M
!= /fli6«o kz' :jf:Yo s]Gb|, ;Ldfkf/ kz' /f]u lgu/fgL, 8fOUgf]l:6s / k|ltsfo{ Ifdtfdf
clej[l4 ug]{ . b'O{ k|fyldstfdf k/]sf af/Daf/ b]vfkg]{ vfnsf /f]ux¿ -vf]/]t /f]u /
:jfOg km]j/_ ;lxt cfly{s ¿kn] dxŒjk"0f{ /f]ux¿sf] ;j]{If0f k/LIf0f / k|ltsf/ ug]{
/fli6«o kz' :jf:Yo s]Gb|sf] IfdtfnfO{ pTkfbg / lgof{tsf] ;Defjgf ePsf If]qx¿df
;an kfl/g] 5 . /fli6«o kz' :jf:Yo s]Gb|sf] cfd lgu/fgL tyf k|ltsfo{ IfdtfnfO{ ;an
t'NofpFb} 5flgPsf] ef}uf]lns cfwf/df oL /f]ux¿dflysf] lgoGq0fdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' g} k|d'v
p2]Zo xf] . vf]/]t /f]u / :jfOg km]j/sf] dxfdf/Lsf] k|ltsfo{sf nflu nlIft vf]k tyf
lxF88'n lgoGq0fsf pkfox¿sf] pkof]u ul/g] 5 .
@= Pl8P;n] lgDg s'/fx¿df d2t ug]{ 5M ;'wfl/Psf] 8fOUgf]l:6s Ifdtf / k/LIf0f -
cBfjlws ul/Psf] /fli6«o kz' :jf:Yo s]Gb| pks/0f, tfhf kfl/Psf] 8fOUgf]l:6s k|lzIf0f
cflbdf cfwfl/t k/LIf0f dfqfdf j[l4_Ù -@_ nlIft If]qx¿df lgu/fgL sfo{qmd -plrt
tl/sfx¿ dxfdf/L (epidemiology) sd{rf/L k|lzIf0f cflbdf cfwfl/t ljsf;_Ù -#_ cem
166
 a9L lgoldt lgu/fgL e|d0f / hgr]tgf cleofgx¿Ù -$_ ;'wfl/Psf] k|ltsfo{ Ifdtf -/
vf]ksf nflu If]qLo e08f/0fdf kx'Fr_
6_ cfjlws ;dGjo j}7sx¿ / /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldltsf] vfB kf]if0f ;'/Iff / vfB ;'/Iffsf]
;DaGwdf pk–;ldltnfO{ a'emfOPsf] k|ltj]bg dfkm{t kz' :jf:Yo, la?jf / vfB ;'/IffnfO{
-P;lkP;;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx¿_ lgodg ug]{ lgsfox¿aLr k|efjsf/L ;dGjo ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

%=^ cGo sfo{qmdx¿

$!*_ cGo sfo{qmdx¿df hf/L s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, l;FrfO dGqfno / jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfnosf sfo{ /
sfo{qmdx¿ kb{5g\ . oLdWo] s]xL sfo{ / sfo{qmdx¿ Pl8P; sf k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿df ;+nUg ul/Psf
5}gg\ . w]/} s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf sfo{qmdx¿ vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmdx¿sf % k|fyldstfdf k/]sf d"No
z[Înfx¿eGbf k[ys Pj+ ljlzi6 d"No z[Înfx¿sf] ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . oL sfo{qmdx¿nfO{
cg';Gwfg / pBdzLntf k"/s cg'bfg sf]ifdf -/fli6«o s[lif cg';Gwfg sf]if / gjk|jt{g tyf s[lif pBd
sfo{qmd sf]ifx¿ cGtu{t_ pknAw ;+;fwgdf kx'F\r lbP/ ;3fpg ;lsG5 .

$!(_ ljBdfg s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf cGo sfo{qmdx¿ Pl8P; sf] ;'?jftsf jif{x¿d} k"/f x'g] ;Defjgf 5 .
olb oL cGo sfo{qmdx¿sf] d"NofÍgn] cfzfnfUbf] /fli6«o k|efj kfg{ ;s]sf] b]lvof] eg] oL sfo{qmdx¿
eljiosf k|d'v of s]Gb|Lo sfo{qmdx¿sf c+z aGg ;S5g\= .

tflnsf ##M cGo sfo{qmdx¿

If]q sfo{s|d l6Kk0fL
:ofp ljsf; sfo{s|d
sfutL pTkfbg sfo{
cgf/ pTkfbg sfo{s|d
k"jL{ If]qdf cf“ksf] ljsf; / g;{/L ljsf;
km"n ljsf;
;'Gtnf au}r F f ;anLs/0f sfo{s|d
lrof / skmL ;xsf/Lx¿nfO{ d2t lrofnfO{ vf; dxŒjsf sfo{s|ddf ;dfj]z
ug{ ;lsG5 .
afnL cn}r
F L / cb'jfsf nflu ljz]if sfo{s|d
cn}rF Lsf] nflu efO/; d'Qm la?jf pTkfbg
Kofh pTkfbg sfo{qmd
la?jf ;+/If0f sfo{s|d pTkfbsTj ;DaGwL cfwf/ sfo{s|ddf ;dfj]z
ug{ ;lsG5 .
cf}Bf]lus la?jf zf:q
Rofp sfo{s|d
cf}Bf]lus afnL sfo{s|d cfwf/ sfo{s|ddf l;FrfO
/}yfg] afnL k|j4{g cfwf/ sfo{s|ddf aLp gLlt

167
 If]q sfo{s|d l6Kk0fL
aLp pTkfbg –lhNnf aLp cfTdlge{/ sfo{qmd cfwf/ sfo{s|ddf aLp gLltsf] sfof{Gjog
t]nxg afnL cfwf/ sfo{s|ddf l;FrfO
Dff6f] k/LIf0f tyf ;'wf/ ;]jf dn ;DaGwL cfwf/ sfo{s|ddf ;dfj]z ug{
;lsG5 .
/]zd ljsf; sfo{s|d
dT:o ljsf; sfo{s|d
kz' :jf:Yo ;]jf sfo{s|d pTkfbsTj ;DaGwL cfwf/ sfo{s|ddf ;dfj]z
kz' kfng / ug{ ;lsG5 .
dT:o pTkfbsTj -bfgf, gZn_ ;DaGwL cfwf/
kz' ljsf; sfo{s|d sfo{s|d / vf; dxŒjsfdf -;Dejt b'Uw_
;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 .
kz' ahf/ ljsf; ;'zf;g / k|lt:kwf{Tdstf ;DaGwL cfwf/
sfo{s|ddf ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 .
s[lif Joj;fo s[lif Joj;fo / ahf/ ljsf; pTkfbsTj / k|lt:kwf{Tdstf ;DaGwL cfwf/
sfo{s|ddf ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 .

l;FrfO Hff/L l;FrfO kl/of]hgfx¿ k"/f Ù l;FrfO s]

c¿
xL pTkfbsTj ;DaGwL cfwf/ sfo{s|ddf /
d"No z[ª\vnf vf; dxŒjsfdf ;dfj]z
dGqfno ;~rfng / dd{t Ù cGo sfo{s|dx¿ ug{ ;lsG5 .
jg jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfno ;~rfng / dd{t s]xL pTkfbsTj ;DaGwL cfwf/ sfo{s|ddf
Ù cGo sfo{s|dx¿

168
^= nfutx¿
^=! nfut cg'dfgsf] b[li6sf]0f

$@)_ klxnf] !) jif{sf nflu -@)!%–@)@%_ Pl8P; sfo{ of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf nflu s'n vr{ %@*@ ldlnog
cd]l/sL 8n/ -? %)!=* ljlnog_ cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . of] vr{ leq efu % df pNn]lvt @#@ lqmofsnfk
;d]l6Psf5g\ . oL lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ #% cf]6f pknlAw xfl;n x'g] u/L ;d"xut nfut cg'dfg ul/Psf]
5 . o; efudf pNn]v ul/Psf] nfut l:y/ d"No cg'dfg xf] . nfut d'Votof tnaf6 dfly cg'dfg
ul/Psf 5g\, pbfx/0fsf nfluM
 s[ifsx¿sf] pTkfbg 9fFrf -h:t} kmfd{ ;fOh, afnL k|0ffnL / pTkfbsTjdf cfwfl/t_
 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] jt{dfg of]hgf -h:t} ;tx l;FrfO lj:tf/sf nflu l;FrfO ljefusf]
of]hgf_
 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] cfsfª\Iff :t/ -h:t} k|To]s uf=lj=;= / gu/kflnsfdf s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf_
 u|fdL0f hgtf, dlxnf / ljkGg ju{sf] tYofÍ .
$@!_ OsfO{ nfut g]kfnleqsf k|df0f jf ;f] k|fKt gePdf p:t} p:t} afXo k|df0fdf cfwfl/t 5g\, pbfx/0fsf
nfluM
 P]ltxfl;s nfut -h:t} ;DkGg jf lgdf{0ffwLg cfof]hgfdf k|lt x]S6/ l;FrfO nfut_
 jt{dfg d"No -h:t} s[lif oGq_
 lgoldt nfut -h:t} gfoj k|fljlws jf ;/sf/L clws[tsf] dfl;s tna_
 ljlzi6 cg'dfg -h:t} k|hgg aLh j[l4sf] sfo{qmd_
 ;fdfGo cg'dfg -h:t} tflnd sfo{qmd jf cg';Gwfg s]G› :yfkgf ug]{ nfut_
$@@_ ;Defu sfo{qmd cg';f/sf] Pl8P; nfutsf] ;f/f+z tflnsf #$ df lbOPsf] 5 .
tflnsf #$M Pl8P; sfo{ of]hgfsf] !) jifL{o nfut ;f/f+z
vfkf];'sf ljk|lzsf d"z[ljsf gs[psf -
hDdf
-vf; -vf; -vf; vf; cfwf/ cGo
vf; hDdf
dxTjsf dxTjsf dxTjsf dxTjsf sfo{qmd sfo{qmd k|ltzt
dxTjsf
sfo{qmd sfo{qmd sfo{qmd sfo{qmd
sfo{s|d
-!_ -@_ -#_ -$_
;'zf;g #@# – – – #@# !!! – $#$ *
pTkfbsTj – ^^@ – – ^^@ !#)) – !(^@ #&
Joj;foLs/0f – – &^^ – &^^ @@^ – ((@ !(
k|lt:kwf{ – – – @)% @)% @)* – $!@ *
cGo sfo{qmd – – – – – – !$*@ !$*@ @*
hDdf
cd]l/sL 8n/ #@# ^^@ &^^ @)% !(%% !*$% !$*@ %@*@ !))
-ldlnog_
hDdf ?=
#)=^^ ^@=** &@=&# !(=$* !*%=&% !&%=@& !$)=*! %)!=*@
-ljlnog_
k|ltzt ^=! !@=% !$=% #=( #&=) #$=( @*=! !))

169
$@#_ nfut cg'dfg / lqmofsnfk–nfut ;d"x lgdf{0fdf ckgfOPsf cfwf/x¿ tn lbOPsf nufot ljleGg
l;4fGtdf cwfl/t 5g\ .
 tf]lsPsf lqmofsnfk ;DkGg ug{ OsfO{ nfut kof{Kt x'g'k5{ .
 p:t} lqmofsnfkx¿ / ltgLx¿sf] nfut k"/s x'g\, bf]xf]/f] x}gg\ .
 gofF k|of;x¿ h:t} s[lif ;fdfu|Lsf] nflu ef}r/ of]hgf, gd'gf of]hgf nfutsf] ¿kdf ;dfj]z
ul/Psf 5g\ -h:t} ;DefJo /fi6«JofkL lj:tf/sf] nfut sfo{ ;+kfbg d"Nofª\sgdf cwfl/t x'g] x'gfn]
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g _
 nlIft pknlAw kl/df0f ljBdfg / k"jf{g'dflgt Ifdtf ;'wf/sf] cfwf/df ;Dej x'g] 5 -h:t}
k|fljlws sfof{non] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 ls k|To]s lhNnfdf k|lt jif{ % lsld s[lif ;8s lgdf{0f ug{'
;DefJo lgdf{0f b/ xf]_ .
 ;/sf/L / lghL If]q aLrsf] nfut ;fem]bf/L ;+oGqnfO{ rfn' cg'bfgsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5}g clkt'
o;nfO{ k|f/lDes k"FhL cfjZostf, k'g;{+/rgf ;xof]u jf lbuf]] :t/df j[l4 k|:km'6g ug]{ sfo{df efu
lng] p2]Zon] ;Lldt cjlwsf] pkfosf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . -h:t} s[lif ofGqLs/0f pBf]u k|j4{gsf
nflu # jif{sf] s/ ;x'lnot jf k"jf{wf/sf nflu k"/s cg'bfg lghL If]q, s[ifs / ;xsf/Lsf] nufgLn]
pknlJw xfl;n ug]{ pQ/bfloTj a9fpgfsf ;fy} lghL ;fdfg / ;]jfsf] lbuf]]kgfdf j[l4 ub{5 .
 s/ ;x'lnotsf] nfut s/ lgodfjnLsf] k|zf;lgs nfut ldnfgdf ;Lldt /x]sf] 5, t/ lat]sf /
pTkGg /fhZjsf] cg'dfg ;dfj]z 5}g .
 ;/sf/ ;~rfngsf] rfn" nfut h:t} sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] nfut ;dfj]z 5}g, hjls yk sd{rf/Lsf]
nfut ;dfj]z 5 -h:t} a9\bf] ;ª\Vofdf dlxnf gfoj k|fljlwsx¿_ .

^=@ lj:t[t nfut

$@$= #% cf]6f k|ltkmnnfO{ $ cf]6f pknlAw leq ;fd"xLs[t u/L k|To]s k|ltkmnsf] nfut ljrf/ ug{' k|To]s
k|ltkmn / lqmofsnfk slt dxª\uf / ;:tf 5g\ egL ulxl/P/ x]g]{ tl/sf xf] . @#@ lqmofsnfksf lj:t[t
nfut ljj/0f kl/lzi6 $ df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5Ù h;sf] p2]Zo kl5 uP/ sfof{Gjog lgsfon] tof/ ug]{
Pl8P; lqmofsnfksf] lj:t[t l8hfOg / of]hgf tof/ ug]{ dful{gb]{z xf];\ eGg] xf] . lj:t[t nfutn] k|To]s
lqmofsnfksf nflu cfjZos glthf / ;|f]t ;fdu|L klxrfg / ;f]sf] kl/df0f ;d]t lbG5 . kl/df0fn] dfqf
-scale_ jf If]q -scope_ hgfpF5Ù h:t} s'g} lqmofsnfkx¿ s]G›Lo jf ;+:yfut txdf ;Lldt x'G5g\ eg]
s'g} &% lhNnf / ;DalGwt uflj;df ;~rfng ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . oL ljrf/x¿ ;/sf/L / ljsf; ;fem]bf/sf]
kf]6{kmf]lnof], of]hgf, ;|f]t / sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf ;fGble{s x'g] 5g\ .

$@%= cfwf/ sfo{qmdsf w]/}h;f] lqmofsnfkx¿ ljleGg lgsfosf] jt{dfg lqmofsnfk / of]hgfsf]
lg/Gt/tfdf ;xof]u ug]{ vfnsf 5g\ . s]xL pRr nfutsf sfo{qmd :ki6 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu cfwf/
sfo{qmdM pTkfbsTjdf l;FrfO of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf 7"nf] nfut 5 lsgeg] of] 7"nf] :t/sf] xf] - h:t}
*)))) x]S6/sf] rfn" ;tx l;FrfO of]hgf k"/f ug]{, clxn] ;Ddsf] lgdf{0f nfut $$))) k|lt x]S6/,
To;sf/0f hDdf $#@),))),)))_ . To;} u/L cfwf/ sfo{qmd Joj;foLs/0f cGtu{t s[lif ;8ssf] nflu

170
 s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] klxrfg u/]sf] @#))) ls=ld= cfjZostfdWo] Pl8P; sf] nfut cg'dfg s]jn
#&%) ls=ld= af6 dfq ;'? ug{' xf] -k|lt lhNnf %) ls=ld=_ lsgeg] xfnsf jif{x¿df s[ljd / 8f]ln8f/n]
xfl;n u/]sf] lgdf{0f b/ cg';f/ olt g} ;DefJo b]lvPsf] 5 . cfwf/ sfo{qmd ;'zf;g cGtu{t ;dGjo /
;xeflutf lj:tf/sf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ of]hgf th{'df, ;dGjo / d"Nofª\sg lqmofsnfkx¿
;~rfngsf] nfut ;xof]u ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . k|To]s ;dGjo ;d"xsf nflu k|lt jif{ Go"gtd rf/
a}7ssf nflu $%)) dfq Joj:yf ul/Psf]5, o;sf] s'n nfut w]/} b]lvg ;S5 lsgeg] o; cGtu{t &%
lhNnf / % If]qLo ;ldltx¿ 5g\ / nufgL !) jif{sf] nflu xf] .

jg $),%#*
vfkf];'sf ljk|lzsf
*Ü #),^%& ^@,**#
dnvfb #*,)))
^Ü !#Ü
*Ü

d"z[ljsf
l;FrfO ($,*#) &@,&@&
!(Ü !$Ü

gs[psf
k"jf{wf/ @&,#!) !(,$*%
%Ü $Ü
cGo !!%,$)%
@#Ü
lrq !% MPl8P; vr{x¿sf] af“8kmf“8

^=# vf; dxTjsf / cfwf/ sfo{qmd k"/s xf] bf]xf]/f] x}g

$@^_ cfwf/ sfo{qmdsf lqmofsnfk / nfut vf; dxTjsf sfo{qmdsf k"/s x'g\, t/ o;sf 5'§} ljlzi6
pknlAw nIo / If]q x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu ahf/ k"jf{wf/ -pknlAw $=!_ d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf;
sfo{qmddf k|fyldsLs/0f ul/Psf kfFr afnLx¿sf nflu lgZro g} dxŒjk"0f{ 5Ù t/ c¿ k|fyldstfx¿
h:t} uflj;x¿df ax'p2]ZoLo ahf/ ;'ljwf lgdf{0f ug]{ jf gu/kflnsfdf yf]s ahf/sf nflu klg ahf/
k"jf{wf/ cjZos kb{5 . l;FrfO, ;8s, zlQm / w]/} c¿ lqmofsnfksf] klg oxL l:ylt xf] . To;sf/0f
nfut ;+/rgf bf]xf]/f]eGbf k"/s xf];\ eGg] ljrf/ ul/Psf] 5 .

$@&_ vf; dxTjsf sfo{qmdx¿ w]/} ;/f]sf/jfnf / ;+:yfx¿ ;+nUg pknlJw / lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ ;fydf
Nofpg] ;+oGq x'g\ . ;'zf;g cGtu{tsf lqmofsnfkx¿n] vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;kmntfnfO{ kl/k"0f{
ug]{ 5g\ hals cGo sfo{qmdx¿ a9L ljlzi6 x'g ;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu d"No >[+vnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn]
k|fyldstf k|fKt afnLx¿sf] k"/f d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; ug]{ 5 . d"No z[ª\vnfdf aLp pTkfbg, k|efjsf/L
;fdu|L cfk"lt{, ls;fgx¿nfO{ k|;f/ / k/fdz{ ;]jf, ljQLo kx'Fr, ofGqLs/0f, ahf/ k"jf{wf/ / k|zf]wg
Ifdtf, s/, s/f/ / Joj;foLs/0f sfg'gL Joj:yf, lgof{t k|j4{g / u'0ffTds clej[l4 kb{5g\ . cfwf/
sfo{qmddf o:tf w]/} lqmofsnfksf nflu nfut Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg] d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; sfo{qmdn]
171
 ljz]iftM k|fyldstf k|fKt d"No z[ª\vnfsf nflu ;|f]t Joj:yf u5{ . o;n] ;kmntfk"j{s k|fyldstf k|fKt
d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf;sf] nflu kof{Kt ;|f]t 5 eGg] olsg lbnfpF5 .

^=$ lghL If]q, ;d'bfo, ;xsf/L / ls;fgaf6 nufgL

$@*_ s[lif Ps cfly{s lqmofsnfk xf] / rf/dWo] tLg Pl8P; pknlJwn] lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug{df
lghL If]qsf] ljQLo of]ubfg ;dfj]z u/fpF5 . cy{zf:qLsf ljrf/df lghL If]qdf To:tf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿
;dflxt x'G5g\Ù h;n] cfly{s lqmofsnfkaf6 lghL kmfObf lnG5g\ . To;sf/0f o;df s'g} klg lsl;dsf]
lghL Joj;fo, sDkgL, ;xsf/L, JolQmut ls;fg, dhb'/, Jofkf/L jf >lds kb{5g\ .

$@(_ cfly{s lqmofsnfk pTkGg ug]{ w]/}h;f] Pl8P; lqmofsnfkx¿sf nflu ljQLo Joj:yf cGtu{t nfut
;fem]bf/L jf lghL ;/sf/L ;fem]bf/L kb{5g\ . ;du|df Pl8P;n] lghL If]qaf6 $^)) ldlnog
-?= %& ljlnog_ ;xeflutfsf] ck]Iff /fv]sf] 5Ù h'g !) jif{sf] s'n nfutsf] !! k|ltzt x'g cfpF5
-tflnsf #%_ . lghL If]qaf6 ;aeGbf w]/} ;xeflutf a9\bf] pTkfbsTj / Joj;foLs/0fsf nflu cfjZos
lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUgtf g} :ki6 ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . To;} u/L zf;g lqmofsnfkx¿ k"0f{ ¿kdf ;/sf/L
nufgLdf 5g\ . k|lt:kwf{ a9fpg] w]/} lqmofsnfkx¿ h:t} jfl0fHo / s[lif vfB klg ;/sf/sf] lhDd]jf/L
leq kb{5g\ . k|lt:kwf{ clej[l4 ug]{ w]/} ultljlwx¿ h:t} Jofkf/ / s[lif vfB ;'/Iff / u'0f:t/ ljlgodg
klg ;/sf/L lhDd]jf/L xf] .

tflnsf #%M ;/sf/L / lghL If]qaf6 nufgL

Pl8P; nufgL cd]l/sL 8n/ ldlnog k|ltzt
pknlAw ;/sf/, bftf lghL, ;d'bfo hDdf
! ;'zf;g $## )=( $#$ *
@ pTkfbsTj !*@# !$) !(^@ #&
# Joj;foLs/0f ^!# #&* ((@ !(
$ k|lt:kwf{ ### *) $!# *
% cGo sfo{qmd !$*@ – !$*@ @*=!
hDdf $^*# ^)) %@*@ !))
k|ltzt *( !! !))

^=% s[lifsf nflu Pl8P; nfut / ;/sf/L ah]6

$#)_ xfn}sf jif{x¿df s[lif If]qdf ah]6 vr{ ljlgof]hgdf s]xL j[l4 ePsf] 5 . Pl8P; sf] k|:tfljt nfut;Fu
t'ngf ug{ cf=j= @)!#–!$ sf] ah]6nfO{ ;Í]t ul/Psf] 5 . cy{ dGqfnon] ah]6 /sd ljleGg kmf/fddf
k|:t't ub{5M cfly{s lqmofsnfk–;Da4 lgsfo afF8kmfF8 -tflnsf #^_ cg';f/, sfo{ut ;d"x cg';f/ /
c¿ kmf/fddf -h:t} ul/aL, n}l¨s ;dfgtf cflbnfO{ nlIft u/]/_ . To;}n] Pl8P; sf nfut;Fu s]xL
cjnf]sg / t'ngf ug{ xfdL of] ah]6 k|of]u ub{5f}F .

172
tflnsf #^M ;Da4 lgsfosf] cfly{s s[ofsnfk cg';f/ @)!^–!& sf] ;fª\s]lts s[lif ah]6
lgof]lht vr{ ? ,))) lgof]lht vr{ cd]l/sL 8n/
jh]6 lzif{s
rfn' k"Flhut hDdf rfn' k"Flhut hDdf
s[ljd @#,^!%,%&) #,*@@,^(! @&,$#*,@^! @@$,^$(,**@ #^,@^$,$$$ @^!,)!$,#@^
je";+d *,^#$,$(& %,!#&,^(( !#,&&@,!(^ *@,!#*,!@( $*,*&#,*#% !#!,)!!,(^$
l;+d !,$$@,*@* @#,)!(,@&& @$,$^@,!)% !#,&@%,#!% @!*,(&&,$&$ @#@,&)@,&*(
kz'k+5L
ljsf; ^,%@(,%!% !,(#^,)$^ *,$^%,%^! ^@,!!#,**$ !*,$!&,!(# *),%#!,)&&
dGqfno
e";'Jod #,@)),*!( !,)%^,*^@ $,@%&,^*! #),$$*,&)( !),)%#,&)# $),%)@,$!!
hDdf $#,$@#,@@( #$,(&@,%&% &*,#(%,*)$ $!#,)&%,(!* ##@,^*^,^$( &$%,&^@,%^&
;|f]tM /]8 a's @)!^÷!&, cy{ dGqfno .

$#!_ ;du| ;/sf/L ah]6df Pl8P; sf] clnslt k|efj x'g] 5 . s[lifsf nflu cf=j= @)!^÷!& sf] ah]6 sl/a
&* ca{ ?k}Fof -&$^ ldlnog cd]/LsL 8n/_ k|lt jif{ h;dWo] k'FhLut ?= #% ca{ / rfn' ?= $# ca{ x'g]
ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . hDdf s'n ah]6 vr{sf] sl/a * k|ltzt x'G5 .

$#@_ jt{dfg ;~rfng / sfo{qmd ;lxt Pl8P;af6 ;/sf/sf] cf}ift @)!) sf] d'Nodf ? $$=% ca{ k|lt jif{
nfut x'g] 5Ù t/ ;a} nfut jt{dfg rfn' / k'h
F Lut ah]6df yk dfGg ;lsGg . jflif{s nfut ?= !* ca{
$ !** Pl8P; ;fy} c=j= @)!#÷!$ sf] ah]6 ;lxtsf nflu xf] . To;}n] cltl/Qm jflif{s Pl8P;
nfut ?= @^=% ca{ x'g] 5 . Pl8P; ?= $$=% ca{, h;dWo] ?= !* ca{ klxn] g} ;dfj]z ul/Psf] -@!$
ldlnog_ . o;sf] cy{ Pl8P; sfo{qmd ;lxt s[lifsf] jflif{s ah]6 -;/sf/ / bftfx¿af6 nufgL_ sl/a
?= ^^ ca{ -^(% ldlnog_, s'n ah]6df s[lifsf] z]o/ j[l4 !)Ü af6 ;fob !^Ü ;Dd x'g] 5 . jflif{s
ah]6df j[l4 ljsf; ;xsdL{x¿sf] ;xof]uaf6 Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 / of] cf=j= @)!#÷!$ sf] ah]6sf]
t'ngfdf ^% k|ltzt j[l4 b]lvG5 .

$##_ cGt/f{li6«o :t/df vfB d"No ;ª\s6sf a]nfb]lv ;/sf/n] s[lifdf vr{ a9fPsf] 5 -lrq !^_ / of] @)!)
;Dd dfq b]lvG5 / To;kl5 km]l/ 36bf] ¿kdf 5 .

173
 5
4.5
4
3.5
Africa
3
Asia
2.5
Europe
2
America
1.5
1
0.5
0

lrq !^M cGt/f{li6«o :t/df s[lifdf k|ltzt ah]6 vr{sf] qmd

$#$_ Pl8P; df rfn' vr{eGbf w]/}h;f] k'FhLut 5 . rfn' / k'FhLut ;/sf/L ah]6 /sd lgsfox¿lkR5] leGg
5, t/ ;du|df w]/}h;f] vr{ rfn' sfo{x¿sf nflu xf] . l;FrfO dGqfnosf] vr{ d'Vo ¿kn] lgdf{0f /
l;FrfO k"jf{wf/sf] dd{tsf nflu k'h
F Lut xf] eg] s[lif dGqfnosf] vr{ d'Vo ¿kn] rfn' s[lif ;fdu|L
-ljz]iftM dn cg'bfg_ / ;]jfx¿sf nflu xf] . k'FhLut vr{nfO{ ;fdfGotof cfly{s j[l4sf] ;+jfxssf
¿kdf lrlgG5 . Pl8P;n] k'FhLut / ljsf; vr{sf nflu xfnsf] ah]6 ;+/rgfdf k"/stf k|bfg ug]{ 5 .

$#%_ s[lifdf ah]6 Psfu|tf a[l4 ug]{ ts{ / If]q -Scope_ 5 . @))% df s[lifn] g]kfnsf] s'n ufx{:Yo
pTkfbgdf #^∞ of]ubfg lbG5 / *% ah]6 s[lifdf ljlgof]hg u5{ . s[lif ah]6nfO{ s[lif s'n ufx{:Yo
pTkfbgn] efu u/]/ ah]6sf] s[lif tkm{sf] em'sfj s:tf] 5 eGg] dfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . s[lifdf a9L lge{/ wgL
d'n'ssf] of] cg'kft ! sf] glhs x'g ;S5 . ef/tsf] a9L ljljw cy{Joj:yf 5 t/ @))% df ah]6
em'sfj g]kfnsf] )=@# / @)!# df )=$@ sf] t'ngfdf ef/tdf @))% df )=@& / @)!# df )=$@ 5 .
Pl;ofsf] !! d'n'ssf] cWoogdf s[lif tkm{sf] jh]6 em'sfj !=%, g]kfnsf] eGbf w]/} a9L lyof] . Pl;ofnL
d'n'sdf vf; jh]6 vr{ ;g !(*) / @))@ sf] aLrdf $=$ k|ltzt lyof], s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf s[lifsf]
of]ubfg 36\g] qmdeGbf ;/sf/L vr{df s[lifsf] z]o/ 36\g] qmd w]/} /lxcfPsf] 5 .

tflnsf #&M s[lifdf ah]6 em'sfjsf] cGt/f{li6«o t'ngf

@))% @)!#
s[lifsf] ufx{:Yo s[lif ah]6 ah]6sf] s[lifdf s[lifsf] ufx{:Yo s[lif ah]6sf]
pTkfbg em'sfj pTkfbg ah]6 s[lifdf em'sfj
g]kfn #^=#%∞ *=@#∞ )=@# #%=)$∞ !$=*!∞ )=$@
Eff/t !*=*!∞ $=(*∞ )=@& !*=^#∞ ^=))∞ )=@#
rLg !!=&#∞ &=@@∞ )=^@ (=$!∞ (=%)∞ !=)!
Pl;ofsf] !! ^=))∞ (=))∞ !=%) !)=@#∞ (=!&∞ )=()
b]zx¿

174
Pl;ofsf] !! b]zx¿df aª\unfb]z, rLg, ef/t, OG8f]g]l;of, sf]l/of, dn]l;of, Dofgdf/, g]kfn, lkmlnlkG;, >Lnª\sf / yfONofG8
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
Sources: FAO STAT (2016), World Bank WDI (2016), China Statistical Year Book, http://www.stats.gov.cn/ (2006
& 2014), Asia Development Bank (2015) & Center for Economic and Social Development,
https://myanmarcesd.org/ (2016)

$#^_ :ki6 ¿kdf Pl8P;n] ljleGg lgsfodf vr{ ljlgof]hg ug{'kg]{ x'G5 / jflif{s ah]6eGbf nfdf] cjlwsf]
k|lta4tf cfjZos k5{ . t;y{ Pl8P; 6«:6 sf]if h:tf] nufgL ;+oGq ckgfpg] 5Ù h;sf] ljBdfg
pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ -h:t} g]kfn zflGt 6«:6 sf]if, ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if_. Pl8P;n] cy{ dGqfnosf] ;'wf/
cjnDag ug]{ 5, h; cg';f/ :jLs[t ax'jifL{o Joj;fo of]hgfsf] cfwf/df ah]6 ljlgof]hg ul/G5 . oL
pkfox¿n] ah]6df cg'bfg / C0f nufgL j[l4df ;xhtf Nofpg] 5Ù h'g clxn] sl/a @$ k|ltzt /x]sf]
5.

$#&_ g]kfnsf nflu csf]{ ;d:of eg]sf] s] ;/sf/df -/ lghL, ;xsf/L / ls;fg ;fem]bf/_ s[lifdf a9\bf] vr{
u|x0f ug]{ Ifdtf 5 t < k|efjsf/L zf;g o; d'2fsf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf] / Pl8P;n] cjzf]if0f Ifdtf
a9fpg Pl8P; l8hfOgdf zf;g nufot of]hgf th{'df / sfof{Gjogdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf /
;xdltsf] nflu ;'b[9 ;+oGqnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] 5 . hgj/L @)!# / km]j'|j/L @)!% df cy{ dGqfnon]
cfof]hgf u/]sf] kf]6{kmf]lnof] kkm{d]{G; l/Eo" df pmhf{ If]q h:tf] 7"nf cfof]hgf x'g] If]qdf cjzf]if0f Ifdtf
a9fpg kg]{ cjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] lyof] . s[lif ljsf; a}+sn] nufgL u/]sf] s[lif / l;FrfOdf 7]Ssf k§f
/ e'QmfgL cg'kft *#–() k|ltzt b]lvof] . 7"nf cfof]hgf ;~rfngdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xdltsf]
cefjsf ;fy} cf=j= @)!@/!# b]lv @)!$/!% df k"0f{ ah]6 sfof{Gjog ug{ ;/sf/L c;Ifdtfn] ljZj
a}+ssf] e'QmfgL cg'kftdf 7"nf] k|efj kf/]sf] lyof] .

175
tflnsf #*M k|:tfljt sfof{Gjog lgsfo / k|ltkmn cg';f/ Pl8P; sfo{ of]hgf nfut
Pl8P; sfo{ of]hgf sfof{Gjog pknlJw cg';f/ !) jif]{ nfut ;f/f+z
nfut ? !) nfv
pknlAw
k|ltkmn
d'Vo lgsfo ;/sf/, bftf lghL, ;d'bfo k|ltkmn hDdf pknlJw
hDdf
! ;'wfl/Psf] zf;g $!,!)) *& – $!,!*&

!=! gLltut k|ltj4tf / ls;fgsf] clwsf/sf] ljZj;gLotf s[ljd ##! !! #$@ –

!=@ Pl8P; sfof{Gjogdf /fd|f] ;dGjo /fof]cf, s[ljd &^! – &^! –
!=# PsLs[t of]hgf th{'df /fof]cf, s[ljd !)% – !)% –
!=$ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;xof]u /fof]cf, s[ljd ^^( – ^^( –
!=% n}l¨s ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs / ef}uf]lns ;dfj]zLsf nflu :yflkt s[ljd, ;xsf/L tyf @,)$# – @,)$# –
;+oGqx¿ ul/jL lgjf/0f
dGqfno
!=^ ;Da4 / k|efjsf/L cg'udg ty d"NofÍg s[ljd !,^@) &^ !,^(^ –
!=& gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xeflutfsf nflu :yflkt ;+oGqx¿ /fof]cf, s[ljd !,^^# – !,^^# –
!=* Pl8P; ;dGjo / sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg k|d'v lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf lj:tf/ /fof]cf, s[ljd @,$$^ – @,$$^ –
!=( clt ljkGg ;d"xsf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff / vfB clwsf/ s[ljd, vfkf];'sf #),^%& – #),^%& –
!=!) sfd ug]{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ;lxtsf] sfddf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL :yfkgf s[ljd *)* – *)* –
@ pRr pTkfbsTj !&#,)&# !#,@*# – !*^,#%^

@=! s[ifs tyf s[lif pBdsf] cfjZostfg';f/sf] ljs]lG›t k|;f/ k|0ffnL s[lj, k;]lj, $^,#!# !,(@$ $*,@#& –
ljk|lzsf, ;fs[k|;]s]
@=@ s[ifs tyf s[lif pBdsf] cjZostfg';f/sf] ljs]lG›t cg';Gwfg k|0ffnL s[lj, k;]lj, (,&$( – (,&$( –
ljk|lzsf, ;fs[k|;]s]
@=# alnof] s[lif lzIff k|0ffnL lzd, ljk|lzsf $,&&( !!( $,*(& –
@=$ hldgsf] k|efjsf/L / lbuf]] k|of]u x'g] kof{Kt cfsf/sf] kmfd{ ePsf] v]tL If]q e";'Jod #,)() – #,)() –
@=% ;dfg / Jofjxfl/s ¿kn] lj:tfl/t / ;'wfl/Psf] l;FrfO bIftf / Joj:yfkg Lzd %&,%!* *,)%! ^%,%^( –
176
Pl8P; sfo{ of]hgf sfof{Gjog pknlJw cg';f/ !) jif]{ nfut ;f/f+z
pknlAw nfut ? !) nfv
k|ltkmn
d'Vo lgsfo ;/sf/, bftf lghL, ;d'bfo k|ltkmn hDdf pknlJw
hDdf
@=^ ;x'lnot b/df / ;dodf u'0f:t/Lo s[lif ;fdu|Lsf] kx'Fr s[ljd %& – %& –
@=& ;|f]tdf kof{Kt nufgL tyf Ifdtf lgdf{0f u/L aLp ljhg b[li6 -Seed Vision_ s[ljd *!% $!! !@@^ –
@)@% ;lxt ljBdfg aLpljhg gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
@=* 5f]6f] cjlwsf nflu :jLsfo{ dnvfb cfk"lt{sf] Jofjxfl/s ;dfwfgn] dWod / s[ljd, cd $!,##& @,!(& $#,%#$ –
nfdf] cjlwsf nflu Ps /0fgLlt ;ª\s]t u5{, / o;n] pTkfbsTj j[l4sf]
p2]Zo lnPsf] 5
@=( g]kfnL v]tL k|0ffnLsf] nflu pko'Qm ljeGg hftsf pGgt kz'x¿ s[ifssf s[ljd $(^ @(& &(# –
nflu pknAw 5g\
@=!) lghL If]q dfkm{t\ s[ifssf] kx'Frdf ljleGg ofGqLs/0fsf ljsNkx¿ s[ljd, jfcfd !,!@) !^^ !,@*^ –
@=!! s[ifsx¿nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g, k|sf]k, d"No ptf/ r9fj / cGo cf3ftdf s[ljd, jfd #,$@) – #,$@) –
plrt nrstf
@=!@ lbuf]] v]tL, c;n s[lif Jojxf/, c;n kz' lrlsT;f / kz' kfng Jojxf/ s[ljd, pd $)$ !!( %@# –
:yfkgf / cg';/0f
@=!# k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg / hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/df ;du| / ;d'bfo cfwfl/t e" je";+d #,(&^ – #,(&^ –
kl/b[Zo b[i6sf]0faf6 lgjf{xd'vL pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t jgnfO{ k|lt:kwL{, s[lif
d}qL / ;dfj]zL jg Joj:yfkg sfo{sf] ljsf; ul/g] 5 .
# gfkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0f %*,@$* #%,(%# – ($,@)!

#=! s[lif Joj;foLs/0fsf] nflu pGgt nufgL jftfj/0f s[ljd, cd !$& #^ !*@ –
#=@ Jofj;flos s[lifsf] nflu s/f/ Joj:yf s[ljd, jfcfd &^^ – &^^ –
#=# k|efjsf/L Jofj;flos s[lif If]qnfO{ ;xof]uL s/ gLlt cd, s[ljd ^ – ^ –
#=$ ljljw lsl;dsf k|lt:kwL{ / dfudf cfwfl/t ljQLo / s[lif ladf Joj:yf g]/fa}, ladf af]8{, @!@ *^ @(* –
s[ljd
#=% k|lt:kwL{ s[lif d"No z[ª\vnf h;n] ;fgf ls;fg / s[lif Joj;fodf d"No d"z[ljsf, dz[[ljs $$,&(# @&,(#% &@,&@& –
clej[l4 / d'gfkmf a9fpF5 .
177
Pl8P; sfo{ of]hgf sfof{Gjog pknlJw cg';f/ !) jif]{ nfut ;f/f+z
pknlAw nfut ? !) nfv
k|ltkmn
d'Vo lgsfo ;/sf/, bftf lghL, ;d'bfo k|ltkmn hDdf pknlJw
hDdf
#=^ u|fdL0f ;8s ;~hfn lj:tf/ 8f]ln8f/, s[ljd ^,#&( ^,@#$ !@,^!# –
#=& ahf/ 1fgsf nflu s[lif ahf/ ;"rgf / ;"rgf k|ljlw ;fdfu|L s[ljd @#* @#* $&% –
#=* lj:tfl/t u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f / gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ Pmd %,&!) !,$@% &,!#% –
$ a9\bf] k|lt:kwf{ #!,^$) &,^#^ – #(,@&^

$=! ljsl;t ahf/ k"jf{wf/ s[ljd, :yfljd #,(^$ #,%(* &,%^@ –

$=@ gjLgtd ;fgf / demf}nf s[lif Joj;fo pBd ljsf; gs[psf !%,$$& $,)#* !(,$*% –
$=# vfB tyf s[lif pkh lgof{t j[l4 s[ljd, jfcfd %)@ – %)@ –
$=$ vfB u'0f:t/ / ;'/Iffdf j[l4 s[ljd, :jfhd !!,&@* – !!,&@* –
% cGo sfo{qmdx¿ s[ljd !$),*!$ – !$),*!$ !$),*!$
hDdf $$$,*&% %^,(%( – %)!,*#%

178
^=^ nfut ;"rL

$#*_ Pl8P; sf] k|ltkmn / lqmofsnfkx¿sf] nfut b'O{ pk–cjlwdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5M klxnf] kfFr jif{
/ bf];|f] kfFr jif{ -tflnsf #(_ . Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf nflu bf];|f] kfFr jif{df -$$=&Ü_ eGbf klxnf]
kfFr jif{df -%%=#Ü_ cln a9L vr{ x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . k|To]s lqmofsnfksf] nfut ;"rL kl/lzi6 $ df
lj:t[t ¿kdf lbOPsf] 5 / lqmofsnfk k|ltkmn cg';f/sf] ;f/f+z tflnsf $) df lbOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf #(M pknlAw cg';f/ kfFr jif{ cjlwsf] nfut -?= bz nfvdf_
pknlAw klxnf] % jif{ @)!%–@)@) bf];|f] % jif{ @)@)–@)@% hDdf

zf;g @@,*!^ !*,#&@ $!,!*&

pTkfbsTj !)(,$^^ &^,*(! !*^,#%^
Joj;foLs/0f $&,$$( $^,&%@ ($,@)!
k|lt:kwf{ @@,&^( !^,%)^ #(,@&^
cGo sfo{qmd &$,((! ^%,*@# !$),*!$
HDdf @&&,$(! @@$,#$$ %)!,*#%
k|ltzt %#=# $$=&

$#(_ klxnf] kfFr jif{df ljz]if u/]/ tnsf sfo{qmdx¿df a9L vr{ 5 .
 ;'zf;gM sfg'g , ljlgod, :t/, ls;fg clwsf/ ;'b[9Ls/0f, / vfB ;'/Iff ;'wf/df ;xof]u .
 pTkfbsTjM ;]jf k|bfossf] Ifdtf lgdf{0f ;lxt ;'ljwf / l;FrfO .
 rfn' cGo sfo{qmdM ;DkGg x'g uO/x]sf, Pl8P; d'Vo / k|d'v sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ul/Psf
cyjf r/0fa4 ¿kdf x6fOPsf -lrq !&_ .
klxnf] kfFr jif{
-?= bz nfv_
zf;g @@*!^
cGo sfo{qmd *Ü
&$((!
@&Ü

pTkfbsTj
k|lt:kwf{ !)($^^
@@&^( $)Ü
*Ü

Joj;foLs/0f
$&$$(
!&Ü

179
 bf];|f] kfFr jif{
-?= bz nfvdf_

;'zf;g !*,#&@ *Ü
cGo sfo{qmd
^%,*@# @(Ü

pTkfbsTj &^,*(!
#$Ü

k|lt:kwL{ !^,%)^
*Ü

Joj;foLs/0f
$^&%@ @!Ü

lrq !&M kfFr jif{ cjlwsf] nfutf+z

tflnsf $)M k|ltkmn cg';f/ kfFr jif{sf] nfut -?= bz nfvdf_

nfut ?= bz nfvdf
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

klxnf] kfFr jif{ bf];|f] kfFr jif{

hDdf
@)!%–@)@) @)@)–@)@%
! ;'wfl/Psf] zf;g @@,*!^ !*,#&@ $!,!*&
gltut k|ltj4tf / ls;fgsf]
!=! #$@ – #$@
clwsf/sf] ljZj;lgotf
!=@ Pl8P; sof{Gjgdf ;dGjo ;'wf/ $)% #%^ &^!
!=# PsLs[t of]hgf th{'df %@ %@ !)$
!=$ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;xof]u !^& ^^(
%)@
n}l¨s ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs /
!=% ef}uf]lns ;dfj]zLsf] nflu ;+oGq !,)@^ !,)!& @˜)$#
:yfkgf
;fdlos / k|efjsf/L cg'udg /
!=^ !,#($ #)@ !,^(^
d"Nofª\sg
gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xeflutfsf
!=& *#! *#! !^^#
nflu ;+oGq :yfkgf
Pl8P; ;dGjo / sfof{Gjogdf
!=* ;+nUg k|d'v ;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf !,&#$ &!# @,$$^
lj:tf/
clt ljkGg ;d"xsf] vfB kf]if0f
!=( !%,&@# !$,(#$ #),^%&
;'/Iff / vfB clwsf/df ;'wf/
sfo{ ;DkfbsnfO{ Ogfd ;lxt
!=!)
sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t *)* – *)*
180
pknlJw nfut ?= bz nfvdf
k|ltkmn klxnf] kfFr jif{ bf];|f] kfFr jif{
hDdf
@)!%–@)@) @)@)–@)@%
Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL :yfkgf
@ pRr pTkfbsTj !)(,$^^ &^,*(! !*^,#%^
ls;fg / s[lif Joj;fosf]
@=! cfjZostf cg'¿ksf] ljs]lG›t @^,^@% @!,^!# $*,@#&
k|;f/ k|0ffnL
ls;fg / s[lif Joj;fosf]
@=@ cfjZostf cg'¿ksf] ljs]lG›t (,&$( – (,&$(
cg';Gwfg k|0ffnL
@=# ;'b[9 s[lif lzIff k|0ffnL #,$)! !,$(^ $,*(&
hldgsf] k|efjsf/L k|of]u /
@=$ lbuf]]kgf lbg] kof{Kt cfsf/sf !,&)^ !,##) #,)()
kmfd{x¿ ePsf] v]tL If]q
l;FrfO If]qsf] ;dfgtf / hLjGt
@=% lj:tf/, / ;'wfl/Psf] l;FrfO #^,))) @(,%^( %^,%^(
k|efjsfl/tf / Joj:yfkg
plrt d"No / u'0f:t/o'Qm s[lif
@=^ – %&
;fdfu|Lsf] ;dod} kx'Fr %&
;|f]t tyf Ifdtf ljsf;df kof{Kt
nufgL u/L aLp ljhg /0fgLlt
@=& @)@% nufot ljBdfg aLp !,@@^ !,@@^
–
ljhg gLltsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog
5f]6f] cjlwsf] nflu dfGo dnvfb
cfk"lt{sf] Jofjxfl/s ;dfwfgn]
@=* dWod / bL3{sfnLg cjlwsf] @#=&)# !(,*#! $#,%#$
/0fgLlt :ki6 ;ª\s]t u5{ /
pTkfbsTj a9fpg] p2]Zo /fVb5 .
s[ifsx¿nfO{ g]kfnsf] v]tL
k|0ffnLsf nflu pko'Qm ljleGg
@=( &(# &(#
lsl;dsf pGgt gZnsf kz'x¿ –
pknAw x'g]
lghL If]qaf6 ls;fgnfO{ pknAw
@=!
x'g] ofGqLs/0fsf ljeGg !,@*^ – !,@*^
)
ljsNkx¿
hnjfo' kl/jt{g, k|sf]k, d"Nodf
@=!! ptf/r9fj / cGo cf3ftdf a9\bf] @,%!* ()# #,$@)
nrstf
lbuf]] v]tL, /fd|f] s[lif cEof;, /fd|f]
@=!@ kz' lrlsT;f kz'kfng cEof; @%* %$ %@#
:yfkgf / cg';/0f
k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg /
@=!# hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf nflu ;du| @,)^$ !,(!@ #,(&^
/ ;d'bfo cfwfl/t e";+/rgf
181
pknlJw nfut ?= bz nfvdf
k|ltkmn klxnf] kfFr jif{ bf];|f] kfFr jif{
hDdf
@)!%–@)@) @)@)–@)@%
b[li6sf]0faf6 lgjf{xd'vL pTkfbgdf
cwfl/t jg ljsf;nfO{ k|lt:kwL{,
s[lif d}qL / ;jfj]zL jg
Joj:yfkg cEof;df ljsf;
# gfkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0f $&,$$( $^,&%@ ($,@)!
s[lif Joj;foLs/0fsf nflu nufgL
#=! !*@
jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/ !*@ –
Jofj;flos v]tLsf nflu s/f/
#=@ #*^ #*) &^^
Joj:yf
k|efjsf/L Jofj;flos v]tLdf 6]jf
#=#
lbg] s/ gLlt ^ – ^
ljleGg lsl;dsf k|lt:kwL{ /
#=$ dfudf cwfl/t ljQLo / s[lif @(* – @(
ladf ;]jfx¿
d"No hf]8 clej[l4 / ;fgf ls;fg
#=% tyf s[lif pBdx¿nfO{ kmfObf x'g] #^,#() #^,##* &@,&@*
k|lt:kwL{ s[lif d"No z[ª\vnf
#=^ u|fdL0f ;8s ;~hfn lj:tf/ ^,#&( ^,@#$ !@,^!#
ahf/ ;"rgfsf nflu s[lif ahf/
#=& @#* @#* $&%
;"rgf / ;"k|; pTkfbgx¿
lj:tfl/t u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f /
#=* #,%&@ #,%^# &,!#%
k'gg{jLs/0fLo zlQmx¿
$ k|lt:kwf{ ljsf; @@,&^( !^,%)^ #(,@&%
$=! ahf/ k"jf{wf/ ljsf; #,(@* #,^#$ &,%^@
gjLgtd ;fgf tyf demf}nf s[lif
$,@ (,&$& (,&#* !(,$*%
Joj;fo pBd j[l4
vfB tyf s[lif pTkfbg lgof{t
$=# @^$ @#* %)@
j[l4
$=$ kl/:s[t vfB u'0f:t/ / ;'/Iff *,*#) @,*(* !!,&@*
% cGo sfo{qmd &$,((! *%,*@# !$),*!$
hDdf @&&,$(! @@$,#$$ %)!,*#%

^=& Pl8P; sf] rfn' / kF'hLut nfut

$$)_ Pl8P; sf] nfut $&Ü rfn' / %#Ü k'h F Lut vr{ cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 -tflnsf $!_ . rfn' vr{sf
d'Vo lsl;dx¿df dfgj ;|f]t, dnvfb cg'bfg, lgodg ;'wf/, ls;fg tyf ;]jf k|bfossf] Ifdtf
lj:tf/, / cg';Gwfg tyf k|;f/ kb{5g\ . k'FhLut vr{sf d'Vo lsl;dx¿df k'jf{wf/sf] nflu vr{
-l;FrfO, ;8s, ;'ljwf lgdf{0f / ;'wf/_, d]l;g cf}hf/x¿ / sf]if k'h
F L :yfkgf kb{5g\ -h:t} /fli6«o s[lif
cg';Gwfg sf]if, gjLgtd k|ljlw sf]if_ . lj:t[t ljj/0f tflnsf $@ df lbOPsf] 5 . rfn' vr{

182
pTkfbsTjdf a9L 5 -d'Vo rfn' vr{ dnvfbdf cg'bfg / Ifdtf ljsf;_ eg] k'FhLut vr{ zf;g,
Joj;foLs/0f / k|lt:kwf{df a9L 5 -lrq !*_ .

tflnsf $!M rfn' / k'FhLut nfut ;f/f+z

nfut ;f/f+z ?= bz nfvdf
rfn' k"FhLut hDdf
;'zf;g !&,@#&=* @#,($(=% $!,!*&=#
pTkfbsTj !)!,($^=$ *$,$)(=( !*^,#%^=#
Joj;foLs/0f #@,*#!=# ^!,#&)=) ($,@)!=#
k|lt:kwf{ !#,($%=^ @%,##)=) #(,@&%=^
cGo sfo{qmd ^(,#$^=% &!,$^&=* !$),*!$=#
hDdf @#%,#)&=% @^^,%@&=@ %)!,*#$=&
k|ltzt $& %#

lsl;d cg';f/ nfut -?= bz nfvdf_

!@),)))
!)),)))
*),)))
^),)))
$),))) Rffn'
@),))) k'FhLut
0

lrq !*M rfn' / k"Flhut nfut ;f/f+z

183
tflnsf $@M k|ltkmn cg';f/ rfn' / k'FhLut vr{
nfut ?= bz nfvdf
k|ltkmn

!) jif]{ nfut ;f/f+z d'Vo k'FhLut

rfn' k'FhLut hDdf d'Vo rfn' vr{x¿
vr{x¿
;'wfl/Psf] zf;g !&,@#* @#,(%) $!,!*&
gLltut k|lta4tf / ls;fgsf] clwsf/sf]
!=! #$@ – #$@ hfu/0f,
;dLIff
k|rf/, sfg'g,
ljZj;gLotf
!=@ Pl8P; sof{Gjgdf ;dGjo ;'wf/ &^! – &^! s]lhNnf
G›Lo, If]qLo /
sfof{Gjog
!=# PsLs[t of]hgf th{'df !)% – !)$
!=$ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;xof]u ^^( – ^^( k|fljlws ;xof]u
n}lª\us ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs / ef}uf]lns
!=% @,)$# – @,)$# lhNnf h];L sd{rf/L
/ tflnd
;dfj]zLsf] nflu ;+oGq :yfkgf
!=^ ;fdlos / k|efjsf/L cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg !,^(^ – !,^(^ s[lif u0fgf
!=& gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xeflutfsf] nflu ;+oGq :yfkgf !,^^# – !,^^# lhNnf ;"rgf s]G›x¿
Pl8P; ;dGjo / sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg k|d'v
!=* @,@)( @#* @,$$^ Ifdtf ljsf; ;'ljwf lgdf{0f / pks/0f
;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf lj:tf/
u|fdL0f :t/df ;'ljwf /
k|bz{g, ;fdfu|L, vfB pks/0f h:t} ;fgf
clt ljkGg ;d"xsf] vfB kf]if0f ;'/Iff / vfB
!=( ^,($% @#,&!@ #),^%& ljt/0f, cg'udg,
;'/Iff ;~hfn
l;FrfO, uf]bfd 3/,
;ª\sng s]G›, ahf/
clwsf/df ;'wf/
lqmofsnfkx¿ ;'ljwfx¿, To:t} ;fgf
k|zf]wg pks/0fx¿
sfo{ ;DkfbsnfO{ Ogfd ;lxt sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf
!=!) *)* – *)* gd'gf cfof]hgf
cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL :yfkgf
pRr pTkfbsTj !)!,($^ *$,$)! !*^,#%^
ls;fg / s[lif Joj;fosf] cfjZostf cg'¿ksf] s[lif / kz' ;]jfs]G›,
@=! #(,^$) *,%(* $*,@#& Ifdtf ljsf;, k|bz{g,
;fdu|L, tna ;xof]u
pks]G›, ;fs[k|;]s] df
ljs]lG›t k|;f/ k|0ffnL ;'ljwf / pks/0fx¿,
184
 k|ltkmn nfut ?= bz nfvdf
!) jif]{ nfut ;f/f+z d'Vo k'FhLut
rfn' k'FhLut hDdf d'Vo rfn' vr{x¿
vr{x¿
k|bz{gsf nflu
pks/0fx¿
ls;fg / s[lif Joj;fosf] cfjZostf cg'¿ksf] lgdf{0f pks/0f
@=@ !! (,&#* (,&$( cg';Gwfg sf]if
ljs]lG›t cg';Gwfg k|0ffnL
@=# ;'b[9 s[lif lzIff k|0ffnL @,((& !,()) $,*(& z};~rf/
lIfs ;fdu|L, ;"rgf
k|ljlw
;'ljwf lgdf{0f / pks/0f
hldgsf] k|efjsf/L k|of]u / lbuf]]kgf lbg] kof{Kt
@=$ ^@) @,$&) #,)() Sfg'g / k|zf;g hUuf ;'wf/, pks/0f
csf/sf kmfd{x¿ ePsf] v]tL If]q
l;FrfO If]qsf] ;dfgtf / hLjGt lj:tf/, /
@=% !@,!*( %#,#*! ^%,%^( Ifdtf ljsf;, k|bz{g,
k|zf;sLo ;xof]u
;'ljwf lgdf{0f / pks/0f
;'wfl/Psf] l;FrfO k|efjsfl/tf / Joj:yfkg
plrt d"No / u'0f:t/o'Qm s[lif ;fdfu|Lsf] ;dod}
@=^ %& - %& gLlt / ef}r/ :sLd
lgodfjnL
kx'Fr
;|f]t tyf Ifdtf ljsf;df kof{Kt nufgL u/L
@=& jLpljhgsf] /fli6«o b[li6sf]0f @)@% nufot %(^ ^@( !,@@^ Ifdtf ljsf;,
lgodg, cg';Gwfg
;'ljwf lgdf{0f / pks/0f
ljBdfg aLp ljhg gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
5f]6f] cjlwsf] nflu dfGo dnvfb cfk"lt{sf]
Jofjxfl/s ;dfwfgn] dWod / bL3{sflng cjlwsf] dnvfb cg'bfg,
lgdf0f , pks/0f, ;l~rt
@=* #(,(&! #,%^# $#,%#$ k|bz{g, tflnd, e08f/
/0fgLlt :ki6 ;ª\s]t u5{ / pTkfbsTj a9fpg] cg';Gwfg
p2]Zo /fVb5 .
s[ifsx¿nfO{ g]kfnsf] v]tL k|0ffnLsf] nflu pko'Qm
@=( ljleGg lsl;dsf pGgt gZnsf kz'x¿ pknJw @)) %($ &(# Ifdtf ljsf;,
lgodg, cg';Gwfg
;'ljwf lgdf{0f / pks/0f
x'g]
lghL If]qaf6 ls;fgnfO{ pknAw x'g]
@=!) *@# $^# !,@*^ s/ ;x'lnot, Ifdtf
ljsf;
kmfd{ oGqx¿
oflGqsLs/0fsf ljeGg ljsNkx¿

185
 k|ltkmn nfut ?= bz nfvdf
!) jif]{ nfut ;f/f+z d'Vo k'FhLut
rfn' k'FhLut hDdf d'Vo rfn' vr{x¿
vr{x¿
hnjfo' kl/jt{g, k|sf]k, d"Nodf ptf/r9fj / cGo
@=!! !,@#% @,!*% #,$@) cg' ;Gwfg, Ifdtf
ljsf;, ;fdu|L
lxt sf]if
cf3ftdf a9\bf] nrstf
lbuf]] v]tL, /fd|f] s[lif cEof;, /fd|f] kz' lrlsT;f k|sf]k sf]if, hu]8f :6s,
@=!@ %@# – %@# Ifdtf ljsf; pks/0f / lgdf{0f
kz'kfng cEof; :yfkgf / cg';/0f
k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg / hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf
nflu ;du| / ;d'bfo cfwfl/t e";+/rgf
@=!# b[li6sf]0faf6 lgjf{xd'vL pTkfbgdf cwfl/t jg #,)*% *(! #,(&^ Ifdtf ljsf;, e"ld ;+/If0f sfo{,
cg';Gwfg, dfn;fdfg pks/0f
ljsf;nfO{ k|lt:kwL{, s[lifd}qL / ;dfj]zL jg
Joj:yfkg cEof;df ljsf;
gfkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0f #@,*#! ^!,#&) ($,@)!
s[lif Joj;foLs/0fsf] nflu nufgL jftfj/0fdf
#=! !*@ – !*@ lgodg
;'wf/
#=@ Joj;flos v]tLsf] nflu s/f/ Joj:yf &^^ – &^^ ls;fgsf]
ljsf;
Ifdtf

#=# k|efjsf/L Jofj;flos v]tLdf 6]jf lbg] s/ gLlt ^ – ^

ljleGg lsl;dsf k|lt:kwL{ / dfudf cwfl/t
#=$ @(* – @(* C0f nufgL, Ifdtf
ljsf;
ljQLo / s[lif ladf ;]jfx¿
d"No hf]8 clej[l4 / ;fgf ls;fg tyf s[lif ;ª\sng s]G›, k|zf]wg
#=% pBdx¿nfO{ kmfObf x'g] k|lt:kwL{ s[lif d"No #!,!!& $!,^!) &@,&@& Ifdtf ljsf;, k|b
z{g, cg';Gwfg
;'ljwfx¿, ;fgf l;FrfO,
pks/0f cflb uflj;=,
z[ª\vnf lhNnf / If]qLo :t/df
#=^ u|fdL0f ;8s ;~hfn lj:tf/ &# !@,%$) !@,^!# ;8s lgdf{0f
ahf/ ;"rgfsf] nflu s[lif ahf/ ;"rgf / ;"rgf
#=& #*) (% $&% ;"rgf ;]jf ;'ljwf lgdf{0f / pks/0f
kljlw ;DjlGw pTkfbgx¿
#=* lj:tfl/t u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f / k'gg{jLs/0fLo !) &,!@% &,!#% pmhf{ k"jf{wf/
186
 k|ltkmn nfut ?= bz nfvdf
!) jif]{ nfut ;f/f+z d'Vo k'FhLut
rfn' k'FhLut hDdf d'Vo rfn' vr{x¿
vr{x¿
pmhf{x¿
k|lt:kwf{ ljsf; !#,($^ @%,##) #(,@&^
$=! ahf/ k"jf{wf/ ljsf; $#& &,!@% &,%^@ of] hgf, lgodg,
tflnd
ahf/ k"jf{wf/
o'jf, dlxnf, / ljkGg, Joj;fo k|j4{s tyf
gjLgtd ;fgf tyf demf}nf s[lif Joj;fo pBd h:t} Ifdtfljsf;, ;fgL;f sf nflu
$=@ *,#&) !!,!!% !(,$*% Joj;fo ljsf; ;'ljwfx¿sf] lgdf{0f /
j[l4
;xof]u pks/0f
lgodg, Ifdtf
;'ljwfx¿sf] lgdf{0f /
$=# vfB tyf s[lif pTkfbg lgof{t j[l4 #!@ !() %)@ ljsf;, cGt/f{li6«o
pks/0f
jftf{
lgodg, :t/,
k|of]uzfnf / ;Ldf h}ljs
k|df0fLs/0f / ls;fg,
;'/Iffsf] nflu
$=$ kl/is[t vfB u'0f:t/ / ;'/Iff $*@* ^()) !!,&@* s[lif Joj;fo /
;'ljwfx¿sf] lgdf{0f /
;]jfsf nflu Ifdtf
pks/0f
ljsf;
sd{rf/L vr{, k|bz{g, l;FrfO, e";+/If0f, ;'ljwf
cGo sfo{qmd ^(,#$& &!,$^* !$),*!$ cg';Gwfg / pks/0f

hDdf @#%,#)* @^^,%@& %)!,*#%

187
^=* pkIf]qfg';f/ nfut

$$!_ kIf]q -afnL, kz'kfng, df5f, jg, l;FrfO, cg';Gwfg, k"jf{wf/ / cGo_ cg';f/ ljlgof]lht Pl8P; sf] ;fª\s]lts cg'dfgn] vr{ sf] *$Ü afnL, l;FrfO, jg
lj1fg / kz'kfng pkIf]q ljsf;sf nflu x'g] 5 eGg] b]vfpF5 -lrq !(_ . k|To]s Pl8P; pknlAwsf] nflu pkIf]q cg';f/sf] s'n nfut tflnsf $# df /
lqmofsnfk k|ltkmn cg';f/ lj:t[t ljj/0f tflnsf $$ df lbOPsf] 5 . tyflk oL ljlgof]hgx¿ s]jn lgb]{zgsf] nflu dfq xf] eGg] a'‰g'k5{ . s]xL cfO6dx¿
h:t} vfB / kf]if0f ;'/Iff, k|;f/ / Ifdtf ljsf; / gjLgtd k|ljlw ax' pkIf]qdf kg]{ 5g\ / s]xL xb;Dd dfu / cfjZostf cg';f/ lgwf{/0f ul/g] 5g\ .

tflnsf $#M pkIf]q cg';f/ nfut

pkIf]q cg';f/ vr{ ;f/f+z -?= bz afnL kz' jg dT:o l;FrfO cg';Gwfg k"jf{wf/ cGo
nfvdf_
zf;g &,$!%=& &,$!%=& @,(^$=) !,$*@=) @,(^$=) @,(^$=) @,(^$=) !#,)!&=(
pTkfbsTj &!,@!#=( @^,!((=! ^,@!&=* !&!=) ^%,(!!=) !!,#*&=& #,)@!=) @,@#$=(
Jofj;foLs/0f ^#,^%)=) &,^))=) – – – – !(,&$&=& #,@)#=^
k|lt:kwf{ (,@!*=* !),^$#=* @,(@@=& (&$=@ – – !),!*&=) %,#@(=!
cGo sfo{qmd !,*%@=% %,$!%=) &#,!@$=# @*%=) %*,%@@=% – – !,^!%=)
hDdf !%#,#%)=( %&,@&#=^ *%,@@*=& @,(!@=@ !@&,#(&=% !$,#%!=& #%,(!(=& @%,$))=%

188
 pkIf]q cg';f/ nfut
cGo %Ü
k"jf{wf/ &Ü

cg';Gwfg afnL #!Ü

#Ü

l;FrfO @%Ü

kz' !!Ü
dT:o !Ü
jg !&Ü

lrq !(M pkIf]q cg';f/sf] nfut

189
tflnsf $$M lqmofsnfk k|ltkmn cg';f/ pkIf]q nfut
lqmofsnfk k|ltkmn cg';f/ pkIf]q nfut -nfut ?= bz nfvdf_
pknlAw
k|ltkmn
afnL kz' jg dT:o l;FrfO cg';Gwfg k"jf{wf/ cGo hDdf
hDdf
! ;'wfl/Psf] zf;g &,$!^ &,$!^ @,(^$ !,$*@ @,(^$ @,(^$ @,(^$ !#,)!* $!,!*&
gLltut k|lta4tf /
!=! ls;fgsf] clwsf/sf] – – – – – – – #$@
ljZj;gLotf
Pl8P; sof{Gjgdf ;dGjo
!=@ – – – – – – – &^!
;'wf/
!=# PsLs[t of]hgf th{'df – – – – – – – !)%
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog
!=$ – – – – – – – ^^(
;xof]u
n}l¨s ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs
!=% / ef}uf]lns ;dfj]zLsf] – – – – – – – @,)$#
nflu ;+oGq :yfkgf
;fdlos / k|efjsf/L
!=^ – – – – – – – !,^(^
cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg
gful/s ;dfhsf]
!=& ;xeflutfsf] nflu ;+oGq – – – – – – – !,^^#
:yfkgf
Pl8P; ;dGjo /
!=* sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg k|d'v – – – – – – – @,$$^
;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf lj:tf/
clt ljkGg ;d"xsf] vfB
!=( kf]if0f ;'/Iff / vfB &,$!^ &,$!^ @,(^$ !,$*@ @,(^$ @,(^$ @,(^$ @,$*&
clwsf/df ;'wf/
sfo{ ;DkfbsnfO{ Ogfd
!=!) – – – – – – – *)*
;lxt sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf
190
pknlAwlqmofsnfk k|ltkmn cg';f/ pkIf]q nfut -nfut ?= bz nfvdf_
k|ltkmn afnL kz' jg dT:o l;FrfO cg';Gwfg k"jf{wf/ cGo hDdf
hDdf
cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL
:yfkgf
@ pRr pTkfbsTj &!,@!$ @^,!(( ^,@!* !&! ^%,(!! !!,#** #,)@! @,@#% !*^,#%^
ls;fg / s[lif Joj;fosf]
@=! cfjZostf cg'¿ksf] @#,@)& @#,@)& – – – – !,*@$ –
ljs]lG›t k|;f/ k|0ffnL
ls;fg / s[lif Joj;fosf]
@=@ cfjZostf cg'¿ksf] – – – – – (,^(@ %& –
ljs]lG›t cg';Gwfg k|0ffnL
@=# ;'b[9 s[lif lzIff k|0ffnL *!& *!& #$@ !&! #$@ !,@^* !,!$) –
hldgsf] k|efjsf/L k|of]u /
lbuf]]kgf lbg] kof{Kt
@=$ – – !,()) – – – – !,!()
cfsf/sf kmfd{x¿ ePsf]
v]tL If]q
l;FrfO If]qsf] ;dfgtf /
hLjGt lj:tf/, / ;'wfl/Psf]
@=% – – – – ^%,%^( – – –
l;FrfO k|efjsfl/tf /
Joj:yfkg
plrt d"No / u'0f:t/o'Qm
@=^ @( @( – – – – – –
s[lif ;fdu|Lsf] ;dod} kx'Fr
;|f]t tyf Ifdtf ljsf;df
kof{Kt nufgL u/L aLp
ljhg /0fgLlt @)@%
@=& (** – – – – @#* – –
nufot ljBdfg aLp ljhg
gLltsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog
191
pknlAw lqmofsnfk k|ltkmn cg';f/ pkIf]q nfut -nfut ?= bz nfvdf_
k|ltkmn afnL kz' jg dT:o l;FrfO cg';Gwfg k"jf{wf/ cGo hDdf
hDdf
5f]6f] cjlwsf nflu dfGo
dnvfb cfk"lt{sf]
Jofjxfl/s ;dfwfgn] dWod
@=* / bL3{sfnLg cjlwsf] $#,%#$ – – – – – – –
/0fgLlt :ki6 ;ª\s]t u5{ /
pTkfbsTj a9fpg] p2]Zo
/fVb5 .
s[ifsx¿nfO{ g]kfnsf] v]tL
k|0ffnLsf nflu pko'Qm
@=( – &(# – – – – – –
ljleGg lsl;dsf pGgt
gZnsf kz'x¿ pknAw x'g]
lghL If]qaf6 ls;fgnfO{
@=!) pknAw x'g] ofGqLs/0fsf !,@*^ – – – – – – –
ljeGg ljsNkx¿
hnjfo' kl/jt{g, k|sf]k,
@=!! d"Nodf ptf/r9fj / cGo !,)(# !,)(# – – – !() – !,)$%
cf3ftdf a9\bf] nrstf
lbuf]] v]tL, /fd|f] s[lif
cEof;, /fd|f] kz' lrlsT;f
@=!@ @^! @^! – – – – – –
kz'kfng cEof; :yfkgf /
cg';/0f
k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg /
hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf nflu
@=!# ;du| / ;d'bfo cfwfl/t – – #,(&^ – – – – –
e";+/rgf b[li6sf]0faf6
lgjf{xd'vL pTkfbgdf
192
pknlAwlqmofsnfk k|ltkmn cg';f/ pkIf]q nfut -nfut ?= bz nfvdf_
k|ltkmn afnL kz' jg dT:o l;FrfO cg';Gwfg k"jf{wf/ cGo hDdf
hDdf
cwfl/t jg ljsf;nfO{
k|lt:kwL{, s[lif d}qL /
;dfj]zL jg Joj:yfkg
cEof;df ljsf;
# gfkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0f ^#,^%) &,^)) – – – – !(,&$* #,@)$ ($,@)!
s[lif Joj;foLs/0fsf] nflu
#=! – – – – – – – !*@
nufgL jftfj/0fdf ;'wf/
Jofj;flos v]tLsf] nflu
#=@ – – – – – – – &^^
s/f/ Joj:yf
k|efjsf/L Jofj;flos
#=# – – – – – – – ^
v]tLdf 6]jf lbg] s/ gLlt
ljleGg lsl;dsf k|lt:kwL{
#=$ / dfudf cwfl/t ljQLo / – – – – – – – @(*
s[lif ladf ;]jfx¿
d"No hf]8 clej[l4 / ;fgf
ls;fg tyf s[lif
#=% ^#,^%) &,^)) – – – – – !,$&&
pBdx¿nfO{ kmfObf x'g]
k|lt:kwL{ s[lif d"No z[ª\vnf
u|fdL0f ;8s ;~hfn
#=^ – – – – – – !@,^!# –
lj:tf/
ahf/ ;"rgfsf nflu s[lif
#=& ahf/ ;"rgf / ;"rgf – – – – – – – $&%
k|ljlw ;DaGwL pTkfbgx¿
lj:tfl/t u|fdL0f
#=* ljB'tLs/0f / k'gg{jLs/0fLo – – – – – – &,!#% –
zlQmx¿
193
pknlAw lqmofsnfk k|ltkmn cg';f/ pkIf]q nfut -nfut ?= bz nfvdf_
k|ltkmn afnL kz' jg dT:o l;FrfO cg';Gwfg k"jf{wf/ cGo hDdf
hDdf
$ k|lt:kwf{ ljsf; (,@!( !),^$$ @,(@# (&$ – – !),!*& %,#@( #(,@&^
$=! ahf/ k"jf{wf/ ljsf; – – – – – – &,%^@ –
gjk|jt{g ;fgf tyf demf}nf
$=@ &,&($ &,&($ @,(@# (&$ – – – –
s[lif Joj;fo pBd j[l4
vfB tyf s[lif pTkfbg
$=# – – – – – – – %)@
lgof{t j[l4
kl/is[t vfB u'0f:t/ /
$=$ !,$@% @,*%) – – – – @,^@% $,*@*
;'/Iff
% cGo sfo{qmd !,*%# %,$!% &#,!@$ @*% %*,%@# – – !,^!% !$),*!$
– – – – – – – –
hDdf !%#,#%! %&,@&$ *%,@@( @,(!@ @&,#(* !$,#%@ #%,(@) @%,$)) %)!,*#%

194
&= sfof{Gjog Joj:yf
&=! kl/ro
$$@_ Pl8P; zf;g, pTkfbsTj, Joj;foLs/0f / k|lt:kwf{;Fu ;DalGwt rf/ ;Defudf cfwfl/t lj:t[t
/0fgLlt xf] . oL k|To]s ;Defux¿sf pknlAw, k|ltkmn, / lqmofsnfkn] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf Pl8P; sf]
p2]Zo xfl;n ug{df of]ubfg lbg] 5M Pp6f cfTdlge{/, lbuf]], k|lt:kwL{ / ;dfj]zL s[lif If]qÙ h;n]
cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ ult lbG5 / pRr hLjg:t/ / vfB ;Dk|e'tfsf] nflu vfB / kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf
of]ubfg lbG5 .

$$#_ s[lif If]q ljleGg lgsfox¿aLr km}lnPsf] / w]/} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ ;dfj]z ePsf] If]q xf] . o;}n]
Pl8P; sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogdf ljleGg lgsfox¿ / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;dGjo / gjLgtd
sfo{ljlwsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

$$$_ k'/fgf tl/sfsf] lg/Gt/tfn] cfzftLt k|efj gkg]{ nfu]df Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf nflu gjLgtd
tl/sf cfjZos kb{5 . s[lif If]qsf] ;dLIff / d"Nofª\sgn] s]xL sfof{Gjog Jojwfgx¿ -gLltut
l:y/tfsf] cefj, sdhf]/ ;dGjo, PsLs[t of]hgfsf] cefj, sdhf]/ sfof{Gjog cflb_ b]vfPsf] 5 h'g
Pl8P; th{'df ubf{ ljrf/ k'¥ofOPsf] 5 . Pl8P; zf;g ;DalGwt d'2fsf a'emfOdf cfwfl/t 5 / tL
Jojwfg x6fpg d2t ug]{ ;+oGqsf] ;]6 k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 .

&=@= k/Dk/fut / gjLgtd tl/sfx¿

$$%_ Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf nflu k/Dk/fut / gofF ;+oGqsf] ;ld>0f cjZos kb{5 . s[lif If]qsf] /0fgLlt
/ of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ k/Dk/fut tl/sfdf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ;du| gLltut ;dGjo ug]{, s[lif
ljsf; dGqfnon] s[lif sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf g]t[Tj k|bfg ug]{ / ;Dj4 lgsfon] sfof{Gjogdf ;xo]u
ug]{ /lxcfPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu l;FrfO ljefun] l;FrfO ljsf;sf] lhDdf lng], :yfgLo k"jf{wf/
ljsf; tyf s[lif ;8s ljefun] s[lif ;8ssf] lhDdf lng], s[lif ljefu / kz' ;]jf ljefun] s[lif /
kz'kfng k|;f/sf] lhDdf lng] / g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifbn] s[lif cg';Gwfgsf] lhDdf lng] .

$$^_ sfo{qmd / of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ k/Dk/fut tl/sfsf] cˆg} ts{ / cf}lrTo 5 . tyflk k/Dk/fut
tl/sfdf ;dGjo sdhf]/ /lxcfPsf] 5, s]xL gLlt th{'df, PsLs[t of]hgf th{'df, gLlt cg'udg,
cfk"lt{ / ljQLo Joj:yfkgdf sfof{Gjog lgsfosf] sdhf]/ Ifdtfn] ubf{ / s]xL a;fOF ;/fO,
e"d08nLo d"No z[ª\vnf, vfB ;ª\s6 / s[lif e"ldsf] x|f; nufotsf s[lif kl/jt{gsf] qmddf pTkGg
gofF r'gf}tLn] ubf{ .

$$&_ g]kfndf k/Dk/fut tl/sfaf6 s[lif sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf s[lif If]qsf k|d'v
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿— s[ifs / lghL s[lif pBdx¿ k|foM ljsf;sf] k5fl8 kfl/Psf 5g\ / cufl8sf] efu
;/sf/L lgsfon] cf]u6]sf] 5 .

$$*_ k/Dk/fut ;+/rgfn] eljiosf nflu pkof]uL kf7 / lgb]{zg lbG5 . :ki6 ¿kdf /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]u, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno / cGo nfOg Ph]G;Lsf] Pl8P; df dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 / of]
e"ldsfsf] ;x|fgf / lj:tf/ ug{'k5{ . tyflk k/Dk/fut ;+oGqx¿ klg pgLx¿sf] sfof{Gjog Ifdtf /
k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ -ls;fg, ;xsf/L / lghL If]q_nfO{ k5fl8 ldnfP/ /fVGgdf ;Lldt 5g\ . d"ne"t
195
 ¿kdf g]kfndf s[lif gLlt / sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ k/Dk/fut tl/sfn] tLj| j[l4 / ul/aL lgjf/0fdf
cfzftLt glthf Nofpg ;s]sf] 5}g .

&=#= Pl8P; ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] l;+xfjnf]sg

$$(_ Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf] ;+lIfKt lrq @) df lbOPsf] 5 . Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf nflu /fHosf ljleGg
;+:yfx¿, gful/s ;dfh / ljsf; ;xsdL{x¿sf] lg/Gt/ k|of; cfjZos kb{5 . /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]un] ;du| gLlt / of]hgf ;dGjo, / s[ljdn] sfof{Gjogsf] g]t[Tj lng] 5 . Pl8P; sf] d'Vo
sfo{qmdx¿, rf/ cf]6f k|d'v /fli6«o sfo{qmdx¿ -vfB / kf]if0f ;'/IffÙ d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf;Ù ljs]lG›t
lj1fg, k|ljlw / lzIffÙ / gjk|jt{g k|ljlw / s[lif pBdzLntf_ / cGo sfo{qmdx¿ ljleGg ;Da4
;+:yfn] ;~rfng ug]{ 5g\ .

$%)_ ;du| ¿kdf, Pl8P; g]kfn ;/sf/sf] jt{dfg ;+/rgfaf6 g} ;~rfng x'g] 5 . Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf]
nflu hl6n / ax' lgsfo cjZostfnfO{ klxrfg u/L jt{dfg lgsfonfO{ of]hgf th{'df, ;dGjo,
sfof{Gjog / cg'udgdf ;xof]u ug{ ;an kfg]{ sfo{ ul/g] 5 .

$%!= gLlt / sfo{qmdsf] ;du| ;dGjo jt{dfg ;dGjo ;+oGq -h:t} /fli6«o, If]qLo / lhNnf :t/df
/fP;;, s]s[ljsf;, If]s[lj; / lhs[lj;_ dfkm{t\ k|fKt x'g] 5Ù sfo{qmd / cfof]hgfsf] ;du| sof{Gjog
/fli6«o Pl8P; sfof{Gjo ;ldltsf] -/fPsf;_ ;du| lgb]{zgdf ul/g] 5 . /fPsf;n] s[ljddf :yfkgf
ul/g] Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{sf nflu ;~rfng ;ldltsf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ 5 / Pl8P;
sfof{Gjog ;xof]usf] lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ 5 .

$%@_ o; If]qdf nufgL ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ jt{dfg tf}/tl/sf oyfjt /xg] 5 . Ps dfq yk Joj:yf ax' ljsf;
;fem]bf/x¿sf] Pl8P; sfof{Gjog 6«:6 sf]if -Pl6Pkm_ x'g] 5 . ;|f]tx¿ -s_ /fPsf;nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{
s'g} k|fljlws ;xof]u -v_ Pl8P; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ u}x| ;/sf/L / ;/sf/L lgsfo -u_ :jLs[t
sfo{ ;Dkfbg Joj:yfkg of]hgf d'tflas Pl8P; sfof{Gjogdf lhDd]jf/ ;Da4 kIfnfO{ sfo{ ;DkGg
e'QmfgL -JolQmut / ;d"x_ / -3_ :jtGq Pl8P; sfof{Gjog / /0fgLlts lgb]{zg ;dLIffsf] e'QmfgL
x'g ;Sg] 5 .

$%#_ sfof{Gjogdf ;'wf/sf nflu Pl8P;n] gofF ;+oGq k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . gofF ;+oGq jt{dfg ;+oGqdf
6]s]sf] 5 / o;nfO{ kl/k"0f{, ;xof]u / ;an agfpg] 5 . ljz]iftM Pl8P;n] /fof]cf, s[ljd / cGo
;Da4 ;+:yfsf] cnfjf gofF ;+u7g, /fli6«o sfo{qmd / g]t[TjbfoL ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] hf]8df ljZjf; ug]{
5.

196
 afs; @M Pl8P; ;+oGq
;+u7gx¿
!= /fli6«o Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt
@= /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt
#= Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{
$= Pl8P; sfof{Gjog 6«:6 sf]if

/fli6«o sfo{qmdx¿
!= vfB / kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{qmd
@= ljs]lG›t lj1fg, k|ljlw, lzIff sfo{qmd
#= d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; sfo{qmd
$= gjLgtd k|ljlw / s[lif pBdzLntf sfo{qmd
%= d'Vo sfo{qmd
^= cGo sfo{qmd

g]t[TjbfoL ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿
!= s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / cGo ;/sf/L lgsfo
@= s[ifs ;+u7gx¿
#= ;xsf/L ;+u7gx¿
$= lghL If]qsf ;+u7gx¿

$%$_ k|d'v lgsfox¿sf] ;f/f+z / Pl8P; sfof{Gjogdf ltgLx¿sf] e"ldsf tflnsf $% df lbOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf $%M Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf k|d'v kfqx¿

kfqx¿ Pl8P; df e"ldsf
Pl8P; sf] af/]df /fof]cf / s[ljdaf6 ;fdlos • jflif{s Pl8P; ;Dd]ngdf k|d'v
k|wfg dGqL hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ / pRr :t/af6 ;dfwfg cltly
ug{k' g]{ ;d:ofsf] ;Daf]wg ug]{
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ;du| gLlt ;dGjo
/fof]cf u5{ . Pl8P; sf] PsLs[t of]hgf th{'df /
ah]6 lglZrt u5{ .
/fli6«o Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt . Pl8P; sf] • s[ljdsf dGqLaf6 ;efkltTj
/fPsf;
;du| sfof{Gjogdf dfu{bz{g / ;'lglZrttf
• /fof]cfsf pkfWoIfjf6 ;efkltTj
/fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt . Pl8P; • of] ;ldlt jt{dfg /fli6«o ;xof]u
/fP;; /0fgLlt cg'¿k gLlt / of]hgfsf] ljleGg ;ldlt h:t} xf] .
lgsfoaLr pRr :t/Lo ;dGjo lglZrt ug]{ • gofF gfdn] Pl8P; df s]lG›t ePsf]
;ª\s]t u5{ .
/fP;; pk;ldlt dfkm{t Pl8P; sf ;Dk"0f{

197
 kfqx¿ Pl8P; df e"ldsf
pk;ldltx¿ lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;dGjo
• l;FrfO–s[lif
• s[lif Joj;fo–lghL If]q–;xsf/L
• gful/s ;dfh÷u};;
• cg';Gwfg–k|;f/–lzIff
• vfB ;'/Iff / kf]if0f
• ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿

s]G›Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt . /fli6«o • s[ljd sf ;lrjsf] ;efkltTj

s]s[ljsf;
:t/df s[lif lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;du| ;dGjo
If]qLo s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt . If]qLo :t/df s[lif • jl/i7 If]qLo lgb]{zsaf6 ;efkltTj
If]s[lj;
lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;du| ;dGjo
lhNnf s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt . lhNnf :t/df s[lif • lhlj; ;efkltaf6 ;efkltTj
lhs[lj;
lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;du| ;dGjo
• Pl8P; nfO{ ;xof]u ug{
Pl8P;sf;O l6d :yfkgf . Pl8P;
;dGjo zfvfn] Pl8P;sf;O sf]
¿kdf sfd ug]{ 5 .
Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{ . Ifdtf
ljsf;, ;~rf/ lqmofsnfkx¿, ;xof]u ;]jf, / • k|fljlws ;xof]u l6d / ;/sf/L
cg'udg d"Nofªsg dfkm{t Pl8P; ;dsIfL ;lxt ljsf;
Psf;O sfof{Gjogdf ;xhLs/0f ug]{ . o;n] ;fem]bf/x¿af6 nufgL
/fPl8P;;;, cGo ;dGjo ;ldlt, sfof{Gjog • /fPl8P;sf;nfO{ k|ltj]bg lbG5
lgsfox¿ / k|d'v sfo{qmd Joj:yfksx¿nfO{ h;n] l:6ol/¨ ;ldltsf] sfd u5{ .
;xof]u k|bfg u5{ . • s[ljddf /x]sf] d'Vo OsfO{ / c¿
k|d'v lgsfodf pkOsfO{
• /fPl8P;;;df ;lrjfno ;]jf
pknAw u/fpF5 .
Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ax'–bftf 6«:6 sf]if . g]kfn
;/sf/sf] jt{dfg Joj:yfdf yk ljQLo
Joj:yf . sf]ifdf ePsf] ;|f]t nfO{ -s_
Pl8P;sf;O nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ s'g} k|fljlws • g]kfn ;/sf/ / ljsf; ;fem]bf/af6
;xof]u -v_ Pl8P; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ;xdlt ul/g] nlrnf] sfof{Gjog
Pl6Pkm Joj:yf
;/sf/L / u}x| ;/sf/L lgsfo -u_ Pl8P;
sfof{Gjogsf lgDd]jf/ kIfnfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbg • d"ntM g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]t[Tj ul/g]
pknlAwsf] e'QmfgL -3_ :jtGq Pl8P;
sfof{Gjog / /0fgLlts lgb]{zg ;dLIffsf]
e'QmfgL
s[lif ljsf; dGqfno . Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf]
g]t[Tj ug]{ . dGqLn] /fPl8P;sf; sf] • s[lj, k;]lj, vfk|u'lgs], a/ g]s[ck
;efkltTj / ;lrjn] s]s[ljsf; sf] Pl8P; lqmofsnfk sfof{Gjogdf
s[ljd
;efkltTj ug]{ / Pl8P; jflif{s k|ltj]bg ;+nUg
tof/ . ;Dk"0f{ Pl8P; vf; dxTjsf
sfo{qmdx¿df s[ljd ;xefuL x'g] 5 .

198
 kfqx¿ Pl8P; df e"ldsf
l;Fd,;+df:yfljd, e";'Jod, lzd, ljk|d, pd, • ;DjlGwt dGqfnosf ljefux¿ -
cGo je";+d, cflb . ltgLx¿n] Pl8P;;F+u ;dGjo h:t} l;FrfO ljefu, 8f]ln8f/, jg
dGqfnox¿ ug{ cfjZos ;DalGwt gLlt, sfo{qmd / ljefu jfl0fHo ljefu =========_
cfof]hgf ;~rfng u5{g\ .
cGo lgsfo / nufgL af]8{, ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if, s]G›Lo • Pl8P; sfo{qmddf ;dGjo ug]{ 5 .
sfo{qmdx¿ tYofª\s ljefu
vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{qmd . vfB tyf • s[ljd, s[lj, k;]lj= lhlj;
vfkf];'sf vf; kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{qmddf ;dGjo ug{ / g]kfn
dxŒjsf] vfB ;'/Iff cfof]hgf, vfB ;'/Iff tyf kf]if0f
sfo{qmd ! cfof]hgf h:tf cfof]hgf ;~rfngdf ;xof]u
ug]{ 5 . ax'If]q kf]if0f of]hgf;Fu ;Da4 .
• sfg'g cg';f/ Jofj;flos ;dfhsf]
ljs]lG›t lj1fg k|ljlw / lzIff sfo{qmd .
k|To]s uf=lj=;=df ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t s[lif ¿kdf ljljk|lzsf :yfkgf
ljk|lzsf vf; k|;f/ ;]jf s]G› :yfkgf ug{df ;xof]u . • ljljk|lzsf Joj:yfks
dxŒjsf] jt{dfg s[lif÷kz' ;]jf s]G›sf] ;anLs/0f, /fPl8P;sf; af6 :yflkt kbk"lt{
sfo{qmd @ g]s[cs] sf] k'gu{7g, s[lif lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ;ldltaf6 5flgg] . sfof{Gjog
;anLs/0f, / Ifdtf ljsf;df ;xof]u / o; lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo ug]{ — g]s[ck,
If]qdf Joj;foLx¿sf] tflnd . s[lj/k;]lj, s[lif ljZjljBfno,===
• sfg'g cg';f/ Jofj;flos ;dfhsf]
d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; sfo{qmd . k|fydLs[t ¿kdf d"z[ljsf :yfkgf
d"z[ljsf vf; d"No z[ª\vnf sfo{qmdsf] ;dGjo u5{, k|To]s
dxŒjsf] • d"z[ljsf Joj:yfks s[ljdaf6
sfo{qmd d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; sf]if dfkm{t\ 5flgg] .
sfo{qmd # d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; u7aGwgåf/f ;~rfng • d"z[ljsf kmfpG8];gsf] ¿kdf
ul/g] . k~hLs[t x'g] .
• sfg'g cg';f/ Jofj;flos ;dfhsf]
gs[psf vf; gjLgtd s[lif pBdzLntf sfo{qmd . s/ ¿kdf gs[psf :yfkgf
dxŒjsf] ;x'lnot, s[lif Joj;fo kl/kf]ifs / ldnfg • gs[psf Joj:yfks s[ljdaf6
sfo{qmd $ cg'bfg dfkm{t\ gjLgtd s[lif k|ljlwsf] k|j4{g 5flgg] .
k|d'v bnsf] k|ltlglwTj ;lxt ls;fg
;+u7gx¿sf] u7aGwg . ltgLx¿sf]
/fPl8P;sf;, /fPl8P;;;, s]s[ljsf;,
/fli6«o ls;fg
lhs[lj;, If]s[lj;, g]s[ck, ;fs[k|;]s] /
u7aGwg
s[ljdsf] gLlt ;ldIff Kofgndf ;b:o
k|ltlglwTj x'g] 5Ù / tL ;+:yfx¿df dlxnf
k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ 5g\ .
• Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf] ;'?sf jif{df
ls;fg cfof]u ls;fgsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g] 5 . sfo{ut ;t{, P]g, lgodfjnL tof/
ul/g] 5 .
/fli6«o ltgLx¿sf] /fPl8P;sf;, /fPl8P;;;,

199
 kfqx¿ Pl8P; df e"ldsf
;xsf/L s]s[ljsf;, lhs[lj;, If]s[lj;, g]s[ck,
dxf;+3 ;fs[k|;]s] / s[ljdsf] gLlt ;dLIff Kofgndf
;b:o k|ltlglwTj x'g] 5Ù / tL ;+:yfx¿df
dlxnf k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ 5g\ .
pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 . ltgLx¿sf]
/fPl8P;sf;, /fPl8P;;;, s]s[ljsf;,
pBf]u jfl0fHo lhs[lj;, If]s[lj;, g]s[ck, ;fs[k|;]s] /
dxf;+3 s[ljdsf] gLlt ;dLIff Kofgndf ;b:o
k|ltlglwTj x'g] 5Ù / tL ;+:yfx¿df dlxnf
k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ 5g\ .
g]kfnL pBf]ux¿sf] ;+u7g . g]kfnL
pBf]ux¿sf] ;+u7g g]kfnsf 7"nf / demf}nf
txsf cf}Bf]lus ;d'bfosf] ;+u7g xf] .
g]kfnL
ltgLx¿sf] /fPl8P;sf;, /fPl8P;;;,
pBf]ux¿sf]
s]s[ljsf;, lhs[lj;, If]s[lj;, g]s[ck,
;+u7g
;fs[k|;]s] / s[ljdsf] gLlt ;dLIff Kofgndf
;b:o k|ltlglwTj x'g] 5Ù / tL ;+:yfx¿df
dlxnf k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ 5g\ .

/fP;; /fPsf;
/fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt /fli6«o Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt
Psf;O
Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{

/fP;; k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿

pk;ldltx¿
d'Vo sfo{qmdx¿
If]s[lj;
If]qLo s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt
cGo sfo{qmdx¿
lhs[lj;
lhNnf s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt

;dGjo sfof{Gjog

lrq @)M Pl8P; sfof{Gjog / ;+u7g ;+oGq

200
&=$ k|wfg dGqL

$%%_ pmhf{ / ko{6gsf ;fy;fy} s[lifnfO{ /fi6«sf] cfly{s OlGhgsf ¿kdf klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 . tyflk
hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfh{g / /f]huf/Ldf s[lifsf] of]ubfg s'g} klg cGo cfly{s If]qeGbf a9L 5 . g]kfnsf]
;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu o;sf] ljsf; ckl/xfo{ 5 . o; kl/k|]Ifdf ;'?sf] cj:yfb]lv g}
g]kfnsf k|wfg dGqLx¿n] Pl8P; sf] s8f ¿kn] ;dy{g ul/cfPsf 5g\ . Pl8P; sf] cfufdL
sfof{Gjogdf /fof]cf / s[ljd af6 Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogdf ePsf] k|ultaf/] k|wfgdGqLn] lgoldt
¿kdf hfgsf/L kfpg] 5g\ / ;jf]{Rr txdf ;dfwfg cfjZos d'2fsf] ;Daf]wg ug]{ 5g\ . jflif{s
Pl8P; ;Dd]ngdf k|wfg dGqL k|d'v cltly x'g] 5g\ .

&=% /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u

$%^_ Pl8P; sf] ;du| gLlt ;dGjo / PsLs/0f, / Pl8P; of]hgf cg'¿k cfjlws / jflif{s of]hgf
ah]6sf] nflu /fof]cf lhDd]jf/ x'g] 5 . Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{n] o;nfO{ k|ltj]bg a'emfpg]
5 . /fof]cfsf pkfWoIfn] Pl8P; sf] ;jf]{Rr ;dGjo OsfO{, /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldltsf] cWoIftf
ug]{ 5g\ .

&=^ /fli6«o s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt sfof{Gjgo ;ldlt

$%&_ /fli6«o s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt sfof{Gjo ;ldltsf] :yfkgf ul/g] 5 . ;DdfgLo s[lif ljsf; dGqL
cWoIf tyf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf ;DdfggLo pkfWoIf ;x–cWoIf /xg] ;f] ;ldltdf ;DdfggLo
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf ;b:o -s[lif If]q_, s[lif tyf jg ljZjljBfnosf pks'nklt, cy{, l;FrfO,
jg, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf;, ;xsf/L tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f, e"ld ;"wf/ tyf Joj:yf, lzIff
dGqfnosf ;lrjx¿, g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 / g]kfn pBf]u kl/;+3sf ;efkltx¿ /fli6«o
ls;fg u7aGwgsf k|ltlglw ;b:ox¿ /x]g 5g\ eg] s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf ;lrj ;b:o ;lrj /x]g
5g\ . :jtGq Joj;foLx¿, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf k|fl1s ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ko{j]Ifssf] bhf{ pknAw u/fOg]
5 . Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;'lglZrttfk|lt lhDd]jf/ /xg] 5 / b'O{
dlxgfsf] Ps k6s a}7s a:g] 5 . ;ldltsf] sfo{ut ;t{ (TOR) df lgDg s'/fx¿ ;+nUg 5g\ M
!= lhDd]jf/ lgsfox¿df gLltut, k|zf;lgs Pj+ sfg'gL kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ k|j4{g u/L Pl8P; sf]
sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
@= cfGtl/s -;/sf/L / lghL_ / afXo b'j} ;|f]tx¿af6 k|fKt ;+;fwgsf] kl/rfng ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
#= :yfgLob]lv -grassroot_ /fli6«o :t/;Dd Pl8P; sfo{qmdx¿ / kl/of]hgfx¿sf] sfof{GjognfO{
;xhLs/0f ug{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ / ;Ddflgt dGqfnox¿nfO{ dfu{lgb]{zg ug]{ .
$= Pl8P;nfO{ d2t ug]{ k|fljlws ;xfotf jf nufgL kl/of]hgf ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ¿kdf sfd
ug]{,
%= /fl6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u;Fu ldn]/ Pl8P; sf] cfjlws n]vfhf]vf
ug]{ / yk36sf nflu ;'emfj lbg],
^= cfpFbf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cg';f/ Pl8P; sfo{qmdx¿ tyf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf yk36 ug]{ .

201
&=& /fli6«o s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt ;dGjo ;ldlt / o;sf pk ;ldltx¿

$%*_ /fli6«o s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt ;dGjo ;ldltn] cfjlws a}7sx¿ dfkm{t Pl8P;nfO{ /fli6«o :t/df
;dGjo ug]{ 5 . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]udf /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt :yfkgf ul/g] 5 / o;sf]
;+/rgfdf s[ifs ;+u7gx¿, lghL If]qsf ;+u7gx¿ / ;xsf/L ;+u7gx¿sf k|ltlglw /xg] 5g\ . /fl6«o
Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltdf cfj4 lgsfox¿sf] /fli6«o ;dGjo ;ldlt xf] / of]
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] pkfWoIfsf] cWoIftfsf] dftxtdf /xG5 . s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt sfof{Gjog
;xof]u OsfO{n] k|bfg ug]{ ;lrjfno ;]jfn] /fl6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt ;an aGg] 5 . Pl8P;;Fu
;DalGwt tn lbOPsf h:tf d'2fx¿sf] ;dGjodf ;'wf/ Nofpg] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf lgDg pk;ldltx¿
:yfkgf;Fu} /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt cem ;an aGg] 5 M
s_ s[lif / l;FrfO k|;f/aLr ;dGjo -vf;u/L s[lif ljefu / l;FrfO ljefuaLr_
v_ ;/sf/ If]q / lghL -h:t} g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3, s[lif pBd s]Gb| of s[lif Joj;fo
;+u7gx¿ ;fgf / demf}nf pBdx¿sf ;+u7gx¿_ ;xsf/L If]q -h:t} ;xsf/L /fli6«o dxf;+3_
/ s[ifs ;+u7gx¿ aLr -h:t} /fli6«o ls;fg ;~hfn_ ;dGjo
u_ ;/sf/L If]q / u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ ÷ cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿aLr ;dGjo
3_ ;/sf/ / ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿aLr ;dGjo
ª_ cg';Gwfg – k|;f/ – z}lIfs ;+:yfaLr ;dGjo - s[lif tyf jg ljZjljBfno, s[lif sn]hx¿ /
Jofj;flos lzIff tyf k|lzIf0f s]Gb|_
r= s[lif ljsf; / vfB kf]if0f ;'/Iff tyf vfB ;'/IffaLr ;dGjo –s[lif ljsf; dGqfno / :jf:Yo
tyf hg;ª\Vof dGqfno, /fli6«o kf]if0f tyf vfB ;'/Iff ;~rfns ;ldlt_

&=* s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt, If]qLo s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt, lhNnf s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt

$%(_ s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf ;lrj cWoIf /xg] s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldltn] s[lif
sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;Da4 lgsfox¿sf] cfjlws ¿kdf a}7s /fVg] 5 / ltgLx¿sf
lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;dGjo ug]{ 5 .

$^)_ If]qLo :t/df klg ;f]xL vfnsf] ;dGjo ;+oGqx¿ /xg] 5g\ . If]qLo s[lif ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;dGjo
If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zsn] ug]{ 5g\ / lhNnf :t/df– lhNnf s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt sf] cWoIftf lhlj;sf
cWoIfn] ug]{ 5g\ . Pl8P; ;xof]u OsfO{sf] ;xof]udf oL ;a} ;+oGqx¿nfO{ ;an tyf k'g{tfhuL ug'{
cfjZos 5 .

$^!_ lhNnf s[lif ljsf; ;ldltn] If]qLo s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt / s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldltnfO{
lbg] cfjlws cBfjlwsx¿åf/f lhNnf s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt, If]qLo s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt / s]Gb|Lo s[lif
ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldltaLrsf] k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ ;'lglZrt ug'{k5{ . sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{n] oL
cBfjlwsx¿sf] ;xhLs/0f ug]{ 5 .

$^@_ Pl8P; n] s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt, If]qLo s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt / lhNnf s[lif ljsf;
;ldlt sf lgoldt a}7sx¿nfO{ d2t ug]{ 5 / sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{sf] ;]jf dfkm{t\ Pl8P; n]

202
 a}7ssf ldg6x¿nfO{ k|;f/ ug]{ 5 . k|To]s lhNnf s[lif ljsf; ;ldltsf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ kbflwsf/Lsf]
pQm lhNnf cGo lqmofsnfkx¿;Fu ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug{sf nflu klxrfg ul/g] 5 .

$^#_ s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldltn] jflif{s Pl8P; k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg]{ 5 / sfof{Gjog ;xof]u
OsfO{sf] ;xof]udf /fof]cfdf k]; ug]{ 5 .

$^$_ s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt, If]qLo s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt / lhNnf s[lif ljsf; ;ldltsf]
;+/rgfsf s[ifs ;+u7gx¿, ;xsf/L ;+u7gx¿, / lghL If]qsf ;+u7gx¿sf k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z
ug{sf nflu sfg'g cg'df]bg ul/g] 5 .

$^%_ ;+ljwfg ;efn] ;+3Lo ;+/rgfnfO{ cg'df]bg u¥of] eg] ;f]xL a]nfdf g} If]qLo s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt sf
;+/rgf / sfo{x¿ Jofks ¿kdf kl/dflh{t x'g] ;Defjgf 5 .

&=(= Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{

$^^_ Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu clxn] 5l/P/ /x]sf lgsfox¿ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿, lghL, sfg'gL /
ljZn]if0ffTds ;Lkx¿aLr ;dGjoosf] cfjZostf kb{5 . To;} u/L k|efjsf/L ;dGjo k|efjsf/L
of]hgf gLlt lgdf{0f / cg'udgsf] cfwf/ xf] . gLlt lgdf{0f / ljZn]if0fdf Ifdtf af]s]sf] Ps OsfO{n]
gLlt / sfof{GjogaLrsf] b"/L x6fpg dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbg ;S5 . of] OsfO{ s[lif ljsf; dGqfnodf
:yfkgf ul/g] 5 / o;n] Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;3fpg'sf ;fy} Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjog / ;dGjodf
cfa4 ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ / lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf;df d2t ug]{ 5 . s[ljddf /x]sf] k|d'v
Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{n] -k|d'v l8lehg gLlt tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;xsfo{ ;dGjo l8lehg_
/fof]cf, lzIff dgqfno, l;FrfO{ dGqfno, ;+;bLo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, g]kfn pBf]u
jfl0fHo dxf;+3, s[lif tyf jg lj1fg ljZjljBfno / lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf ;~rfng x'g] Pl8P;
sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{sf pk–OsfO{x¿;Fu sfd ug]{ 5 .

$^&_ To;} u/L o; OsfO{n] Pl8P; sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg If]qLo / lhNnf :t/sf lgsfox¿sf] ¿kdf
clej[l4 ;'lglZrt ug{ d2t ub{5 . /fli6«o Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;ldltn] Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u
;ldltsf] kl/of]hgf ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ 5 . bftfx¿sf] cfly{s ;xof]uaf6 k|fKt x'g]
k|fljlws ;xof]uaf6 Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO ;~rfng x'g'k5{ eGg] k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 .
Pl8P; sf k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿sf Joj:yfksx¿nfO{ Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{df ko{j]Ifssf]
:yfg lbOg'k5{ .

$^*_ s]xL ;dokl5 oL OsfO{x¿ / pk–OsfO{x¿ s[lif ljsf; dGqfno / cGo dGqfnox¿sf lgoldt
lqmofsnfkx¿sf c+zsf ¿kdf ;+:yfut x'g] 5g\ .

$^(_ Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{sf sfo{x¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\M

!= ;DalGwt sfof{Gjog lgsfox¿nfO{ gLlt ljZn]if0f, gLlt cg'udg / PsLs[t of]hgfdf Ifdtf
clej[l4sf nflu d2t ug]{,
@= Pl8P; cg'udgsf nflu k4lt / 8f6fa];sf] ljsf;df d2t ug]{,

203
 #= Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu gLlt lgdf{0f tyf ;+zf]wg / lgodgdf d2t ug]{,
$= PsLs[t cfjlws of]hgfx¿ th'{dfdf d2t ug]{ -jflif{s / % jif]{ of]hgfx¿, Pl8P;
of]hgfx¿df kl/dfh{g / cBfjlwstf_
%= /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt, s]Gb|Lo Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt, Pl8P; 6«:6 sf]if ;lrjfno
Pj+ Jofj;flos ;]jfdf d2t ug]{ .
^= Ifdtf, rfFhf]kfFhf] / ljZn]if0ffTds OsfO{x¿sf] lx;fan] ;dGjo ;oGqx¿nfO{ -/fli6«o Pl8P;
;dGjo ;ldlt, s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{gjog ;ldlt, If]qLo s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt, lhNnf s[lif
ljsf; ;ldlt_ d2t ug]{,
&= ;DalGwt gLltx¿sf] cg'udgsf ;fy} Pl8P; sfof{Gjog / ;+:yfutLs/0fsf] cg'udgdf d2t
ug]{,
*= sfo{qmd Joj:yfksx¿sf] k/fdz{ ;]jfx¿ dfkm{t\ Pl8P; sf vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmdx¿ h:tf
/fli6«o sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;xhLs/0f ug]{,
(= cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tfx¿ Pj+ lgb]{lzsf / If]qut gLltx¿aLr ;fd~h:otfnfO{ d2t ug]{,
!)= ljBdfg tYofÍ ;Íng sfo{df cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg k4lt ljsf; Pj+ ;+:yfut ug{ tyf Pl8P;
sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfox¿sf] sfddf cfwfl/t ;'ljwfx¿nfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ d2t ug]{
!!= ljBdfg tYofÍ ;Íng k4ltx¿;Fusf] tfnd]n tyf cfjZostf cg'¿k Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf
nflu /0fgLlts ¿kn] dxŒjk"0f{ tYofÍ ;Íng Pj+ ljZn]if0f ug]{ .
!@= Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjog;Fu d]n vfg] u/L ljsf; ;fem]bf/L nufgLx¿ / sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;dGjo
ug]{ .
!#= s[lifsf] nflu d"NofÍg ug]{ / ;Dej eP kmfF6 :t/Lo tl/sf th'{df ug]{ / olb g]kfn ;/sf/n]
o:tf] tl/sf cjnDag u¥of] eg] To;sf] sfof{Gjogdf d2t ug]{,
!$= j}slNks gLltx¿sf] -h:t} rfdn / ux'Fsf] nflu Go"gtd d"No of]hgfx¿_ nfut / nfesf]
cjnf]sg ug{ cWoogx¿ rfn' ug]{ .

&=!) Pl8P; 6«:6 sf]if

$&)_ of] If]qnfO{ ljQ Joj:yfkg ug]{ ljBdfg tl/sfx¿ pxL g} /xg] 5g\ . Pp6} cltl/Qm tl/sf ax' bftf
Pl8P; 6«:6 sf]ifsf] :yfkgf x'g] 5 . ;/sf/ / ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿ b'j}nfO{ :jLsfo{ x'g] sfof{Gjog
tl/sf nlrnf] ePsf] Pl8P; 6«:6 sf]if x'g] 5 . tyflk Pl8P; 6«:6 sf]ifsf] sfof{Gjogsf] g]t[Tj eg]
s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] ug]{ 5 . lgDg s'/fx¿sf nflu Pl8P; 6«:6 sf]ifsf] ;+;fwg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5M
-s_ Pl8P; ;xof]u OsfO{nfO{ d2t k'¥ofpg] k|fljlws ;xof]u, -v_ Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu u}/–
;/sf/L Pj+ ;/sf/L lgsfx¿, -u_ cg'df]lbt sfo{ Joj:yfkg of]hgf cg';f/ Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogk|lt
lhDd]jf/ kIfx¿nfO{ -JolQmx¿ / ;d"xx¿_ dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ u/] jfkt lbg'kg]{ /sd / -3_ Pl8P; sf]
cfjlws -h:t} ^–^ dlxg]_ sfof{Gjog Pj+ /0fgLlts lgb]{zg k'g/fjnf]sg jfkt lbg'kg]{ /sd .

&=!! s[lif ljsf; dGqfno

$&!_ s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogsf] g]t[Tj u5{ . s[ljdsf dGqL /fPl8P;sf;sf cWoIf
x'g] 5g\M s[ljdsf] ;lrj -!_ /fPl8P;;;sf ;b:o ;lrj -@_ s]s[ljsf;sf cWoIf / -#_ Pl8P; 6«:6
sf]ifsf jf]8{sf ;b:o /xg] 5g\ . s]s[ljsf;sf] cWoIfsf ¿kdf s[ljdsf ;lrjn] Pl8P; sf] jflif{s

204
 k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ 5g\ . s[ljdn] Pl8P; sf] ;a} vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmdx¿sf] af]8{x¿df ;b:ox¿
dgf]gog ug]{ 5 . Pl8P; sf] k|;f/ / cg';Gwfg sfo{x¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf s[ljdsf ljefux¿ -s[lj,
k;]lj, vfk|u'lglj_ / gfs{ ;+nUg x'g] 5g\ . To;} u/L vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmdx¿leq gk/]sf cGo
Pl8P; sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu s[ljd / o;sf ljefux¿n] cGo lgsfox¿ /
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ;dGjo ug]{ 5g\ .

&=!@ c¿ dGqfnox¿ tyf lgsfox¿

$&@_ /fli6«o ;xof]u ;ldlt / o;sf pk ;ldltx¿ / s]s[ljsf; h:tf ;dGjosf/L lgsfox¿ dfkm{t\ /
;+o'Qm sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog dfkm{t\ -pbfx/0fsf] nflu lzd / s[ljd ljs]lGb|t lj1fg k|ljlw lzIff
sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf ;+o'Qm ¿kn] sfo{ ug]{5g\_ Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg cGo dGqnfox¿n]
-cd, l;Fd, je";+d, lzd, :jfhd, pmd, e";'Jod, ;+kd, pd cflb_ Pl8P; ;Fu} cfˆgf lqmofsnfkx¿
;dGjo ug]{ 5g\ .

$&#_ Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjog;Fu ;DalGwt cGo lgsfox¿df ljQLo ;+:yfx¿Ù h:t} g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, nufgL
af]8{, ladf af]8{, ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]if / dlxnf cfof]u ;dflji6 5g\ .

&=!#= Pl8P; sfo{qmdx¿

$&$_ Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjog tLg km/s km/s sfo{qmdx¿ dfkm{t\ x'g] 5M cfwf/ sfo{qmd, vf; dxTjsf
sfo{qmd / cGo sfo{qmd . cfwf/ sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjog k|foh;f] dGqfno :t/ of lgsfox¿sf
ljefu :t/df ljBdfg lgsfox¿ dfkm{t\ x'g] 5 . csf]{tkm{ vf; dxTjsf sfo{qmdx¿sf
lqmofsnfkx¿sf] gf}nf] Pj+ ax' If]qLo k|j[lQsf ePsf sf/0f ltgsf nflu km/s Joj:yfkg ;+/rgfsf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . clxn] sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf t/ Pl8P; sf] cfwf/ of vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmdx¿df
gk/]sf sfo{qmdx¿ cGo sfo{qmdx¿ cGtu{t kb{5g\ .

&=!$ cGo sfo{qmdx¿sf nflu alxu{dg /0fgLlt

$&%_ kmnkm"n ljsf;, df5f, /]zd, jfv|f ljsf; cflbh:tf xfndf hf/L /x]sf sfo{qmdx¿ cGo
sfo{qmdx¿df kb{5g\ . oL sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ Pl8P; sf] cfwf/ of vf; ;/f]sf/sf sfo{qmdx¿df
;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . w]/} pbfx/0fx¿ x]bf{ ltgLx¿ ljlzi6 d"No z[Îvnfsf] ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt
ePsf] b]lvG5 .

$&^_ Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjog k"j{ ljBdfg cGo sfo{qmdx¿sf] k'g;{+/rgf ug{sf nflu :jtGq
ljz]if1x¿af6 d"NofÍg x'g] 5 . d"NofÍg k|ltj]bgaf6 k|fKt ;'emfjx¿sf cfwf/df s[lif ljsf;
dGqfnon] cGo sfo{qmx¿nfO{ k'g;{+/rgf -h:t} kl/jt{g, ldnfg, Tofu ug]{ cflb_ ug]{ 5 /
k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df ljlgof]hg ug]{ 5 .

205
$&&_ cGo sfo{qmdx¿dWo] s]xL sfo{qmdx¿ Pl8P; sf ;'?sf jif{x¿d} ;lsg] ;Defjgf 5 . olb cGo
sfo{qmdx¿sf] d"NofÍgn] cf;nfUbf] /fli6«o k|efj b]vfof] eg] tL sfo{qmdx¿ eljiosf vf;
;/f]sf/sf of cfwf/ sfo{qmdx¿sf c+z aGg ;Sg] 5g\ .

$&*_ cGo sfo{qmdx¿ clxn] th'{df ul/Psf cfwf/ of vf; ;/f]sf/sf sfo{qmdx¿df ;dfj]z gul/Psf]
eP tfklg ltgLx¿nfO{ cg';Gwfg / pBdzLntfsf k"/s cg'bfgdf -/fli6«o s[lif cg';Gwfg sf]if / gj
kl/jt{gsf/L tyf s[lif pBd sfo{qmd cGtu{tsf sf]ifx¿_ pknAw ;+;fwgdf kx'Fr lbP/ d2t ug{
;lsG5 eGg] s'/f Vofn ug'{ h?/L 5 .

$&(_ ;do laTb} hfFbf Pl8P; df s]jn vf; ;/f]sf/sf / cfwf/ u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf sfo{qmdx¿ dfq
;dfj]z x'g] 5g\ . ljBdfg cGo sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ -x]g'{xf];\ tflnsf ##_ ltgLx¿ k"/f eP kZrft\
lg/Gt/tf lbOg] 5}g jf vf; ;/f]sf/sf / cfwf/ sfo{qmdx¿sf] gofF th'{dfdf ;dflxt ul/g] 5 .

tflnsf $^M Pl8P; sf vf; dxŒjsf / cfwf/ sfo{qmdx¿

vf;
cfwf/
pknlAw÷k|ltkmn dxŒjsf
sfo{s|dx¿
sfo{s|dx¿
s|=;+=
;'zf;g
!=! gLltut k|lta4tfsf] ljZj;gLotf √
!=@ Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;'wfl/Psf] ;dGjo √
!=# PsLs[t of]hgf th{'df √
!=$ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;xof]u √
n}ª\lus ;dfgtf / ;fdflhs Pj+ ef}uf]lns ;dfj]lztfsf nflu
!=% √
;+oGqx¿sf] :yfkgf
!=^ ;dod} k|efjsf/L cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg √
!=& gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xeflutfsf nflu ;+oGqx¿sf] :yfkgf √
Pl8P; sf] cg'udg Pj+ sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg d'Vo lgsfox¿sf]
!=* √
Ifdtf ;an kfg]{
!=( ;'ljwf jl~rt ;d"xx¿sf nflu ;'wfl/Psf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff √
pTkfbsTj
@=! ljs]Gb|Ls[t s[lif la:tf/ ;]jfx¿ √
@=@ ljs]Gb|Ls[t s[lif cg';Gwfg k4lt √
@=# ;anLs[t s[lif lzIff k4lt √
e"ldnfO{ ;Ifdtfk"j{s / lbuf]] tl/sfn] pkof]u ug]{ kof{Kt 7"nf
@=$ √
cfsf/sf kmfd{x¿
@=% la:tfl/t / ;'wfl/Psf] l;FrfO √
@=^ s[lif ;fdu|Lx¿df kx'“r √
@=& aLp gLltx¿sf] sfof{Gjog √
@=* dn cfk"lt{ √
@=( ;'wfl/Psf kz' gZnx¿ √
@=!) ofGqLs/0fsf ljsNkx¿df kx'“r √
@=!! s[ifsx¿sf] ;dfg's"ngdf ;'wf/ √

206
 vf;
cfwf/
pknlAw÷k|ltkmn dxŒjsf
sfo{s|dx¿
sfo{s|dx¿
lbuf]] v]tLkftL, c;n s[lif cEof;x¿, c;n kz' :jf:Yo kz' kfng
@=!@ √
cEof;sf] cg';/0f
@=!# jg ljsf; √
Gffkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0f
#=! ;'wfl/Psf] nufgL jftfj/0f √
#=@ Jofj;flos s[lifsf nflu s/f/sf] Joj:yf √
#=# Jofj;flos s[lifnfO{ d2t ug]{ s/ gLlt √
#=$ s[lif ljQ tyf ladf √
#=% k|lt:kwf{Tds d"No z[ª\vnfx¿ √
#=^ u|fdL0f ;8s ;~hfn lj:tf/ √
#=& s[lifhGo ahf/ ;"rgf √
#=* u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f / gjLs/0fLo pmhf{x¿ √
k|lt:kwf{Tdstf
$=! ahf/sf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿ ljsl;t √
$=@ ;fgf Pj+ demf}nf s[lif Joj;fo pBdx¿df j[l4 √
$=# vfB tyf s[lif hGo pTkfbgx¿sf] lgof{tdf j[l4 √
$=$ vfB ;'/Iff tyf u'0f:t/df j[l4 √

&=!% Pl8P; vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmdx¿

$*)_ Pl8P;n] oy]i6 ;xdlt, ;+;fwg / k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgnfO{ kl/rfng ug{ ;lsg] u/L s]xL
k|fyldstfdf /fVg] sfo{qmdx¿sf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5 . oL k|fyldstfdf k/]sf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ Pl8P;
vf; dxTjsf sfo{qmdx¿ elgg] 5 . rf/ vf; dxTjsf sfo{qmdx¿ lgDg lnlvt 5g\ M
!= vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{qmd -vfkf];'sf_
@= ljs]lGb|t lj1fg, k|ljlw, / lzIff sfo{qmd -ljk|lzsf_
#= d"No z[Înf ljsf; sfo{qmd -d"z[ljsf_
$= gj kl/jt{gsf/L tyf s[lif pBd sfo{qmdx¿ -gs[psf_

&=!^ vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{qmd

$*!_ vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmd vfkf];'sfn] ;Í6f;Gg ;d"xx¿sf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Ifdf ;'wf/ ug]{ nIo
/fv]sf] 5 . o;df tLg cf]6f pk–sfo{qmdx¿ 5g\M xfn ljZjJofkL s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff of]hgfsf]
efusf] ¿kdf clGtd ¿k k|fKt ub}{ u/]sf] g]kfn vfB ;'/Iff cfof]hgfÙ vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7gsf]
;xof]udf clGtd ¿k k|fKt ub}{ u/]sf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{ of]hgf, / Pl8P; sf] sfo{
of]hgfsf] bf];|f] % jif]{ cjlwdf th'{df sfofGjog ul/g] gofF vfB tyf ;'/Iff kl/of]hgf .

$*@_ of] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf nflu g]kfn s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff of]hgf / vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff
sfo{qmd h:tf /fli6«o sfo{qmdx¿ / ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] -cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;sf nflu cd]l/sL
lgof]u_ sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf ;~rflnt …ls;fg kl/of]hgfÚ, ljZj vfB sfo{qmdsf] cfly{s ;xof]udf

207
 rn]sf sfo{qmx¿ / ;a}eGbf c;'/lIft u|fdL0f 3/w'/L / s[ifsx¿sf]df vfB k'uf];\ egL ;'lglZrt ug{
ax' If]q kf]if0f sfo{qmdsf] 5ftfd'lg g]kfn ;/sf/ / ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf rn]sf
sfo{qmdx¿_ cfly{s ;xfotfdf ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿aLr ;dGjo h?/L 5 . vfkf];'sf sf] sfo{qmd
Joj:yfkgn] pk;ldltnfO{ /fPl8P;;; sf] vfB / kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf] -x]g'{xf];\ efu &=&_ af/]df hfgsf/L
lbg] 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f klxNo} cg'df]bg k|fKt u/]sf] kfFr jif]{ sfo{qmd ax' If]q kf]if0f sfo{qmd;Fu
;fdfGotof Pl8P; / vf; u/L vfkf];'sf xft]dfnf] u/L cufl8 a9\g] 5g\ .

$*#_ sfo{qmdsf] klxnf] kfFr jif]{ sfof{Gjog kZrft\ l;s]sf] kf7sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ / vfB ;'/Iff / s'kf]if0f
Go"gLs/0f ug{sf nflu 7"nf k|efj kfg]{ vfnsf] vfB ;'/Iff ;DaGwL gofF sfo{qmd th'{df ug{ vfkf];'sf
sf] sfo{qmd Joj:yfksn] To;sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ub{5 .

&=!& ljs]lGb|t lj1fg, k|ljlw, / lzIff sfo{qmd

$*$_ s[ifsx¿ tyf s[lif pBdx¿sf] cfjZostfx¿k|ltsf] k|ltsfo{nfO{ ;an t'Nofpg cg';Gwfg, k|;f/
/ lzIffsf] ;dGjonfO{ a9fjf lbFb} vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmd ljk|lzsfn] k|;f/ / cg';Gwfg k4ltnfO{
ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug]{ nIo /fv]sf] 5 .

$*%_ of] sfo{qmd s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ sfo{qmd Joj:yfksåf/f sfof{Gjog x'g] 5 .
ljk|lzsf Joj:yfksn] gfs{, s[lj, k;]lj / s[lif ljZjljBfnox¿ / sn]hx¿ h:tf s[lif lzIff
lgsfox¿aLrsf] ;dGjonfO{ ;'lglZrt u5{ / ljs]Gb|Ls[t k|;f/ k4lt, ljs]Gb|Ls[t cg';Gwfg k4lt /
;anLs[t s[lif lzIff k4ltsf k|ltkmnx¿;Fu ;DalGwt lqmofsnfkx¿sf] sfof{GjognfO{ ;xhLs/0f
u5{ .

$*^_ ljs]Gb|Ls[t k|;f/ k4ltdf tLg k|d'v pkfox¿nfO{ ;+nUg ul/g] 5 M -!_ k|To]s uf=lj=;=df
;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{ Ù -@_ ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|x¿nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f
k|bfg ug]{ ljBdfg Pj+ of]hgfj4 s[lif k|;f/ ;]jfx¿sf] Ifdtf ;an kfg]{Ù / -#_ pknAw ;jf]{Ts[i6
k|;f/ / k|;f/ ;]jf k|bfosx¿df kx'Fr k|fKt ug{ s[ifsx¿nfO{ ;anLs/0f ug{sf nflu ef}r/ k4lt
k|j4{g ug]{ . oL pkfox¿sf] JofVof efu %=# df ul/Psf] 5 . tnsf] efun] ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf
s]Gb|;Fu ;DalGwt sfof{Gjog kIfx¿sf] lj:t[t JofVof ub{5 .

$*&_ ljk|lzsfsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos sf]ifx¿nfO{ Pp6f sf]ifdf hDdf ul/g] 5Ù h;nfO{
ljs]Gb|Ls[t lj1fg, k|fljlw, / lzIff sf]if -ljk|lzsf sf]if _ elgg] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/ / ljsf;
;fem]bf/x¿sf] of]ubfgaf6 of] sf]ifsf] k'gk"{lt{ x'g] 5 . ljk|lzsf Joj:yfksn] sfo{qmd k|:tfjx¿ /
ah]6 Pl8P; 6«:6 sf]ifdf cg'df]bgsf nflu k]; ug]{ 5 . Pl8P; 6«:6 sf]ifaf6 k|fKt ah]6 ljk|lzsf,
gfs{, s[lj, k;]lj, s[lif tyf jg ljZjljBfno, s[lif / kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg / s[lif sn]hx¿df
k7fOg] 5 .

208
&=!&=! ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|x¿
$**_ xfn g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Joj:yfkg cGtu{t /x]sf] k|;f/ k4lt s[lj cGtu{tsf s[lif ;]jf s]Gb|x¿ /
k;]lj cGtu{tsf kz' ;]jf s]Gb|x¿sf] ;~hfn dfkm{t ;+ul7t x'G5 . hDdfhDdL #&* s[lif ;]jf s]Gb| /
!!! kz' ;]jf s]Gb| 5g\ . g]kfndf #!%& uf=lj=;= / @!& gu/kflnsfx¿ 5g\ .

$*(_ ;]jf s]Gb|x¿sf] of] ;Lldt ;ª\Vof g]kfnsf] s[ifs hg;ª\Vofdf k'Ugsf nflu Ps afws ag]sf] 5 .
;]jf s]Gb|x¿sf] of] ;Lldt ;ª\Vof / sfo{qmd ug{ tyf Ifdtf clej[l4 lqmofsnfk ug{sf nflu pknAw
;+;fwgsf] ;Lldttfn] emg} ljs/fn aGg k'U5 . kl/0ffd :j¿k /fli6«o k|;f/ ;]jf w]/}h;f] ulj;x¿ /
ls;fgx¿;Dd k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . To;} u/L olb ljBdfg k|;f/ k4lt s[ifsx¿sf]df k'Uof] eg] klg
ljBdfg k4ltn] :yfgLo cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{ ;S5 eGg] s'g} Uof/]G6L 5}g . g]kfnsf] s[lif–
kof{j/0fLo / ;fdflhs cfly{s ljljwtf c;fwf/0f ePsfn] km/s km/s k|sf/sf ls;fgx¿sf
cfjZostfx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L tj/n] k|ltsfo{ ug{ s'g} klg ljz]if k|sf/sf] k|;f/ ;]jf k|bfosnfO{
r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5 . ;/sf/L k|;f/ ;]jf k|bfos, u}/;/sf/L ;]jf k|bfosx¿ / lghL If]qsf ;]jf
k|bfosx¿ s]jn Ps efu g]kfnL s[ifsx¿ tyf pBdx¿sf] cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{ ;Ifd 5g\ .

$()_ of] cj:yfsf] lg/fs/0f ug{ Pl8P;n] Ps k[ys tl/sf / ;+:yfut 9fFrfsf] k|:tfj ub{5 . s[lif ;]jf
s]Gb| / kz' ;]jf s]Gb|nfO{ ljBdfg ;~hfndf yk ub}{ Pl8P; n] ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|x¿ -
;fs[k;]s]_ sf] ;[hgfdf d2t ub{5 . oL ;]jf s]Gb|x¿sf] k|To]s uflj;÷gu/kflnsfdf k"0f{ ¿kdf
;d'bfox¿n] :jfldTj u|x0f Pj+ Joj:yfkg ub{5g\ / uflj;÷gu/kflnsf, ;xsf/Lx¿, lghL If]q /
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt ldl>t ;+;fwgaf6 oL ;]jf s]Gb|x¿n] cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt u5{g\ .

$(!_ k|To]s ;fs[k;]s|] sfg'g adf]lhd btf{ ePsf] Ps ;dfh x'g] 5Ù ;a} s[ifsx¿, pBdx¿ / uflj;sf
s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf k|bfosx¿ / ltgsf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;b:otf v'nf x'g] 5 . ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf
s]Gb|sf] af]8{df k|To]s uflj;sf ;a} j8fsf k|ltlglwx¿sf] pkl:ylt Pj+ ;fdflhs / n}lËs ;Gt'ng
;'lglZrt kfg{ ljk|lzsf sf sfo{qmd Joj:yfksn] ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb| u7gsf ;'zf;g
;DaGwL lgodx¿ th'{df ug]{ 5g\ .

$(@_ Pp6f ;dfhsf] ¿kdf ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|n] cfˆgf ;DklQx¿sf] :jfldTj u|x0f Pj+
Joj:yfkg cfkm} ug]{ 5, sd{rf/L cfkm} lgo'Qm ug]{ 5, a}7s ug]{ 5, Joj;fo th'{df ug]{ 5, a}+s vftf
vf]Ng] 5, /sd ljt/0f ug]{ 5 / cfjlws ¿kdf n]vf k/LIf0f tyf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{
5 . ;'zf;g lgodx¿n] af]8s { f] ;+/rgf Pj+ ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿n] af]8{sf ;b:ox¿ r'Gg] tl/sf
:yflkt ug]{ 5 . ;fwf/0f ;efn] ;b:otf z'Ns pk/ lg0f{o ug]{ 5 . k|;f/ ;]jfx¿ ufpF:t/df
;xhLs/0f ug'{ tyf cfd hgtfsf dfux¿ / cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug'{ s]Gb|x¿sf] a[xt\ p2]Zo x'g] 5 .
s]Gb|x¿n] cfˆgf k|;f/ ;]jf k|bfosx¿ -s[lif tyf kz'kfng k|fljlwsx¿ of u|fdL0f k|;f/ sfo{stf{x¿_
cfkm} lgo'Qm ug]{ 5 . tL ;]jf k|bfosx¿n] k|lzIf0f tyf k|fljlws / k[i7kf]if0f lhNnf l:yt ;/sf/L
;]jf s]Gb|x¿af6 of ljefux¿sf pko'Qm OsfO{x¿af6 k|fKt ub{5g\ . s]Gb|x¿n] s[lif ljZjljBfno,
s[lif sn]hx¿, of Jofj;flos :s'nx¿ h:tf cGo k|bfosx¿af6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] cltl/Qm Ifdtf
clej[l4sf] klg cfof]hgf ug{ ;S5g\ . s]Gb|n] kl/of]hgfx¿, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ of lghL ;]jf
k|bfosx¿;Fu k|ToIf ;dembf/L kq (MOU) of s/f/ ug{ ;S5 .

209
$(#_ ;fs[k;]s] nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u ljleGg ;|f]tx¿af6 k|fKt x'g] 5 M -!_ ;b:ox¿af6 cfly{s ;xof]u -
@_ uflj; ah]6 -#_ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/L ah]6 -aLp /sdsf] ¿kdf_ -$_ kl/of]hgfx¿ -%_ ;]jf z'Ns of
s]Gb|x¿ cfkm}n] ;'? u/]sf cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿ .

$($_ a}7sx¿ ;~rfng ug{ s]Gb|x¿n] ;'?df :yfgLo ;xsf/Lx¿, uflj;sf ;'ljwfx¿ of ;b:ox¿;Fu
;DalGwt s'g} klg ;'ljwf of ejg of rf}/ k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ . s]Gb|x¿ ;b:otf of ljQdf km:6fpFb}
hfFbf ltgLx¿n] cfˆg} ;'ljwfx¿ k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ .

$(%_ ;fs[k;]s] sf nflu Pl8P; sf] of]ubfgsf ;'?sf] aLp /sd x'g] 5 . of] aLp /sdsf] p2]Zo :yfgLo
;+;fwgx¿nfO{ zlQmzfnL agfpg' x'g] 5 . Pl8P; n] aLp /sdsf -?= !) nfv sf] ;Ldf;Dd_ ¿kdf
;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb sf] :yfkgfsf nflu k|bfg ug]{ k|To]s kl/df0fnfO{ s]Gb|n] Tolt g} dfqf
hDdf u/L d]n v'jfpg'k5{ / o;n] eljiodf klg cfˆgf sfo{x¿ lg/Gt/ ;~rfng ug]{ 5 eGg] Ps
ljZjfl;nf] of]hgf k]; ug'{kb{5 . of] d]n u/fpg NofOPsf] /sd s]Gb|sf] cfˆg} ;|f]t, uflj;sf] cfly{s
;xof]u of ;fd'bflos s]Gb|n] h'6fpg ;Sg] cGo s'g} /sd x'g ;S5 .

$(^_ ;fs[k;]s] k"0f{ ¿kdf ;d'bfon] ;'?d} :ki6;Fu} :yfkgf ul/Psf ;'zf;gsf lgodfg';f/ Jojl:yt
ug]{5 . s]Gb|n] k|;f/ ;]jfx¿ k|bfg ug{sf nflu sd{rf/L cfkm} lgo'Qm ug]{ 5 . sd{rf/LnfO{ ;/sf/sf
sd{rf/Ln] glhs}sf] s[lif/kz' ;]jf s]Gb| of s[lj/k;]ljsf] k|lzIf0f s]Gb|x¿df k|lzIf0f lbG5g\ .
;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]GbnfO{ s[lif/kz' ;]jf s]Gb;Fu hf]l8g] 5, tfls k|To]s lhNnfsf
lqmofsnfkx¿ cem /fd|f];Fu ;dGjo ug{ ;lsof];\ .

$(&_ of] tl/sf cg';f/ ;fs[k;]s] sf] :yfkgfdf ;3fp k'¥ofpgsf nflu hgr]tgf sfo{qmd / Ifdtf
j[l4sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ljk|lzsf sf sfo{qmd Joj:yfksn] ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|
:yfkgfsf nflu lgb]{lzsf tof/ kfg]{ 5g\ .

$(*_ o;sf] kl/0ffd eg]sf] b]zsf ;a} uflj;df k'Ug ;Sg] k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|x¿sf] ;~hfn xf] . o;sf ;fy}
oL k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|x¿ ;d'bfox¿n] g} Jojl:yt ug]{ ePsfn] s[ifsx¿sf] ljljw cfjZostfk|lt a9L
k|ltsfof{Tds tyf /sd p7fpg a9L lhDd]jf/ / ToxL sf/0fn] ubf{ a9L l6sfp x'G5g\ .

&=!&=@ ljs]Gb|Ls[t cg';Gwfg k4lt

$((_ ljs]Gb|Ls[t cg';Gwfg k4ltsf nflu gfs{ sf] k'g;+{/rgf, gofF /fli6«o cg';Gwfg lgsfox¿sf] -h:t}
/fli6«o afujfgL cg';Gwfg lgsfo_ :yfkgf / ;'b"/ klZrd If]q nufot ;a} If]qx¿df cg';Gwfg
s]Gbx¿sf] :yfkgfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . /fli6«o s[lif cg';Gwfg k4ltdf gfs{n] ;jf]{Rr lgsfosf]
¿kdf sfd ug]{ 5 . of] cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgfnfO{ ;dGjo, ;xhLs/0f, PsLs[t, cg'udg / d"NofÍg
ug]{, cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgfx¿nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{, / /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o :t/df cg';Gwfg
;DaGwx¿nfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ gLltut lgsfo xf] . gfs{ cGtu{tsf /fli6«o cg';Gwfg sfo{qmdx¿ / If]qLo
s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿ cg';Gwfg ;~rfng ug]{ tyf gfs{ sf] k|:tfljt ;+/rgfdf hgfOP cg';f/
dfgj ;+;fwg / lgsfox¿k|lt k|lzlIft Pj+ Jojl:yt ug]{ h:tf sfo{x¿sf] sfof{Gjog lgsfox¿sf]
¿kdf sfd ug]{ 5g\ . Pl8P; n] gfs{ ;Fu PsLs[t /fli6«o s[lif cg';Gwfg sf]ifsf] :yfkgfnfO{ k|j4{g

210
 ug]{ 5 . ljBdfg /fli6«o s[lif cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; sf]if /fli6«o s[lif cg';Gwfg sf]if d} ufleg] 5 .
s[ifsx¿ tyf s[lif pBdx¿sf dfux¿ k"/f ug{sf nflu /fli6«o s[lif cg';Gwfg sf]ifn] ;/sf/L, lghL
/ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{ -action_ cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgfx¿nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{
5.

%))_ ljBdfg /fli6«o s[lif cg';Gwfg ;+:yfg / /fli6«o kz' lj1fg cg';Gwfg ;+:yfg cltl/Qm Pl8P; n]
/fli6«o afujfgL cg';Gwfg ;+:yfg, /fli6«o kz' :jf:Yo cg';Gwfg ;+:yfg / /fli6«o hnr/ tyf dT:o
cg';Gwfg ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgfsf] nflu d2t ub{5 . 8f]6L l:yt s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|nfO{ ;'b"/ klZrd
If]qs} If]qLo s[lif cg';Gwfg s]Gb|df kl/0ft ug]{ xfn;fn}sf] lg0f{osf] kl/k"/ssf] ¿kdf ;'b"/ klZrd
If]qsf ljleGg s[lif–kof{j/0fLo If]qx¿df :yfkgf ug{sf nflu Pl8P; n] d2t ug]{ 5 . ljBdfg
cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿ leq} Pl8P; n] t/fO{{ -@_, dWo kxf8 -!_ / pRr kxf8df -!_ s[lif oGqLs/0f
s]Gb|x¿ :yfkgsf nflu d2t ug]{ 5 . Pl8P;n] ef}uf]lns ¿kn] Ps csf{sf] glhs /x]sf / p:t}
vfnsf cg';Gwfg lqmofsnkfx¿ ug]{ cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿ / sfo{qmdx¿sf] PslqttfnfO{ k|j4{g ub{5 .
o;n] k|zf;lgs vr{ Pj+ ;+;fwgsf] -ljz]if u/L ;~rfng vr{_ bf]xf]/f]kgf 36fpF5 . Pl8P;n] z}lIfs
;+:yfgx¿ / k|;f/ ;]jfx¿ ;lxtsf ljleGg ;'ljwfx¿sf] pknAwtf / afF8r'8sf nflu oL b'j} vfn]
;+:yfx¿;Fu sfof{Tds ;DaGwx¿ :yflkt ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ 5 .

&=!&=#= s[lif lzIff k|0ffnL;Fu PsLs/0f

%)!_ s[lif lzIff k|0ffnL;Fu PsLs/0f s[lif / jg ljZjljBfno, lqe'jg ljZjljBfnonfO{ ;xof]u, tL
ljZjljBfnox¿df s[lif Joj;fo ljefusf] ;[hgf, Jofj;flos ljBfnox¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4,
ljBfnosf] kf7\oqmddf s[lif ljifox¿sf] ;dfj]zLs/0f / ;DefJo lhNnfx¿df s[lif sn]hx¿sf]
:yfkgf kb{5g\ . cg';Gwfg / k|;f/aLrsf] PsLs/0fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ cltl/Qm pkfox¿df gfs{sf
lgsfox¿;Fu ;+o'Qm z}lIfs / cg';Gwfg sfo{qmdx¿, ljefux¿ / lhNnf clwsf/Lx¿;Fu ;+o'Qm k|;f/
sfo{qmdx¿ ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|;Fu ;+o'Qm z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿, lghL If]q;Fu ;fem]bf/L ug{
-h:t} ;'ljwfx¿ ef8fdf lbg], lghL÷;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f_ s[lif tyf jg ljZjljBfno /
s[lif sn]hx¿sf nflu gj kl/jt{gsf/L tl/sfx¿sf] klxrfg / s[lif ljZjljBfnox¿, sn]hx¿ /
Jofj;flos ljBfnox¿df vfB tyf ;'/Iff d"n k|jfxLs/0f ug{sf nflu :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;dGjo
kb{5g\ .

%)@_ s[lif If]qsf] tLj| ljsf; w]/} tŒjx¿df lge{/ x'G5 . ltgLx¿dWo] lzIffn] s'n pTkfbsTjdf ;'wf/sf
nflu dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . of] If]qdf x'g] nufgLsf] sdLn] s[lif ¿kfGt/0fsf r'gf}tLx¿ ;fdgf ug]{
g]kfnsf] Ifdtf dGb ultsf] Pj+ sdhf]/ x'g] 5 . w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd g]kfndf s[lif lzIff nufgLsf]
sdLn] Ifo x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . s[lif If]qsf] j[l4nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ s[lif lzIffdf b]lvPsf] of] 36\bf k|j[lQsf]
nufgLnfO{ pN6\ofpg'k5{ .

&=!* d"No z[Înf ljsf; sfo{qmd

%)#_ vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmdn] /fli6«o dxŒjsf k|lt:kwf{Tds / ;dfj]zL d"No z[Înfx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{
nIo lnPsf] 5 . k|fyldstfdf k/]sf d"No z[Înfx¿sf] ;Gbe{df ul/asf nflu ahf/ tl/sf ckgfOg]

211
 5 . lgDg cfwf/x¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]sf] k|lqmof dfkm{t\ ;Lldt ;ª\Vofdf 5flgPsf d"No z[Înfx¿nfO40
k|fyldstfdf lbOg] 5 M -!_ ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf] ;DefjgfÙ -@_ j[l4sf] ;Defjgf -of a9\bf] j[l4 /
kx'Frsf] ;Defjgf_ -#_ x:tIf]ksf] ;Defjgf / -$_ ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f / n}lsË, jftfj/0fLo
l6sfpkg, /fli6«o / If]qLo /0fgLlts k|fyldstfx¿sf] ;fd~h:otf, Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng -cfoft k|lt:yfkg
/ lgof{t_ / ef}uf]lns k}mnfj6 h:tf ;femf d'2fx¿ . a[xt\ / PsLs[t pkfox¿ dfkm{t\ k|fyldstfsf
d"No z[Înf ;DaGwx¿ ;an x'g], ;/sf/L-lghL ;fem]bf/L nufgLdf j[l4 x'g] tyf If]qdf k/]sf] k|efj
;Fu} d"Nodf yk x'G5 .

%)$_ g]kfndf cGo d"No z[Înf x:tIf]kx¿eGbf k[ys /x]/ d"z[ljsf sf lgDg gjkl/jt{gsf/L ljz]iftfx¿
x'g] 5g\ M -!_ o;n] d"No z[Înfsf] ;a} r/0fx¿sf] /]vb]v tyf ljsf; ub{5– aLpb]lv clGtd
pTkfbg;Dd, pTkfbgb]lv k|zf]wg;Dd, ahf/ k"jf{wf/b]lv kx“'r-;8s tyf ;~hfn;Dd, kf]:6 xfe]{:6
k|ljlwb]lv u'0f:t/ ljZj;gLotf Pj+ lgof{t;DdÙ -@_ k|efjsf/L nufgL ;'lglZrt ug{ s[ifs ;+u7gx¿,
Jofkf/Lx¿, k|zf]wgstf{x¿, ;fdu|L k|bfosx¿ / d"No z[Înfsf cGo stf{x¿aLrsf] ;~hfnnfO{ cem
;an kfg]{ 5Ù -#_ lhNnf aflx/;Dd k|lt¿k / ;DaGw k'¥ofO{ /fli6«o k|efj kfg]{ nIo /fVg] 5Ù / -$_
Pp6f lhNnf of ljefu;Fu dfq sfd gu/L ljleGg lhNnfx¿ / ljefux¿;Fu sfd ug]{ 5 .

%)%_ d"z[ljsf sf] Joj:yfks s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] v6fpg] 5 . Joj:yfks s[lif d"No z[Înf ljsf;,
kl/of]hgf Joj:yfkg / Joj;fo ljsf;df ulx/f] cg'ej ePsf] pRr sf]6Lsf] ljz]if1 x'g'kb{5 .
ljlzi6 d"No z[Înf sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ pQm ljz]if1n] ljlzi6 d"No z[Înf ljsf;
u7aGwgx¿sf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tx¿;Fu ;dGjo ug]{ 5g\ . dz[[ljsf Joj:yfksn] sfo{qmd
k|:tfj Pj+ ah]6 cg'df]bgsf nflu Pl8P; 6«:6 sf]ifdf k]; ug]{ 5g\ . Pl8P; 6«:6 sf]ifaf6 k|fKt /sd
d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; u7aGwgdf k7fOg] 5 . d"z[ljsf Joj:yfksn] sfo{qmdsf] ;du| cg'udg
d"Nofª\sgsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ 5g\ .

&=!*=! d"No z[Înf ljsf; u7aGwgx¿

%)^_ d"No z[Înf ljsf; u7aGwgx¿ -d"zl[ ju_ eg]sf] sfg'g ;Ddt btf{ ePsf] tyf s[ifsx¿ /
ltgLx¿sf ;+u7gx¿, pBdLx¿ ;fdu|L cfk"ltstf{x¿, aGbf]a:tLsf ;~rfngstf{x¿, e08f/u[x
Joj:yfksx¿, ;xsf/Lx¿, / cGo d"No z[Înfstf{x¿ h:tf dxŒjk"0f{ pBf]u k|ltlglwx¿sf] :jfldTj
/x]sf] ;dfh xf] . ;a} stf{x¿aLrsf] ;dfgtf eg]sf] ltgLx¿ ;a} Ps ljlzi6 d"No >]0fLdf
Jofj;flos ¿kdf ;Da4 5g\ / ul/aLsf] Go"gLs/0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} cfˆgf] Jofj;flos ljsf;sf]
k|j4{g ug{ rfxG5g\ .

%)&_ k|To]s d"z[ljusf] d"No ljsf; sf]ifdf kx'Fr x'G5 . sfg'g cg';f/ d"No z[Înf ljsf; u7aGwgsf
;b:ox¿n] Ps af]8{sf] u7g ug]{ 5g\ . af]8{df ^ lgjf{lrt / & u}/–lgjf{lrt ;b:ox¿ /xg] 5g\ . u}/–
lgjf{lrt ;b:ox¿ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 s[ljd, cd, /fof]cf, l;Fd, ;+df:yfljd, g]pjfd; / g]/fa}+ sf
k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ u/L dgf]lgt x'g] 5g\ . af]8{sf] cWoIftf s[ljdsf k|ltlglwn] ug]{ 5g\ .

40
The potential value chain commodities will be decided by the NADSIC as per the dynamic priority of the
country

212
 af]8{n] cg'df]bg ug]{ u/L Joj:yfkgn] Joj;fo of]hgf / nufgL of]hgf tof/ kfg]{ 5 . d"z[lju sf]
sfd sf/jfxLsf] sfg'g cg';f/ n]vf k/LIf0f x'g] 5 . To;sf ;fy ;fy} d"No z[ª\vnf ljsf; sf]ifsf
;xof]uL ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] lgodg cg';f/ klg To;sf] n]vf k/LIf0f x'g] 5 .

&=!( gjkl/jt{g / s[lif pBdzLntf sfo{qmd

%)*_ vf; dxŒjdf sfo{qmd gs[psf n] s/ ;'ljwfx¿, s[lif Joj;fo OGSo'j]6;{ / k"/s cg'bfgsf]
;lDd>0f dfkm{t\ s[lif gjkl/jt{g / pBdzLntfsf] hu]gf{ ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 . lghL pBdx¿,
;xsf/Lx¿, / nlIft o'jf, dlxnf tyf ;LdfGtLs[t ;d"xx¿af6 cfPsf gjkl/jt{gsf/L pBdLx¿ of]
sfo{qmdsf d'Vo nfestf{x¿ x'g] 5g\ .

%)(_ of] sfo{qmd s[lif ljsf; dGqfnoåf/f v6fOPsf sfo{qmd Joj:yfksåf/f sfof{Gjog x'g] 5 . gs[psf
Joj:yfksn] ;'wfl/Psf] s/ ;'ljwfx¿, s[lif Joj;fo OGSo'j]6;{ / k"/s cg'bfg dfkm{t\ gjl/jt{gsf/L
;fgf / demf}tf s[lif pBdx¿sf] j[l4nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ 5g\ .

%!)_ gs[psf sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos /sdnfO{ gj kl/j{g s[lif pBd sf]ifdf -gs[p sf]if_ hDdf
ul/g]5 / ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] of]ubfg dfkm{t\ kl/k"lt{ ul/g] 5 . gs[psf Joj:yfksn] gs[p sf]ifaf6
/sd s[lif Joj;fo OGSo'j]6;{x¿ / k"/s cg'bfg s[lif Joj:yfksx¿nfO{ ljt/0f ug]{ 5g\ . gs[psf
Joj:yfksn] sfo{qmd k|:tfjx¿ / ah]6 Pl8P; 6«:6 sf]ifdf cg'df]bgsf nflu k]; ug]{ 5g\ . Pl8P;
6«:6 sf]ifaf6 k|fKt /sd gs[psfdf k7fOg] 5 .

&=@) cu'jf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿M s[ifsx¿, ;xsf/Lx¿ / lghL If]q

%!!_ ;/sf/L If]qsf] cnfjf Pl8P; df s[ifsx¿ / ltgLx¿sf] cfof]u, ;xsf/Lx¿, d"No >]0fL stf{x¿,
lghL pBdLx¿ / ltgsf ;+u7gx¿ -h:t} /fli6«o ls;fg ;~hfn_ /fli6«o ;xsf/L dxf;+3, /fli6«o
s[ifs ;d"x dxf;+3, aLp Joj;foL ;+3, b'Uw pBf]u ;+3_ cu'jf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ x'g] 5g\ . lhNnf
:t/df klg p:t} vfnsf ;+u7gx¿ x'g] 5g\ / s[ifs / ;xsf/Lsf] ;jfndf eg] uflj; :t/df x'g]
5g\ . To;} u/L /fli6«o / :yfgLo j:t' ljz]if ;+u7gx¿ of Jofkf/ ;+u7gx¿ x'g] 5g\ . Pl8P; sf
s[ifsx¿df b'j} Jofj;flos s[ifsx¿ / lgjf{xd"vL ls;fgx¿, ;fgf s[ifsx¿ / ;LdfGtLs[t s[ifsx¿
x'g] 5g\ . s[lif pBdx¿df n3', ;fgf / dWod pBdx¿ ;+nUg 5g\ . k|foh;f] s[ifsx¿ dlxnfx¿
5g\ .

%!@_ Pl8P; sf] ;kmntf s[ifs ;+u7gx¿, ;xsf/L ;+u7gx¿ / lghL If]qsf ;+u7gx¿sf] :jfldTj /
;xeflutfdf lge{/ 5 . s[lif If]qsf o; klxn]sf /0fgLltx¿eGbf k[ys tl/sfn] Pl8P; n] s[ifs
;+u7gnfO{ u7g r/0fd} ;+nUg u/]sf] 5 / ltgLx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, d"NofÍg / cfjlws
k'g/fjnf]sgx¿df ;+nUg ub}{ n}hfg] 5 .

%!#_ cu'jf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf lgDg clwsf/x¿ 5g\ M

* Pl8P; gLlt / nufgL ;DaGwL lg0f{ox¿df ;xefuL x'g] tyf ltgdf k|efj kfg]{
* Pl8P; sf] cg'udgsf ;xefuL x'g]

213
 * Pl8P; of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ;DaGwL ;"rgfdf kx'Fr

%!$_ To;} ;dodf cu'jf Pl8P; ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf lgDg lnlvt lhDd]jf/Lx¿ 5g\M
* Pl8P; sf] th'{df Pj+ sfof{Gjog cjlwdf cfpg] ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu of]ubfg
lbg',
* Pl8P; ;Fu ;DalGwt lg0f{o lng] k|lqmofsf] ult a9fpg of]ubfg lbg] .

%!%_ cu'jf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf clwsf/x¿ o;/L ;+:yfut ul/Psf 5g\ . s[ifs cfof]u, s[ifs ;+u7gx¿,
;xsf/L ;+u7gx¿ / lghL If]qsf pBd ;+u7gx¿sf k|ltlglwx¿ Pl8P; sf] th'{df, of]hgf,
sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ug]{ lgDg lgsfox¿sf ;b:ox¿ x'g] 5g\ M
!= /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt / s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog ;ldlt
@= Pl8P; ;Fu ;DalGwt /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldltsf pk;ldltx¿
#= Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{sf] ;~rfns ;ldlt
$= lhNnf s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt / If]qLo s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt
%= g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb af]8{
^= ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|sf] ;'zf;g lgsfo
&= s[ljd l:yt gLlt tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u ;dGjo dxfzfvf cGtu{tsf gofF gLltx¿sf]
k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ul7t gLlt k'g/fjnf]sg Kofg]nx¿
*= Pl8P; sf] % jif]{ cfjlws k'g/fjnf]sg, d"NofÍg / cBfjlws ;ldltsf ;~rfns ;ldlt
(= g]kfn vfB ;'/Iff cg'udg k|0ffnL lhNnf vfB ;'/Iff ;~hfn

%!^_ g]kfndf ax';ª\Vos s[ifsx¿ dlxnf ePsfn] Pl8P; n] s[ifs ;+u7gx¿, ;xsf/L ;+u7gx¿ / lghL
If]qsf ;+u7gx¿nfO{ ;+of]hg, cg'udg / lg0f{o ug]]{ lgsfox¿df dlxnf k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ ;xefuL
agfpg k|f]T;flxt ug]{ 5 .

&=@! gful/s ;dfh ;+u7gx¿

%!&_ ;/sf/L If]q, lghL If]q, ;xsf/L If]q / s[ifs ;+u7gx¿sf cnfjf cGo gful/s ;dfh ;+u7gx¿
klg Pl8P; sf d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ x'g] 5g\ . oL cGo d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿dWo] lgDg
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ pNn]Vo 5g\M
* u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ / Jofj;flos ;+:yfx¿ h:tf ;]jf k|bfosx¿
* dlxnf ;+u7gx¿
* blnt ;+u7gx¿
* hghflt ;+u7gx¿
* pkef]Qmf ;+u7gx¿
* Jofj;flos ;+u7gx¿
* uflj;sf] ;+3
* ;~rf/ dfWod
* pTkfbs ;+u7g

214
%!*_ w]/} dfdnfx¿df Pl8P; sf] ;+/rgfn] :ki6;Fu ltgLx¿sf] e"ldsfsf] klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf
nflu ;DalGwt /fli6«o ;xof]u ;ldlt pk;ldltsf] d'Vo Wofg eg]sf] Pl8P; ;Fu u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf
tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿;Fu / hgr]tgf cleofgx¿h:tf Pl8P; sf y'k|} lqmofsnfkx¿sf]
sfof{Gjog u};;÷cu};; dfkm{t\ x'G5 . k|;f/ ;]jfx¿ s[lif ;+3, kz' lrlsT;f ;+3, s[lif k|fljlws ;+3
/ kf/fe]6 h:tf Jofj;flos ;+u7gx¿n] klg k|bfg ug{ ;S5g\ . ljz]if u/L s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf;
sfof{Gjog ;ldltsf] s]Gb|Lo :t/sf] a}7s kZrft\ s[ljdsf k|jQmfn] ;~rf/ dfWodnfO{ To;sf]
;ª\lIfKt hfgsf/L uf]i7L tyf ;Dd]ngx¿ dfkm{t\ ;"rgfdf kx'Fr lbgsf nflu cfdGq0f u5{g\ .

&=@@ s[ljd / ;DalGwt lgsfox¿df ;+u7gfTds kl/jt{gx¿

%!(_ ax'If]qLo ljsf; /0fgLltsf] ¿kdf Pl8P; nfO{ /fli6«o / :yfgLo :t/df ;dGjo / sfof{GjognfO{
;xhLs/0f ug{sf nflu kof{Kt ;+oGqsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;cl3sf efux¿df /fli6«o Pl8P;
sfof{Gjog ;ldlt, /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt, Pl8P; 6«:6 sf]if / vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmdx¿
nufotsf y'k|} ;+oGqx¿sf af/]df j0f{g eO;s]sf] 5 . s[ljd / o;sf ljefux¿sf ;Gbe{df tnsf
efux¿n] Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos ;+u7gfTds kl/jt{gx¿sf] af/]df lj:t[t rrf{ ug]{
5.

%@)_ s[lif ljsf; dGqfno / ;DalGwt ljefux¿nfO{ k'g;+{/rgf ug'{sf] dfu{ lgb]{zs l;4fGt eg]sf]
Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogdf k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{' xf] . s[ljd gLlt lgdf{0f, ;du| ;dGjo / of]hgf,
sfg'gL 9fFrfsf] ljsf;, ah]6 ljlgof]hg, cGt/f{li6«o / If]qLo k|ltj4tfx¿sf] cjnDagsf] ;'lglZrttf,
Jofkf/ k|j4{g / s[lif If]qsf ;du| cg'udg / d"NofÍgk|lt lhDd]jf/ 5 . ljefux¿ rflxF ;DalGwt
pkIf]qLo sfo{s|dx¿sf] sfof{Gjog Pj+ k|fljlws k'g{anLs/0fk|lt lhDd]jf/ 5g\ .

%@!_ Pl8P;df k|:tfljt s[ljd sf] k'g{;+/rgfdf lgDg s'/fx¿ ;+nUg 5g\M
s_ gLlt / cGt/f{li6«o ;xsfo{ tyf ;dGjo dxfzfvf :yfkgf ug]{ Ù
v_ s[lif Jofkf/ dxfzfvf :yfkgf ug]{ Ù
u_ Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{– gLlt / cGt/f{li6«o ;xsfo{ tyf ;dGjo dxfzfvf v8f
ug]{ Ù
3_ leq}sf Jofj;flos / k|fljlws sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ v'nf lgo'lQmsf] cfjZjf;g lbg]– d"ne"t
;ª\sfo ljefuLo ljz]if1tf h];'s}df xfl;n u/]sf] eP tfklg bIf / of]Uo ;a}
sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu s[ljd sf kbx¿ v'nf ul/g] 5 .

%@@_ gfs{ sf] cem a9L ljs]Gb|Ls[t ;+/rgftkm{sf] k'g;+{/rgfsf] 5nkmn %=#=@ df eO;s]sf] 5 .
vfk|u'lglj nfO{ Pl8P; n] lgDg ;'emfjx¿ lbG5 M -!_ kf“r} ljsf; If]qx¿df vfB u'0f lgoGq0f If]qLo
k|of]uzfnfx¿ :yfkgf ug]{, / ;a} lhNnfx¿df vfB u'0f lgodg sfof{nox¿ :yfkgf ug]{ . s[lj sf
nflu Pl8P; n] k[ys afujfgL ljsf; ljefusf] :yfkgfsf nflu a[xt\ cWoogsf] af/]df ;f]Rg ;'emfj
lbG5 . of] r/0fdf k;]lj sf k'g;+{/rgfsf nflu Pl8P;åf/f s'g} ;'emfj lbOPsf] 5}g .

215
%@#_ s[lif tyf jg lj1fg ljZjljBfno / s[lif sn]hx¿sf nflu Pl8P; n] lgDg ;'emfjx¿ lbG5M
-!_ ;DefJo lhNnfx¿df s[lif sn]hx¿sf] :yfkgf ug]{, -@_ s[lif tyf jg ljZjljBfnodf k|ljlw k|;f/
ljefu :yfkgf ug]{ .

%@$_ Pl8P; n] s[ljd / ;DalGwt ljefudf -cg'R5]b @*) x]g'{xf];\_ uxg k|zf;lgs Pj+ Joj:yfkg
;j]{If0fsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] ;Í]t u5{ .

&=@# PlkkL sf nflu alxu{dg /0fgLlt

%@%_ Pl8P; sf] tof/L tyf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 o;sf] cg'df]bg ;g\ @)!$ df emG8} PlkkL sf] cGTo;Fu}
kg{ hfG5g\ . PlkkL nfO{ ljleGg r/0fx¿df k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] 5Ù s[lif If]q sfo{qmd k'g/fjnf]sg
sf] cjlwdf @))!–@))% df klxnf] k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof] eg] @))^ df PlkkL sfof{Gjogsf]
cj:yfsf] k|ltj]bg;Fu} -PlkkL – cfOP;cf/_ csf]{ k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Psf] lyof] . @))& sf] nuQ} kl5
g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ / a[xt\ ;dfhn] a9\bf] PlkkL sf] k|f/lDes th'{dfdf lgDg
tŒjx¿df kl/dfh{gsf] cfjZostf /x]sf] cf}FNofOof] M -!_ gofF /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o kl/k]|IoÙ -@_
PlkkL cfˆgf nIox¿ k"/f ug{ ;kmn ePsf] lyPg eGg] cfd wf/0ffÙ / -#_ PlkkL sf] j}wflgstfsf]
cjlw -!((%–@)!$_ cGTolt/ a9\b} u/]sfn] gofF bL3{sfnLg /0fgLltsf] vfFrf] .

%@^_ Pl8P; sf] k|fljlws ;xof]u ;d"xn] u/]sf] k'g/fjnf]sgn] PlkkL sf] ldl>t k|bz{gsf ;fy} s]xL
dxŒjk"0f{ kf7x¿nfO{ phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . cg';Gwfg, k|;f/ / k|ljlwdf Psfu|tf j[l4sf] sf/s, n3'
ls;fgx¿sf] Joj;foLs/0fdf hf]8, s[lifdf dlxnf dxŒjk"0f{ dfgj tŒj eGg] s'/fsf] klxrfg, u|fdL0f
k"jf{wf/x¿sf] -vf; u/L u|fdL0f ;8s / u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f_ dxŒj h:tf PlkkL cGtu{t th'{df
ul/Psf s]xL k|d'v ljrf/x¿ Pl8P; df klg j}w g} /xG5g\ .

%@&_ olt g} a]nf Pl8P; sf nflu PlkkL df gePsf gofF tl/sfx¿ / sfo{qmdx¿sf] cfjZostf 5 .
h:t} ;'–zf;gsf] dxŒj, Pl8P; sf] of]hgf th'{df, lg0f{o lng], tyf cg'udgdf s[ifsx¿, ;xsf/Lx¿
/ lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf, e"ld;Fu ;DalGwt d'2fx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t
;]jf s]Gb|x¿Ù n3' ls;fgx¿sf] d"No z[Înf;Fu PsLs/0fÙ s[lif pBdzLntf / k|lt:kwf{Tdstfsf]
k|j4{g, Jofkf/ k|j4{g / s'n lgof{tÙ u'0f:t/ ljZjf;gLotf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;, ufFp :t/df ;]jf
k|bfosx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4, hnjfo' kl/jt{g / pTyfgzLntf clej[l4sf pkfox¿ / vfB ;'/Iff
dfq geO{ kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿ .

%@*_ Pl8P; sf] cg'df]bgn] g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qdf bL3{sfnLg ljsf;sf nflu cflwsfl/s /0fgLltsf ¿kdf
PlkkL sf] cGTonfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ 5 .

216
*= vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff

%@(_ Pl8P; sf] w]/} k|efjx¿ dWo]sf] Ps vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug'{ xf] . vfB tyf kf]if0f
;'/Iffsf] kIf ;du| /0fgLltdf lglxt 5 / Pl8P; sf w]/} lqmofsnfkx¿ tyf ;a} tŒjx¿df of]
ljBdfg 5 . Pl8P; ax'–If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgf / vfB tyf kf]if0f sfo{ of]hgf;Fu -vfB s[lif ;+u7g sf]
;xof]udf tof/ kfl/Psf]_ cfj4 5 .

*=! vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/IffM kl/efiff / nIox¿

%#)_ ;g\ !((^ df vfB s[lif ;+u7gåf/f k|:tfljt vfB tyf kf]if0f ;''/Iffsf] kl/efiffn]41 vfB pknAwtf,
vfBdf kx'Fr, vfB k|of]u / pkof]u / :yfloTjsf ljleGg kIfx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u5{ / Pl8P; sf]
kl/sNkgfsf] cleJolQmdf lglxt ;dfj]zLs/0f / hLljsf]kfh{gsf kIfx¿ klg ;DalGwt 5 . vfB tyf
kf]if0f ;'/Iff ax'If]qLo cjwf/0ff xf] . lglZrt ¿kdf Ps k|d'v lgwf{/s xf] . g]kfnsf s[lif If]qsf]
kl/sNkgfdf pRr s[lifhGo j[l4 cltl/Qm cfodf dfq ge} xfn :jf:Yo c;'/Iffdf /x]sfx¿sf]
kf]if0fo'Qm vfBsf] pknAwtf, kx'Fr Pj+ pkof]udf klg k|ltljlDat x'G5 . vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffn] kz'
/ afujfgL pTkfbgx¿sf] cln 7"nf] e"ldsf ;lxtsf] cem a9L ljljwLs[t s[lif pTkfbg k|0ffnLnfO{
;+nUg ug'{k5{ . ;x/L ahf/x¿ / cGt/f{li6«o vfB Jofkf/ a9\b} hfFbf vfB ;'/Iffsf d'2fx¿ vfB tyf
kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf dxŒjk"0f{ kIfx¿ aGg] 5g\ .

%#!_ Pl8P; df vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf ;'emfjx¿ / nIox¿ tflnsf $& df lbOPsf] 5 . ltgLx¿df
lgDg s'/fx¿ ;+nUg 5g\ M @@)) Sofnf]/L÷k|lt JolQm÷k|ltlbgsf] Sofnf]/L o'Qm cfjZostf k"/f ug]{
Ifdtf ePsf] Ps y}nf] vfB pkef]un] lgwf{/0f ug]{ ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf hgtfsf] cg'kftsf] ¿kdf
kl/eflift vfB ul/aL, pd]/ cg';f/ Ps lglZrt dfkb08sf] eGbf sd tf}n ePsf kfFr jif{d'lgsf
jRrfx¿sf] ¿kdf kl/eflift k'8\sfÙ Ps lglZrt dfkb08sf] eGbf sd tf}n / prfO ePsf kfFr
jif{d'lgsf jRrfx¿sf] k|ltztsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift Vofp6]Ù / Go"gtd a8L df; OG8]S;-aLPdcfO{
(Body Mass Index) åf/f dfkg ul/Psf] k|hgg of]Uo pd]/sf dlxnfdf r/d zlQm cNktf . vfB tyf
kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf ;Da4 cGo lgsfox¿;Fusf] ;dGjotfdf Pl8P;n] oL ;"rsx¿sf] cg'udg tyf
d"NofÍg ug]{ 5 .

tflnsf $&M Pl8P; df vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf ;"rsx¿ / nIox¿

;"rsx¿ xfnsf] cj:yf cNksfnLg nIo dWosfnLg nIo bL3{sfnLg nIo
-@)!%_ -% aif{_ -!) aif{_ -@) aif{_
vfB ul/aL @&=^∞ !^∞ !!∞ %∞
-% aif{d'lgsf aRrfx¿df #&=$∞ k'8\sf]kgf @(∞ k'8\sf]kgf @)∞ k'8\sf]kgf ≤ *∞ k'8\sf]kgf ≤
k'8\sf]kgf -pd]/ cg';f/sf]
prfO_ sf]
#)=!∞ sd tf}n @)∞ sd tf}n ≤ !#∞ sd tf}n ≤ %∞ sd tf}n ≤

41
The 1996 World Food Summit adopted the following definition: “Food security, at the individual, household,
national, regional and global levels [is achieved] when all people, at all times, have physical and economic
access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and
healthy life”.

217
 ;"rsx¿ xfnsf] cj:yf cNksfnLg nIo dWosfnLg nIo bL3{sfnLg nIo
-@)!%_ -% aif{_ -!) aif{_ -@) aif{_
-% aif{d'lgsf aRrfx¿df sd ≤
tf}n -pd]/ cg';f/sf] tf}n_
!!=#∞ Vofp6]kgf %∞ Vofp6]kgf ≤ @∞ Vofp6]kgf ≤ !∞ Vofp6]kgf ≤
- Vofp6]kgf (Wasting) % jif{
d'lgsf aRrfx¿df
-prfO cg';f/sf] tf}n_
- % aif{d'lgsf aRrfx¿df !*=!∞ Go"g !%∞ Go"g !#∞ Go"g %∞ Go"g
Vofp6]kgf -prfO cg';f/sf] laPdcfO{ ePsf laPdcfO{ ePsf laPdcfO{ ePsf aLPdcfO ePsf
tf}n_ dlxnf dlxnf dlxnf dlxnf
- k|hggof]Uo dlxnfx¿df
cTolws zlQm cNktf -Go"g
aLPdcfO dfkg_

*=@= vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf ;'zf;gdf Pl8P; ;Defu ! sf] of]ubfg

%#@_ Pl8P; sf ;a} kl/0ffdx¿, k|ltkmnx¿, / ls|ofsnfkx¿n] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf vfB tyf kf]if0f
;'/Iffsf] ;'wf/df of]ubfg k'¥ofpF5g\ . To;} u/L Pl8P;n] aRrfnfO{ b"w r';fpFb} u/]sf tyf ue{jtL
dlxnfx¿, hghflt, blnt tyf s0ff{nLh:tf jl~rt If]qx¿sf ;d"xx¿ ;d]t u/L ;a}eGbf a9L
;'lawf jl~rt u|fdL0f hg;ª\Vofsf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff cfjZostfx¿sf] ;Daf]wg ug]{ 5 .

%##_ ;'zf;g ;DaGwL ;Defu ! cGtu{t Ps y/L ls|ofsnfkx¿ k"0f{ ¿kdf ;'ljwf jl~rt ;d"xx¿sf]
vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;dlk{t 5g\ . ;a} eGbf a9L ;'lawf jl~rt u|fdL0f
hg;ª\Vofsf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] ljZj;gLo sfo{s|dx¿lagf Pl8P; tyf
o;sf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf of]ubfgk|lt ljZjf; /xFb}g eGg] Pl8P; n] dx;'; u/]sf] 5 . oL
ls|ofsnfkx¿ vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff of]hgf eg]/ lrlgg] Ps /fli6«o vf; dxŒjsf] sfo{s|d cGtu{t
;+ul7t x'g] 5g\ . of] sfo{s|ddf tLg pk sfo{s|dx¿ x'g] 5g\ M /fli6«o vfB ;'/Iff of]hgf, h'g
xfn;fn} ljZjJofkL s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff sfo{s|dsf] Ps c¨sf ¿kdf r'lgg nfu]sf] 5 Ù vfB tyf
kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{ of]hgfÙ h;sf] xfn;fn} vfB s[lif ;+u7gsf] ;xof]udf 6'ª\uf] nfUg yfn]sf] 5 Ù /
/fli6«o vfB ;'/Iff of]hgf / vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff of]hgfsf] kl/k"/ssf ¿kdf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog
ul/g] Ps gofF nlIft /fli6«o vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{s|d . ljBdfg Pj+ th'{df ul/Psf] o:t}
vfnsf sfo{s|dx¿;Fu Pl8P; sf] tfnd]n clwstd ug{ / nIo lgwf{/0f ug]{ Ifdtf ;'wfg{ ax' If]qLo
kf]if0f of]hgf;Fu ;dGjo ug{' h?/L 5 .

%#$_ g]kfnsf ;a}eGbf a9L ;'ljwf jl~rt ;d"xx¿ / If]qx¿sf vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/IffnfO{ ;Daf]wg
ug{s
' f cltl/Qm Pl8P; df h];L tyf kf]if0f d"nk|jfxLs/0f / vfB clwsf/ / vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff
P]g h:tf sfg'gsf] th'{dfdf d2t h:tf s'/fx¿ ;+nUg 5g\ . ljleGg kl/of]hgfx¿ ;a}eGbf a9L vfB
c;'/lIft u|fdL0f 3/w'/Lx¿ / s[ifsx¿ Dffem k'uf];\ eGg] ;'lgZrt ug{ ax' If]qLo kf]if0f of]hgfsf]
5ftfd'lg /x]sf cGo ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿ / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf ;~rflnt sfo{s|dx¿,
ljZj vfB sfo{s|dn] ;xof]u u/]sf sfo{s|dx¿, cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;sf nflu cd]l/sL ;xof]usf] cfly{s
;xof]udf ;~rflnt ls;fg kl/of]hgf -Feed the Future) h:tf hf/L vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff

218
 kl/of]hgfx¿nfO{ vfkf];'sf sfo{s|d Joj:yfks dfkm{t\ Pl8P; n] ;dGjo ug]{ 5 . vfkf];'sf sf
sfo{s|d Joj:yfksn] /fPl8P;;; sf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf af/]df pk ;ldltnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg]
5g\ .

%#%_ Pl8P; n] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u :t/df pRr :t/Lo /fli6«o vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff ;~rfns ;ldlt
/ vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff ;dGjo ;ldlt, / lhNnf :t/df lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] g]t[Tjdf lhNnf
vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff ;~rfns ;ldlt h:tf s]Gb|Lo Pj+ lhNnf vfB ;'/Iff ;+of]hg ;+oGqx¿sf]
IfdtfnfO{ ;an t'Nofpg Pl8P; n] d2t ug]{ 5 . o;n] ax' If]q kf]if0f of]hgf k|lt Pl8P; sf]
of]ubfgnfO{ ;'b[9 t'NofpF5 / vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf ;a} d'Vo stf{x¿nfO{ ;+nUg ub{5 .

%#^_ Pl8P; n] VffB clwsf/ tyf VffB ;Dk|e'tf sfg'gsf] th'{dfnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ 5 / To;sf]
sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg ug]{ 5 . VffB clwsf/ tyf VffB ;Dk|e'tf l;4fGtx¿ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgd}
:yflkt e};s]sf lyP / ltgLx¿ g]kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]z x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf 5 . cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !* n] VffB ;Dk|e'tfnfO{ VffBdfly clwsf/ jf ;Dejt VffB kof{Kttfsf] clwsf/sf]
¿kdf x]/]sf] 5 . oL l;4fGtx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o vfB Jofkf/nfO{ alxisf/ ug]{ lgot 5}g eGg] dfGotfdf
Pl8P; logLx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft u5{ / cfˆgf] cjlwdf oL l;4fGtx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg ug]{ 5 .

*=#= vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf pTkfbsTjsf] k|efj Pl8P; ;Defu @ sf] of]ubfg

%#&_ Pl8P; ;Defu @ sf] pTkfbsTjsf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf o; k|sf/ k|efj kb{5 M -!_ pRr
pTkfbg / k|fs[lts ;+;fwgsf] lbuf]] k|of]u dfkm{t\ g]kfndf vfB pTkfbgsf] kl/df0fdf j[l4 u/]/Ù /
-@_ ;'wfl/Psf] vfB÷bfgf÷aLp ;~ro, ;'wfl/Psf] k"j{ tof/L / cfsl:ds kl/l:yltx¿sf]] k|ltsfo{, /
hnjfo' ;'xfpFbf] s[lif cEof;x¿ dfkm{t\ s[ifsx¿sf] ;ª\s6f;Ggtf sd u/]/ .

%#*_ j[l4 ePsf] lbuf]] pTkfbsTjn] cfTd lge{/tf k|fKt ug{ vfBfGg pTkfbgdf j[l4 / ;DejtM Jofkf/
jrt dfq ge} aLp pTkfbg / ljt/0fdf ;'wfl/Psf] cEof;, l;FrfO, jfnL ;+/If0f / kf]if0f, k|hgg /
kz' kf]if0fdf ;'wfl/Psf cEof;x¿åf/f t/sf/L / kmnk"mn, t]nxg, bnxg, / kz'hGo k|f]l6gsf] -b"w,
c08f, df;' / df5f_ pTkfbgdf ;d]t c;/ kfb{5 . g]kfnnfO{ t'ngfTds kmfObf ePsf ljljw
pTkfbgx¿sf] lgof{tsf] dfusf cltl/Qm of] pknJwL g]kfnL hg;ª\Vofsf] pRr kf]if0fsf] dfunfO{ k"/f
ug{ ;Ifd cem a9L ljljwLs[t s[lif x'g] 5 . o;sf nflu Pl8P; sf] th'{dfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf b'O{
ls|ofsnfkx¿ k|;f/ sfo{s|dx¿ / s[lif lzIff sfo{s|dx¿ b'j}df kf]if0fnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug'{
cfjZos x'g] 5 . k|d'v vfBfGg, t/sf/L / kz'hGo k|f]l6gsf cltl/Qm Pl8P; n] b'u{d If]qx¿sf] vfB
tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf 6]jf k'/\ofpg] :yfgLo pTkfbgx¿sf] ;+/If0f Pj+ pkof]udf of]ubfg lbg] 5 .
cg';Gwfg k|;f/ k|0ffnLnfO{ k|To]s uflj; l:yt ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf s]Gb|x¿n] 1fg / k|bz{gsf]
¿kdf cfjZostfx¿ tyf oL :yfgLo vfBx¿sf] :yfgLo cfjZostfx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbG5g\ .

%#(_ ljleGg k|s[ltsf ;ª\s6x¿df -;dfg zq'hLjsf] cfs|d0f, /f]u, af9L, v8]/L cflb_ s[ifsx¿ /
;d'bfox¿sf] ;dfg's"ng ;jn t'NofP/ klg vfB kf]if0f ;'/Iffn] k|efj kfg{] 5 . ljkb\x¿df
;d'bfox¿ / 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k"j{ tof/L / k|ltsfo{df ;'wf/ Nofpg Pl8P; n]] vfB, aLp, bfgf ;~ro
k4ltx¿sf] ljsf;nfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ 5 .

219
*=$= Joj;foLs/0fsf] ;DaGwdf Pl8P; ;Defu # sf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf of]ubfg

%$)_ Pl8P; ;Defu # sf] gfkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0fn]] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf o; k|sf/n] k|efj kf5{ M
-!_ s[ifsx¿sf] cfodf j[l4 u/]/ Ù -@_ ahf/sf] kx'Frdf ;'wf/ u/]/ -#_ kf]i6 xfe]{:6 3f6f Go"gLs/0f
u/]/ .

%$!_ ;fgf ls;fg / v]tfnfx¿sf] ultzLn d"No z[ª\vnf;Fusf] PsLs/0f, vf; u/L ltgLx¿sf] pRr cfo
/ ahf/df ;'wfl/Psf] kx'Frn] k|ltljDat u5{ . o;n] u|fdL0f hg;ª\VofnfO{ kf}li6s Pj+ ljljlws[t
cfxf/ ;'lglZrt u5{ . b'Uw, t/sf/L, ds}, / bfnsf /fli6«o sfo{s|dsf] ljsf; ljz]if dxŒjsf] x'g] 5 .
oL a:t'x¿sf nflu k|efjsf/L d"No z[ª\vnfsf] ljsf;n] k|f]l6g / kf]ifs cfxf/;Fu ;DalGwt
u'0f:t/Lo / ;:tf pTkfbgx¿sf] 7"nf] dfqfdf ;xh cfk"lt{sf] pknAwtfnfO{ hgfp“5 .

%$@_ Joj;flos s[lifsf] ljsf;n] kf]:6 xfe]{:6 k4ltx¿df ;'wf/ Nofpg d2t ub{5Ù h'g kf]:6 xfe]{:6
gf]S;fgLdf Go"gLs/0f tyf aif{e
} l/ nfdf] ;do;Dd ljleGg yl/sf vfB pTkfbgx¿sf] pknAwtfdf
k|ltljlDat x'G5 .

*=%= Pl8P; ;Defu $ k|lt:kwf{Tdstfsf] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf of]ubfg

%$#_ Pl8P; ;Defu $ k|lt:kwf{Tdstfsf]] vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf o;/L k|efj kb{5 M -!_ vfB ;'/Iffdf
;'wf/ NofP/Ù -@_ ljljwLs[t cfxf/sf nflu Jofkf/df e/ k/]/Ù dlxnf, o'jf, ;'ljwf jl~rt ;d"xx¿, /
;'ljwf jl~rt If]qx¿sf JolQmx¿åf/f g]t[Tjdf ;~rflnt n3', ;fgf / dWod s[lif pBdx¿sf] j[l4sf]
ult tLa| kf/]/ .

%$$_ gLlt, lgsfo, lgu/fgL, k|ljlw / lg/LIf0fsf :t/df g]kfnsf] vfB ;'/Iff l:yltdf a[xt\ ;'wf/ Nofpg'
cfjZos 5 . g]kfnel/ ;'wfl/Psf] vfB ;'/Iff dfkb08x¿ ;'lglZrt ug{ vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f
lgoGq0f ljefusf lhNnf :t/Lo sfof{nox¿sf] :yfkgf nufotsf ljleGg pkfox¿nfO{ Pl8P; n]
k|j4{g u5{ .

%$%_ Pl8P; n] o:tf] kl/l:yltsf] kl/sNkgf u5{Ù hxf“ g]kfn Ps ljz'4 s[lif Pj+ vfB lgof{tstf{ x'g]
5 . Pl8P; n] o:tf] /0fgLltsf] kl/sNkgf u5{Ù h;n] vfB lge{/tf ;'lglZrt ug]{ dfq geO{ Jofkf/
dfkm{t\ cem a9L k|sf/sf vfB kbfy{x¿sf] pknAwtfdf kx'“r lbG5 .

%$^_ n3', ;fgf, dWod / 7"nf pBdx¿ ;lDdlnt hLjGt s[lif Joj;fosf] of]ubfglagf k|lt:kwf{Tdstf
k|fKt ug{ ;lsFb}g . lbuf]] / k|lt:kwf{Tds s[lif pBdx¿sf] pbonfO{ k|j4{g u/L Pl8P; n] u|fdL0f
If]qx¿sf] u}/ s[lif If]qsf] j[l4df of]ubfg lbg] 5 . Ps hLjGt u|fdL0f u}/ s[lif If]qsf] cy{ pRr
u|fdL0f cfo / Go"g u|fdL0f vfB ul/aL xf] .

220
*=^ Pl8P; df vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf] cg'udg / d"NofÍg

%$&_ vfB kf]if0f ;'/Iff Ps ax'If]qLo d'2f ePsfn] o;sf] cg'udgnfO{ ax' If]qLo tl/sf h?/t k5{ .
vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff cg'udg k|0ffnLsf] ;Ifd Pj+ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu sfof{Gjog x'g]
ljleGg k|of;x¿;Fu} hf]l8P/ cfpg] s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ o:tf] tl/sf ts{k"0f{ l;4fGtx¿af6
lgb]{lzt x'g' h?/L 5 . s[ljddf o'/f]lkog o'lgog dfkm{t\ ljZj vfB sfo{qmdsf]] d2tdf kl/of]hgfsf]
¿kdf ljBdfg g]kfn vfB ;'/Iff cg'udg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ Pl8P; n] d2t ug]{ 5 . vfB
kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf] ;'wfl/Psf] cg'udgsf nflu cGo lgsfox¿ tyf sfo{s|dx¿;Fu, vf; u/L ax' If]q
kf]if0f sfo{qmd, ;dGjosf] h?/t kg]{ 5 . /fPl8P;;;n] vfB kf]if0f ;'/Iff tyf vfB ;'/Iffsf nflu
Ps pk;ldlt :yfkgf ug]{ 5 .

221
222
(= cg'udg / d"NofÍg
(=!= kl/ro

%$*_ Pl8P; sf] 9fFrfdf kl/sNkgf, pknlAwx¿, k|ltkmnx¿ / lqmofsnfkx¿ ;+nUg 5g\ . kl/sNkgf
tkm{sf nIox¿ / ;"rsx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ kl/sNkgf tkm{sf] k|ultsf] cg'udg ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}
tj/n] pknlAwx¿sf nflu klg nIox¿ / ;"rsx¿ Vofn ug{ ;lsG5 . o; kl/lzi6df k|ltkmnx¿sf
nflu s]xL ;"rsx¿ k|:t't ul/g] 5 .

%$(_ ;'–k|zf;g tŒjsf] Pp6f k|ltkmn eg]sf] cg'udg Pj+ d"NofÍg xf] . cg'udg;Fu ;DalGwt y'k|}
lqmofsnfkx¿ ;'zf;g tŒjsf] k|ltkmn !=^ df j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . Pl8P; sf] ;'?jftdf s]Gb| / lhNnf
:t/df cg'udg / d"NofÍsgsf nflu Ps ljlzi6 k|0ffnL th'{df ul/g] 5 / s]Gb|Lo Pj+ lhNnf :t/sf
lgsfox¿sf] cg'udg IfdtfnfO{ ;an t'NofOg] 5 . gofF Pl8P; cg'udg k|0ffnLnfO{ g]kfn vfB
;'/Iff cg'udg k|0ffnL, lhNnf ul/aL cg'udg k|0ffnL, ul/aL cg'udg k|0ffnL / cGo cg'udg Pj+
d"NofÍg ;+oGqx¿ h:tf ljBdfg cg'udg ;+oGqx¿;Fu hf]l8g] 5 .

(=@ Pl8P; sf] cg'udg / d"NofÍsg

%%)_ Pl8P; nfO{ ;xeflutfTds tl/sfn] lgoldt / Jofj;flos 9Ën] cg'udg ug'{ h?/L 5 . cg'udg
l8lehg / OsfO{x¿nfO{ dGqfno / ljefuLo :t/df ;an t'NofOg] 5 / Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u
OsfO{åf/f d2t Pj+ Ifdtf clej[l4 u/fOg] 5 .

%%!_ kl/of]hgf / sfo{qmd cg'udgsf] cltl/Qm Pl8P; nfO{ gLlt Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o ;xsfo{ ;dGjo
l8lehgn] ug]{ lgltut cg'udgsf] cfjZostf kg]{ 5 . Pl8P; sf] cg'udg ;fdu|Lx¿ tyf
k|ltkmnx¿sf] cg'udgeGbf k/ uP/ Pl8P; sfo{qmdx¿sf cg'udgsf] 9fFrfsf] nIo / 9fFrf
cg';f/sf pknlAwx¿ tyf k|efjx¿sf] cg'udg ;d]t ;+nUg x'G5 . cg'udgsf k|ltj]bgx¿ cª\u|]hL
/ g]kfnL b'j}df ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf pknAw u/fOg] 5 / o;dfly lgoldt ¿kdf /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo
:t/df ax; rnfOg] 5 .

(=# kl/sNkgf, pknJwLx¿ / k|ltkmnx¿ cg'udg

%%@_ Pl8P; sf kl/sNkgf / o;sf tIox¿ tflnsf !% df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5Ù k|efjx¿ / ;"rsx¿
tflnsf !( df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5Ù pknlAwx¿sf nflu nIox¿ tflnsf @) df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5Ù /
k|ltkmnx¿sf nflu k|f/lDes ;"rsx¿ tn tflnsf $* b]lv tflnsf %! df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

223
Tfflnsf $*M ;'wfl/Psf] ;'zf;g ;DaGwL kl/0ffd ! sf nflu k|ltkmn ;"rsx¿
k|ltkmn ;"rsx¿
 g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f Pl8P; sf af/]df q}dfl;s k|]; lj1lKt
hf/L
 jflif{s Pl8P; cg'udg d"Nofª\sg k|ltj]bgdf gLltut
!=! gLltut k|lta4tfsf]
ljZj;gLotf ;DaGwL Ps v08
ljZj;gLotf
 k|d'v kbx¿sf] kbfjlw ;DaGwL lgodg cg'df]lbt Pj+
sfof{Gjog
 x/]s % aif{df Pl8P; sf] :jtGq k'g/fjnf]sg

 /fli6«o ;xof]u ;ldlt / s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; sfof{Gjog

;ldltsf ;+zf]wgx¿ cg'df]lbt Pj+ sfof{Gjog
 /fPl8P;;; / s]s[ljsf; sf] q}dfl;s a}7sx¿ ;DkGg /
lg0f{ox¿ Pl8P; sf] j]a;fO6df pknAw
 /fPl8P;;; sf] pk;ldltx¿ Uf7g
!=@ Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogdf  /fPl8P;;; sf] pk;ldltx¿sf] a}7sx¿ ;DkGg /
;'wfl/Psf] ;dGjo lg0f{ox¿ Pl8P; sf] j]a;fO6df pknAw
 If]qLo s[lif ljsf; ;ldlt / lhnnf s[lif ljsf; ;ldltsf]
q}dfl;s a}7sx¿ ;DkGg
 jflif{s Pl8P; cg'udg d"Nofª\sg k|lta]bgdf ;dGjo
;DaGwL Ps v08
Pl8P;;DaGwL s]s[ljsf; sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg
 /fof]cf / ax' If]qLo of]hgfx¿ ;DaGwL lgodg
 Pl8P; sf] aflif{s of]hgfx¿ tyf ah]6sf] l:y/tf ;DaGwL
!=# PsLs[t of]hgf th{'df
/fof]cf sf] k|lta]bg
 Pl8P; ;DaGwL s[ljd sf] aflif{s k|lta]bg
 Pl8P; sfof{Gjog dfu{bz{g / sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf
 cw{ jflif{s Pl8P; sfof{Gjog cg'udg k|lta]bg
 gLlt ljZn]if0f tyf gLlt cg'udgdf k|lzlIft
kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vof
 gLltut sfo{ k|ltj]bgx¿ -jflif{s_
!=$ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ;xof]u
 Pl8P; ;DaGwL jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg]{
Pl8P; sfof{Gjogdfly gLltut sfo{zfnf uf]i7L / k|:t'lt
 gLltut cWoog
 /fof]cf, s]s[ljsf;, / /fli6«o ;xof]u ;ldltsf
pk;ldltx¿nfO{ ;ª\lIfKt hfgsf/L lbg]
 vfB ;'/Iff tyf jftfj/0f dxfzfvfsf sd{rf/Lx¿ h];Ldf
k|lzlIft
 vfB ;'/Iff tyf jftfj/0f dxfzfvfsf sd{rf/Lx¿4f/f h];L
!=% Pl8P; df n}ª\lus ;dfgtf /
;DaGwL tYofÍ Pslqt
;fdflhs Pj+ ef}uf]lns
 lhNnf :t/df h];L sd{rf/Lx¿
;dfj]lztfsf nflu ;+oGqx¿sf]
 cGo lgsfox¿sf h];L sd{rf/Lx¿ Pl8P; df ;Da4
:yfkgf
 cg'';Gwfg / la:tf/ sf] h];L k|ltsfo{ ;DaGwL k|ltj]bgx¿
 h];L /0fgLlt th'{df
 jflif{s Pl8P; k|ltj]bgdf h];L ;DaGwL Ps v08

224
 k|ltkmn ;"rsx¿

 Pl8P; cg'udg k4lt :yflkt

!=^ ;dod} k|efjsf/L cg'udg
tyf d"NofÍg
!=& Pl8P; sf] of]hgf th{'df,
sfof{Gjog / cg'udgdf gful/s
;dfhsf] ;xeflutfsf nflu
;+oGqx¿sf] :yfkgf
!=* Pl8P; sf] cg'udg Pj+
sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg d'Vo
lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf ;an kfg]{
!=( ;'ljwf jl~rt ;d"xx¿sf]
nflu ;'wfl/Psf] vfB tyf kf]if0f
;'/Iff
!=!) sfo{df cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg
k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf
 Pl8P; cg'udg k|ltj]bgx¿ q}dfl;s ¿kdf k|sflzt
 g]kfn vfB ;'/Iff cg'udg k|0ffnL ;/sf/L k|0ffnLdf
;+:yfut e} ;~rfngdf /xG5
 Pl8P; j]a;fO6
 s[ljdsf] gLlt / cGt/f{li6«o ;xsfo{ tyf ;dGjo
l8lehgdf Pl8P; sf] ;"rgf sIf
 ljefux¿, If]qx¿ / lhNnfx¿df Pl8P; sf] ;"rgf sIfx¿
 jflif{s Pl8P; ;Dd]ng
 k|d'v lgsfox¿sf] Ifdtf cfjZostf n]vfhf]vf tyf Ifdtf
of]hgf
 Ifdtf ljsf; ;DaGwL cg'udg k|ltj]bg
 ;'ljwf jl~rt ;d"xx¿af6 cfPsf nfestf{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof
 nfestf{x¿sf] cfo
 kf]if0f ;DaGwL kl/0ffdx¿ -k'8sf, vofp6], s'kf]if0f_
 k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf
 sfo{df ;'wf/

Tfflnsf $(M pRr pTkfbsTj ;DaGwL pknlAw @ sf nflu k|ltkmn ;"rsx¿

kl/0ffd ;"rsx¿
 ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/;]jf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf
@=! s[ifsx¿ / s[lif pBdx¿sf
 k|;f/ ;]jfaf6 nfeflGjt s[ifsx¿
cfjZostfx¿nfO{ k|ltsfo{ ug]{
 k|bz{gx¿sf] ;ª\Vof
ljs]Gb|Ls[t lj:tf/ k|0ffnL
 ;'wfl/Psf k|ljlwx¿sf] cg';/0f
 z}lIfs tyf cg';Gwfg lgsfox¿;u ;+o'Qm sfo{s|dx¿
@=@ s[ifsx¿ / s[lif pBdx¿sf  gof“ /fli6«o cg';Gwfg ;+:yfg :yfkgf
cfjZostfx¿nfO{ k|ltsfo{ ug]{  cg';Gwfg s]Gb| :yfkgf
ljs]Gb|Ls[t cg';Gwfg k|0ffnL  gof“ k|ljlwx¿ ljsf;
 k|;f/ tyf z}lIfs lgsfox¿;u ;+o'Qm sfo{s|dx¿
 s[lif Joj;fo ljefusf] :yfkgf
 s[lif tyf jg ljZjljBfno / lgsfox¿sf] ;'ljwfx¿df
;'wf/
@=# ;anLs[t s[lif z}lIfs k|0ffnL
 gof“ If]qLo s[lif sn]hx¿sf] :yfkgf
 Jofj;flos ljBfnox¿sf] Ifdtfdf ;'wf/
 k|;f/ tyf cg';Gwfg lgsfox¿;Fu ;+o'Qm sfo{s|dx¿
 hUuf ef8f ;DaGwL lgodgx¿ tyf cEof;x¿ lj:tf/
@=$ e"ldnfO{ ;Ifdtfk"j{s / lbuf]]  7"nf Jofj;flos kmfd{x¿ ;xsf/Lx¿ jf s[lif pBdx¿åf/f
tl/sfn] pkof]u ug]{ kof{Kt 7"nf Jojl:yt
cfsf/sf kmfd{n] ag]sf] s[lif If]q  Sof8:6«n ;j]{If0f ;DkGg
 e"ld df]lxofgL ljjfbx¿df Go"gLs/0f
@=% ;dtfd"ns Pj+ ;DefJo  aif{e } l/ l;FrfO nfUg] If]qdf j[l4
tj/n] l;FrfO If]q lj:tfl/t /  afnL tLa|tfdf j[l4

225
 kl/0ffd ;"rsx¿
;'wfl/Psf] l;FrfO Ifdtf tyf  kfgL pTkfbstfdf j[l4
Joj:yfkg  afnL tLa|tfdf j[l4
 s[lif ;fdu|Lx¿df tyf la:tf/df kx'“rsf nflu ef}r/ gLlt
@=^ plrt ;dod} ;'ky d"Nodf :yflkt
u'0f:t/Lo s[lif ;fdu|Lx¿df kx'r
“  cg'bfg k|0ffnLnfO{ lj:tf/} ahf/ cfwfl/t k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g
ug]{ gLlt
@=& ;+;fwg / Ifdtf clej[l4df
kof{Kt nufgL dfkm{t aLp
 aLp k|lt:yfkg b/df j[l4
kl/sNkgf @)@% ;lxtsf ljBdfg
 aLp If]qdf ;/sf/L Pj+ lghL If]qsf] nufgLdf j[l4
aLp gLltx¿sf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog
@=* dn cfk"lt{sf] Jofjxfl/s
;dfwfg h'g cNk sfnsf nflu  ahf/ k|0ffnLn] plrt ;dodf dn cfk"lt{ ;'lglZrt u5{
:jLsfo{ x'G5, dWo sfnsf nflu  ahf/df pknAw dnsf] u'0f:t/
/0fgLltsf] ;ª\st] u5{ / bL3{  dn k|of]usf] ;Ifdtfdf j[l4
sfnsf nflu pTkfbsTj j[l4sf]
nIo /fV5 .
@=( g]kfnL v]tL k|0ffnLsf] cj:yf
;'xfp“bf] ljleGg ;'wfl/Psf gZnx¿  ;'wfl/Psf kz' gZnx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4
s[ifsx¿nfO{ pknJw
@=!) lghL If]q dfkm{t\
 s[lifdf oGqLs/0f
s[ifsx¿nfO{ ljleGg oGqLs/0fsf
 >dsf] pTkfbsTjdf j[l4
ljsNkx¿df kx'“r
 ljleGg ;dfg's"ng k|sf/sf afnLx¿ Nofpg]
 s[lif aLdfsf] ;'/Iff kfPsf s[ifsx¿sf] ;ª\Vof
@=!! hnjfo' kl/jt{g, ljkb, d"No  plrt cj:yfdf vfB e08f/0f k|0ffnL
cl:y/tf / cGo ;ª\s6x¿df  s[ifs sNof0f sf]if ;~rfngdf
s[ifsx¿sf] pTyfgzLntfdf ;'wf/  ;'wfl/Psf] k"j{ r]tfjgL k|0ffnL
 afnL tyf df};d ;DaGwL cg'dfg s[ifsx¿nfO{ df]afOndf
pknAw
 c;n s[lif cEof;x¿, c;n kz' :jf:Yo kz' kfng
@=!@ lbuf]] v]tLkftL, c;n s[lif cEof;sf dfkb08x¿sf] th'{df
cEof;x¿, c;n kz' :jf:Yo kz'  s[ifsx¿åf/f c;n cEof;x¿sf] cg';/0f
kfng cEof;sf] :yfkgf tyf  k|df0fLs/0f ePsf s[ifsx¿sf] ;ª\Vof / If]qkmn=
cg';/0f
@=!# k|fs[lts ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg
 jg, u}/sfi7 jg k}bfj/ k|ltkmn
/ hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ k|lt ljxËd
 sj'lnotL jg k|ltkmn
;fd'bflos e" kl/b[Zo tl/sf ;lxt
 jg sf7 k|ltkmn
hLjg lgjf{x pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t
 dlxnf tyf ;'ljwf jl~rt ;d"xn] lnPsf] jgsf]
jgnfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds, s[lifd}qL /
pTkfbgx¿sf] d"No
;dfj]zL jg Joj:yfkgdf ljsf;
 jg If]qn] ;[hgf u/]sf] /f]huf/L
ug]{

226
Tfflnsf %)M Gffkmfd"ns Joj;foLs/0f ;DaGwL pknlAw # sf nflu k|ltkmn ;"rsx¿
k|ltkmn ;"rsx¿
#=! s[lif Joj;foLs/0fsf nflu  Jofj;flos s[lif pTkfbg / s[lif Joj;fodf lghL tyf
;'wfl/Psf] nufgL jftfj/0f ;xsf/L nufgL
#=@ Jofj;flos s[lifsf nflu  s/f/ s[lif cGtu{t x=] jf ayfgx¿sf] ;ª\Vof
s/f/sf] Joj:yf
#=# ;Ifd Jofj;flos s[lif  s[lif Joj;fo tyf s[lif u|L8df nufgL k|j4{g ug{ plrt s/
If]qnfO{ d2t ug]{ s/ gLlt gLlt / To;sf] sfof{Gjog
#=$ lJleGg k|lt:kwf{Tds Pj+ dfu  s[lifhGo C0fsf] kl/df0f tyf la:tf/
pTk|]l/t ljQLo tyf s[lifhGo ladf  s[ifsx¿sf nflu pknAw ljQLo pTkfbgx¿
pTkfbgx¿  s[lif ÷kz'kfng ladf ;'/Iff
#=% k|lt:kwf{Tds d"No z[ª\vnfÙ  k|fyldstf lbO[Psf] k|To]s d"No z[ª\vnfdf pTkfbg /
h;n] n3' ls;fgx¿ / s[lif pTkfbg pQ/fw{ d"No
pBdx¿sf] yk d"No tyf nfe  ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿åf/f yk d"No
a9fp“5
#=^ u|fdL0f ;8s ;~hfn la:tf/  lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{no cGtu{t s[lif ;8s kmf“6sf]
:yfkgf
 lgld{t ;8ssf] nDafO{ -ls=ld=_
 lgdf{0fsf] @, $, ^ aif{kl5 ;8ssf] u'0f:t/
#=& ahf/ ;DaGwL ;"rgfsf nflu  s[lifhGo ahf/ ;'rgf tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw / ;~rf/
s[lifhGo ahf/ ;"rgf tyf ITC pTkfbgx¿df kx'“r ePsf s[ifsx¿sf] ;ª\Vof
pTkfbgx¿  s[lifhGo ahf/ ;"rgf tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw / ;~rf/
pTkfbgx¿df kx'“r ePsf s[ifsx¿sf] ;ª\Vof
#=* lj:tfl/t u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f /  s[ljd cGtu{t pmhf{ ljsf; kmf“6sf] :yfkgf
gjLs/0fLo pmhf{x¿  s[ifsx¿ssf nflu pknAw gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ d]uf jf6 df

227
Tfflnsf %!M j[l4 ePsf] k|lt:kwf{Tdstf ;DaGwL pknlAw $ sf nflu k|ltkmn ;"rsx¿
k|ltkmn ;"rsx¿
$=! ahf/sf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿  ahf/sf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿df nufgLsf] s'n d"No
ljsl;t  d'Vo ahf/df k'u]sf pTkfbgx¿sf]] s'n d"No
$=@ gj kl/jt{gsf/L ;fgf Pj+
demf}nf s[lif Joj;fo pBdx¿df  ljleGg ;d"xx¿n] ljsf; u/]sf s[lif Joj;fox¿sf] ;ª\Vof
 ljleGg ;d"xx¿n] ljsf; u/]sf s[lif Joj;fox¿sf]
j[l4
k|ltkmnsf] d"No
$=# vfB tyf s[lifhGo  vfB tyf s[lifhGo pTkfbgx¿sf] lgof{tdf lgof{tsf] d"No
pTkfbgx¿sf] lgof{tdf j[l4  vfB tyf s[lifhGo pTkfbgx¿sf] lgof{tdf cfoftsf] d"No
 k|df0fLs/0f ePsf lgof{t pTkfbgx¿sf] k|ltzt
 k|df0fLs/0f ePsf :jb]zL pTkfbgx¿sf] k|ltzt
$=$ vfB ;'/Iff tyf u'0f:t/df
 vfB ;'/Iff ;DaGwL 36gfx¿
j[l4
 P;lkP; kfngfsf d'2fx¿sf sf/0f lgof{ltt pTkfbgx¿sf]
c:jLs[lt

(=#=! cg'udgnfO{ /fd|f] sfo{;Dkbg;Fu hf]8\bf

%%#_ Pl8P; sf] cg'udgn] kl/sNkgf tkm{ a9\b} u/]sf] k|ult klxrfg ug]{ Pj+ ;Defljt ;d:ofx¿sf]
klxrfg ug]{ dfq geO{ o;n] /fd|f] sfo{sf] klxrfg u/L pQm sfo{nfO{ k'/:sf/;Fu hf]8\5 . cg'udg
k|0ffnLn] sDtLdf lhNnf:t/df s[lif pTkfbg, s[lif cfo, vr{, nfestf{x¿sf] ;Gt'li6, sfof{Gjogdf
k|ult cflbsf nflu ;"rsx¿ klxNofpg ;Sg'k5{ .

%%$_ /fd|f] sfo{sf] cjnf]sgkl5 dfq ;"rsx¿sf cfwf/df k|To]s jif{ pTs[i6 lh=s[=lj=sf= of
lh=k=;]=sf=x¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf] sfo{ :yflkt Go"gtd dfkb08eGbf -efu %=@=!) x]g'{xf];\_ dfly ePsf]
v08df k'/:sf/ pknAw u/fOg] 5 . Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ;xof]u OsfO{n] k|f/lDes ¿kdf cu'jf
cfwf/df Pl8P; /fd|f] sfo{;Dkfbg sf]if v8f ug]{ 5 / ;sf/fTds glthfx¿ k|fKt ePdf o;nfO{
cg';/0f tyf ;+:yfut ul/g] 5 .

228
!)= dfu{lrq
%%%_ Pl8P; n] cfpFbf] @) jif{sf] -;g\ @)!% b]lv @)#%_ lglDt g]kfnsf] s[lif ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu /0fgLlt
k|bfg ub{5 . of] lgs} nfdf] cjlw xf] . of] cjlwdf cjZoDefjL ¿kdf kl/jt{gx¿ x'g] 5g\ . of]
cjlwdf w]/} k6s ;'wfg{'kg]{ / cBfjlws ul/g'kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu
Pl8P; n] Ps 9fFrf k|bfg ub{5 .

%%^_ c¿ w]/}h;f] ofqfx¿df h:t} klxnf sbdx¿ ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . Pl8P; sf] ofqf ;'? ug{sf
nflu ofqf ;kmn kfg{sf lglDt y'k|} ;t{x¿ k"/f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . tL o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
!= ;/sf/sf] k|lta4tf
@= Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu gLlt / lgodfjnL
#= k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿aLr ;xdlt
$= ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] ;xof]u

%%&_ k|To]s ;t{nfO{ cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsg] ;"rsx¿ dfkm{t\ k|dfl0ft ug'{ cfjZos 5 . tnsf] efun]
Pl8P; sf] ;kmntfsf nflu cfjZos ug]{ k|f/lDes ;t{x¿sf] k|df0fLls/0f ug]{ ljlwx¿sf] JofVof
ub{5 .

!)=! ;/sf/sf] k|lta4tf

%%*_ Pl8P; k|lt ;/sf/sf] k|ltj4tf ljQ, sfg'g / lgsfox¿;Fu ;DalGwt # k|d'v ;"rsx¿åf/f ug{
;lsG5 . lt ;"rsx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
!= s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] -lhlj; / uflj;_ Pl8P; k|ltsf dWofjlw ah]6
k|lta4tf . k|lta4tf ;+;fwgsf] ;jfndf dfq geP/ Pl8P; sf] sfo{qmdx¿sf ;jfndf
klg nfu" x'G5 tfls ;/f]sf/fjfnfx¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ tyf gLlt nufgL tyf ljsf;
;fem]bf/x¿sf] k|lta4tfnfO{ k|j4{g ug{sf nflu kof{Kt of]hgf th'{df lIflth / sfo{qmdsf]
ljQsf] ;'/Iffsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;lsof];\ .
@= k|d'v kbx¿sf] kbfjlw M /fli6«o sfo{qmd Joj:yfksx¿ / Pl8P; df ;+nUg al/i7
lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ nufotsf Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogdf cfa4 s]xL k|d'v kbx¿nfO{
cfˆgf sfo{x¿ /fd|f];Fu ;DkGg ug{ lbgsf nflu kof{Kt kbfjlw ;'/lIft ul/g'k5{ . o;sf
nflu gLlt of lgodx¿ th'{df tyf cg'df]bg ug'{kg]{ x'g;S5 .
#= k|d'v OsfO{x¿sf] :yfkgf . Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt ug{ /fli6«o Pl8P; sfof{Gjog
;ldlt, Pl8P; sfof{Gjog 6«:6 sf]if, /fPl8P;;; sf pk;ldltx¿ / Pl8P; sfof{Gjog
;xof]u OsfO{ :yfkgf ug'{kb{5 .

229
!)=@ Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf nflu gLlt lgodx¿

%%(_ Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ljleGg gLlt tyf lgodx¿sf] th'{df Pj+ cg'df]bg cfjZos kb{5 .
oLdWo] s]xL gLltx¿ tyf lgodx¿nfO{, vf; u/L ;'–zf;gsf] kIf;Fu ;DalGwt, Pl8P; sf] ;'?s}
r/0fx¿df ;lqmo u/fpg'kg]{ cfjZostf x'G5 . -tflnsf %@ x]g'{xf];\_

tflnsf %@M Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos gLlt lgodx¿sf pbfx/0fx¿
;'zf;g pTkfbsTj Joj;foLs/0f k|lt:kwf{Tdstf
!= Pl8P; sfof{Gjog != ;fd'bflos s[lif k|;f/ != s/f/ s[lif != /rgfTds sfo{sf
;xof]u OsfO{ ;]jf s]Gb|x¿ nflu sf]if
@= /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo @= gfs{sf] k'g;+{/rgf @= d"No z[Înf ljsf; @= u'0f:t/ tyf ;'/Iff
;ldltsf] ;+/rgf / u7aGwgx¿ lgodx¿
pk;ldltx¿
#= s]s[ljsf;, If]s[lj;, #= s[lif Joj;fo ljefu, #= afnL tyf kz'kfng #= vfB ;'/Iff P]g
lhs[lj; sf] ;+/rgf s[lif ljZjljBfno / ladf lgodx¿
s[lif sn]hx¿
$= Pl8P; ;"rgf sIf $= la:tf/ / ;fdu|Lsf $= gof“ ljQLo
nflu ef}r/x¿ pTkfbgx¿
%= /fli6«o Pl8P; %= hUuf ef8fdf lng]
sfof{Gjog ;ldlt sf]
:yfkgf
^= Pl8P; sfof{Gjog 6«:6
sf]if
&= k|d'v kbx¿sf] kbfjlw
*= s[ifs cfof]u

!)=# dxŒjk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿aLr ;xdlt

%^)_ cfpFbf] @) jif{sf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ /fli6«o /0fgLltsf] ¿kdf Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjog s]jn k|fljlws
tflGqs of sd{rf/L tflGqs cEof; x'g ;Sb}g . of] /0fgLltn] s[lif If]qsf] ;dfj]zL Pj+ lbuf]] j[l4sf]
ultnfO{ tLj| kfg]{ / g]kfndf s[lifsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;xh agfpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 . o;sf] sfof{Gjog
d'Vo / cu'jf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿aLr bx|f] ;xdtljgf sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsFb}g . tL ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ o;
k|sf/ 5g\ M ;/sf/, s[ifsx¿, lghL If]q / k|d'v /fhg}lts tyf ;fdflhs zlQmx¿ .

%^!_ g]kfnh:tf] lgs} ljljw / a9\bf] ¿kdf v'nf ;dfhdf ljsf;, of]hgf th'{df, sfof{Gjog / ;+;fwg
ljlgof]hgsf ljleGg tl/sfx¿sf ;DaGwdf tftf] ax; rn]sf] 5 . ;dfh tyf /fhg}lts ljrf/x¿sf]
ljljwLs[t k|s[ltsf sf/0f Pl8P; sf] af/]df lg/Gt/ ax; rNg] 5 / slxn]sfxLF oxL ljrf/x¿sf] oxL
7"nf] cGt/sf sf/0f o;sf] sfof{Gjog ;':tfpg ;S5 .

%^@_ tyflk Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjog k|f/De ug]{ cj:yf s'g} :j}/sfNklgs l:ylt xf]Og hxfF sfo{ of]hgf /
dfu{lrqsf ;DaGwdf k|:tfljt pkfox¿df k"0f{ ;xdlt x'g] 5 . Pl8P; cl3 a9\gsf nflu

230
 sfof{Gjogsf nflu k|:tfljt tl/sf, kl/sNkgf / pkfox¿sf] af/]df ;j{;Ddt geP klg ;s];Dd
clwstd ;xdlt x'g' dxŒjk"0f{ 5 .

%^#= of] ;xdltnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] jf:tjdf pgLx¿n] Pl8P; sf] sfof{Gjogdf
;3fpg] 5g\ / sfof{Gjog cjlwdf cjZoDefjL ¿kdf cfOkg]{ ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ of]ubfg
lbgsf nflu k|lta4 5g\ eg]/ jfrf ug'{ h?/L 5 .

!)=$ ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] ;xof]u

%^$_ Pl8P;n] s[lif ljsf;sf] If]qdf g]kfn ;/sf/ / ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿aLrsf] ;dGjognfO{ ;'wfg{ Ps
;du| /0fgLlt k|bfg ub{5 . ;'ul7t Pj+ ljj]sk"0f{ /0fgLlts tl/sf ;lxt g]kfn ;/sf/ / cu'jf
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿åf/f ;+o'Qm ¿kdf Pl8P; k|lt hgfOg] k|ltj4tfn] bftf ;d'bfonfO{ s[lif If]qdf ul/Psf]
nufgLn] OR5fPsf] ljsf; kl/0ffdx¿df k'¥ofpg ;S5 eGg] ljZjf; k|bfg u5{ . o:tf] l:yltdf
Pl8P; sfof{Gjog 6«:6 sf]ifnfO{ ul/Psf] ax' jifL{o k|lta4tfsf] jfrfn] Pl8P; sf] cfly{s ;xof]u
tyf ;]jf k|jfx ;+oGqx¿nfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;S5 .

!)=% Pl8P; sf k"j{ sf]z]9'ª\uf (Milestones)

* g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cg'df]bg k"j{
– Pl8P; sf sfhutnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg]
– s]Gb|Lo tyf :yfgLo :t/df Pl8P; sf af/]df k|;f/ r]tgf cleofg
– d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] jfrf ;lxtsf] ;xdlt -AOS x:tfIf/ ;df/f]x_
– ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿af6 ;ª\s]tfTds ;xof]u
* sfof{Gjogsf] klxnf] jif{sf] cjlwdf
– /fli6«o Pl8P; ;dGjo ;ldlt, /fli6«o Pl8P; sfof{gjog ;xof]u ;ldlt, Pl8P; 6«:6
sf]if / vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmdx¿sf nflu lgodx¿, dfkb08x¿ / lgb]{lzsfx¿
– Pl8P; lgsfox¿sf] :yfkgf ug]{
– Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgb]{lzsfx¿sf] th'{df ug]{
– Pl8P; vf; dxŒjsf sfo{qmdx¿sf nflu sfo{qmd Joj:yfksx¿ lgo'Qm ug]{
– bftfx¿af6 Pl8P; 6«:6 sf]ifnfO{ ah]6 ljlgof]hg
– s[ifsx¿sf] cfof]usf] :yfkgf ug]{
– ;DalGwt cfFs8f / tYofª\s cBfjlws ug]{] .

!)=^ Ps hLljt /0fgLltsf ¿kdf Pl8P;

%^%_ Pl8P; g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf Pl8P; sf d'Vo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] :jfldTj /x]sf] Ps hLljt /0fgLlt
xf] . lgoldt cg'udg / cfjlws k'g/fjnf]sg tyf d"NofÍg dfkm{t\ Pl8P; sf tYox¿ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf
ljsf; tyf ;'wf/ x'Fb} hfg] 5g\ . Pl8P; sf] afXo % jif]{ k'g/fjnf]sg ;~rfng ul/g] 5 / o;nfO{

231
;/sf/ tyf gful/s ;dfhåf/f Jofks 5nkmn x'g] 5 . tyflk gofF ;+ljwfgsf] cg'df]bg nuQ} klg
Pl8P; sf] k'g/fjnf]sg Pj+ kl/dfh{g ul/g] 5 .

232
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;Gbe{ ;"rL
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237
kl/lzi6 !M ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L -efu ! df ;+nUg_

kl/lzi6 @ Pl8P; sf r'gf}tLx¿

k @=! pTkfbsTj – ;fwf/0f

!_ s[lif If]qsf] jt{dfg l:yltsf] d"Nofª\sg -o; k|ltj]bgsf] d"n efudf b]vfPh:t}_ n] pTkfbsTjsf
ljljw pkfox¿ b;f{pg'sf ;fy} ljsf;sf] Go"g r/0f OlËt u/]sf] 5 . cem} klg ;Defjgftkm{ 7"nf
vfN8fx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ / v]tL tyf pTkfbgkl5sf lqmofsnfkx¿df pGgt k|ljlw / ;d'lrt
cEof;sf] k|of]udfkm{t\ tL vf8nx¿ k'b}{ n}hfg cfjZos 5 . ;'wfl/Psf k|ljlwx¿sf] pTkfbg, k|rf/–
k|;f/ / lzIf0fdf ljljw ;+:yfx¿ ;+nUg 5g\ . oLdWo] g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifbn] cg';Gwfgdf,
s[lj, k;]lj, jlj, l;Fljh:tf k|fljlws ljefux¿n] s[ifs / s[lif Joj;foLx¿aLr k|ljlwsf] k|rf/–
k|;f/df / ljZjljBfnox¿n] lzIf0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ .

cg';Gwfg
Research

k|;f/
Extension Education
lzIff

lrq @!M cg';Gwfg, k|;f/ / lzIffsf] lqsf]0f

@_ clxn] oL tLg ;+:yfx¿ PsLs[t /xg'sf] ;f6f] 5'l§P/ /x]sf 5g\ . kl/0ffd:j¿k k|ljlw ;DaGwL
pNn]Vo ;d:ofx¿ b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . vf;u/L cg';Gwftfx¿ s[ifs;Dd k'u]sf 5}gg\ . ;fy} s[ifs /
Joj;foLx¿ klg cg';Gwftf;Dd k'u]sf 5}gg\ .

#_ cg';Gwfg / k|;f/sf] nflu ljlgof]lht ah]6 xd];f sd / k|efjsf/L sfdsf nflu ck'u /x]sf] 5 .
7"nf] ; \Vofdf /x]sf s[ifs;Dd k'Ug} kg]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vof klg ckof{Kt g} 5 . cg';Gwfg /
k|;f/df sfo{/t dfgj;|f]t klg clt g} ;fgf] / k|efjsf/L sfo{;Dkfbgtkm{ sd tof/ jf sd
k|f]T;flxt 5 .

$_ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g cGtu{t :yfgLo tx;Dd ;+:yfut clwsf/ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ sfo{tkm{ klg
s}of}F ;d:ofx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ . :yfgLo txsf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ Ifdtf Go"g x'g', lgjf{lrt :yfgLo
lgsfox¿ gx'g' / s]G›Lo / :yfgLo txsf bfloTj / clwsf/x¿ :ki6 gx'g' cflb ;d:ofsf d"n
sf/sx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

1
%_ tLgj6f d'Vo ;d:ofx¿sf] a]jf:tf ePsf] b]lvG5M s_ Go"g cg';Gwfg ah]6, v_ k|;f/df ;+nUg
dfgj;|f]tdf Go"gtf / u_ s[lif ljZjljBfnosf :gftsx¿sf] ;ª\Vof -lrq @@ x]g{'xf];\_

lrq @@M s[lif cg';Gwfg, k|;f/ / lzIffsf ;jfnx¿

s[lif cg';Gwfg ah]6 =)=@%

s[lif s"n ufx{:y pTkfbg
ls;fgsf] ;+Vof = !,!$$
s[lif k|;f/ sfo{stf{(*)

ljut %% jif{df s[lif :gftssf] ;+Vof = !#,)*#

Source: Economic Survey (2015/16), Red Book (2015/16), DOA (2016), DLS (….) IASS, HICAST, NPI,
GAASC, CBS (2012)
(*)Note: These include agri JT/JTA 1,666 (DoA website visited on July 2016), and livestock and veterinary
JT/JTA 1,684 (DoLS Annual Report 2010).

k @=@ pTkfbsTj—;fdu|L cfk"lt{ / ljt/0f

^_ ;fdu|L cfk"lt{ / ljt/0f;DaGwL jt{dfgsf w]/} ;jfnx¿ klg !((%÷(^ sf ;/x g} 5g\ . ;f/f+zdf
tL lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
• kx'Fr -kl/df0f, ;fdlostf, u'0f:t/, d"No_ . ;fdu|Lx¿df k|foM rfx]sf] dfqf, u'0f:t/, d"No /
;dodf kx'Fr x'Fb}g .
• k|of]usf] 1fg / s'zntf -h:t} la?jfsf] kf]ifstTj Joj:yfkg_ . ;fdu|L k|of]usf] 1fgdf klg 7"nf
cGt/x¿ 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, dnvfbdf cg'ko'Qm kf]ifstTjx¿ ld;fOG5g\ . cg'lrt k|of]u
-k|of]usf] dfqf / ;do_ n] dnvfbsf] k|efjsfl/tf @) b]lv %) k|ltzt;Dd 36]sf] x'G5 .
• lbuf]kgf -kof{j/0f, lge{/tf, :jf:Yo_ . le/fnf] hUufsf] v]tL, clt prfOdf hl8a'6Lsf] cTolws
zf]if0f, df6f]sf] Ifo, /;fogx¿sf] cTolws k|of]u, ;3g kz'kfngaf6 cfPsf] k|jfxsf]
Joj:yfkgdf sdL cflb lbuf]kgfsf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt ePsf cEof;x¿ x'g\ . j0f{z \s/ -låhftLo_
aLhdf j}b]lzs cfoftdf k/lge{/tf tyf vfgfdf sL6gfzssf cjz]if, ux|' \uf wft' (heavy
metals) jf c¿ k|bi" fsx¿sf] k/LIf0fsf] cefjsf sf/0f efjL ;Gtltx¿sf] :jf:Yo / pTkfbsTjdf
g/fd|f] c;/ kg{ hfG5 .
• ljt/0f-lghL If]qk/:t jf lj/f]wL_ . dnvfb ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf :jR5 k|lt:kwf{sf] cefjn] lghL
If]qsf] ljsf;df cj/f]w v8f ePsf] 5 . Psflt/ ;xsf/Lx¿nfO{ ljQLo 5'6df pknAw dnvfb
ljt/0fdf s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgL / ;fN6 6«]l8 skf]{/];gn] Psflwsf/ kfPsf] 5 . csf{lt/ ef/taf6
u}/sfg'gL ¿kdf eO/x]sf] dnvfbsf] cfoftn] j}w lghL cfoftstf{x¿sf] Jofkf/ w/f;foL ag]sf]
5.
• ;'lglZrt 3/]n' cfk"lt{ -;'/lIft e08f/0f, pTkfbsx¿;Fusf] s/f/÷;dtf, 3/]n' pTkfbg, ef/t jf
a \unfb]z, rLg;Fu ;xdlt ;'lglZrt ug]{<_ . ljutdf dnvfbsf] cfGtl/s cfk"lt{ ;'lglZrt ug]{
ljljw ljsNkx¿ k|:tfljt ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ gLltut lg0f{ox¿ ;"lrt ug]{ u/L s'g} of]hgfa4

2
 cWoog / d"NofÍg ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5}g . jf:tjdf k|of]u / cfoft;DaGwL cfwf/e"t tYofÍ;Dd
klg pknAw 5}g .
• ljQLo 5'6 -d"No, k|bz{gL jf pGgt k|of]u_ . dnvfb ;DaGwL ljjfbx¿ -vf; u/L dn /
l;FrfOaf/]_ sf] /fhgLlts/0f x'g] u/]sf] 5 . h;sf/0f :ki6 gLltut ljsNkx¿sf] ;dLIff / ls6fg
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
tflnsf %#M ;fdu|L ljt/0fdf JofKt d"n ;jfnx¿
cGgafnL, bnxg tyf t]nafnLx¿sf] Go"g k|lt:yfkg cf}krfl/s aLh k|0ffnL / ljt/0fsf]
;Lldt ljsf;Ù k|of]u ePsf clwsf+z aLhx¿ cgf}krfl/s ;|f]taf6 k|fKt ePsfn]
aLpljhg
u'0f:t/df gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf]M j0f{z \s/ aLhx¿sf] dfu a9]sf] t/ cfk"lt{ ;Lldt
/xL cfoftdf lge{/tf /x]sf] .
s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgL lnld6]8 / ;fN6 6«]l8 skf]{/]zgn] sl/a ##!,&^$ 6g dnvfb ;g\
@)!%/!^ 5'6dfdf ljt/0f u/]sf] 5 . jf:tljs dfurflxF %)),))) 6g /x]sf] dflgG5 .
dnvfb ;j]{If0f tYofÍsf] cefjdf cj}w cfoftsf] ljj/0f v'n]sf] 5}g . cfofltt ;fdfgsf]
u'0f:t/ Go"g /x]sf] u'gf;f] 5 . ljQLo 5'6sf] lbuf]kgfdf :ki6tf 5}g . gLltut p2]Zox¿
klg k|i6 5}gg\ . lghL 5]qsf] ljsf; klg w/f;foL 5 .
k|hggsf nflu kz'sf] cefj h:t} /fFuf cyjf b'wfn' ufO{, afv|f jf e]8fsf] ; \s/0fsf
kz' gZnx¿
nflu cGo ljb]zL ufOa:t' -exotic cattle_Ù df5f jf rf}F/Lsf] cGtM k|hgg
pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{'kg]{ tyf k|jf;gsf sf/0f >dzlQmdf ePsf] sdLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{'kg]{
a9\bf] cfjZostf . 7"nf :t/sf] nfut ;'lglZrttfsf nflu s[ifs ; \u7gx¿sf]
;+oGq
cfjZostf -h:t} 6«ofS6/, hf]Tg] oGq, kDk, sDjfOg xfe]{:6/, k|zf]wg, l8k 6\o'aj]n
af]l/ _
k @=# pTkfbsTj— aLp

&_ ax'; \Vos ls;fgx¿ cfˆg} :yfgLo pTkfbgsf jf pGgt vfnsf aLpx¿ k|of]u u5{g\ . o:tf
aLpx¿sf] k/Dk/fut clg bL3{sfnLg k|of]un] aLpsf] IfdtfeGbf w]/} sd kl/df0fdf pTkfbg x'g
yfN5 . cgf}krfl/s If]qn] aLp cfk"lt{ k|0ffnLdf k|e'Tj dfq hdfPsf] 5}g, aLp k|lt:yfkg b/ -SRR_
klg c:jLsfo{ ¿kn] Go"g agfPsf] 5 .1 hDdf cfjZos vfBafnLsf aLpdWo] cf}krfl/s If]qsf]
of]ubfg ;g\ @)!$/!% df emG8} !%% dfq /x]sf] 5 . To;df /fli6«o aLp ljhg sDkgLsf] of]ubfg
%Ü eGbf sd 5 . k|d'v cGgafnLdf aLp k|lt:yfkg b/ klg clt sd 5 . :jk/fu;]lrt /
k/k/fu;]lrt cGgx¿sf] qmdzM @%Ü / ##Ü jfl~5t aLp k|lt:yfkg b/ ljk/Lt cf};t b/ !#=@Ü
dfq 5, h;df ux'Fsf] !#=@Ü, wfgsf] !$=%Ü, ds}sf] !@=%Ü / bfnx¿sf] $=%Ü /x]sf] 5 .
vfBafnLsf ck]lIft aLpx¿sf] ()Ü eGbf a9L cfk"lt{ cgf}krfl/s If]qn] u/]sf] 5, t/ of] If]q
u'0f:t/Lo d"n aLpx¿sf] pknAwtfaf6 g/fd|f] u/L jl~rt klg 5 . of] l:yltnfO{ cf}krfl/s /
cgf}krfl/s aLp pTkfbg k|0ffnLx¿aLrsf] ckof{Kt ;xsfo{n] cem v/fa agfpFb} nu]sf] 5 . aLp
j[l4 ug]{ cfwf/e"t ;'ljwfx¿sf] cefj, ckof{Kt ;'k/Lj]If0f, cg'udg / k|fljlws ;'/If0fsf sf/0f ;a}
k|sf/sf aLp k|hgsx¿ ;fy} cfwf/e"t / k|dfl0ft aLpx¿sf] cfk"lt{ ckof{Kt 5 .

1
Birendra Basnyat (2010). “Improving seed security through the expansion of seed multiplication farms in the
public, private and cooperative sectors in Nepal”. Economic Policy Network II, MOF/ADB, Kathmandu
December 2010

3
*_ s]xL k|ltj]bgx¿n] of] klg b]vfpF5g\ ls ck]lIft pGgt aLpljhgsf] % k|ltzt dfq cf}krfl/s
If]qaf6 cfk"lt{ ePsf] 5 / afFsL cfjZostf cgf}krfl/s If]qn] k"lt{ u/]sf] 5 . s[lif ljsf;
dGqfnoåf/f ;g\ @)!% df k|sflzt tYofÍ cg';f/ g]kfn aLp sDkgLn] @)!$÷@)!% sf] cjlwdf
(%$) 6gdfq pGgt aLpx¿ ljt/0f ug{ ;s]sf] 5 . To;} u/L ;g\ @)!@/!# df dfq sl/a !,)))
d]l6«s 6g t/sf/Lsf aLpx¿ pTkfbg ePsf], h;af6 ^( d]l6«s 6g lgof{t eO{ afFsL cfGtl/s
ahf/d} ljqmL ePsf] b]lvG5 -TEPC 2012/13_ . pNn]Vo s'/f of] klg 5 ls cfGtl/s pTkfbgn]
cg'dflgt cfjZos t/sf/L aLpsf] sl/j %! k|ltztdfq k"lt{ u/]sf] 5 . t/sf/L aLp pTkfbg
bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgfdf ck]Iff u/] cg'¿k x'g g;s]sf] b]lvG5, ;fy} :yfgLo v'nf ¿kdf
k/fu;]lrt aLpx¿ ;Lldt kl/df0fdf dfq pTkflbt 5g\ . clwsf+z j0f{z \s/ t/sf/L aLpx¿ klg
cfofltt 5g\ . ;g\ @)!$/!% sf] cjlwdf !,(%) 6g cfjZostf /x]sf] / !,)$% 6g t/sf/L aLp
pTkfbg x'g] / *$) 6g cfoft x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof] -SEAN Seed Sevice Center Nepal –
SSSC/N _ .

(_ g]kfnsf kxf8L / lxdfnL lhNnfsf ;fgf / ul/a ls;fgx¿sf nflu t/sf/L aLp pTkfbg lgs}
nfebfos lyof] . b'O{ bzs cl3;Dd d':tfª, 8f]Nkf, h'Dnf, ?s'd / kj{tdf pNn]Vo kl/df0fdf ljljw
vfnsf t/sf/L aLpx¿ pTkfbg x'Gy]. o;df ljleGg b]zL tyf ljb]zL kl/of]hgfx¿sf] ;xof]u lyof] /
Pp6f k|0ffnLn] /fd|f] sfd u/]sf] lyof] . aLp Joj;fo gfkmfd"ns / pT;fxjw{s lyof] . sfnfGt/df
aflx/L kx'Frdf j[l4, pTkfbg nfutdf clws j[l4, aLpsf] d"Nodf Go"g j[l4, j}slNks cfod"ns
cj;/x¿sf] l;h{gf tyf afXo ;xof]usf] cGTosf sf/0f aLp pTkfbsx¿ Joj;fo ;'rf? /fVgaf6
xtf]T;fxL eP . jt{dfg kl/l:yltdf klg lxdfnL If]qdf aLp pTkfbg / cfk"lt{sf] e/kbf]{ ;+oGqsf]
cefj 5Ù h;n] aLpsf] ;fdlos gjLs/0f / gofF l;kmfl/; ul/Psf k|hfltx¿sf] u|x0fdf ;xof]u
k'UYof] . s[lifsd{df k|fljlws 1fgsf] cefj, ljs]G›Ls[t aLp cfk"lt{ kl/of]hgfsf] cefj, jiff{lge{/
cj:yfdf ljljwtfsf] sdL, sd;n aLp / ljs[t k|hfltx¿sf] k|of]u, ckof{Kt pj{/tf Joj:yfkg,
ls/fkm6\of \u|f, k/hLjL / /f]ux¿ g} pTkfbsTjdf Go"gtf / lu/fj6sf k|d'v sf/sx¿ x'g\ . o:t} c¿
t jx¿dWo] cgf}krfl/s ;|f]tx¿af6 pknAw aLp ljhgsf] cTolws k|of]usf] jf:tljstfn] ;du|
kl/l:yltnfO{ b;f{pF5 . cgf}krfl/s aLp cfk"lt{ u'0f:t/;Fu c; \ut x'G5 ;fy} gofF k|sf/sf k/hLjL
/ /f]ux¿af6 c;'/lIft x'G5 . t/ Jofj;flos t/sf/L s[ifsx¿ clxn] cfofltt j0f{z \s/
aLpx¿k|lt a9L cfslif{t b]lvG5g\ .

k @=$ pTkfbsTj – dnvfb

!)_ dnvfbsf] cfk"lt{ klg dfueGbf gfh's¿kn] sd 5 . ;/sf/L :t/sf] s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgL ;fN6 6«]l8
s/kf]/];g ln= dnvfbsf] ;fdlos, oy]i6 / gfkmfd"ns cfk"lt{ / ljt/0f ug{ c;dy{ /x]sf] 5 .
;/sf/L lgodgnfO{ v's'nf] kf/]sf] (Dergulation) kl/l:yltdf lghL If]qn] 7"nf] kl/df0fdf dnvfb
cfoft / ljt/0f ug{ t ;S5, t/ g]kfn / ef/tsf] d"Nodf pRr cGt/ x'g] -ef/tLo ahf/df 5'6
x'gfn]_ sf/0fn] u}/sfg'gL ¿kdf lelqPsf dnvfb;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sb}g . pNn]Vo dfqfdf t:s/Lsf]
dnvfb lelqg] u5{Ù h;df clwsf+z gSsnL / ld;fj6k"0f{ eO{ vl/b / k|of]u ug]{ ls;fgn] Go"g
k|efj / cfly{s xflgsf] l;sf/ x'g' k/]sf] 5 .

4
!!_ dfu cg';f/ dnvfbsf] cfoft / ljt/0fdf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt x'g] u/L gLlt lgoddf
kl/dfh{g x'g' cfjZos 5 . t:s/Lsf sf/0f u'0f:t/Lo dnvfbsf] e/kbf]{ / oy]i6 cfk"lt{ ;Dej 5}g .
d"ntM t:s/L lgoGq0f gx'Fbf ;/sf/L tyf j}w lghL lgsfox¿ dfkm{t\ x'g;Sg] rflxPsf] kl/df0fdf
e/kbf]{ / k|efjsf/L cfk"lt{df cjZo jfwf k'U5 . g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f ;g\ @)!%/!^ df dnvfb /
aLpdf 5'6sf] nflu ljlglot ah]62 ?= ^! s/f]8 lyof]Ù h;df s[lif ;fdu|L ;+:yfg / ;fN6 6«]l8
s/kf]/];g ln= dfkm{t\ cGt/f{li6«o d"Nodf $^% a/fa/sf] 5'6 -eG;f/sf] d"Nodf_df #%),))) d]l6«s
6g dnvfb cfoft ug]{ nIo lyof] . ;+:yfgsf] cg'dfgdf dnvfbsf] hDdf dfu sl/a %)),)))
d]l6«s 6g 5, t/ oqf] kl/df0fdf 5'6 nfu" ubf{ pRr cfly{s ef/ kg{ hfG5 . xfnsf] tyf eljiosf]
s'g} klg 5'6 gLltsf] nfut / nfesf] d"NofÍg ug{ b]zleq dnvfbsf] l:yltsf] :ki6 cfFsng -k|of]u
/ dfusf] ;lxt_ x'g' h?/L 5 . t:s/L lgoGq0f / o;sf] c;/df k|efjsf/L nIo ls6fgL u/L tyf
dfu, k|of]u, pTkfbsTj / ah]6df kg]{ c;/sf] cfwf/df dnvfbsf] 5'6sf] d"NofÍg x'g' cfjZos 5 .

!@_ xfn;fn} cGt/f{li6«o ljsf;sf nflu cd]l/sL lgof]u (USAID) sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf ;DkGg dnvfb
k|of]u / ljt/0f ;DaGwL Pp6f cWoogn]3 lgDg kIfx¿ b;f{Psf] 5M
• g]kfndf pkof]u eO/x]sf] kf]ifs t jx¿sf] kl/df0f bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgfsf] nIo;Fu hf]l8Psf]
5 . oBlk pTkfbsTjdf ePsf] j[l4rflxF ;Lldt /x]sf] 5 . ls;fg, ;xsf/L / Jofkf/Lx¿af6
lnOPsf ;e]{If0f tYofª\sn] b]vfP cg';f/ ;g\ @)!!–!@ sf] cjlwdf g]kfndf gfO6«f]hg,
kmf]:kmf]/; / kf]6fl;od -NPK_ sf] k|of]usf] kl/df0f $@@,%$& d]l6«s 6g 5 . of] tYofª\s
@))(–!) sf] PlkkLsf] /fli6«o nIo;Fu t'ngLo b]lvG5Ù h'g $#^,%*% d]l6«s 6g lyof] . oBlk,
g]kfndf kf]ifs t jx¿sf] ;d'lrt k|of]usf] k|Zg pTkfbsTjsf] k|d'v afws /x]sf] 5 .
• ;fdfGo ¿kn] pNn]v ul/g] u/]sf] dnvfbsf] cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s cfoftaLrsf] cg'kft
#)M&) k|ltzt 5 . o; cWoogsf] lgisif{n] of] cg'kft sl/a !$ k|ltzt b]vfpF5 . ;e]{If0f
tYofÍ cg';f/ ;g\ @)!!–!@ df kxf8 / t/fO{df k|of]u ePsf] dnvfbsf] cg'dflgt kl/df0f
&(%,@(% d]l6«s 6g / @)!)–!! sf] dnvfb cfoftsf] cflwsfl/s tYofÍ eg] !!),)!# d]l6«s
6g b]lvG5 . pQm tYofÍx¿ Ps jif{sf] cGt/df lnOPsf eP klg g]kfndf cf}krfl/s¿kn]
cfofltt dnvfbsf] kl/df0f !$ k|ltzt ePsf] b]lvG5 . s[lif ;fdu|L sDkgL lnld6]8sf] ;g\
@)!@ sf] cfoft nIo @)),))) d]l6«s 6g 5 . of] nIo xfl;n ePsf] cj:yfdf ;g\ @)!@ el/
k|of]u x'g] hDdf kl/df0fsf] sl/a @%Ü dnvfb cf}krfl/s ;|f]taf6 cfofltt x'g] lyof] . xfn}sf
lbgx¿df ef/ttkm{af6 5'6sf dnvfbdf s8f lgoGq0f x'g] rrf{ eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf cgf}krfl/s
ahf/x¿af6 7"nf] dfqfdf dnvfb cfoftdf lge{/ x'g' r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5 .
• 7"nf] dfqfdf cgf}krfl/s af6f]x¿af6 dnvfb lelqO/x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf u'0f:t/ sfod ug{' 7"nf]
r'gf}tL xf] . u'0f:t/Lo dnvfbsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u e"Ifo /f]Sg ;fy} pTkfbg a9fpg dx jk"0f{
x'G5 . g]kfnsf *^Ü ls;fgx¿ s[lif ;fdu|L ;+:yfgaf6 ljt/Lt dnvfb c;n /x]sf] ljZjf;
u5{g\ . cgflws[t l8n/x¿ / cGo cgf}krfl/s ;|f]taf6 lslgPsf dnvfb eg] cf};t jf
c;Gtf]ifhgs u'0f:t/sf 7flgG5g\ .
2
dnvfbsf] laqmLd"No tf]Sg] sfd Pp6f ;/sf/L ;ldltn] u5{ -?= !*÷s]hL, @)!!_ . o'l/of @)!! b]lv clxn] ;Dd ? $%/
s]hL, l8PkL ?= #!/s]hL hL/ kf]6f; @)!@ b]lv clxn];Dd u/L cf}ift ?= @^/s]hL cGt/f{li6«o qmod"No / tf]lsPsf]
laqmLd"Nosf] cGt/df 5'6 nfu" ul/Psf] 5 -nueu ?=$*÷s]hL, @)!%_ .
3
NEAT 2012, Nepal Fertilizer Demand and Plant Nutrient Assessment, a Study commissioned by USAID on
behalf of ADS and undertaken by NEPAL, ECONOMIC, AGRICULTURE, AND TRADE ACTIVITY
(NEAT), Contract No. AID-367-TO-11-00001, November 2012

5
 • ls;fgx¿df df6f] Joj:yfkgdf pknAw ;xof]u / PsLs[t jg:klt kf]if0f k|0ffnLsf af/]df sd
hfgsf/L /x]sf] kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, g]kfnsf clwsf+z s[ifsx¿n] r'gsf] k|of]u ug{'
cfjZos x'G5, t/ sl/a &%Ü s[ifsx¿nfO{ r'gsf] -g]kfn dnvfb dfu / jg:klt kf]if0f
cfFsng_ dx jsf] af/]df 1fg 5 . g]kfndf k|of]u eO/x]sf] dnvfbsf] kl/df0fsf cfwf/df x]bf{
k|efjsf/L df6f] Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLåf/f pNn]Vo ¿kdf pTkfbsTj xfl;n ug{ ;lsGYof] . h:t},
cDnLokgf (pH) n]an % eGbf d'lg ePsf If]qx¿df pTkfbsTjdf x|f; %)Ü hlt x'g;SYof] . o;
cy{df, clxn] dnvfb vl/bdf lbOPsf] 5'6sf] s]xL c+z g]kfn ;/sf/n] df6f] k/LIf0f, r'g k|of]u -
liming_ tyf plrt ;"Id kf]ifs ld>0f u/L pTkfbsTj j[l4df k|of]u ug{tkm{ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'kg]{
b]lvG5 .
• dnvfb k|of]usf] ;jfndf d"No vf;} lg0ff{os x'Fb}g . ahf/ q'6Lk"0f{ / cfk"lt{df uDeL/ ;Ldfx¿
/x]sf] kl/l:yltdf d"No lg0ff{os gx'g' crDdsf] ljifo xf]Og . jf:tjdf, 3/]n' ljz]iftfx¿n]
dnvfb k|of]udf d"Nob/eGbf a9L k|efj kf/]sf 5g\ . t/ o:tf s'g} klg t jx¿ 5f]6f] ;dod}
dnvfbsf] dfudf gf6sLo k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] dx j /fVb}gg\ .
• oL lgisif{n] b]vfP cg';f/ oxfF k|:t't ;'emfjx¿ d"ntM -s_ s[ifsn] lsg]/ k|of]u u/]sf] dnvfbsf]
k|efjsfl/tf ;'lgZlrt ug{ df6f] Joj:yfkgdf hf]8 lbg] / -v_ j}w dnvfbsf] pknAwtfdf j[l4
u/L cgf}krfl/s ;|f]taf6 l;lh{t ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{, sd;n dnvfbsf] k|of]u Go"gLs/0f ug]{ /
ef/taf6 t:s/L eO{ g]kfn lelqg] dnvfbsf] k|of]uaf6 x'g] hf]lvd sd ug]{tkm{ s]lG›t 5g\ .
s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] u/]sf] s[lifsf] /fli6«o gd'gf hgu0fgf @)!! !@ cg';f/ cfk"lt{ ul/Psf]
s'n dnvfbdf afnL cg';f/ wfgdf $^ , ux'Fdf @$ ds}df !# cfn'df ^ , t/sf/Ldf $ ,
pv'df @ / cGodf $ k|of]u ul/G5 .

k @=$=! df6f]sf] pj{/tf

!#_ b]ze/ t/fO{b]lv kxf8;Dd df6f]sf] pj{/tfdf x|f; cfpg' ;a} vfnsf cGgsf] pTkfbg / s[lif sfo{sf]
pTkfbsTj j[l4 ;Lldt x'g'sf] k|d'v sf/st j xf] . df6f]sf] pj{/tfdf x|f; cfpg] sf/0fx¿ ; \If]kdf
lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
• kxf8sf clwsf+z le/fnf If]qx¿ jiff{ / xfjfx'/Lsf] sf/0f e"Ifosf] hf]lvddf 5g\ . kfvf] / ;LdfGt
-marginal_ hldgdf e"Ifosf] ;d:of plQs} rsf]{ 5 .
• t/fO{ / kxf8 b'a} :yfgdf h}ljs t jx¿sf] IfL0ftf
• d"n b|Jo (Parent Material) / cDnLo dnvfbsf] k|of]un] ePsf] df6f]sf] cDnLs/0f
• vfB afnL, t/sf/L / kmnkm"n pTkfbgdf c;/ kfl//x]sf] ;"Id kf]if0f t jsf] cefj
• ;]tL gbL l;FrfO If]q / gf/fo0fL d"n l;FrfO If]qdf h:tf] n]bf]n] k'l/g] ;d:of
• jg / ;LdfGt hldgsf] ljgfz
• jif{df w]/} afnL nufpg] cEof;
• nfdf] ;do Ps afnL nufpg] rng
• sd u'0f:t/sf] dnvfb

!$_ clxn] s[ifsx¿ pj{/tf Joj:yfkgsf nflu @=% b]lv # 6g k|lt x]S6/sf] b/df h}ljs dn k|of]u
u5{g\ . dWo kxf8sf] df6f]n] t/fO{ -hxfF afnL] ;3gtf pRr 5_ eGbf a9L h}ljs dn u|x0f ul//x]sf]

6
 5 . /f;folgs dnsf] cf};t /fli6«o pkof]u k|lt x]S6/ (& s]=hL= 5Ù h'g cGgafnLdf rflxg] hlt
kf]if0f lbg kof{Kt 5}g -PsLs[t jg:klt kf]if0f Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfo{zfnf uf]i7Lsf] sfo{kq ; \u|x,
@)))_, cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)!%/!^_ . o;sf/0f la?jfn] df6f]af6 lng'kg]{ kf]if0f / df6f]df kf]if0fsf]
kl/k"lt{ aLrdf 7"nf] cGt/ 5 . kmn:j¿k df6f]sf] pj{/tf jif]{lg 36\bf] 5 . df6f]sf] pj{/tf
Joj:yfkgsf] cfjZostf / dx jnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ s[lif ljefun] h}ljs tyf sDkf]:6 dnsf] k|j4{g,
xl/t dn, /f;folgs dnsf] ;Gt'lnt k|of]u, df6f] k/LIf0f ;]jf, tflnd tyf k|bz{gLh:tf sfo{qmdx¿
lgoldt cfof]hgf ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . oBlk ;Lldt dfgj;|f]t, ef}lts ;fwg, hg;Dks{ tyf ;+of]hsTjsf
sf/0f o:tf sfo{qmdx¿df yf]/}dfq s[ifsx¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ .

k @=% pTkfbsTj— l;FrfO

!%_ g]kfndf l;FrfO k|0ffnL ljsf; ug]{ / ltgLx¿sf] ;~rfng u/L kmfObf lng] k|z:t ;Defjgf 5 .
l;FrfO gLltdf nufgL k|fyldstfdf 5 . cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] l;FrfOdf nufgL cfjZos 5, t/ o:tf]
nufgL Jofjxfl/s, Jojl:yt x'g'k5{ / pRrd"Nosf cGgafnL, ax'cGg k|0ffnL ;fy} 8]/L / kf]N6«Lsf
cfxf/ / bfgfx¿af6 x'g] oy]i6 cfly{s nfeb/sf] ;Defjgfdf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ .

!^_ l;FrfO, s[lif gLlt / sfof{GjognfO{ cnu–cnu /fVg' x'Fb}g . l;FrfO gfkmfd"ns s[lifsf] dx jk"0f{
;fwg xf], cfkm}df Ps kl/0ffd xf]Og . sfo{qmdsf] cg'ej o:tf] 5 ls4 lbuf] s[lifhGo cfo ;fd"lxs
k4ltaf6 cfh{g ug{ ;lsG5Ù h;df dx jk"0f{ ;ª\Vofdf s[ifsx¿ ;+nUg ul/G5 . o; k4ltn]
l;FrfOsf] k|aGw dfq ub}{g, afnL Joj:yfkgdf s[ifssf] s'zntf j[l4 u5{ clg ;fdu|L / k|ljlw, kf]:6
xfe]{:6 ;'ljwf / ahf/ ;Dks{df kx'Fr :yflkt u5{ . o;y{ k"/s ;]jfx¿df kx'Fr cfjZos 5 .
l;FrfO / s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt dGqfno tyf dftxtsf lgsfox¿aLr ;+:yfut b/f/ 5Ù h'g 36fpFb}
n}hfg' h?/L 5 .

!&_ ;doqmddf kxf8 / t/fO{sf s[ifsx¿n] vx/] jf :yfoL gbLx¿df 8fOe;{gåf/f ;fdfGo vfnsf
l;FrfO k|0ffnLx¿ ljsl;t u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf k|0ffnLnfO{ ls;fgaf6 Jojl:yt l;FrfO k|0ffnLsf ¿kdf
kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . c:yfoL vfnsf d'xfgx¿ af9Ln] eTsfO{ Iflt eO/xg] x'Fbf ;/sf/n] s]xL 5gf}6
ul/Psf ls;fgaf6 Jojl:yt l;FrfO k|0ffnLx¿df :yfoL afFw lgdf{0f ;fy} d"n gx/ ;'wf/ u/L
cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/x¿sf] :t/f]Gglt ug]{ sfo{qmd NofPsf] 5 . o:tf kl/of]hgfx¿nfO{ “lgsfosf]
;xof]uk|fKt” egL pNn]v ul/G5Ù h;df “lgsfo” eGgfn] l;FrfO ljefu a'lemG5 . ljefusf] cg'dfg
cg';f/ ;g\ @))& df :jtGq / lgsfoaf6 ;xof]uk|fKt k|0ffnLx¿sf] s'n If]qkmn )=^& ldlnog
x]S6/ lyof]/ of] ;g\ @)!% df a9]/ ;tx l;FrfO )=^* ldlnog x]S6/ k'u]sf] 5 . o:tf clwsf+z
k|0ffnLx¿ ;fgf vfnsf 5g\ . /fgL hd/f s'nl/of l;FrfO k|0ffnL / /fhk'/ l;FrfO cfof]hgfx¿ eg]
!),))) x]S6/eGbf 7"nf 5g\ .
!*_ ;g\ @))& ;Dd g]kfndf hDdf #@%,(!( x]S6/ If]qkmn x'g]u/L #@ j6f of]hgfx¿ lgsfosf]
Joj:yfkgdf lgld{t lyP/ of] ;g\ @)!% df klg olt g} 5 . l;FrfO Joj:yfkg x:tfGt/0f sfo{qmdsf]
;'?jftkZrft\, ljut tL; jif{df vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;+3x¿n] tNnf] txsf gx/x¿sf] Joj:yfkgsf]
lhDd]jf/L lnPsf 5g\ .
4
M. Michaud (2011). “Report on Lessons Learned EU Food Facility INGO Projects, EU Cooperation Office,
Kathmandu 30 June 2011

7
!(_ ;txL -u|]lj6L gx/_,sd ulx/f] jf ulx/f] 6\o'aj]naf6 kfgL lgsfnL l;FrfO ug]{ k|0ffnL afx]ssf l;FrfO
k|0ffnLnfO{ g]kfndf cfw'lgs l;FrfO -NCI_ jf cfw'lgs l;FrfOsf ¿kdf lrlgG5 . o; cGtu{t l8«k /
dfOqmf] :k|]h:tf k|ljlwx¿ kb{5g\Ù h'g k|foh;f] kxf8df pRr d"Nosf cGgafnL l;l~rt ug{ /
t/fO{df lxpFb / j;Gt Ct'df k|of]u ul/G5 . vf; u/L s]xL cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf]
kxndf ljut aL; jif{df o:tf] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . cfw'lgs l;FrfOsf] If]qkmn a9]/ %,(%%
x]S6/ k'u]sf] 5 -cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)!% !^_ .

@)_ g]kfndf e"ldut kfgLsf] ljzfn ;DefJotf 5, h'g jflif{s sl/a !@ 3g ls=ld= eGbf a9L l/rfh{
x'G5 / h;dWo] ! 3=ls=ld= dfq clxn] l;FrfO / cGo 3/]n' k|of]udf NofOPsf] 5 . hDdf e"ldut
kfgLaf6 x'g] l;FrfO #(!,)*) x]S6/;Dd k'U5 -cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)!% !^_Ù h;df ;txL 6\o'aj]nsf]
#$#,))) x]S6/ / ulx/f] 6\o'aj]nsf] $*,))) x]S6/ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 -dfwj a]naf;], @)!%_ .
lgdf{0fkl5 d"n l;l~rt If]qdf x'g] kl/jt{g / ulx/f 6\o'aj]nx¿sf] ljt/0fsf] clen]v g/flvPsfn]
e"ldut kfgL pkof]u ;DaGwL tYofÍ klg a]7Ls 5 . ;txL l;FrfOsf] If]qkmnsf] l7s cfFsng klg
5}g, ;fy} s'g} Pp6f lhNnfdf klg If]qkmnsf] cfFsng ug]{ sf]l;; ;kmn ePsf] 5}g . l;FrfO ;DaGwL
tYofÍ ; \sng / ;'wf/sf] gofF k4lt ckgfpg' cfjZos 5 .

@!_ PlkkLn] e"ldut hnaf6 l;l~rt 7"nf] If]qkmn :yflkt ug]{ of]hgf cufl8 NofPsf] lyof] . o;n] ;txL
l;FrfOsf] k'g:yf{kgf, v]tleqsf] kfgL Joj:yfkg, l;FrfO Joj:yfkg x:tfGt/0fdfkm{t\ ;txL l;FrfOdf
;'wf/ ;fy} kxf8 / lxdfndf gofF ;txL l;FrfO / t/fO{df e"ldut kfgLsf] ljsf;h:tf ;'emfjx¿
k|:t't u¥of] . o;n] ;a} kof{j/0fLo If]qdf dg;'g kfgLsf] k|of]u / ;txL l;FrfOsf] ;'emfj cufl8
Nofof] eg] kxf8L / lxdfnL If]qsf nflu l8«k, l:k| n/ / cfsfz] kfgL ; \sng 6\ofÍLx¿sf] k|of]udf
hf]8 lbof] . o:tf] l;FrfO k|of;sf] k|d'v Joj:yfksLo p2]Zo eg] s[ifssf] :jfldTj / ;~rfng Ifdtf
lj:tf/ ug{' lyof] . d"ntM of]hgf cjlwsf] cGTo;Dddf ;Dk"0f{ kl/of]hgfx¿ s[ifsx¿åf/f Jojl:yt
u/fpg] ;f]r lyof] .

@@_ PlkkLn] klxrfg u/] cg';f/ l;FrfO k|j4{gsf k|:tfjx¿ k|efjsf/L x'gsf nflu dnvfb, ;8s /
pmhf{zlQm h:tf ;fdfu|Lx¿sf] cfwf/ :ki6;Fu ls6fg ePsf] x'g'k5{ . oLdWo] clGtdsf cfwf/x¿
t/fO{df e"ldut kfgL ljsf;df ljz]if dx jsf 5g\ . t/ Jojxf/df eg] oL If]qx¿df 68\sf/f] sdL
b]lvG5Ù h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k k|d'v vfB afnLsf] pTkfbgdf vf;} kl/jt{g x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

@#_ PlkkLn] of]hgf cjlwdf xfFl;n ug{'kg]{ nIo :ki6 klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . ;f] cg';f/ k|ltjif{ #$)))
x]S6/ yKb} nuL ;fne/ k"0f{¿kn] l;l~rt /xg] If]qkmn $%())) x]S6/ -;g\ !(($–(%_ af6 !=!#
ldlnog x]S6/ -;g\ @)!$–!%_ ;Dd k'¥ofpg] of]hgf 5 . To;}u/L ;g\ @)!) ;Dddf %!^)))
x]S6/df e"ldut hnaf6, $(!))) x]S6/df ;fne/ / #!*))) x]S6/df df};dL l;FrfO k'¥ofpg] nIo
/x]sf] 5 . o;af6 hDdf !=#@% ldlnog x]S6/ l;l~rt x'g] b]lvG5 . ;g\ @)!%/!^df !,#&% x]S6/
If]qkmn l;l~rt ePsf]n] nIoeGbf vf;} sd b]lvPg, t/ e"ldut kfgLaf6 / ;fne/ l;FrfO eg]
cgk]lIft ¿kdf nIoeGbf Go"g /Xof] . o:tf] ljkmntfsf] k|d'v sf/st jdf -s_ bftfx¿af6 ;Lldt
;xof]u -pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;g\ @))) df Psdfq Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] cfof]hgf ;~rflnt lyof]_,
-v_ ;Lldt :yfgLo ah]6 h'g @))!÷)@ kl5 XjfQ} 36\of], -u_ åGåÙ h;n] sfdsf] ;fy} ah]6df klg
x|f; Nofof], -3_ e"ldut hn ljsf;df ePsf] 5'6sf] cGToÙ h;n] PlkkLsf] l;FrfO gLltsf] d"n

8
 ljifosf] cjd"Nog u¥of], -ª_ s[lif ljsf; a}+ssf] k'gM;+/rgfÙ h;sf/0f l;FrfO If]qnfO{ lbOPsf]
;xof]u ;g\ @))# lt/ aGb x'g uof] .

@$_ t/fO{sf] e"ldut hn;|f]tsf] k"0f{ ljsf; ug{, ;tx k|0ffnLdf ;fne/ l;FrfOsf] cg'kft j[l4 ug{ /
pRr d"Nosf cGgafnLsf] pTkfbg a9fpgtkm{ w]/} sfdx¿ x'g afFsL 5 . s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltdf
;dfj]z x'g'kg]{ k|d'v ljifox¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M
• l;FrfO / pTkfbg ;fdu|Lsf] aLrsf] ;DaGw. dnvfb, aLp / ljB'tsf] cfk"lt{ / lj:tf/ oy]i6 geP
pTkfbsTj klg sdhf]/ g} /xG5 .
• k|0ffnLut tyf hldg:t/sf] kfgL Joj:yfkgdf hf]8 lbg'kg]{, l;FrfO k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg'kg]{ /
gx/ / k|0ffnLx¿df a9LeGbf a9L kfgL k'Ug'kg]{
• gLlt sfof{Gjog tyf gLlt ljsf;df s]lG›t x'g'kg]{
• ;~rfng, dd{t–;Def/ / gofF k|0ffnL ljsf;df hf]8 lbg'kg]{

@%_ ;g\ !((% kl5 l;FrfO If]q pNn]Vo¿kdf cl3 a9]sf] 5, ;fy} gofF ;d:of / cfjZostfx¿ klg
b]vfk/]sf 5g\ . PlkkLn] ulx/fOdf gx]/]sf t/ Pl8P; n] ;Daf]wg ug}{ kg]{ d"n kIfx¿ lgDdfg';/ 5g\M
• l;FrfOsf] cy{Joj:yfdf df ul/a / ;LdfGt hldg ePsf s[ifsx¿nfO{ s;/L ;dfj]z ug]{ .
• yk If]qx¿df s;/L jif{el/ g} l;FrfO lj:tf/ ug]{ .
• ljz]if u/L pRr dx jsf cGgafnLtkm{ k|efjsf/L ;]jflj:tf/ s;/L ug]{ .
• vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;+3x¿nfO{ s;/L ;an agfpg] / pRr vfnsf gx/ / k|0ffnLx¿sf]
Joj:yfkgdf ltgLx¿sf] Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug]{ -;fGble{s ljifodf_ .
• ;~rfng, dd{t–;Def/ / k|0ffnL k'g:yf{kgfdf s[ifsx¿nfO{ cfTdlge{/ / ;/sf/;Fu sd lge{/
s;/L agfpg] .
• ;fgf tyf vl08t hldgx¿ a9\b} uPsf] kl/k|]Iodf l;l~rt s[lifnfO{ cem a9L Jofj;flos s;/L
agfpg] .

@^_ cfFsng ul/Psf k|d'v ;+:yfut vf8n / ;d:ofx¿ o;/L OlËt 5g\M

tflnsf %$M l;FrfOdf JofKt k|d'v ;+:yfut ;d:ofx¿

l;FrfO ljefu • gofF lgdf{0fdf cTolws hf]8
• ;dli6ut l;FrfO / Joj:yfkg Ifdtfsf] cefj
• lgsfo Jojl:yt l;FrfO k|0ffnLdf sdhf]/ hn;|f]t Jofj:yfkg
• d"n / zfvf gx/x¿sf] sdhf]/ Joj:yfkg
• sdhf]/ tYofÍut Ifdtf
e"ldut hn;|f]t ljsf; • lgodg / lgdf{0fnfO{ Pp6} lgsfo cGtu{t /fVg]
ljefu
hn tyf zlQm cfof]u/ • hn tyf zlQm cfof]unfO{ pmhf{ dGqfno cGtu{t /fVbf hn;|f]tsf]
hn tyf zlQm cfof]usf] k|d'v lgsfosf] ¿kdf o;sf] Ifdtf ;Lldt x'g hfG5
;lrjfno • hn tyf zlQm cfof]usf] ;lrjfnosf] Ifdtf ;Lldt 5 .
s[lif k|;f/ lgb]{zgfno • k|;f/ Ifdtf ;Lldt, cg';Gwfg / l;FrfO;Fu sdhf]/ ;DaGw
• ;fgfl;FrfO k|0ffnL ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt k|fljlws 1fg / ah]6 ;Lldt

9
8f]ln8f// lhNnf k|fljlws • 8f]ln8f/ ;8s lgdf{0fdf s]lG›t 5, oBlk kl/l:yltdf kl/jt{g
sfof{no eO/x]sf] 5 .
• lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{no;Fu l;FrfO k|0ffnLsf] vfsf lgdf{0fdf sd
ljz]if1tf 5 .
@&_ g]kfndf d:of}bfaf6 gLlt;Dd k'Ug] k|lqmof ;':t x'g] u/]sf] 5 . PsLs[t hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg / n3'
l;FrfO tyf /fli6«o l;FrfO gLlt nufotsf ljBdfg d:of}bfx¿sf] ;s];Dd l56f] clGtd ¿k lbg'
cfjZos 5 . sfof{Gjog;Fu ;DalGwt d"n ljifox¿sf] gLltut nIo k|flKt tkm{sf] k|ult k|foM g}
l9nf] x'g] u/]sf] 5. gLltut b/f/x¿df -s_ 7"nf l;FrfO k|0ffnLx¿df pGgt tyf ;xeflutfd"ns
Joj:yfkgsf] k|f¿k, -v_ ljsf;df zL3|tf lbg e"ldut hn ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] :t/f]Ggltsf]
cfjZostf, / -u_ ljz]ifu/L n3' l;FrfO / e"ldut hn ;lxt l;FrfOsf ;a} pkIf]qx¿df ;/sf/L
;xof]u jf 5'6 clwstd agfpg] k4lt h:tf dx jk"0f{ ;jfnx¿ k/]sf 5g\ . l;FrfO P]g
sfof{Gjogsf] ;'emfj klg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

@*_ ;g\ @))) sf] l;FrfO lgodfjnLn] vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;+3sf] lgdf{0f / ;~rfngdf hf]8 lbPsf]
lyof] . ;Ifd pkef]Qmf ;+3x¿nfO{ 3/]n' kfgL cfk"lt{, kfgL3§f ;~rfng, ;fdu|L cfk"lt{ / ahf/Ls/0f
h:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ lj:tf/ ug{ cg'dlt lbg / k|f]T;flxt ug{tkm{ lgodx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{' h?/L
b]lvPsf] 5 . gofF l;FrfO P]gdf oL kIfx¿ ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsGYof] . cyjf c¿ s]xL b]zx¿df em}F
vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;+3x¿sf] cfˆg} P]g klg aGg ;SYof] .

@(_ tnsf ljifox¿nfO{ nufgLsf] If]qdf b]lvPsf d'Vo vf8nx¿sf] ¿kdf lnOG5M
• e"ldut kfgLsf] ljsf;df kof{Kt ah]6 gx'g'
• l;FrfO Joj:yfkg x:tfGt/0feGbf cufl8 g} clwsf+z lgsfo Jojl:yt l;FrfO k|0ffnLsf]
k'g:yf{kgf x'g'kg]{
• plrt dflgPsf s[ifs Jojl:yt l;FrfO k|0ffnLsf d'xfg :yfoL x'g'k5{
• cGt/–hnfzo x:tfGt/0f k|0ffnLsf] -inter-basin transfer system_ cWoog u/L ;Dej x'g] 7fpFdf
k|j4{g ug{' cfjZos 5
• ax'p2]ZoLo afFwx¿sf] cWoog

k @=^ pTkfbsTj— cg';Gwfg / k|;f/

#)_ g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\ -gfs{_ g]kfndf s[lif cg';Gwfg k|0ffnLsf] lhDd]jf/ lgsfo xf] . ljutdf
o;sf] k|fyldstf l;Flrt / a9L ;fdfu|L k|of]usf] cj:yfsf] nflu wfg, ux'F, ds}, t]nxg, bnxg h:tf
afnLx¿sf] k|ljlw lgdf{0fdf s]lG›t lyof]. xfn}sf lbgx¿df klg jiff{df lge{/ / ;|f]tdf ul/a
jftfj/0fsf] nflu k|ljlw ljsf; ug]{tkm{ s]xL sf]l;;x¿ ePsf 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm, hxfFhxfF ;kmn
gd'gfx¿ k|:t't ePsf 5g\, tL 7fpFdf tL gd'gfx¿sf] PsLs[t :t/f]Ggltdf k|ljlw lgdf{0f, Ifdtf
clej[l4 tyf ;fdu|L, C0f, ahf/ / k|;f/ ;]jf ;dfj]z x'g;Sg] ;Lldtdfq k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\ .

#!_ gfs{sf kl/of]hgfx¿ nlIft / ;d:ofd"ns ax'ljwfTds sfo{qmd geO{ d"ntM PsljwfTds 5g\ .
gfs{sf kl/of]hgfx¿ ljljwtfk"0f{ eO{ ;Lldt ls;fgx¿nfO{ k|efljt u/] klg o;sf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgf

10
 cfjZos Go"gtd ;ª\Vof -critical mass_, ;fd"lxstf, gLlt jf nlrnf]kgsf b[li6n] ul/asf ;d:ofx¿
;dfwfgtkm{ lglb{i6 5}g .

#@_ gfs{sf afXo -outreach_ lqmofsnfkx¿ nlIft pkef]Qmf cfwf/If]qd} cg';Gwfg ¿k/]vf tof/ ug{,
cg';Gwfg sfof{Gjog ug{ tyf lgisif{x¿sf] k|rf/ ug{tkm{ vf;} ultzLn 5}gg\ . cg';Gwfg :ynx¿
;Lldt, sd ;fwg;|f]to'Qm / gfs{ cg';Gwfg s]G›sf j/k/ ljleGg s[lif kof{j/0fLo If]qx¿df
cjl:yt 5g\ . o;sf/0f nlIft jftfj/0fdf ;]jfu|fxLx¿s} ;lqmotfdf ;xeflutfd"ns cg';Gwfg /
ljsf; lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ cj;/x¿ ckof{Kt 5g\ .

##_ ljut w]/} jif{b]lv gfs{sf] cg';Gwfg Ifdtf uDeL/¿kn] IfL0f eP/ uPsf] 5 . clxn] gfs{ cfjZostf
hlt sd{rf/L ;ª\Vof g/x]sf] gfh's l:yltdf 5Ù *!% sf] s'n :jLs[t j}1flgs b/aGbL ePsf]df
nueu @( k|ltzt j}1flgs kbx¿ kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf sf/0f vfnL 5g\ . clwsf+z s]G›x¿df
ax' ljifofTds 6f]nL u7gsf nflu j}1flgsx¿sf] ckl/xfo{ Go"gtd ;ª\Vof;Dd 5}g . pTkfbg,
k|zf]wg / Kofs]lhª\ nufotsf ;a} txdf gfs{ sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 .

#$_ cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx¿ / k|;f/ k|0ffnLx¿sf] aLrdf alnof] ;DaGw :yflkt ug{sf nflu If]qLo tyf
/fli6«o txdf k|fljlws sfo{;d"xx¿ :yflkt ul/Psf 5g\ . oL ;d"x¿n] cg';Gwfgof]Uo ;d:ofx¿sf]
klxrfg / s[ifssf jf:tljs ;d:ofx¿ k|ltljlDat ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf 5g\ . o:tf]
ljrf/ k|z+;gLo 5Ù t/ o;af6 cfh;Dd s'g} :ki6 k|efj k/]sf] rflxF b]lvFb}g . cg';Gwfg /
k|;f/aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ gfs{sf ;+oGqx¿ cem ;'b[9 kfg{ h?/L b]lvG5 .

#%_ ljs]G›Ls/0f / k|Tofof]hgM g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|;f/ k|0ffnLsf] g]t[Tj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{tsf
s[lif ljefu / kz' ;]jf ljefusf lqmofsnfkx¿n] u/]sf 5g\ . b'j} ljefusf &% j6} lhNnfdf /x]sf
;dfgfGt/ lhNnf sfof{no / ;]jf s]G›x¿n] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljs]G›Ls/0f gLlt / :yfgLo :jfoQ
zf;g P]g !((( cg';f/ cf–cfˆgf k|;f/;]jfx¿ ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ . oBlk o:tf] lj:tf/ ck"0f{ /x]sf]
5. ljs]G›Ls/0fsf] k|of; :jfoQ zf;g P]g sfof{Gjogsf pkfox¿sf] tof/L ;Fu;Fu} cfPsf] lyPg .
If]qut ah]6 s]G›af6 :yfgLo tx;Dd lgIf]k0f ug]{ lg0f{o sdhf]/ ¿kn] sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] lyof] .
lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt of]hgf th{'df / vr{ ug{ lhDd]jf/ lyof], t/ Joosf] lg0f{oflwsf/ s]G›df lglxt
lyof] .

#^_ b'j} ljefux¿n] cfˆgf] Jofjxfl/s ks8 sfod} /fv]sf 5g\ . o;y{ sfo{qmdsf] lgIf]k0f lhNnf :t/d}
;Lldt /x]sf] 5, t/ ufpF:t/df k'u]sf] 5}gÙ hxfF sfo{qmd tyf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] jf:tljs sfof{Gjog
x'g ;sf];\ . g]kfnsf] ljs]G›Ls[t k|;f/ ;]jfsf] ;a}eGbf sdhf]/ kIf oxL g} xf] . jf:tljs 6]jf k|bfg
ug]{ k|fljlws ljefu / lhNnf -lhs[ljsf_ aLrsf] ;DaGw klg sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 . :yfgLo ;|f]t /
;fwgx¿ s[lifsf nflu pkof]u geP/ cGo p2]Zon] k|of]u eO/x]sf 5g\ .

#&_ JofkstfM ;g\ @))# df g]kfn ;/sf/n] Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+s;Fusf] ;xdltdf s[lif ljsf;
dGqfnosf] k'gu{7g u¥of] . o;nfO{ zf;g ;'wf/ sfo{|sdsf] c \usf ¿kdf cfsf/ lbg] p2]Zo lyof] .
t/ k'gu{l7t ;+/rgfn] k|;f/sf] Jofkstf / k|;f/ ;]jfx¿df s[ifsx¿sf] kx'FrnfO{ cem ;fF3'/f] kfg]{

11
 sfd u¥of] . o:tf] Jofkstfn] b]zsf] sl7g e"agfj6, ef}uf]lns cj:yf, ;Lldt 9'jfgL ;]jf / ef}lts
k"jf{wf/;Fu d]n vfPg .

#*_ lj:tfl/t ;]jf / ;dfj]lztf -Outreach and inclusion_M ;g\ !(() kl5 b'j} ljefux¿n] afnL ljz]if
;d"x k4ltdfkm{t\ ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;/L x/]s lhNnfdf o:tf ;d"xx¿sf]
;ª\Vof !)) b]lv $)) ;Dd /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L tYofª\s cg';f/ s[lj / k;]lj cGtu{t qmdzM #@,^!(
/ !&,*%( ;d"xx¿ sfo{/t 5g\ .5 jf:tjdf lhNnf :t/sf] tYofª\s klg pknAw 5 . t/ Jofkstf
eg] hDdf s[ifs kl/jf/x¿sf] sl/a !* df b]lvG5 . ;fd"lxs z}nLn] ljz]if cy{
/fVb5 lsgeg] of] JolQmut k4lteGbf a9L k|efjsf/L / lskmfotL x'G5 . t/ jf:tljstf rflxF s] 5
eg] ax'; \Vos s[ifsx¿ cem} klg ;d]l6Psf 5}gg\ . g;d]l6Psf s[ifsx¿df 7"nf] ;ª\Vofsf ul/a,
hghflt / wfld{s cNk; \Vos hgtfx¿ k5{g\ . ;/sf/L cg'bfgsf] cj;/ / s[ifs ;d"xx¿dfkm{t\
cg'bfg ;]jf lj:tf/ x'g]b]lv xfnsf jif{x¿df ljz]iftM Jofj;flos / 7"nf ls;fgx¿ o:tf ;d"xx¿df
cfa4 /xg rfx]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] cEof;n] cg'bfgdf ;/sf/L lgoGq0f ;fy} ;d"xx¿sf] ;xof]u
a9]sf] elgP klg o; ts{nfO{ k'li6 ug]{ k|df0f pknAw 5}g . ljefux¿n] cg'bfg / ;xof]usf] ljt/0f
cfFsngtkm{ s'g} k|sf/sf] cg';Gwfg, cWoog / cg'udg k|lqmof cjnDag u/]sf 5}gg\ . To;} u/L
ljefux¿;Fu ;lqmo, cw{–;lqmo, lgliqmo / ;xsf/Lsf ¿kdf kl/jlt{t eO;s]sf ;d"xx¿sf] :ki6
tYofª\s ;d]t pknAw 5}g . ljefux¿n] :yfkgf jif{ / lqmofzLn /x]sf] cjlwsf cfwf/df s[ifs
;d"xx¿sf] bhf{ lgwf{/0f / juL{s/0f ug]{tkm{ s'g} sfo{qmdx¿ ;'? u/]sf 5}gg\ . lhNnf :t/sf] tYofÍ
pknAw x'g t ;S5, t/ To;nfO{ If]qLo / s]G›Lo :t/df Pslqt ug{ cfjZos 5 .

#(_ ;dGjo tyf ;xsfo{M g]kfnsf] k|;f/ k|0ffnLnfO{ x]bf{ u}/ ;/sf/L, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qx¿sf] a9\bf]
e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/Lsf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs k|;f/ k|0ffnLsf] jr{:jaf6 ;+:yfut ax'ntflt/ k|ultzLn
gLltut km8\sf] lnO;s]sf k|z:t pbfx/0fx¿ kfOG5g\ . ljz]iftM bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgf -!((&_ sf]
sfof{Gjog / s[lif ljsf; dGqfnoaf6 ;g\ @))@ df hf/L lghL tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿ ;+nUg
ug]{ lgb]{lzsfkl5 o:tf] l:yltsf] l;h{gf ePsf] xf] . o;} u/L afXo ;xof]uaf6 ;~rflnt clwsf+z
cfof]hgfn] lghL / u}/;/sf/L If]qnfO{ a9L lhDd]jf/L lbO{ ;fy} s[lif ljefu / kz' ;]jf ljefusf
lhNnf sfof{nox¿sf] ;Lldt cg'udg u/L ;+:yfut ax'ntf :yflkt ug{ hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ . oBlk, o;
cj;/af6 ;fj{hlgs ;fj{hlgs k|;f/ ;]jfdf vf;} kmfObf k'u]sf] gkfOPsf] s'/f ljZn]if0fdf b]lvPsf]
5. o;af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] lghL / u}/;/sf/L lgsfox¿ ablnFbf] kl/l:yltdf ;dflxt x'g tyf
To;af6 lzIff lng ;Ifd eO;s]sf 5}gg\ .

$)_ ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] pkl:ylt / ;]jf IfdtfM PlkkLsf k|fylds pTkfbsTj Kofs]h -Priority
Productivity Package -PPP_ sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ lqmofzLn agfpg s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] “s[lif
ljsf;sf nflu ks]6 Kofs]h /0fgLlt sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf @)%% sf] k|ltkfbg u¥of] . o;n]
ks]6If]q -pocket_ kl/eflift ug{, ;d"x u7g / ljsf; ug{, ks]6sf] ¿k/]vf tof/ ug{, k|fyldstfsf]
klxrfg ug{, sfo{qmdsf] 9fFrf tof/ ug{ / cg'udg / d"NofÍg ug{ cfjZos ;femf ;+/rgf k|bfg
u¥of] . ks]6 Kofs]h /0fgLltnfO{ bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ 7f]; k4lt / of]hgfsf] d"n
;Gb]z s[ifsx¿;Dd k'¥ofpg] k|rf/ dfWodsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 eg] sfo{Gjogsf] ;dLIffn] b]zsf] afnLn]
5
Agriculture Extension Directorate, Annual Programme and Progress Statistics, 2013/14 (2070/71 ).

12
 9fs]sf] If]qkmnsf] %Ü eGbf sddfq /x]sf]df ;g\ @)!#÷!$ df a9]/ !@ o;n] ;dfj]z u/]sf]
b]vfpF5 .6 o; tYon] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf lj:tf/ u'0f:t/ / kl/df0f b'j} kIfdf gfh's ¿kn] ck"/f] /x]sf]
b;f{pF5 .

$!_ dfgj ;+;fwgMlkmN8 k|;f/ sfo{stf{x¿ s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt tYofÍx¿sf] ; \sng, aLp, dnvfb,
sL6gfzs cf}ifwLsf] 9'jfgL tyf cGo lgodgsf sfdx¿df clNemP/ u}/ k|;f/ ;]jfsf lhDd]jf/Lx¿n]
lylrPsf b]lvG5g\ . k|;f/ ;]jf / u}/ k|;f/ ;]jfsf lhDd]jf/Lsf aLrdf plrt ;Gt'ng sfod ug{
cfjZos b]lvG5 . ljBdfg c;Gt'ngnfO{ s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf / k|;f/ k4ltdf x'g'kg]{ plrt dfkb08sf]
cefjn] cem v/fa agfPsf] 5 . ;Dk"0f{ ;+/rgf g} Joo;DaGwL dfkb08x¿n] el/Psf] 5 . lhNnf /
;]jf s]G›x¿df s[lif ;]jfsf] ;kmntf dfkg ug]{ d"n ;"rsx¿ kl/eflift 5}gg\ . o; cltl/St,
ahf/Ls/0f / s[lif Joj;fo k|j4{gdf cfjZos tflndnfO{ a]jf:tf ul/Psf] 5 .

$@_ cg';Gwfg;Fu ;+of]hgM s[lif ;]jf /fli6«o s[lif cg';Gwfg k|0ffnL;Fusf] sdhf]/ ;DaGwsf sf/0f
sl7gfO ef]lu/x]sf] 5 . ;d:ofsf] s]xL c+z sdhf]/ /fli6«o cg';Gwfg k|0ffnL, o;leq ;fwg ;|f]tsf]
cefj, k6s–k6s x'g] g]t[Tj km]/abn clg cg';Gwfg k|;f/ ;DaGw lj:tf/df k|efjsf/L ;+oGqsf]
cefjsf sf/0f plAhPsf] 5 . of] If]qn] ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt dfkb08 / dfu{lrqsf] cefj klg
ef]lu/x]sf] 5 . g]t[Tjsf] e"ldsfsf] cfwf/df If]qLo txsf] ;+of]hgn] s]xL dfqfdf sfd u/]sf] 5, t/
/fli6«o txdf eg] ;fdfGo af]nrfnsf] ;DaGwd} ;Lldt 5 .

$#_ lzIff If]q;Fu ;+of]hgM cg';Gwfg / lj:tf/ k|0ffnL s[lif ljZjljBfno ;+/rgf;Fu lemgf] ;DaGwdf
/x]sf] 5 . tLg ;+:yfx¿df -cg';Gwfgdf gfs{, k|;f/df s[lj / k;]lj / s[lif 1fgdf ljZjljBfnox¿_]
lqsf]0ffTds cGt/–lgz]rgaf6 nfeflGjt ePsf b]lvFb}gg\ . lqe'jg ljZjljBfno P]g @)$( /
ljZjljBfno cg'bfg P]g @)%) df klg cg';Gwfg, lj:tf/ / lzIffaLrsf] ;+of]hg ;DaGwL s'g}
k|fjwfg pNn]v 5}g . lq= lj= P]gdf o; cGtu{t u7g x'g] s'g} klg ;ldltx¿df gfs{ / s[lif ljsf;
dGqfnosf] k|ltlglwTj x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5}g . g t of] P]gn] ;DalGwt dGqfnox¿;Fu
ltgLx¿sf pTkfbgx¿sf] u'0f:t/ jf kl/df0f -1fg / ;Lksf] cfjZostf cfFsng_ ;DaGwL k/fdz{
lng] kl/sNkgf g} u/]sf] 5 . ev{/} dfq s[lif tyf jg lj1fg ljZjljBfno P]g @)^& cGtu{t jg
If]qsf] ;dlGjt tl/sfn] cWoog, cWofkg / cg';Gwfg ug{ s[lif tyf jg lj1fg ljZjljBfnosf]
:yfkgf eof] . o;sf] cnfjf k|;f/ ultljlwnfO{ klg cl3 a9fpg ljZjljBfnon] lzIff dGqfno;Fu
cg'/f]w u/]sf] 5 / ;DalGwt dGqfnosf ;lrj / gfs{sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zsnfO{ klg cfkm\gf] l;g]6sf]
;b:odf ;d]6]sf] 5 .

k @=& k|lt:kwf{Tdstf

$$_ g]kfnn] ljZj Jofkf/ ;Fu7g -WTO_ / blIf0f Pl;ofnL :jtGq Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf -SAFTA_ sf]
;b:otf ;lxt ljleGg Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfx¿df x:tfIf/ u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] cfˆgf k|d'v pQ/L -rLg_ /
blIf0fL -ef/t_ Jofkf/ ;fem]bf/x¿;Fu klg ;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5 . Jofkf/ gLlt -@)!%_ / g]kfn Jofkf/
PsLs/0f /0fgLlt @)!), lgof{t k|f]T;fxgsf] k|lqmof @)!# o;sf dfu{lgb]{zs gLltx¿ x'g\ . Jofkf/df
sl7gfO, k"jf{wf/, ;'zf;g, C0fdf kx'Fr, / gLltlgod –
6
APP Implementation Status Review, APPSP/MOAC, 2007

13
 tflnsf %% nufot k|lt:kwL{ sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf /f]s nufpg] ljljw sf/sx¿ klg 5g\ . clwsf+z
k|lt:kwf{Tdstf ;"rsx¿ cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08df w]/} tn /x]sf 5g\ .

tflnsf %%M g]kfnsf nflu k|lt:kwf{Tdstf ;"rsx¿

;"rs :yfg
cGt/–l;dfgf Jofkf/df sl7gfO (( b]zx¿df !*(
k"jf{wf/ !@^ b]zx¿df !$$
C0f ;'ljwfdf kx'Frdf ;xhtf !!^ b]zx¿df !$$
e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL j'emfO !@* b]zx¿df !$$
zf;sLo k|efjsfl/tf –)=*# -cg'qmd –@=% b]lv @=%_
lgofds u'0f –)=*% -cg'qmd –@=% b]lv @=%_
;|f]tM ljZj cfly{s d~r @)!^Ù ljZj a}+s @)!^7

$%_ ;g\ @)!@ !# — @)!$ !%df g]kfnsf] s[lifhGo cfoft–lgof{t Jofkf/ s'n Jofkf/sf] !&=%Ü 5 .
o; cGtu{t k]6«f]lnod, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L, oftfoftsf ;fwg / kf6k'hf{, pkef]Uo j:t' / cGo j:t'x¿
kb{5g\ . s[lif Jofkf/df d';'/f] bfn, lrof, cn}FrL, kmnkm"n, cb'jf / cf}ifwLhGo / ;'ulGwt hl8a'6L
-MAP_ sf] lgof{tsf] jr{:j 5 eg] cfofttkm{ kmnkm"n, vfBfGg, t/sf/L, u]8fu'8L -vf;u/L d6/_,
b"whGo pTkfbgx¿, df+;bfoL hgfj/x¿ tyf k|zf]wg -t]nxg_ clg pTkfbg -un}Frf, ufd]{G6 jf
sk8fsf] wfuf]_sf sRrf kbfy{x¿ 5g\ . t/sf/L, kmnkm"n, k]o kbfy{, b'Uw pTkfbg / df;'df cfoft
k|lt:yfkgsf] alnof] ;Defjgf 5. d'Vo tLg vfBafnLx¿sf] -cn}FrL, kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L_ lgof{t,
cGgafnL / b'Uw pTkfbgx¿sf] cfoftsf] Ps rf}yfO dfq 5 -tflnsf %^_ .

$^_ g]kfndf pTkfbgx¿sf] d"No÷dx j a9fpg -value adding_ ;lsg] k|z:t ;Defjgf 5 . o;sf nflu
-s_ sf]8]S; clnd]G6fl/o; dfkb08;Ddsf] u'0f:t/, ;'/Iff / juL{s/0f ;'lglZrttftkm{ ;'wf/,
-v_ ;'/Iff, u'0f:t/, ;b\Jofkf/ / h}ljs a|flG8 -organic branding_ sf] dfkb08 k|df0fLs/0f, /
-u_ k|zf]wg / pTkfbg ljsf;h:tf kIfx¿df hf]8 lbg h?/L 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, 7"nf] dfqfdf
d;nf, klZdgf, hgfj/sf] 5fnf / hl8a'6L ck|zf]lwt ¿kd} lgof{t x'G5g\ / ltgLx¿sf] d"No:t/
a9fpg] sfd ef/t / rLgdf x'g] u5{ .

7
Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. and Mastruzzi, M (2009). “Governance Matters VIII: Aggregate and Individual
Governance Indicators, 1996-2008”. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 4978. World Bank, 2009

14
tflnsf %^M pRr d"No cGgÙ vfBafnL, hl8a'6L / b'Uw pTkfbgsf] cfoft–lgof{t -@)!@ !#—@)!$ !% ;Ddsf] cf};t_
lgof{t -?= !) nfv_ cfoft -?= !) nfv_ hu]8f÷3f6f -?= !) nfv_
@)!@÷!# @)!#÷!$ @)!$÷!% @)!@÷!# @)!#÷!$ @)!$÷!% @)!@÷!# @)!#÷!$ @)!$÷!%
bfn @,^&&=#@ @,)$&=^# !,@%&=(^ ^&)=$# !,#*)=@( !,&%!=%^ @,))^=*( ^^&=#$ –$(#=^
lrof @,)$#=@@ @,)@(=$$ @,))^=** %&=%@ %%=*# (#=&^ !,(*%=&) !,(&#=^! !,(!#=!!
cn}FrL #,*%)=#$ $,@&)=#& #,*#(=*! &@&=#@ $!^=!( #,!#& #,%$#=)% #,$@#=^#
&!#=#$
kmnkm"n ##=!$ $,!^!=)# @,*%)=$ ^,#&$=#! !@,!*)=%* !),%$$=^( –^,#$!=!& –*,)!(=%% –&,^($=@(
cb'jf !,##@=$% $$(=( $^$=(@ &$)=&& !**=*^ (!=#! %(!=^* @^!=)$ #&#=^!
t/sf/L *^=% !$%=^( @^^=## @,$**=%! #,!%*=*@ $,@%%=(! –@,$)@=)! –#,)!#=!# –#,(*(=%&
skmL $%=$* %@=$ ((=# #!=&# #$=*@ %^=$^ !#=&$ !&=%* $@=*%
l;dL &=*# @=#! )=^! #,#(&=)& $,#&&=%^ $,*)@=$@ –#,#*(=@$ –$,#&%=@$ –$,*)!=*!
pks'n pRr
!),)&^=@* !#,!%*=&* !),&*^=@# !$,$&#=^* @@,!)$=)* @@,)!@=# –$,#(&=$ –*,($%=# –!!,@@^=)&
d"No afnL
cGgafnL !%*=)! !^$=*% &%=@^ @%,(!%=^% @(,#%^=^( #%,@(&=$@ –@%,&%&=^$ –@(,!(!=*$ –#%,@@@=!^
hDdf !,@&$=#& !,^)@=!( !,^@^=!@ )=)@ &%!=!% ^!@=$% !,@&$=#^ *%!=)$ !,)!#=^*
b'Uw – pTkfbg !&&=)# !$@=#* @##=% (&@ !,(!)=^( @,)(^=# –&($=(& –!,&^*=#! –!,*^@=*
;|f]tM TEPC 2012/13, 2013/14 / 2014/15

15
k @=&=! s[lif Jofkf/;DaGwL ;jfnx¿

$&_ g]kfn–ef/t Jofkf/ ;lGwÙ h;n] lgZlrt s[lifhGo tyf k|fylds pTkfbgx¿df kf/:kl/s s/–d'Qm
ahf/–kx'Fr k|bfg u/]sf] 5, / b'O{ b]zaLrsf] v'nf / l5›o'Qm l;dfgfn] cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s
af6f]af68 s[lifhGo pTkfbg / ;fdu|L ahf/d} g]kfn / ef/taLr jf:tljs :jtGq ahf/sf] l;h{gf
u/]sf 5g\ . k|fljws, ;~rfngsf] tx / ;/sf/L ;xof]usf] cfsf/df ePsf] leGgtfsf sf/0f cfPsf]
pTkfbsTj cGt/n] ef/tLo s[lif pTkfbgx¿n] s]xL g]kfnL pTkfbgx¿nfO{ 3/]n' ahf/d} k|lt:kwf{df
pl5g]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] nflu s[lif cfoftsf] k|d'v ;|f]t ef/t g} xf], t/ o;n] d"No l:y/tfdf s]xL
of]ubfg u/] klg g]kfnL vfBafnL g} ahf/af6 lj:yflkt u/]sf] 5 . clxn] vfB ahf/df b]lvg]
ef/tLo cfoftsf] jr{:jn] of] l:yltnfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] 5 .

$*_ cfoftdf Go"g cf};t z'Ns nufOPsf] tyf lgof{tdf k|ToIf ljs[lt Nofpg] cEof;x¿ geP klg,
k|rlnt z'Ns k|0ffnLdf cgluGtL ;d:ofx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ . k|ydtM pTkfbg ;do / /rgf :t/xdf
lglxt ljljw b/ / em'G8sf sf/0f o;n] z'Ns k|0ffnLdf lg/Gt/ k|jfx NofPsf] 5 . o:tf] z'Ns
k|0ffnLn] pRrd"Nosf pTkfbgx¿sf] pTkfbg / Jofkf/nfO{ lg?T;flxt u/L /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf
x'g;Sg] kl/l:ylt cfpg lbFb}g . o:tf] z'Ns ;+/rgfn] cfGtl/s ;|f]tx¿sf] pkof]u ug]{
pBf]ux¿;Fusf kZrufdL / cu|ufdL b'j} vfnsf ;DaGwx¿nfO{ lg?T;flxt u5{ .9

$(_ pGgt v]tL / pTkfbg cEof;sf] cefjdf g]kfnL s[lif pTkfbgx¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o u'0f:t/ dfkb08
c \lusf/ ug{ sl7g ePsf] 5 . kmn:j¿k, g]kfnL pTkfbgx¿n] cfoft ahf/df :jf:Yo ;'/Iff -SPS_
tyf k|fljlws dfkb08sf c8rgx¿ v]Kg'k5{ .10 o; cltl/Qm, g]kfndf pTkfbg k|df0fLs/0fsf] oy]i6
sfg'gL / ;+:yfut k|fjwfgsf] klg cefj 5 .

%)_ g]kfnn] ;g\ !(() sf] pQ/fw{lt/} ahf/ lgwf{l{/t ljlgdo b/sf] k|0ffnL cjnDag u/]sf] eP tfklg
ef/tLo d'›fsf] ljlgdo b/ eg] ;b}j l:y/ /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn / ef/t aLr d'›f:kmLlt b/df cGt/ x]g]{
xf] eg] -h:t}M @)))÷)! b]lv @)!$÷!% ;Ddsf] cjlwdf g]kfndf yf]s d"No !(@=%Ü n] a9]sf]
lyof]Ù h'g ef/tsf] !@)=!Ü j[l4sf] t'ngfdf w]/} lyof]_ . g]kfnL d'›fsf] ef/tLo d'›f;Fu clwd"Nog
-overvaluation_ ePsf] 5 .11 o;/L ef/t;Fusf] lgolGqt ljlgdosf] kmn:j¿k g]kfnL pTkfbgx¿sf]
ef/t;Fusf] lgof{t tyf cfGtl/s ahf/leqs} k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtfdf x|f; cfPsf] 5 .12

%!_ tYofÍdf /x]sf] cGt/ / lj; \ult g]kfnL s[lif Jofkf/df JofKt csf]{ ;d:of xf] . s[lif Jofkf/sf]
:yfkgf, pTkfbgsf] :t/, ljqmL kl/df0f, nufgLsf] :j¿k / Jofkfl/s ;+:yfaf6 ePsf /f]huf/L l;h{gf
;DaGwL cflwsfl/s ;"rgf / tYofÍsf] cefj 5 . o:tf] c; \ultsf] uDeL/ cy{ nfU5 . pbfx/0fsf

8
Karmacharya, Binod. A study on Cross-Border informal Trade between Nepal and India on Selected
Agriculture Commodities. Nepal Council for Development Research (NECDER), Kathmandu, 2010
9
Khanal, D. R. and Kanel, N. R. (2005) Macroeconomic Policy, Shocks and Poverty Reduction in Nepal,
Kathmandu: Institute for Policy Research and Development.
10
ITC. Export Potential Assessment in Nepal. 2007.
11
Ministry of Finance, Government of Nepal, Economic Survey (various issues) and Ministry of Finance,
Government of India, Economic Survey (various issues)
12
;g\ !((@ df !=^ sf b/n] ljlgdo b/ tf]lsPkl5 g]kfnsf] d'›f:kmLlt ef/tsf] eGbf pRr 5, h;sf/0f g]kfnL pTkfbgsf]
l;dfgfsf b'j}tkm{sf] d"No k|lt:kwf{Tdstfdf c;/ k/]sf] 5 . h:t}M g]kfndf c08f / b"wsf] v'›f d"No ef/tsf] eGbf bf]Aa/ 5 .

16
 nflu, ;g\ !((^ / @))( sf] låkIfLo ;lGw cg';f/ lgof{ltt pTkfbgx¿sf] ;|f]t k|df0fLs/0f x'g'kg]{
k|fjwfg 5, t/ tYofÍ z'4 gePsf] v08df s'n pTkfbgsf] ck]lIft kl/df0f lgof{t eO;s]sf] lgx'd F f
k|df0fLs/0f gx'g ;Sg] k|an ;Defjgf x'G5 .

%@_ cfTdlge{/ vfB cy{Joj:yfdfkm{t\ vfB ;'/Iff ;'lgZrt ug]{tkm{ cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/n] lgof{t cfoaf6}
vfB j:t'sf] cfoft ug{ b]znfO{ ;Ifd agfPsf] 5 . ;fy}, o;n] ef/tLo ahf/sf] xf/fxf/Ldf g]kfnL
ahf/df vfBd"Nodf l:y/tf Nofpg ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . o;n] bIftf x|f; x'g] kl/l:ylt jf 3/]n' vfB
ahf/nfO{ l:y/ u/fpFbf nfUg] nfutaf6 b]znfO{ arfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;SYof] .13 o; cy{df,
cfTdlge{/ vfB Joj;fodfkm{t vfB ;'/Iff ;'lgZlrt ug{ Jofkf/ gLltx¿sf] pkof]u ug{' s[lif
Jofkf/sf] Pp6f d'Vo r'gf}tL xf] .
%#_ jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnon] Jofkf/ gLlt lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog / ;lGw–;Demf}tfdf s]G›Lo e"ldsf
lgjf{x u5{ . t/ gLltlgdf{0f jf sfof{Gjogdf s[lif ljsf; dGqfnoh:tf c¿ ;DalGwt dGqfnox¿sf]
;+of]hg jf ;xeflutf z"Go jf Go"g b]lvG5 .

%$_ Jofkf/ gLlt @)!% / cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)!!sf] lgdf{0fdf s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf] ;xeflutf ;Lldt
lyof] . Jofkf/ gLltn] Jofkf/ af]8{ :yfkgf u5{Ù h;df s[lif ljsf; dGqfno ;lxt 5 j6f
dGqfnox¿sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yf 5, . @^ j6f ljz]if rf;f]sf 7flgPsf pTkfbgx¿dWo] !^ j6f
pTkfbg s[lif If]qsf ePsf] :yflkt tYo x'Fbfx'Fb} o;n] s[lif ljsf; dGqfnonfO{ k|i6;Fu cnUofPsf]
5 . csf{lt/ cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)!! cg';f/ gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu pBf]u dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf
cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g af]8{sf] :yfkgf x'G5 . lgdf{0fsf] Ps 7"nf] efu s[lif pTkfbgx¿df cfwfl/t eP klg
af]8{df gf} j6f dGqfnosf] k|ltlglwTj x'G5, t/ s[lif ljsf; dGqfnonfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5}g .

%%_ lgof{t k|j4{gdf ;/sf/sf] cu'jf, ;xhstf{ / lgofds e"ldsfnfO{ ;Lldt u/L lghL If]qnfO{
g]t[TjbfoL agfpg' ;g\ @)!% df k|ltkflbt Jofkf/ gLltsf] d'Vo ljz]iftf xf] . ahf/sf c; \ult /
clgoldttf 36fpg tyf ljutsf Jofkf/ gLltsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;df lg/Gt/tf lbg of] Jofkf/ gLltn]
cfk"lt{sf] kIfdf Wofg lbPsf] 5 / o;sf] em'sfj lgof{t k|j4{gdf dfq geP/ lgof{t ljsf;tkm{ klg
s]lG›t 5 . To:t} ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] gjf}F dGqL :t/Lo ;Dd]ng @)!#sf] lg0f{o -Jofkf/
;xhLs/0f, s[lif jftf{ tyf cNk ljsl;t b]zx¿sf] z'Nsd'Qm / sf]6fd'Qm ahf/ kx'Fr_sf] nfu"Ù af}l4s
;DklQ clwsf/sf] (Intellectual property rights) /Iff, dfgs k/LIf0f k|of]uzfnf / cfd ;'ljwf tyf
;+zf]wg s]Gb|sf] ;'b[9, ;+:yfut Ifdtf j[l4, a9\bf] cfoftsf] Joj:yfkg / lgof{t cfwfl/t ;]jf
sDkgLnfO{ a9fjf lbFb} t'ngfTds / k|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf j:t'sf] lgof{tnfO{ a9fjf lbg] . o;n]
lgof{t ljsf;sf nflu !^ cf]6f s[lifhGo pTkfbgx¿sf] klxrfg ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . s[lif Jofkf/df
k|efj kfg]{ tLg jif]{ of]hgfsf] b[i6sf]0f kq -@)!^÷!&–@)!*÷!(_, /fli6«o s[lif gLlt @))$,
s[lifJofkf/ k|j4{g gLlt @))^, cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)!! / j}b]lzs nufgL gLlt @)!% h:tf cGo
If]qut gLltx¿n] klg ahf/d'vL / k|lt:kwf{Tds s[lif pTkfbg / k|j4{gsf] :ki6 ;f]r lnPsf 5g\ .
;du|df g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ If]q :jtGq vfnsf] 5 lsgeg] oxfF s'g} k|sf/sf] ;ª\VofTds k|ltaGw /
cfoft nfO;]G;sf] Joj:yf 5}g . o;sf] cltl/Qm z'Ns b/ Go"g 5, z'Nsx¿ dWod :t/df 5g\,

13
Pandey, Posh Raj. 2009. Trade Policy as an Instrument to Ensure Food Security: A case of Nepal. Paper for
the Asia-Pacific Trade Economists’ Conference on Trade-Led Growth in Times of Crisis, Bangkok, Thailand,
November 2-3, 2009

17
 xfnsf] e'Qmfg ;Gt'ng kl/jt{gLo 5, lgof{t / cfoftsf sfo{k4ltx¿ ;/nLs[t 5g\ / lgof{t
k|f]T;fxgnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{tkm{ ;'wf/ sfo{x¿ ;'rf? 5g\ .

%^_ g]kfnn] s]xL Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfx¿df x:tfIf/ u/]sf] 5Ù h:t}M g]kfn–ef/t Jofkf/ ;lGw, g]kfn rLg
v'nf Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf @)!^ ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf kq, ;fkm\6f, laD:6]s / ljZj Jofkf/ ;+3 -WTO_ .
;/sf/n] ;Lldt cfGtl/s ;xof]u k|bfg u/]sf] tyf ljZj Jofkf/ ;+3df z'Nssf] xb k|o'Qm z'NseGbf
tLg u'0ff a9L ePsf sf/0f s[lif ljsf;df gLltut v's'nf]kg sfod 5 .

%&_ ljljw gLltut cu'jfOx¿ afjh'b klg g]kfnsf] xfnsf s]xL jif{sf] Jofkf/ ;Dkfbg gfh's /x]sf] 5 .
@))%–)* sf] cjlwdf lgof{t b/ pS;]sf] eP klg lgof{teGbf cfoft w]/} xbdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 .
o;sf cltl/Qm, lgof{t j[l4b/ s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg j[l4b/ a/fa/ plS;Pg ;fy} lgof{t / s'n ufx{:y
pTkfbgaLrsf] cg'kft / lgof{tåf/f cfoftdf x'g] ;Gt'ng klg vl:sof] . kl/0ffd:j¿k, @)!#/!$-
@)!%/!^ sf] cjlwdf Jofkf/ 3f6f s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] #@Ü n] a9\of] . o;}u/L, !(($/(%-
@)!%/!^ sf] aLrdf g]kfnn] cfoft–lgof{tsf] ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g a]xf]¥of] . Jofkf/df s[lif / 3/]n'
vfB ;fdu|Lsf] lx:;f a9\of], -!&% ;Dd_ t/ pTkfbg ;fdu|Lsf] lx:;f eg] 36\of] -%*% ;Dd_ .
;+/rgfTds kl/jt{g cfoftdf eGbf lgof{tdf cem a9L 68\sf/f] b]lvof] . s[lifsf] lgof{t ;Dkfbg klg
;du| lgof{tsf] eGbf /fd|f] b]lvof] . s[lifhGo lgof{t j[l4b/ bf]xf]/f] cÍsf] :t/df sfod /Xof] t/ s[lif
pkhsf] cfoft j[l4b/ s[lif pkhsf] lgof{t a[l4 b/eGbf dfly /Xof] . ;g\ @)!$÷!% sf] cjlwdf
s[lif lgof{tsf] s[lifhGo s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf lx:;f #=)^Ü lyof] eg] s[lif cfoftsf] s'n ufx{:y
pkef]udf lx:;f ^=$*Ü lyof] .

%*_ g]kfnn] s[lif pkhx¿ :t/f]Ggltsf s'g} tfl js k|of;lagf k|f/lDes ¿kdf g} lgof{tdf n}hfg] u/]sf]
5 . tLg jif{sf] -@)!@ !#—@)!$ !%_ cf};tsf] cfwf/df cn}r F L, u}/–dlb/fhGo k]okbfy{ -h';x¿sf]
ld>0f_, ;'kf/L, bfn lrof ;'tL{ / ;'tL{hGo kbf{y jg:kltsf h/f / jg:kltsf efux¿, lr:ofOPsf]
;'Gtnfsf] h';, k]:tf, lkgf / cGo 7f]; kbfy{ ;fd~h:o k|0ffnL-^ (HS-6) cÍ :t/df ulgPsf b;
pTs[i6 lgof{t ;fdu|L x'g\ . logsf d'Vo uGtJo ahf/x¿ ef/t, a \unfb]z, ckmuflg:tfg,rLg,
yfONofG8, leotgfd, cd]l/sf, dn]l;of, o'/f]k]nL o'lgog / o'PO{ x'g\ . s[lif pkhsf] lgof{t ;+/rgfn]
s] b]vfpF5 eg] lgof{t If]q;Fu cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ;+of]hg ;Lldt 5Ù h;df :yfgLo pTkfbg /
;fdu|Lsf] pkof]u klg Go"g /x]sf] 5 . ;'sfPsf] t/sf/L, skmL, lrof, t/sf/L, h/f, cb'jf, cn}FrL
cflb clwstd ;|f]t / >d nfUg], t/ sd k|ljlwo'Qm s[lif pkhx¿sf] lgof{t ahf/df g]kfn
t'ngfTds nfesf] l:yltdf 5 . t/, jg:klt l3p, lrgL / ld7fO{df j[l4b/ gsf/fTds 5 / eljiodf
t'ngfTds nfe vl:sg] hf]lvd pRr 5 . csf]{lt/ kz'bfgf / v'bf]df a[l4 b/ wgfTds 5 . ljZjJofkL
Jofkf/ ;+/rgf cjnf]sgsf] cfwf/df x]bf{, lgof{t ahf/df g]kfn a \unfb]z, ef/t, kfls:tfg, rLg,
leotgfd / yfONofG8h:tf lgDg jf dWod cfosf b]zx¿;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ul//x]sf] 5 .

%(_ j}b]lzs nufgLsf] /flz / s[lif If]qdf j}b]lzs nufgLo'Qm j:t'x¿sf] ;ª\Vof Go"g 5, t/ ljut cf7
jif{df s[lifdf j}b]lzs nufgLdf k'g?Tyfg ePsf] 5 . oBlk s'n k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgLdf o;sf] lx:;f
eg] w]/} ;fgf] 5 -sl/j $=%)_ . k|fKt ;"rgfn] s] b]vfpF5 eg] clwsf+z j}b]lzs nufgLstf{x¿ r9\bf]
cGt/f{li6«o kl/l:yltdf pTkfbg :t/ lgwf{/0f ug{df eGbf pTkfbg, k|f/lDes k|zf]wg / ljlqmb/ tf]Sg]
sfo{df a9L Jo:t /x]sf 5g\ .

18
^)_ ;fdu|L pTkfbg / 9'jfgLdf ckof{Kt k"jf{wf/, lgof{thGo pTkfbgsf] k|zf]wgdf bIf dfgj ;fwgsf]
cefj, Jofkf/ ;DefJotfeGbf lwtf]df lge{/ a}+ls k|0ffnLsf sf/0f C0f;'ljwfaf6 ljd'v x'g]
kl/l:ylt, k|ljlwsf] ;Lldt pkof]usf sf/0f d"No z[Înfdf dfly pSngaf6 jl~rt x'g] l:ylt /
Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf pkfox¿sf] cg'kl:yltdf 9'jfgLdf x'g] l9nfOh:tf jf:tljstfx¿ d"n
k|lt:kwf{o'Qm cfk"lt{sf Jojwfgx¿df kb{5g\ . e"kl/j]li6t ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt / ckof{Kt cfGtl/s
oftfoft ;~hfnsf sf/0f 9'jfgL / kf/jxgsf] nfut pRr /x]sf] 5 . s[lifhGo pTkfbgn] a]xf]g{'kg]{
z'Ns klg u}/ s[lifhGo ;fdu|Lx¿sf] z'NseGbf sl/a kfFru'0ff a9L 5 . lgof{t ahf/df pRr z'Nssf
cltl/Qm, dfgj :jf:Yo, jftfj/0f / k|ljlwsf dfkb08 / dfux¿ klg lgoldt / s8f ePsf 5g\ .
lglZrt s[lifhGo tyf k|fylds pTkfbgx¿df kf/:kl/s s/d'Qm ahf/–kx'Fr k|bfg ug]{ g]kfn–ef/t
Jofkf/ ;lGw g]kfnL vfBj:t' g} ahf/af6 lj:yflkt u/fpg] sf/s ag]sf] 5 . clxn] vfB cfoft /
pkef]udf b]lvg] ef/tLo ;fdfgsf] jr{:jn] of] l:yltnfO{ k'li6 ub{5 .
^!_ cfoftdf Go"g cf};t z'Nsb/ / lgof{tdf z"Go lj¿k0fsf] l:yltsf afjh'b clxn]sf] z'Ns k|0ffnLn]
s[lif pkhx¿nfO{ gsf/fTds ;'/Iff k|bfg u5{ lsgeg] t/n z'Ns ;+/rgfdf cfpg] ljs[ltsf] ;fdgf
ug{sf nflu kof{Kt 3/]n' ;xof]u k|0ffnL pknJw 5}gg\ . o;n] 3/]n' ;fwg–;|f]t pkof]u ug]{ cf}Bf]lus
If]q;Fusf] ;DaGw / ;+of]hgnfO{ lg?T;flxt u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn / ef/tsf] d'›f:kmLlt b/df ePsf] cGt/
/ g]kfnL d'›fsf] ef/tLo d'›f;Fu clwd"Nogsf sf/0f ef/t;Fusf] lgolGqt ljlgdosf] kmn:j¿k
g]kfnL pTkfbgx¿sf] ef/t;Fusf] lgof{t tyf 3/]n' ahf/leqs} k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtfdf x|f; cfPsf] ts{
5.

^@_ cfk"lt{sf ;a} d"n kIfx¿df g]kfnn] uDeL/ ;d:ofx¿ ef]lu/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] cfk"lt{df
/x]sf c8\rgx¿sf] ;Daf]wg geP;Dd g]kfn pknAw låkIfLo, If]qLo jf ax'kIfLo Jofkf/k4ltaf6
k|fKt ahf/ kx'Frsf ;Lldt cj;/sf] ;b'kof]u ug]{ x}l;otdf x'Fb}g . kf/jxgsf] of] cgj/t ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfgtkm{ clg nfut Go"gLs/0f / Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu g]kfn–ef/t kf/jxg ;lGwsf]
k'g/fjnf]sg x'g' h?/L 5 . o; cltl/Qm, g]kfnn] blIf0f Pl;ofel/s} If]qLo kf/jxg Joj:yfsf] ;fy
kfpg'k5{ . s[lifhGo cfoft lj:tf/tkm{ k|fyldstf to ug{sf nflu g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o lgwf{/s
lgsfox¿sf] dfkb08 cg';f/ cfˆgf pTkfbgx¿sf] u'0f:t/ / dfkb08 sfod ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . g]kfnn]
vf; u/L ef/t / lrg;Fusf] kf/:kl/s klxrfgsf] låkIfLo ;xdltsf] cGTo -conclude_ klg ug{
;S5 . sDtLdf wfg, ux'F, ds}, sf]bf], t]nxgh:tf d'Vo s[lif pkh s/–d'Qm ;"rLaf6 x6fpg g]kfn–
ef/t Jofkf/ ;xdltsf] k'glj{rf/ x'g cfjZos 5 . ;fy}, g]kfnn] of]hgfa4 tj/n] ef/t;Fusf]
lgolGqt ljlgdo b/ k|0ffnLsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{'kg]{ cfjZos 5 .

k @=* Joj;foLs/0f / s[lif Joj;fo

^#_ s[lif If]qsf] Joj;foLs/0f lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] cfwf/ kq -@)!^÷!&–@)!*÷!(_ / Zj]tkq @)!% /
g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf @)#) nufotsf s[lif gLltx¿sf] d"n ljifoj:t' xf] . s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf]
s[lif Joj;fok|j4{g gLlt -@))^_ n] s[lifnfO{ ;fdfGo hLljsfsf] dfWodaf6 Jofj;flos If]qdf
kl/jt{g ug]{tkm{ ljljwLs/0f, ;]jf lj:tf/ / lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . ;]jf lj:tf/df
;fj{hlgs / lghL If]qsf] ;fem]bf/L, kf]:6 xfe]{:6 k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, k|zf]wg / ahf/Ls/0f o;df pNn]Vo
ljlzi6 Pj+ ;kmn k|fjwfgx¿ x'g\Ù h;sf] cltl/Qm nufgLsf dfWodn] cGo k|lt¿kx¿ cufl8 Nofpg
;lsGYof] .

19
^$_ sDkgL P]g cGtu{t btf{ ePsf Joj;fox¿n] sDkgL s/ lt5{g\ / ltgsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] cfDbfgL s/
lt5{g\ . kl/0ffd:j¿k k"0f{ Jofj;flos ljsf; / u|fdL0f /f]huf/L l;h{gfsf] k|lqmof;lxt lg?T;flxt
x'G5 . sDkgLx¿ n]vf, /f]huf/L / s/f/ ;DaGwL lgodgx¿n] afFlwg afWo 5g\ eg] ;xsf/L lhDd]jf/L
;Lldt 5 .

^%_ Jofj;flos s[lifsf] jftfj/0f k|lts"n k|z:t ;d:ofx¿ b]vfk/]sf 5g\Ù h;sf] ;dfwfgdf ;/sf/
vf;} ;lqmo ePsf] b]lvFb}g . o;df -s_ s/f/ v]tL P]gsf] d:of}bfnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg] jf ljBdfg s/f/
P]g -@)))_ k|efjsf/L x'g] u/L hldg, ;xsf/L / cGo ljifox¿ ;dflji6 lgod nfu" ug]{ eGg] b'ljwf
/ -v_ lghL 8]/Lx¿ / klg/ pTkfbsx¿nfO{ a]kmfObf x'g] u/L b'Uw pTkfbgsf] d"No lgwf{/0f tyf b'Uw
ljsf; ;+:yfgsf] cg'bfg nfu" ug]{ h:tf ljifox¿ r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvPsf 5g\ .
^^_ s[lif ljsf; dGqfno;Fu Joj;foLs/0fdf ckl/xfo{ Jofj;flos bIftf x:tfGt/0f, kf]:6 xfe]{:6, d"No–
z[Înf ljsf;h:tf ckl/xfo{ ;]jfsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg] ;+:yfut Ifdtf ck"0f{ 5 . o:tf gLltut nIosf
nflu cg';Gwfg / lj:tf/;]jfx¿df k|lt:kwf{Tds nufgLsf ;fy} lghL If]q;Fu ;fem]bf/L / cg';Gwfg
;+:yfx¿sf] cled'vLs/0f pko'Qm x'g ;S5 .

^&_ s/ gLlt eg] s[ifs / s[lif Joj;foLx¿k|lt k"jf{u|xL b]lvFb}g . oBlk s[lif Joj;foLx¿ s[lif k|ljlw
;fdu|L, s[lif cf}hf/ / pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wgsf oGqx¿df nufOPsf] z'Ns / s/sf sf/0f k|lt:kwL{
Ifdtf u'd]sf] u'gf;f] eg] ug]{ u5{g\ .

^*_ h'g;'s} Joj;fo hf]lvdo'Qm x'G5 . s[lifsd{ / s[lif Joj;fodf t emg w]/} hf]lvd 5 . s[lif
Joj;fosf] nufgL k|foh;f] sd d'gfkmf -c¿ If]qsf] t'ngfdf_, pRr hf]lvd / nfdf] ;':ttfsf sf/0f
nfrf/ /x]sf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] xsdf ;fx|} yf]/} hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf ;+oGqx¿ pknAw 5g\ .

^(_ g]kfnL Joj;foLx¿ ;fj{hlgs If]qaf6 -s_ 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf /fd|f s[lif ;8ssf] ;~hfn, -v_ lgoldt
ljB't cfk"lt{ / -u_ plrt cg';Gwfg h:tf ;'ljwfx¿sf] cfzf u5{g\ . log} If]qx¿df b]lvg] Jofks
sdhf]/Ln] g} ljutdf s[lif If]qdf ePsf] ;':t k|ultsf] sf/0f k|:6\ofpF5g\ . s[lif Joj;fosf] ljsf;sf]
nflu dx jk"0f{ gLltut kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostf 5 . pBf]uk|ltsf] ljz]if k|lta4tf, kf/bzL{ / l:y/ s/
;+/rgf, kf/bzL{ gLlt lgodx¿, pGgt dfks / dfkb08åf/f u'0f:t/ ;'wf/df k|lta4tf, /fd|f] s[lif
cEof;, /fd|f] pTkfbg cEof;, /fd|f] :jR5tf / ;DxfNg] cEof; / /fd|f] kz' pkrf/ cEof;h:tf
;j{dfGo cEof;x¿sf] sfof{Gjog k4lth:tf ljifox¿nfO{ o:tf] kl/jt{gn] ;d]6g' h?/L 5 .

&)_ s[lif Joj;fon] dlxnf s[ifsx¿nfO{ cfly{s cfTdlge{/tfsf] cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . /]zd v]tL, ;'7f]
k|zf]wg, cn}FrL ;'sfpg], kmnkm"n k|;f]wg, km"nsf ;fdu|L tof/ ug]{ / s]z/L agfpg], lrof tyf slkm
h:tf s[lif;Fu hf]l8Psf If]qx¿df g]kfnL dlxnfx¿sf] jr{:j /x]sf] 5 . s[lif Joj;fosf] ljsf;df
s[ifs ;+3x¿ tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+3–;+:yfx¿sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf Hofb} dx jk"0f{ x'G5 . ;fy},
lj:tfl/t ahf/ Joj:yfkg ;]jf / k"jf{wf/x¿df lghL If]qsf] nufgLsf] jftfj/0f :yflkt ug{ gLltut
;'wf/ Nofpg' klg ckl/xfo{ b]lvG5 .

20
k @=*=! d"No z[Înf ljsf;

&!_ s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] th{'df sfo{nfO{ ;fxof]u ug{ s[lif d"No z[Înf -Agricultural Value Chains_
sf] ;dLIff ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ul/of] .14 pQm ;dLIff ug]{ qmddf #% j6f d"No z[Înfsf] k/LIf0f,
;fem]bf/x¿;Fusf] e]6sf nflu :ynut cWoog, d'Vo hfgsf/x¿;Fusf] cGtjf{tf{ tyf ;DalGwt s[lif
ljsf; /0fgLlt sfo{zfnfx¿df ;xeflutf nufotsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;dfj]z lyP . ;dLIffsf d'Vo
pknlAwx¿ lgDg 5g\ M

d'Vo d'2fx¿— d"No z[ \vnf cWoog

s_ k/LIf0f ul/Psf nueu ;a}h:tf] d"No z[ \vnfx¿sf tLgj6} r/0fx¿— pTkfbg, ahf/Ls/0f tyf
larf}lnofx¿sf] ljsf;nfO{ ;dfg lsl;dsf cgluGtL cj/f]wx¿n] bafPsf 5g\ .
v_ Wofg lbg}kg]{ d'Vo If]qx¿df ahf/sf] hfgsf/L, u'0f:t/Lo ;fdfu|L, C0f, pTkfbg tyf s6fO{
k|ljlw, lgodg tyf k|df0fLs/0f, k"jf{wf/, cg';Gwfg, k|;f/ ;]jfx¿ tyf ahf/Ls/0f Ifdtf x'g\ .
u_ d"No z[ \vnf k|lqmofsf] sfof{Gjog tyf jf:tljs ¿kdf k|fKt ePsf pknlAwx¿sf] ;+of]hgsf]
hfgsf/Lsf] cefj 5 .
3_ cWoogdf ul/Psf w]/}h;f] l;kmfl/;x¿ c:ki6 tyf ;dfGo k|s[ltsf x'g'sf] ;fy;fy} ;lhn};Fu
sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg g;lsg] vfnsf 5g\ .
ª_ lrof, cn}FrL tyf cb'jfh:tf s]xL ;Lldt ?rfOPsf pTkfbgx¿sf] cWoog tyf ;xof]usf lgldQ
:ki6 kIf lnOPsf] b]lvG5 .
r_ w]/}h:tf] cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgx¿n] pTkfbgsf] kIf lnPsf 5g\ . u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ tyf
ahf/Ls/0fsf d'2fx¿df lgs} sd Wofg lbOPsf] 5 .
5_ pBf]uL jf Jofkf/L;Fu ;xsfo{ u/]/ pTkfbgx¿nfO{ ahf/df tfGg]eGbf klg ls;fgx¿;Fu ldn]/
pTkfbgx¿ ws]Ng] s'/fdf w]/} hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 .
h_ s/f/ v]tLdf cTolws ljZjf; ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .

d'Vo d'2fx¿— ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fusf] k/fdz{

&@_ k"jf{~rn ljsf; If]qdf ul/Psf] :ynut lg/LIf0fn] d"No z[ \vnf cWoogdf 5nkmn ePsf w]/}h;f]
ljifox¿nfO{ k|dfl0ft u¥of] . :ynut e|d0faf6 k|sfzdf cfPsf yk ljifox¿ lgDg 5g\M
s_ lg/Gt/ 5nkmn tyf ljZn]if0faf6 nlIft pkef]uQmf tyf dWo:ystf{x¿df :ki6 “k|fks ysfg”
-recipient fatigue_ b]lvG5 . ls;fg tyf pBdLx¿ kl/0ffd x]g{ cft'/ 5g\ / ljleGg k|sf/sf
sfo{zfnf, a}7s tyf d"No z[ \vnf cWoogx¿df cfl>t ePsf 5g\ .
v_ bftf tyf ;xof]uLx¿ ;xof]usf] If]q cfkm"v';L lg of{]n ub{5g\ . w]/}h;f] cj:yfdf d"No z[ \vnf
ljsf;sf nflu rflxg] k"0f{ ;~hfn k4lt -whole chain approach) w]/} xb;Dd cg'kl:yt 5 .
u_ w]/}h;f] ljZn]if0f / sfo{qmdx¿n] ls;fgsf] ;f}bfafhL ;fdYo{ j[l4 ug]{ ;xsf/Lsf nflu
;dy{gnfO{ dx jk"0f{ /0fgLltsf] ¿kdf x]g]{ u/]sf 5g\ . s[lif Joj;fo d"No z[Înfdf PsLs[t
ePsf ;xsf/Lsf s]xL /fd|f pbfx/0fx¿ pknAw 5g\ -pbfx/0fsf nfluM cyf]{8S; lrof, 8]/L_ .
;xsf/L k4lt cln a9L Wofg k'¥ofOg'kg]{ ljifo xf] .

14
o;sf] lj:t[t lgisif{ d"No z[Înf;DaGwL k/fdz{bftf k|ltj]bg -Consultant Report_ df ;+nUg 5 .

21
 3_ h}ljs qmlds ¿kdf k|Voft x'Fb} uPsf] ljifo xf] . o;nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf nfu" ug{ cfjZos
kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ t jx¿ cem} klg k|fKt ePsf 5}gg\ . h}ljs dn k|ljlw ;kmn x'gsf] lgldQ
;d"xk4lt cfjZos 5 .
ª_ If]qLo ljlzi6Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ffn] Ps ufpF, Ps pTkfbgh:tf of]hgf tyf lhNnf :t/Lo s[lif
of]hgf k|lqmof dfkm{t\ cfˆgf] hu a;fln/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] kmn:j¿k Go"g pTkfbg vr{sf sf/0f
x'g] art k|fKt x'g'sf ;fy ;fy} s]G›Ls[t z[Înf ;'wf/sf lglDt cfwf/ k|bfg ug]{ b]lvG5 . tyflk
;|f]tx¿sf] pknAwtf Pp6f 7"nf] r'gf}tL ag]sf] 5 .
r_ ef/tLo ahf/n] 7"nf] cj;/sf ;fy;fy} sl7g r'gf}tL klg k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . lg/Gt/ ¿kdf
ahf/df kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ / ef/tsf lqmofsnfkx¿ ;xh¿kdf cfFsng ug{ Jofkf/ ;DaGwL
låkIfLo ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ul/g'kb{5 . ef/tn] s[lif If]qdf lbg] cg'bfg, h;n] g]kfnL s[lif
pTkfbgnfO{ k|lt:kwf{df cK7\of/f] kfg]{ u/]sf] 5, tT;DaGwL d'Vo rf;f] /lx cfPsf] 5 .
5_ a \unfb]zn] g]kfnL s[ifs tyf pTkfbsx¿sf] nflu Pp6f csf]{ 7"nf] ;Defljt cj;/sf]
k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . a[xt\ txsf Jofkf/ tyf kf/jxg ;DaGwL ljifox¿ o; If]qsf rf;f]x¿ x'g\Ù
h;n] ahf/ kx'Frdf cj/f]w k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ .
h_ afnL pTkfbgsf] 9fFrfdf kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf k|ltj]bgx¿ ;fj{hlgs ePsf 5g\ / pQm kl/jt{g
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjsf] ¿kdf cfPsf] bfaL ul/Psf] 5 . ;d:of Go"gLs/0f tyf
;xhLs/0fsf /0fgLltx¿sf] af/]df ;"rgf k|bfg ug{ of] d'2fdf lj:t[t cWoog x'g' cfjZos
b]lvG5 .
em_ Jofj;flos ls;fgx¿ tyf pBdLx¿n] C0fsf] kx'Frdf sl7gfOsf] ;fdgf ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .
pgLx¿sf] cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug{ n3'ljQeGbf w]/} cufl8 ;f]Rg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .
`_ s[lif Joj;fodf k|]/0ffbfoL nufgLsf k|z:t pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ . To:tf nufgLsf] ;Da4{g / ;'/Iff
lbg k|fljlws ;xof]usf] sfo{qmdsf] dfu 5 .

k= @=( k"jf{wf/

&#_ PlkkL cjlwel/ tLg k|sf/sf k'jf{wf/ -;8s, pmhf{ / ;~rf/_ df pNn]vgLo k|ult ePsf] 5 . PlkkL
sf] u|fdL0f ;8s tyf pmhf{sf] nIo w]/} xb;Dd k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

&$_ u|fdL0f ;8s If]qdf tLa| j[l4 eP;Fu} u|fdL0f ;8s l8hfOg tyf sfof{Gjog sfof{qmdsf s]xL d'2fx¿
o;k|sf/ 5g\M
s_ k|fyldstf lgwf{/0fdf s[lif dGqfno / ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{tsf]
:yfgLo k"jf{wf/ tyf s[lif ;8s ljefuaLr Go"g ;dGjo /x]sf] 5 .
v_ pNn]vgLo j[l4sf afjh'b ;8s ;~hfn lbuf] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . k'nsf] cefj tyf sRrL ePsfn]
jif{el/ pkof]u ug{ nfos 5}g .
u_ ;jf/L wgLx¿aLr x'g] ;Lldt k|lt:kwf{sf sf/0f u|fdL0f oftfoft ;]jfx¿ dxËf 5g\ .
3_ lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof d'Votof oGqdf cfwfl/t 5Ù h;df OlGhlgol/Ësf ;fdu|Lx¿ k|foMh;f] w]/} sd
jf Go"g u'0f:t/sf 5g\ .
ª_ o; lsl;dsf] lg0f{o ljlwsf sf/0f 9nlgsf;sf] cefj tyf df6f]sf] cJojl:yt pT;h{g eO{
;Def/ vr{ cToGt} dxFuf] x'g uPsf] 5 .

22
 r_ u|fdL0f ;8s lgdf{0f;Fu ;DalGwt w]/} hl6ntfx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\, h;sf] kmn:j¿k u'0f:t/Lo
;~hfnsf] ljsf;df c;Ifdtfsf sf/0f cfjZos nufgL lg?T;flxt ePsf] 5 .
&%_ uPsf] s]xL jif{df u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ;dfGotof /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo /fhgLlt / ;'zf;g ;DaGwL
d'2fx¿af6 w]/} k|efljt ePsf] 5 . o;sf] cToGt} gsf/fTds k|efj ;]jf k|jfxsf] kl/0ffd tyf
u'0f:t/df k/]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f ;8s, pmhf{ tyf ;~rf/ nufotsf k"jf{wf/sf] nIo k|flKtdf lgDg
t jx¿n] d'Votof of]ubfg u/]sf 5g\ .
&^_ sdhf]/ nufgLsf] jftfj/0fM ljz]if u/L pmhf{ If]qsf nflu ljBdfg sdhf]/ nufgLsf] jftfj/0fn]
hnljB't ljsf;df hfg;Sg] nufgL kl/rfng x'g kfPsf] 5}g . cg'dltkq ePsf nufgLstf{nfO{
nufgL ug{ afWo gkfg]{ gLltx¿, cl:y/ /fhg}lts cj:yf tyf nufgLstf{n] cfˆgf] If]qeGbf aflx/
uP/ /fhg}lts bafadf vr{ ug{'kg]{ kl/l:yltsf] kmn:j¿k sdhf]/ nufgL jftfj/0f l;h{gf ePsf]
xf] .

&&_ k|TooL hf]lvd -fiduciary risk_n] k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] nfut j[l4 u/]sf] 5Ù h;n] u'0f:t/Lo k"jf{wf/
nufgLnfO{ cgfsif{s agfPsf] 5 . o;n] sfnf]kq] ;8s ;~hfnsf] lj:tf/df pmhf{ pTkfbgsf]
nufgLdf u|fdL0f ul/ax¿nfO{ df]afOn ;]jf kx'Frof]Uo agfpg] s'/fdf k|efj kf/]sf] 5 .

&*_ 7"nf :t/sf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; of]hgfdf ;DkGg ug{ pknAw ;Lldt hgzlQmn] klg k"jf{wf/ j[l4df
cj/f]w v8f u/]sf] 5 . ut s]xL jif{x¿df g]kfnn] bIf tyf cbIf b'j} vfnsf hgzlQmx¿sf] ljsl;t
b]zx¿df ;fd"lxs a;fOF ;/fO ef]u]sf] 5 . ut bzjif{df k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf If]qdf ePsf] Go"g j[l4sf
sf/0f of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ d'Vo e"ldsf lgefpg] w]/} OlGhlgo/x¿ tyf cbIf sfdbf/sf]
cfjZostf k"lt{ ug]{ o'jfx¿n] b]z 5f8]sf 5g\ . cfjZos ;ª\Vof tyf u'0f:t/sf hgzlQmsf]
cefjsf sf/0f k"jf{wf/ ljsf; a9L vrf{n' x'g'sf ;fy;fy} ;Lldt If]qsf] dfu ePsf] 5 .

&(_ ljsf; ul/Psf k"jf{wf/x¿n] s[lif If]q;Fu glhssf] ;DaGw /fv]sf] b]lvFb}g . k"jf{wf/df ePsf w]/}h;f]
nufgLx¿ d'Votof hg; Vofsf] cfsf/df cfwfl/t 5g\ . ;Defljt s[lif ljsf;sf If]qx¿ cem} klg
of]hgf k|lqmof tyf jflif{s ah]6af6 ljd'v ePsf 5g\ .

*)_ k"jf{wf/sf kl/of]hgfx¿sf] sdhf]/ sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udgn] lgdf{0f ePsf k"jf{wf/df c;/ kfg{'sf
;fy} u'0f:t/ v:sfO/x]sf 5g\ . gLltx¿ tyf dfu{ lgb]{zgx¿ sd cg';/0f ul/Psf 5g\ eg]
lhDd]jf/ lgsfox¿ ;xdt ul/Psf gLltut ck]Iff ;"rsx¿sf] t'ngfdf k|ltkmn lg:s]sf] 5 jf 5}g
eg]/ plrt tl/sfn] cg'udg ul//x]sf 5}gg\ .

*!_ s[lif If]qsf] j[l4sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug{ ;/sf/n] lghL If]q tyf
cGt/f{li6«o nufgLstf{sf nflu nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{' clt cfjZos 5 . ljz]if u/L pmhf{
tyf b"/ ;~rf/sf k"jf{wf/df ljz]if Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 .

*@_ u|fdL0f ;8s If]q :yfgLo txdf k|TooL hf]lvd (fiduciary risk) sf] l;sf/ ePsf] 5 lsgeg] ;xdt
ul/Psf] lhNnf :t/Lo oftfoft u'? of]hgfsf dfu{lgb]{zgx¿ / u|fdL0f ;8ssf dfkb08 coGt} rfF8}
cg';/0f ug]{ ul/G5g\ .

23
k @=!) ljQ, ladf, s/x¿
k @=!)=! C0f

*#_ u|fdL0f ljQLo ;]jfx¿sf] cfjZostf cem} klg u|fdL0f cfly{s ljsf;sf] cj/f]wsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
s[lif ljsf; a}s+ tyf sdl;{on a}+sn] cem;Dd l/Qm :yfg k"lt{ ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . o; cy{df C0f
ljt/0f PlkkLn] nlIft u/]sf] tx;Dd k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . o; ;DaGwL ;fGble{s gLltsf] ¿kdf
;/sf/n] cGt/f{li6«o ljQ ; \u7g, ljZj a}+s tyf Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;dGjodf nfu" u/]sf]
ljQLo If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd -@))(_ xf] . Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}Fsn] cfly{s ;xfotf k|bfg u/L g]kfn /fi6«
a}s
+ åf/f sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] u|fdL0f ljQ If]q ljsf; sfo{qmdn] gLltut sfg'gL Joj:yf tyf ;+:yfut
;'wf/sf dfWodaf6 u|fdL0f ljQLo If]qsf lgldQ ;xh jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ul//x]sf] 5 .15 pQm
sfo{qmdn s[lif ljsf; a}+snfO{ s[lif tyf u|fdL0f ljsf;df s]lG›t Pp6f dha't ljQLo ;+:yfsf]
¿kdf k'gM:yflkt ug{'sf ;fy;fy} u|fdL0f ljQsf] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ NofPsf] 5 . o;
k|sf/ df}lb|s gLlt @)!)/!! / @)!@/!# cg';f/ pTkfbg If]qsf] C0fsf] lx:;f ^% b]lv !@% k'Ug]
5 . To:t} df}lb|s gLlt @)!!/!@ sf] nIo cg';f/ jfl0fHo a}+sx¿n] @)!#/!$ ;Dddf pTkfbg If]qsf]
C0fsf] lx:;f @)% k'¥ofpg] 5 . To;}u/L df}lb|s gLlt @)!#/!$ cg';f/n] C0fsf] !@% x'g]5 /
df}lb|s gLlt @)!^/!& n] To;sf] lx:;f !%% k'¥ofpg] 5 . o;sf cnfjf @)!$/!% kl5sf df}lb|s
gLltx¿n] ljsf; a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] pTkfbg If]qsf] C0f qmdzM !%% / !)% k'¥ofpg'kg]{
5 . Pp6f k|d'v u|fdL0f ljQLo ;+:yfsf] ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k u|fdL0f ljQdf ;'wf/
;lxtsf] ;'k/Lj]If]0f / lgodg x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . ;+:yfx¿ kl5 uP/ lghLs/0fsf] lbzftkm{
pGd'v eO/x]sf 5g\ .16

lrq @# -s_M s[lif / vfB ljlgdf{0fsf] !(($—@)!% ;dodf a}+ls / ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] qm]l86 -ldlnog ?=_
M g]kfn /fi6 a}+s
15
Sub-program 2, Project Number: 36169-02; d] @)!)df cg'df]lbt.
16
ADB (2009). “Country Assistance Program Evaluation: Nepal—Delivering Assistance in a Challenging
Environment”. Manila. 2009

24
gf]6M !(($—@))% sf] 8f6f s[lif ljsf; a}+s, @))^—@)!) sf] 8f6f sd{l;on a}+s / To;kl5 ;Dk"0f{ lj

lrq @# -s_M % s[lif / @ vfB ljlgdf{0fsf] @))%—@)!^ ;dodf a}+ls / ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] qm]l86 -ldlnog ?=_
f]tM g]kfn /fi6 a}+s
gf]6M @))^—@)!) sf] 8f6f sd{l;on a}+s / To;kl5 ;Dk"0f{ lj

k @=!)=@ ladf
*$_ afnL tyf kz' ladf ;DaGwL pTkfbg tyf ;]jfx¿ d'n'ssf ;fgf tyf ;LdfGtLs[t ls;fgx¿sf]
nflu nfebfos 5g\ / ltgn] afnL tyf kz' ladfsf] dfu tyf ljt/0fsf] j[l4df ;xfotf ub{5g\ .
g]kfn;Fu To; lsl;dsf ;]jfx¿sf] ;+:yfut, ljQLo, k|fljlws tyf sfo{ ;~rfng :t/sf] r'gf}tL 5 .
;/sf/L ladf af]8{ / s[lifdf ;DaGwL ljwfosL Joj:yf 5 . s[lif ladfÙ h; cGtu{t dT:o ladf
clen]v @)!@, afnL tyf kz'wg ladf lk|ldod cg'bfgsf] nfe p7fpg] lgb]{lzsf @)!# -;+zf]wg
@)!^ kb{5 . ah]6 efif0f @)!^/!& n] s[lif tyf kz'wg ladfdf s'n lk|ldodsf] &%% ;Dd cg'bfg
lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ladf sfo{qmdnfO{ qmdzM pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t s[lif ladf sfo{qmd :yfgfGt/0f
ug]{ / afnL pTkfbg tyf e08f/0f hf]lvd sd ug{ klg ladf sfo{qmdsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ nIo /fv]sf]
5.
;+:yfut r'gf}tLx¿ lgDg k|sf/sf 5g\—
s_ s[lif tyf kz'kfng ladfsf pTkfbgx¿sf] cfk"lt{ tyf ladfsf] dfu w]/} Go"g 5. To; lsl;dsf
pTkfbgx¿ Jofkfl/s cfk"lt{stf{n] k|bfg u/]sf 5}gg\ . ljQLo Uof/]G6L lbg] ;+:yfgn] To;k|sf/sf
;'ljwfx¿ k|bfg u/] tfklg @% jif{sf] ;]jf cjlw kZrft\ klg pQm ;+:yf ;'?sf] r/0fd} sfd
ul//fv]sf] 5 . kz'kfngsf] ;Gbe{df xfnsf] ;ª\Vof k|lt jif{ @),))) eGbf sd ufO{ jf e}F;Lsf]
; \Vof 5Ù h'g /fli6«o 3/kfn'jf hgfj/sf] )=# k|ltzt dfq xf] .
v_ s[lif ladf P]gdf ljleGg ;fj{hlgs If]qsf ;+u7gx¿, ;xsf/Lx¿ tyf n3'ljQ ;+:yfx¿n] sfof{Gjog
ub}{ cfPsf Uof/]G6L ;+/If0f tyf ladf pTkfbgx¿sf] sfg'gL cj:yfsf af/]df :ki6tfsf] cefj 5 .
u_ jt{dfg ladf P]gn] ;xsf/Lx¿ tyf n3'ljQ ;+:yfx¿n] ;fgf tyf ;LdfGtLs[t ls;fgx¿nfO{ k|bfg
ub}{ cfPsf ladf pTkfbg / ;]jfx¿n] klxrfg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f ub}{gg\. oxL k|fjwfgdf tn pNn]v

25
 ul/Psf tl/sfx¿ klxrfg ug{df ;xsf/L÷n3'ljQ ;+:yf tyf lghL Jofkfl/s k|bfosx¿sf aLrdf
P]Soj4tf ug]{ s'/fdf cj/f]w l;h{gf u/]sf] 5M
• s[lif ladf pTkfbgsf] ;+/rgf tyf d"NofÍgsf] ;zQmLs/0f tyf dfkb08 lgwf{/0f x'g' h?/L 5 tf
ls ltgLx¿ ladf pBf]usf k|fljlws tyf sfg'gL cfjZostfx¿;Fu d]n vfg ;S5g\ .
• PsLs[t hf]lvd nufgL /0fgLltsf] ljsf;sf dfWodaf6 ;xsf/Lx¿n] k|fylds ladfstf{sf ¿kdf
sfo{ ug{ ;s"g\ . ladf sDkgLx¿n] w]/} xb;Dd 3f6f ladf k|bfg ug{ ;s"g\ tyf ljkb\sf] cj:yfdf
;/sf/n] klg k'gM ladfstf{sf] ¿kdf ;xeflutf hgfpg ;sf];\ .
• s[lif ladf pTkfbgx¿sf] ahf/Ls/0fdf ;xsfo{ u/L b'j} o;sf] vr{ 36fpg tyf c¿ k|fljlws
If]qx¿ h:t}M hf]lvd c \sg (underwriting), gLlt n]vg ;]jf k|jfx dfWodx¿, bfaL ug]{ k|lqmof
tyf bfaL ug]{ tl/sf ljsf; ug{ .

;+:yfut r'gf}tLx¿ lgDg k|sf/sf 5g\—

s_ Jofj;flos k|bfosx¿sf] Go"g cfwf/ k"FhL s[lif tyf kz'kfng ladfsf] ljsf; ug]{ s'/fdf Pp6f
uDeL/ cj/f]wsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . Jofj;flos k|bfosx¿ cfˆgf] cGt/f{li6«o s[lif k'gM ladf ;dtfsf]
kx'Frsf s'/fdf klg ;r]t 5g\ .
v_ ;xsf/L s[lif ladf k|bfosx¿;Fu ;Lldt ljQLo Ifdtf 5 / ltgLx¿sf s'g} klg sfo{qmdx¿ clxn]
k'gM ladf ePsf 5}gg\ . ;xsf/L tyf n3'ljQ ;+:yfx¿;Fu k|foh;f] ;Lldt ljQLo e08f/0f x'G5 /
s'g} C0f ;'lglZrt sfo{qmd tyf ladf sfo{qmdx¿ k'gM ladfåf/f ;'/lIft ul/Psf 5}gg\ . cf}krfl/s
hf]lvd x:tfGt/0f tyf k'gM ladf k|lqmofdf kx'Frsf] cefjsf sf/0f ;xsf/L tyf n3'ljQ ladf
k|bfosx¿ Ifltk"0f{ gf]S;fgLsf] ;fdgf ug{ k'Ub5g\ . o; lsl;dsf w]/}h;f] sfo{qmdx¿ plrt k'gM
ladf sfo{qmd gePsf]n] g} c;kmn ePsf 5g\ .

k|fljlws r'gf}tLx¿ lgDg k|sf/ 5g\—

s_ ladf k|bfosx¿sf] s[lif tyf kz'kfng ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ladfsf] cEof; tyf k|lqmofx¿df lgs}
sd kx'Fr /x]sf] 5 . ltgLx¿df l8hfOg, d"NofÍg, k|zf]wg ug]{ tl/sf, hf]lvdsf] bfo/f tyf
ltgLx¿sf] gd'gf / nfex¿, bfaL Joj:yfkg, ;]jf k|jfx nufotsf ljleGg If]qsf] 1fg tyf
;r]tgfsf] cefj 5 . ;xsf/L tyf n3' ljQ ;+:yfx¿df s[lif ladf ;DaGwL ;Lldt cg'ej 5 .
v_ xfn ;xsf/L tyf n3'ljQ If]q;Fu pknAw /x]sf] afnL tyf kz' ladf ;DaGwL pTkfbg ;Lldt 5 /
o;nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg'¿k ;zQmLs/0f ug{' cfjZos 5 . k|To]s k|d'v s[lif–df};d If]qdf
g]kfnL ls;fgx¿sf] cfjZostf;Fu d]n vfg]u/L gofF afnL tyf kz' ladf pTkfbgx¿sf] ljsf; ug{'
klg cfjZos 5 .
u_ ladf tYofÍ tyf pko'Qm ;"rgfsf] cefj o; If]qsf] csf]{ ;d:of xf] . g]kfndf s'g} klg s[lif tyf
kz' ladf sfo{qmdsf] l8hfOg / d"NofÍg ug{ ;"rgfsf] pknAwtf clt cfjZos x'G5 . cg's"n afnL
ladf pTkfbgx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ qmddf afnL pTkfbgdf u'0f:t/Lo tyf bL3{sfnLg tYofÍx¿sf]
pknAwtf r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . kz'sf] If]qLo d[To' tYofÍx¿ kz' ladf gLltx¿sf] l8hfOg tyf
d"NofÍgsf lgldQ ;Lldt ¿kdf dfq} pkof]uL 5g\ .

26
k|lqmof -sfo{;~rfng_ ;DaGwL r'gf}tLx¿ lgDg cg';f/ 5g\—
s_ Jofj;flos k|bfosx¿sf Go"g ;~rfngdf /x]sf zfvfx¿dfq u|fdL0f e]udf /x]sf 5g\ . d'Vo
;+:yfx¿sf k|d'v ;x/x¿df If]qLo sfof{nox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . Jofkfl/s k|bfosx¿;Fu g]kfnsf w]/}h;f]
;fgf ls;fgx¿nfO{ afnL tyf kz' ladf pTkfbg tyf ;]jfx¿ k'¥ofpg] u|fdL0f ljt/0f ;~hfn 5}g .
v_ ;fgf ls;fgsf nflu s[lif ladfsf] pRr k|zf;lgs vr{ nfUg] u/]sf] 5 .

k @=!)=# s/x¿
*%_ PlkkL cjlwel/sf] /fh:j tyf vr{sf] k|j[lQn] s] b]vfpF5 eg] cfly{s jif{ @)!%÷!^ df ;/sf/L vr{
s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] #!=@ k|ltzt a9]sf] 5 . ;f]xL ;dodf /fh:j s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] @)=%
k|ltztdfq a9L s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] &=^ k|lt ah]6 3f6f b]lvG5 . cfly{s jif{ @)!%÷!^ ljb]zL
cg'bfgsf] c+z s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] #=) k|ltzt 5 eg] ;+o'Qm C0f -j}b]lzs tyf cfGtl/s_ ^=%
k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

*^_ ;g\ !(&) sf] bzssf] d'Vo /fh:jsf] ;|f]tsf ¿kdf /x]sf] dfnkf]t cfly{s jif{ @))!÷)@ ;Dd
s]G›Lo ;/sf/n] p7fpg] u/]sf] / To;}sf/0f :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g !(((df Joj:yf u/L :yfgLo
lgsfox¿nfO{ dfnkf]t kl/rfng ug]{ lhDdf lbOPsf] lyof] . pknAw tYofÍn] b]vfP cg';f/ ;Dk"0f{
dfnkf]t cfly{s jif{ !(&$÷&%sf] !!=* k|ltztaf6 cfly{s jif{ @)))÷)!sf] )=)! k|ltztsf] gu0o
tx;Dd tLj| ultdf vl:sPsf] b]lvG5 . dfnkf]t c+zdf :ki6 b]lvg] lu/fj6sf] sf/0f :jt:km"t{
;Ddltsf] cefj b]lvG5 lsgeg] dfnkf]tsf] e'QmfgL hUuf lsga]r ubf{ dfq} ul/G5 . dfnkf]tsf]
e'QmfgLdf b]lvg] cg'zf;gxLgtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L s'g} klg s8f lgodgsf] Joj:yf 5}g .

*&_ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt;Fu /fh:j kl/rfng ug]{ cToGt} ;Lldt Ifdtf 5 . cfly{s jif{ @))%÷)^ sf
cg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ ;|f]t kl/rfngdf cfGtl/s cfDbfgLsf] lx:;f cToGt} yf]/} cyf{t\ !^ k|ltzt dfq 5,
hals s]G›Lo tx, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt tyf cGo ;|f]tx¿af6 cg'bfg ;lxt ubf{ afXo cfDbfgL
cToGt} pRr cyf{t\ *$ k|ltzt hlt 5 . @)!# !$ df ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] cfGtl/s /
cfDbfgL 36]/ #=@ k'u]sf] 5, . o;n] s] b]vfpF5 eg] ;|f]t kl/rfng ug]{ s'/fdf ufpF ljsf;
;ldltx¿ s]G› ;/sf/;Fu cToGt} cfl>t 5g\Ù h;n] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g !((( df cfGtl/s
/fh:j kl/rfng ug]{ uf=lj=;= sf] Ifdtfsf] cefjnfO{ b;f{pF5 . cfly{s jif{ @)!$÷!%df lhNnf
ljsf; ;ldltx¿sf] cfGtl/s ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /fh:j kl/rfng ^=(Ü df ;Lldt 5 eg] s]G› ;/sf/sf]
of]ubfg *%Ü tyf /fh:jsf] afF8kmfF8sf] of]ubfg *=!Ü 5 . gu/kflnsfx¿ t'ngfTds ¿kdf wgL
5g\ / cfGtl/s /fh:j &)Ü hlt 5. To:t} u/L s]G› ;/sf/ tyf gu/ ljsf; kl/ifb\af6 k|bfg ul/g]
cg'bfg @%Ü, ljljw zLif{sx¿af6 ePsf] /fh:j kl/rfng %Ü/x]sf]df @)!$ !% df cfGtl/s f]t /
cfDbfgL $%=@ / s]Gb| ;/sf/sf] cg'bfg %$=* /x\of] . ;|f]t kl/rfngsf] cj:yf uf=lj=;= cyjf
lh=lj=;=sf] eGbf t'ngfTds ¿kdf gu/kflnsfsf] /fd|f] eP klg tLj| ultdf al9/x]sf] ljsf;sf
lqmofsnfksf nflu kof{Kt ;|f]tsf] cefjaf6 gu/kflnsfx¿ klg kLl8t 5g\ .

**_ s[lifaf6 x'g] cfDbfgLdf s/ nfUb}g . o;sf cltl/Qm w]/} s[lif pTkfbgx¿ Eof6 dfq xf]Og eG;f/ s/
tyf r' \uLs/ nfUb}g . :yfgLo lgsfox¿ :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g !((( df Joj:yf ul/Ph:tf]

27
 /fh:j ; \sng ug{ tyf k|rngdf /x]sf P]g tyf lgodx¿ nfu" ug{ c;Ifd /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf]
k|d'v sf/0f :yfgLo lgsfosf] k|zf;lgs c;Ifdtf tyf ;a} /fh:j ;DaGwL sf/afxL u/]df cfufdL
r'gfjdf dt k|fKt gx'g] :yfgLo g]tfx¿sf] lrGtf xf] . s/ tyf /fh:jsf] cg'kft -Tax effort ratio_
qmlds ¿kdf j[l4 eO{ cfly{s jif{ !(()÷(! sf] (=@ k|ltztaf6 cf=a= @)!$ !% df @)=%
ePsf] 5 / PlkkL cjlwe/ -!((%– cf=a= @)!$÷!%_ klg o;sf] j[l4 pT;fxhgs /Xof] .

*(_ PlkkL -!((%_, /fli6«o s[lif gLlt -@))$_, lqjifL{o of]hgf cfwf/ kq -@)!^/!&_, cf=j= @)!^/!& sf]
ah]6 jQmJo tyf ;Dk"0f{ /fhgLlts bnx¿n] s[lif ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{qmd tyf k|:tfj ;d]l6Psf
3f]if0ffkqx¿ nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ gLlt k|ltj]bgx¿df :ki6 ¿kdf s[lif dfly nufpg] s/sf af/]df
lgliqmotf emlNsG5 . o;y{ g]kfnsf] nflu s[lif s/sf] d'2f cToGt} ;+j]bgzLn ePsf sf/0f ljz]if
u/L pRr d"Nosf s[lif afnLx¿ tyf s[lif Jofkf/df cfw'lgsLs/0f / Joj;foLs/0f ug{ k|d'v
/fhg}lts zlQmx¿sf aLr ;xdlt sfod ul/g' kb{5 . o;n] s[lif If]qaf6 k|fKt /fh:j kl/rfng ug]{
cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ 5 . o; tYonfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ g]kfnsf] lghL If]qsf] pRr lgsfo g]kfn pBf]u
jfl0fHo ;+3n] s[lif pBdsf] ;+j4{g tyf s[lif Jofkf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ s'/fdf plrt hf]8 lbPsf] 5 /
;fy} @)!^ !& sf] ah]6df klg o;} k|sf/sf] ;'emfj lbPsf] 5 .

()_ k|d'v /fhgLlts bnx¿ e"ldsf] xbaGbL sd u/L ar]sf] e"ld e"ldxLg ju{nfO{ ljt/0f ub}{ pRr ul/aL
x6fpg] vfnsf] j}1flgs e"ld Joj:yfkg nfu" ug]{ k|rf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . t/ ;fgf] If]qkmnsf] e"ldaf6
vfB tyf gub] afnL ;lxtsf] s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a9\g] s'/fdf clglZrttf 5 .

(!_ g]kfndf s[lif s/ k|0ffnL ef/tsf] s[lif gLltnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ th{'df ul/g'kb{5 / lgDg s'/fdf
cg'bfg lbOg'kb{5M s_ dnvfb, v_ ;fgf ls;fgsf] C0fdf ltg{'kg]{ Aofhsf] /sd, u_ l;FrfO tyf
ljB't ;'ljwfx¿sf] pkef]u, 3_ k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ ª_ s[lif cf}hf/ tyf g]kfnL s[lifdf o;sf] k|efj .
k @=!! ljQLo 5'6÷cg'bfg
(@_ cf};t g]kfnL ls;fgsf] cl:tTj g} cg'bfgdf lglxt 5 . :ynut cjnf]sgsf lznlznfdf l;FrfO
;d"xnfO{ k|fKt ePsf ;Dk"0f{ ;Nnfx tyf ;'emfjdWo] cg'bfgsf nflu ul/Psf cg'/f]w ;aeGbf a9L
lyP . o;sf cltl/Qm cg'bfg lbOPsf ef/tLo pTkfbgx¿;Fusf] c:j:y k|lt:kwf{af6 ;'/Iffsf] dfu
lyof] . To:t} u/L g]kfnsf ;a} If]qdf e|d0f ul/Psf l;FrfO k|0ffnLx¿df ;/sf/L ;dy{gsf]
cfjZostf dx;'; ul/of] cyf{t\ pgLx¿ l;FrfO Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Ifd eP klg ;j{k|yd ;/sf/L
lgj]z cfjZos 5 . To;f] t ;'wf/df k|z:t nufgL a9fOP klg vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;+3sf] z}nL ;'wf/
kZrft\ cfTdlge{/ aGg] bfaLsf afjh'b klg vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿ ;+/If0fsf sfo{df l9nf;':tL
ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ .

(#_ o;y{ s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] Pp6f k|d'v sfo{sf ¿kdf vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿sf nflu Pp6f
To:tf] sfo{qmd Nofpg'kg]{ b]lvG5Ù h;n] @) jif{sf] s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt cjlwe/ vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf
;d"xx¿nfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L tyf :jfoQ x'g ;xof]u u/f];\ . of] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 ls pQm cjlwe/
cf};t vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿n] lgoldt tyf cfsl:ds ;Def/ sfo{sf] lgldQ kof{Kt ;]jf z'Ns
p7fO/x]sf x'g] 5g\, / cfˆgf] k|0ffnLdf kfgLsf] afF8kmfF8nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9 udf Joj:yfkg ug]{ 5g\ .

28
 ;/sf/n] lgDg ljifox¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf] lgldQ cg'bfgnfO{ /0fgLltsf] ¿kdf lnPsf] tyf lnFb}
cfPsf] 5 s_ h}ljs tyf /f;folgs dnsf] cfk"lt{, v_ k|ljlw, aLp, s'v'/f rNnf tyf Xofr/L,
df5f, l;FrfO, cf}hf/ tyf pks/0f u_ s[lif pTkfbg ; \sng s]G›, e08f/u[x, k|zf]wg s]G›,
zLte08f/ / b'u{d If]qsf] oftfoft . !$ cf}F of]hgfsf] cfwf/kqdf, e"sDk k|efljt 3/kl/jf/sf nflu
kz'wg -ufO{, afv|f, s'v'/f / ;'Fu'/ kfng_ df kF"hLut cg'bfg k|:tfljt 5 . ah]6 efif0f @)!^ !&
df, s[lif / kz'kfng df qm]l86 % Aofh cg'bfg a9]sf] 5 . olt x'Fbf x'Fb} klg cg'bfgsf] k|of]udf g
l:y/tf 5, g t o;n] s[lif If]q / ls;fgx¿nfO{ :ki6 nfe g} lbg ;s]sf] 5 .

($_ ;/sf/n] lgDg ljifox¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf lgldQ cg'bfgnfO{ /0fgLltsf] ¿kdf lnPsf] tyf lnFb}
cfPsf] 5 s_ dnsf] cfk"lt{, v_ k|ljlw, aLp tyf l;FrfO, u_ b'u{d If]qsf] oftfoft. olt x'Fbf x'Fb}
klg cg'bfgsf] k|of]udf g l:y/tf 5, g t o;n] s[lif If]q / ls;fgx¿nfO{ :ki6 nfe g} lbg ;s]sf]
5.

(%_ g]kfnsf] s[lif pTkfbgsf] k|lt:kwL{ IfdtfnfO{ ;Lldt kfg]{ d'Vo t jsf] ¿kdf k|foh;f] ef/tsf]
s[lifdf lbOg] cg'bfgnfO{ lng] ul/G5 . o;sf] ;Gbe{ Go"g d"No ePsf afnLx¿ ljz]if u/L bfnsf]
gfkmfdf dfq nfu" x'G5 . pRr d"No ePsf s[lif pkhx¿ h:t} t/sf/L, cn}FrL tyf lrofsf] ;Gbe{df
g]kfnsf] cfˆg} t'ngfTds nfe 5 . ef/tsf] 5'6nfO{ g]kfnn] dnvfbdf lbPsf] cg'bfgsf] kl/0ffd
:j¿k kof{Kt cfk"lt{ tyf ljt/0f x'g;s]sf] gePsfn] lghL If]qsf] e"ldsfnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ u/L
/0fgLlt / sfof{Gjog kIfsf] k'gM k/LIf0f ul/g'kb{5 . cg'bfgsf] tx, o;sf] ldtJolotf / cfk"lt{ tyf
efudf kg]{ d"Nosf] k|efjnfO{ ljrf/ ul/g' cfjZos x'G5 .

(^_ clt sd ljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf nflu s[lif k|ljlw ;fdu|Ldf lbOg] cg'bfg ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g tyf
If]qLo Jofkf/ ;Demf}tfx¿df lgif]w gul/Psf] ljifo ePsfn] of] Jofkf/sf] d'2f xf]Og. k|ljlw tyf
;fdu|Lsf] k|of]un] cg'bfgnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5. pbfx/0fsf nflu s_ STW l;FrfOsf] :yfkgfsf]
lgldQ cg'bfg tyf v_ ls;fgx¿n] pRr d"Nosf] afnLdf ljljwLs/0f ug{ cg'bfgsf aLpx¿, ;3g
l;FrfO tyf xl/tu[x vr{ . tyflk, cGo u}/ cg'bfg k4ltx¿ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu
kz'kfng C0fn] w]/} afv|f kfngsf] dfWodaf6 cfDbfgL h'6fpg ;3fPsf] 5 . ;:tf] tyf kx'Frof]Uo
ljQ cGo k|ljlw tyf ljljwLs/0fsf] nIo k|fKt ug{ ;dfg¿kdf Jofjxfl/s 5 . u|fdL0f C0f gLltsf
nIox¿ pknAw ePdf o;n] cg'bfgsf] pkfb]otf 36fpg] 5 . oBlk cToGt} ul/a tyf alxis/0fdf
k/]sf ;d"xsf] ;dfj]zL ljsf;nfO{ o;n] ;Daf]wg ug]{ 5}g .

k @=!@ e"ld pkof]u Joj:yfkg

k @=!@=! e"–pkof]u of]hgf
(&_ g]kfn;Fu e"–pkof]u of]hgf tyf If]qLs/0fsf af/]df s'g} klg ljw]os lyPg, h;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k
e"ldsf] k|of]u lgoGq0feGbf aflx/ uP/ ul/Psf] lyof] . ;g\ @))$ df e"ld P]gsf] ;+zf]wg u/L
e"–pkof]u juL{s/0f k|0ffnLsf] th{'df ug]{ tyf ljz]if cg'dlt ljgf e"–pkof]u ug{ lgif]w ug]{ af6f]
v'Nof] .17 e"–pkof]usf] juL{s/0f e"–pkof]u kl/ifbn] th{'df u/]sf] e"–pkof]u gLltsf cfwf/df g]kfn

17
e"ld P]g, bkmf %! ª

29
 ;/sf/n] 3f]if0ff ug{'kg]{ tyf e"ld;'wf/ dGqfnon] sfof{Gjog ug{'kg]{ lyof] .18 g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;g\
@)!@ df e"–pkof]u gLlt kfl/t u/]sf] 5, t/ o;sf] sfof{Gjog u/]sf] 5}g . e"–juL{s/0f k|0ffnLsf]
cg'kl:yltdf s[lifof]Uo e"ldnfO{ cfjf;Lo e"lddf kl/0ft ul/Psf ;dfrf/x¿ Jofks ¿kdf
cfO/fv]sf 5g\Ù h;n] vfB ;'/Iffsf nflu s[lif of]Uo el"dsf] /IffnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] 5 . e"ld
pkof]u gLlt @)!% -lj=;+=@)&@_ n] gofF d'2f, ;+j}wflgs cfwf/ cg'R5]b %! -ª_ s[lif / e"ld ;'wf/,
e"ld juL{s/0f l;4fGtsf] pkof]u, kof{j/0f ;Gt'ng, lgof]lht ljsf; / j[l4sf nflu /fli6«o h?/t,
lbuf] ljsf; nIok|flKtsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf, dGqLd08nsf] lgb]{zg / l;kmfl/; cfof]u,
;+;bLo s[lif tyf hn ;+;fwg ;ldlt / e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg dGqfnosf] bL3{sflns
dfu{lrqnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu k"j{jtL{ gLltx¿sf] cBtg ul/Psf] 5 . e"–juL{s/0f k|0ffnLsf]
cg'kl:yltdf pknAw s[lifof]Uo e"ldsf] Go"gLs/0f x'g'sf ;fy;fy} u|fdL0f of]hgf ljxLg ;x/Ls/0f x'Fb}
uPsf] 5 .
k @=!@=@ e"lddf xbaGbL
(*_ e"ld P]g @))$df ;+zf]wgn] e"–:jfldTjdf cfly{s nfeeGbf klg ;fdflhs Gofosf] k4ltsf] jsfnt
ub{5 . To;sf nflu 7"nf e"ldkltx¿ -h;n] xbaGbLeGbf a9L e"ld x8k]sf 5g\_ sf] hldgdf xbaGbL
tf]s]/ e"ldxLgdf :yfgfGt/0f ug]{ k|lqmofsf] lgodg ug]{ sfd ub{5 . o;/L hUufdf xbaGbL tf]Sbf
;fgf] / 5l/Psf] hUufsf] :jfldTj sfod x'g cfpF5 . Jojxf/df e"ld P]gåf/f Joj:yf ul/Psf] e"ld
;'wf/ / ljz]if u/L o;sf] kfFrf} ;+zf]wg -h;n] hUufsf] :jfldTjsf] ;LdfnfO{ cem} 36fPsf] 5_
cf+lzs ¿kdf dfu sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 . sf/0f s] xf] eg] ljutdf P]gåf/f ul/Psf] xbaGbLnfO{
kG5fpg] ljleGg tl/sfx¿ k|of]u ul/P . va/df cfP cg';f/ cem} klg w]/} hUuf s;}sf] :jfldTjdf
/x]sf] kfOPsf] 5Ù h;df e"ldxLg df]xL >fldssf ¿kdf ljleGg ¿kdf df]lxofgL :j¿kdf sfd
ul//x]sf 5g\ .
tflnsf %&M hUuf :jfldTj / hf]tsf] ;Ldf
hUuf :jfldTj ;Ldf cfjf;sf nflu yk hUuf s[lif e"ldsf] ;Ldf
t/fO{ !) laufxf* ! laufxf $ laufxf
sf7df8f}F pkTosf @% /f]kgL** % /f]kgL !) /f]kgL
sf7df8f}F pkTosf afx]s
&) /f]kgL % /f]kgL @) /f]kgL
;a} kxf8L If]q
* ! laufxf = ^&&@=^# ju{ dL=
** ! /f]kgL = %)*=&@ ju{ dL= -Ps laufxfdf !#=#! /f]kgL x'G5_
((_ e"ld P]g @))$ df ;+zf]wgsf]] bkmf !@ cg';f/ lglZrt cj:yfdf s[lif Joj;foLx¿ tyf
;xsf/Lx¿nfO{ eg] hUufsf] xbaGbLaf6 d'Qm ul/Psf] 5 .19 To:t}u/L v08Ls/0f ePsf] hldg
PsLs[t ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ vl/b ul/g] hldg / s[lif If]qdf ;+nUg ;xsf/Lx¿Ù h;n]
pBf]usf gfddf hldg btf{ ub{5g\, To;df klg 5'6 lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .20 of] ah]6/L sfg'g

18
e"ld P]g, bkmf %! Rf . e"ld pkof]u kl/ifbdf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf cWoIfsf ¿kdf / /Iff ;lrj, jg tyf e";+/If0f ;lrj, s[lif tyf
;xsf/L ;lrj, ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f ;lrj ;b:osf¿kdf /xG5g\ . ;fy} o;df e"–pkof]u ;DaGwL ljz]if1x¿dWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f
dgf]lgt # hgf ;b:o / e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg ;lrj ;b:o–;lrj /xg] Joj:yf 5 .
19
e"ld P]g, bkmf !@ . o:tf] 5'6 lgZlrt pBd jf ;xsf/LnfO{ ljz]if lqmofsnfksf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfb]zdf lbOPsf] 5 . o;n] pBd jf
;xsf/Ln] pkof]u u/]sf] hldgsf] cfsf/sf] ljj/0f tof/ kf5{ . o:tf] 5'6 lqmofsnfk rfn' /x'Gh]n sfod /xG5 .
20
cfly{s P]g @)^*, kl/lzi6 3

30
 @)!^ !& n] tLg jif{df b]zdf e"ld k|of]u gS;f k"/f ug{ / v]taf/L afFemf] /fv]df b08 hl/jfgfsf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

!))_ k/Dk/fut tyf j}1flgs afF8kmfF8 lgodx¿åf/f Pp6f lglZrt 5gf}6 ul/Psf] 5 .21 pQ/flwsf/Lsf
gfddf geO{ bDklQ tyf ;Gtfgx¿df ;DklQsf] x:tfGt/0f x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;sf]
kl/0ffd:j¿k k':tf}F;Dd hUuf :yfgfGt/0f x'g] x'Fbf hUufsf] :jfldTj sf] dfu qmdzM 36\b} uO{
hUufaf6 hLjg u'hf/f rnfpg sl7g x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L d[To' x'g]x¿sf] ;DklQsf gfddf hUuf
dfu /x]sf] / o;nfO{ s'g} c¿ ;DklQ;Fu ;fFRg gldNg] cj:yfdf of] ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 .

!)!_ e"ld P]gåf/f tf]lsPsf] hUufsf] xbaGbL tyf hUuf afF8kmfF8sf sf/0f lgodx¿n] hUufsf] :jfldTjsf]
cfsf/ 36fpFb} uO{ rfdTsfl/s ¿kdf pTkfbsTjdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsPsf] cj:yf afx]s hUufaf6 hLjg
u'hf/f ug{ sl7g x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . ;fgf] hUuf :jfldTjdf b'O{j6f pkfo dfq sNkgf ug{ ;lsG5M of t
hUuf afF8kmfF8 ug]{ ;xsf/Lx¿sf] u7g jf s/f/ v]tLsf] Joj:yfkg .22

!)@_ e"ld P]gn] !(^$ eGbf cufl8 c¿ s;}sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] hUufdf v]tL ug]{ df]xLx¿nfO{ lglZrt
df]lxofgL xssf] ;'/Iff k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . t/ !(^$ kl5 pQm xs yk k|fKt x'g ;s]gg\ . jf:tjdf
e"ld P]g kZrft\ e"ldxLg s[lif >fldsx¿sf] cj:yf emg v/fa x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . hUuf wgLx¿
>ldsx¿nfO{ df]lxofgL xs lbg'kb{5 eGg] cfz \sfdf cfˆgf] hldg v]tL gu/L afFemf] /fVg yfn]sf
5g\ .

k @=!@=# s[lif hldgsf] cfsf/

!)#_ v]tsf] If]qkmn ljt/0fsf] s[lif If]q ljsf;sf] /0fgLlts k4ltdf 7"nf] e"ldsf x'G5 . u|fdL0f
hg; \VofnfO{ ;/n juL{s/0f ubf{ tLgj6f ;d"xx¿ ljrf/ ug{'kg]{ x'G5M !_ ;fgf Jofj;flos ls;fg
@_ hLljsf]kfh{g ug]{ ls;fg tyf #_ e"ldxLg jf nueu e"ldxLg . To:tf ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;fgf
Jofj;flos ls;fgsf ¿kdf kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5Ù h;sf] hUufsf] :jfldTj !=) b]lv !=% x]S6/;Dd
5, cfˆgf] pTkfbgsf] #) k|ltzteGbf a9L laqmL ug]{ s[lif cfosf] j[l4df hf]8 lbg] ub{5g\ / pRr
j[l4b/sf] nflu tof/ x'g tyf s[lifdf pRr lgj]z lbg rfxG5g\ . oL ls;fgx¿ d'Votof
hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu dfq v]tL ub}{gg\ . logLx¿n] v]tLkftLdf Wofg s]lG›t u/]sf x'G5g\ . o;
lsl;dsf ls;fgx¿sf] ;d"x u|fdL0f kl/jf/x¿sf] @) k|ltzt hlt v]tL ub{523 / ;fob o;eGbf
a9L hUuf ePsf !Ü / &Ü e"ld lgoGq0f ug]{ oL kl/jf/nfO{ olb hf]8\g] xf] eg] %)Ü hUuf x'g
cfpF5 . To;n] ;fgf] Jofj;flos pTkfbgsf] lgldQ ;fnfvfnf &$%,))) kl/jf/sf nflu cg';Gwfg
lj:tf/ ug]{ k|0ffnLdf Wofg s]lG›t ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 . log} &$%,))) ;fgf Jofj;flos ls;fgx¿ g}
s[lif If]qsf] j[l4sf dfWod x'g\Ù h;n] u|fdL0f u}/–s[lif /f]huf/, vfBsf] cfk"lt{ tyf /fli6«o cfodf
of]ubfg ul//x]sf 5g\ .

tflnsf %*M hUufdf :jfldTjsf] ljt/0f

21
d'n'sL P]g, efu !#
22
s/f/ v]tL ;DaGwL ljj/0f x]g{' xf]nf
23
of] s[lif hgu0fgf -@))!_ sf] e"ld ljt/0f cÍdf cfwfl/t 5 . cBfjlws lj:t[t tYofÍ pknAw 5}g . oBlk, d'Vo ts{ ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf cfPsf]
kl/jt{g;Fu d]n vfg] x'g'k5{ .

31
 @))! )@ @)!! !@
:jfldTjdf /x]sf]
:jfldTj :jfldTjdf /x]sf] hldg :jfldTj
hldg

!,%&*=( ;+Vof ('000)

(cumulative)

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;~roL(cum

;~roL(cum
!,(*& ;+Vof('000)
:jfldTjsf] cfsf/

#()=@ ('000x]_

$*% ('000x]_
If]qkmn

If]qkmn
$&=# k|ltzt

k|ltzt

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k|ltzt

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k|ltzt

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k|ltzt
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)=% x] eGbf sd @&=$
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)=% x] b]lv ! x]S6/
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hDdf

;|f]tM k|fljlws ;xof]u ;d"xsf] u0fgf cg';f/, s[lif hgu0fgf @))! -s]G›Lo tYofÍ ljefu_ df cfwfl/t

!)$_ bf];|f] ju{ cyf{t\ lgjf{xd'vL ls;fgx¿n] )=% b]lv )=! x]S6/;Ddsf] hldg lgoGq0f u/]sf 5g\ .
logLx¿sf] ;ª\Vof u|fdL0f kl/jf/sf] @& k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 -h'g ;fgf Joj;foL ls;fgsf] ; Vof
hlts} xf]_ . logLx¿n] hDdf @* k|ltztn] Ps rf}yfO hlt hUufdfv]tL u/]sf 5g\ . s]xLn] ;fgf
Jofj;flos ls;fg aGgsf] lglDt kof{Kt kz'kfng u/]sf x'G5g\ . t/ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ltgLx¿
d'Votof afFRgsf] nflu ckof{Kt e"ld ePsf hLljsf]kfh{g dfq ug]{ ls;fgx¿ x'g\ . afFRgsf lglDt
ltgLx¿n] u|fdL0f u}/–s[lif /f]huf/ vf]Hg} kb{5 . Ps x]S6/eGbf hldg x'g] / To;} cg';f/sf] cfDbfgL
x'g] ls;fgeGbf ltgLx¿ a9L hf]lvddf x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿;Fu ;w} k"FhLsf] cefj x'G5 / s'g} lsl;dsf]
hLljsfsf] vf]hLdf x'G5g\ . t/ C0fbftfx¿sf] gh/df hf]lvdo'Qm b]lvg yfn] . ltgLx¿ u}/–s[lif
/f]huf/Ldf w]/}h;f] ;do latfpF5g\ / To:tf] /f]huf/Lsf] lg/Gt/ vf]hLdf x'G5g\ . o;n] ltgLx¿n]
cf};t v]tLsf] u'0f:t/ 36fpFb} 5 .

!)%_ t];f| ] ju{ cGtu{t e"ldxLg cyjf nueu e"ldxLgx¿ kb{5g\ . ltgLx¿ u|fdL0f hg; \Vofsf] cfwf
lx:;f x'g\ . ltgLx¿ @=! ldlnog kl/jf/ x'g\, t/ !( k|ltzt dfq} hUuf lgoGq0f u5{g\ . cfwf
hg; \Vof e"ldxLg 5 eg] cfwf hg;ª\Vof;Fu )=% x]S6/eGbf sd hldg 5 . s[lif pTkfbsTjsf]
j[l4af6 o; ;d"xsf] cfDbfgL j[l4 ug{ w]/} sd dfq ;Dej 5 . kSs} klg pkNnf] txsf s]xLn] km"n

32
 Joj;fodf k|ult ug{ ;S5g\, t/ To;sf nflu cfkm";Fu ePsf] k"/} hUuf hf]lvdk"j{s km"n Joj;fodf
nufpg'kg]{ x'G5 . e"ldxLg tyf )=! b]lv )=% x]S6/;Dd hldgsf] of]ubfg ck|ToIf tl/sfn] u|fdL0f
u}/–s[lif If]qsf] tLj| j[l4 ug{ x'g] 5, h'g ;fgf Jofj;flos ls;fgx¿sf] cfDbfgL j[l4af6 k|efljt x'g
hfG5 .

!)^_ cfwfb]lv Ps x]S6/;Dd hldg ePsf ls;fgx¿sf] ;'wfl/Psf] v]tLkftLsf] cEof;af6 cfˆgf]
kfl/jfl/s pGglt ug{ ;S5g\ . t}klg ;fgf ls;fgsf] t'ngfdf of] ;d"x a9L hf]lvdo'Qm v]tLkftLdf
sd s]lG›t, t/ u}/–s[lif sfo{ ug{ a9L hfu?s tyf k"FhL sd ePsf] sfd ug{ Ifdtf sd ePsf]
x'G5 . oL kl/jf/x¿sf nflu Pp6f ljlzi6Ls[t k4lt cfjZos 5Ù h;n] gofF ;+:yfut ;+/rgf
:yfkgf ub}{ ltgLx¿sf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg] Jofks lj:tf/ ;lxt ;]jfx¿aLrdf kx'Fr
tyf cGo pkfox¿ nfu" ul/g'kb{5 . To:tf] s[lif–ljz]if lgsfo ul/aL lgjf/0f cfof]hgdf /fVg
;lsG5 . oBlk o;n] s[lif cg';Gwfg k|0fnL;Fu ;DaGw :yflkt x'g ;S5 . ;DejtM ljleGg
cg';Gwfg klg ug{'kg]{ x'g ;S5 . 8]/L pBf]udf ljz]if hf]8 lbOg]5 / s]xL xb;Dd km"n Joj;fo;Dd
la:tf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . ;d:of s] 5 eg] ;fgf Joj;foL ls;fgsf] lgldQ pko'Qm x'g] ;]jfx¿
hLljsf]kfh{g ug]{ ls;fgsf] lgldQ x'Fb}gg\ . / ;fgf Joj;foL ls;fgsf] nflu ;ª\Vof v8f ug]{
;Gbe{df ;fgf Joj;foL ls;fgnfO{ pko'Qm x'g] k4ltx¿ nfu" ug{ ;Sg]afx]s cGo hLljsf]kfh{gsf
ls;fg x'g hfG5g\ .

k @=!# vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff24

!)&_ tflnsf %( n] g]kfndf vfB ;'/Iffsf] d'2fx¿ pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . vfB ;'/Iffsf] kl/efiffsf ¿kdf
ljZj vfB ;Dd]ngn] lbPsf] kl/efiff k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . h; cg';f/ vfB ;'/Iff To:tf] kl/l:ylt xf]
hxfF ;a} JoflQmx¿;Fu ;a} ;dodf, kof{Kt, ;'/lIft tyf kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf x'G5 tyf lqmofzLn clg
:j:Yo hLjgsf] nflu vfgfsf] OR5f k"lt{ ub{5 .

!)*_ s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt tof/Lsf] ;Gbe{df vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff;Fu ;Dalwt hf]8 lbg'kg]{ b'O{j6f
kIfx¿ 5g\ . klxnf], vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff, vfB kof{Kttfsf] cjwf/0ffeGbf leGb} ePklg w/} h;f]
g]kfnL ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] o;sf] p2]ZonfO{ cGg pTkfbg j[l4 u/L cfTdflge{/tf j9fpg] ¿kdf JofVof
ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o; b[li6sf]0f cg';f/, cfodf cfTdflge{/tf cfly{s ¿kdf ;Dej 5 jf 5}g eGg]
tkm{ a9L Wofg lbOFb}g, vfB ;'/IffnfO{ ;fF3'/f] cy{df vfBsf] pknAwtfsf] ¿kdf JofVof ul/G5 /
vfB pknAwtfnfO{ hg;ª\Vofsf] cfjZostfeGbf a9L kl/df0fdf cGg pTkfbg ug]{ cy{df JofVof
ul/G5 . o;sf ;fy} vfBdf cfTdlge{/tfn] kf]if0f ;'/Iff ;'lgZlrt u5{ jf ub}{g eGg] k|ZgnfO{ klg
j]jf:tf ug]{ ul/Psf] 5, hals g]kfn nufot cGo b]zx¿df k|fKt k|df0f cg';f/ vfBdf cfTdlge{/tf
jf vfBdf art;Dd eP/ klg vfB ul/aL, s'kf]if0f tyf vfB hf]lvd x6fpg ;lsG5 .

!)(_ bf];f| ], vfB ;'/IffnfO{ ;fdfGotof kf]if0fo'Qm vfgfsf] ;Gt'lnt ef]hgeGbf klg Sofnf]/L u|x0f ug{';Fu
hf]8]/ x]l/G5 . bL3{sfnLg -@) jif]{_ b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ lglZrt ¿kdf g]kfnsf] pRr txsf]
hg;ª\Vofdf ef]hgsf] k|j[lQ d'Vo pkhsf] Go"g vkt tyf kmnkm"n / t/sf/L, df;' / df5fsf
pTkfbg clg 8]/Lsf pTkfbg ;dfj]z x'g] u/L yk ljljwLs[t vktsf] lbzfdf hfg] ck]Iff ul/Psf]

24
vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{ of]hgf tof/ ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/ / vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7gsf] k|of;

33
 5 . s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlts ;DaGw cToGt} dx jk"0f{ 5 / o;n] cg';Gwfg tyf lj:tf/ sfo{ tyf
;Dk"0f{ s[lif nufgL k|d'v ¿kdf ljutdf h:t} cGgafnL cyjf cGo j:t'x¿df lgb{]l{zt x'g'kb{5 eGg]
phfu/ ub{5 .

!!)_ vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff ax'cfoflds / hl6n cjwf/0ff xf] . s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltn] oL ljleGg
cfofdx¿sf] ;Daf]wg ug{'kg]{ 5 . To;} u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7gsf] ;xof]udf !)
jif]{ vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/]sf] 5 . cGttf]uTjf vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff
sfo{of]hgf / ax'If]q kf]if0f of]hgf, s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] k|d'v sfo{qmdsf ¿kdf vfkf];'sf åf/f
sfof{Gjog ul/g] 5g\ .

tflnsf %(M vfB / kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf ;jfnx¿

vfB
;'/Iffsf ljifox¿÷d'2fx¿ k|df0f
cfofd
• d'Vo afnLx¿sf] pTkfbsTj
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blIf0f Pl;ofdf ;aeGbf sd
pknAwtf • cGg pTkfbgsf] j[l4 a9L
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• vfB e08f/0fsf] lgldQ ;Lldt k"jf{wf/
k|d'v cfoftstf{
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sdhf]/ ;~hfnM b'j} ef}lts tyf cfly{s ls=dL=÷!)) ju{ ls=dL= -;g\
kx'FrnfO{ xflg ub{5 @)!%_ 5 hals ef/tsf]
• ls;fgx¿sf] pTkfbgsf] nflu rflxg] lxdf+rn, pQ/fv08 tyf
ljleGg lgj]zx¿ lj:tf/ ;]jfx¿ tyf l;lSsd k|b]zdf qmdzM
ahf/Ls/0fsf] cj;/df ;Lldt kxFr ()=^, (*=$ / &(=! -;g\
• cf=j= @))%÷)^ b]lv a9\b} uPsf] vfB @)!@_ 5 .
kxF'r
d"No ;fdfGo d"Noj[l4 a9L . vfBsf d"Vo • hg;ª\Vofsf] $#Ü lx:;f;Fu
qm]tf ePsfn] ;x/L ul/ax¿ g/fd|f];Fu dfq ;a} df};ddf k|of]u x'g]
k|efljt 5g\ . ;8sdf kx'Fr 5 / ^)
• ;aeGbf ul/a kl/jf/x¿ cfˆgf] k|ltzteGbf a9L ;8s
cfDbfgLsf] Ps ltxfO vfgfsf] nflu k"jf{wf/ t/fO{df 5 .
5'§\ofpFb}g . • sf7df8f}F tyf pRr kj{tLo
If]qdf vfBsf] pRr d"No
• hg;ª\Vofsf] $!Ü n] dfq
• Go"g ef]hg ljljwtf
@,!$$ Sofnf]/Lsf] Go"gtd
• tNnf]:t/sf afnLx¿sf] pkof]udf
kl/0ffd b}lgs ¿kdf k|fKt
ckof{Kt Wofg
u/]sf] . % jif{ d'lgsf #&Ü
• vkt Jojxf/ tyf :jf:Yo ;"rsf \sdf
afnaflnsfsf] j[l4 /f]lsPsf] .
;fdflhs, ef}uf]lns tyf ;dosf] leGgtf
!!Ü hlt v]/ uPsf] tyf
vkt tyf • vfB jrfj6df Go"g ;r]tgf
#)Ü cfjZos eGbf sd
pkof]u • kl/jlt{t vkt Jojxf/ -kmf:6 km'8,
jhg
lgliqmo hLjg k4lt, ;'u/ tyf af];f]sf]
• Dlxnfx?df /QmcNktf u|fdL0f
vkt h;n] df]6f]kg tyf 8fOljl6hdf
If]qdf #^% / ;x/L If]qdf
of]ubfg ul//x]sf] 5_
@*% tyf t/fO{df $@%,
• cGg pTkfbg tyf pknAwtfsf cfwf/df
kxf8df @&% / b]zdf #%%
dfq} vfB ;'/Iffsf] d"NofÍg
5.

34

• s[lif k];f a9L cl:y/ aGb} uPsf]
• ul/a 3/kl/jf/x¿ a9L sdhf]/ tyf sd
; \3if{ ug]{ Ifdtfdf
l:y/tf • s[lif >ldssf] a;fOF;/fO
• ;a} df};ddf rNg] ;8s tyf ;kmf
df};ddf dfq} rNg] ;8s
• ljkbsf lj?4 sdhf]/ tof/L
;|f]tM TA Team based on UNDP 2010, USAID 2010. GON Economic Survey 2015/16; GOI/MOSPI
Infrastructure Statistics 2014; World Bank 2013 Nepal Highway Data; NPC 14th Plan; CBS MICS 2014;
MOHP NDHS 2011
• sdhf]/ ;d'bfox¿, h:t}M
blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt
tyf k"j{— aFw'jf dhb'/x¿
k|foM vfgfdf kx'Frsf] lgldQ
; \3if{/t 5g\ .
• xfn;fn} vfk|u'lglj åf/f
ul/Psf] ljiffbL] k|of]usf]
k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgn] pRr
ljiffbL cjz]if b]vfPsf] 5 -
;x/L If]q tyf ;x/ glhssf]
If]q_
• s[lifdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf
k|efjx¿ a9\bf] qmddf
b]lvPsf
• k"jf{~rn If]q -@))*_ df
uPsf] af9L / @)!% sf]
e"sDkn] s[lif pTkfbg tyf
hgtfsf] hLjg:t/d} k|efj
k/]sf]
• dWo k"j{sf b]zx¿df eO/x]sf]
o'jfx¿sf] a;fOF ;/fO k|foM
/fhg}lts cl:y/tfåf/f k|]l/t

!!!_ vfBkbfy{sf] d"Nodf tLa| j[l4, vfB kbfy{sf] d"Nodf cl:y/tf tyf ;fdgf ug]{ /0fgLltx¿M g]kfnL
kl/jf/x¿ cfˆgf] cfDbfgLsf] ^&Ü vfgfdf vr{ ug{'sf] cy{ vfBkbfy{df d"Noj[l4 x'g] ljlQs}
pgLx¿sf] vfgf vr{ 36\b5 . w]/}h;f] k|rngdf cfPsf ;dfwfg /0fgLltx¿ cGtu{t sd ?rfOPsf]
vfgfdf e/ k5{ -^&Ü_ ef]hgsf k|sf/ 36fpg' -@(Ü_ u}/–vfB j:t'df ul/g] vr{ 36fpg' -@^Ü_ tyf
vfB kbfy{ vl/b ug{'sf] lgldQ NofOPsf] k};fdf s6f}tL -!$Ü_ ;dfj]z 5g\ . @))* df ePsf] pRr
vfB ; \s6 cjlwe/ sl/a !@Ü 3/kl/jf/n] Ps lbgsf] vfgf 5f]8]sf] b]lvG525 . g]kfn hLjg :t/
;j]{If0f -@)!)÷!!_ n] ljleGg :yfgdf vfB c;'/IffnfO{ d'sflanf ug{ /0fgLlts pkfo cg';/0f
u/]sf] kfPsf] 5 . To:tf pkfox¿df vfgf jf k};f ;fk6L -^*Ü_Ù pwf/f]df vfg]s'/f lsGg] -%&Ü_Ù
;:tf jf sd ?lrsf vfB kbfy{ vfg] -%!Ü_Ù ef]hgdf sd vfg] -$@Ü_Ù Ps lbgsf] ef]hg ; \Vof
36fpg] -##Ü_Ù jo:s ;b:osf] vfgf sd u/L aRrfaRrLnfO{ v'cfpg] -!*Ü_Ù /f]Kgsf nflu ;+/lIft
aLp vfg] -!#Ü_Ù ef]hg lagf lbg sf6\g] -!!Ü_Ù / cGo pkfox¿M 3/sf] ;b:onfO{ cGoq vfg
k7fpg], bf];|f] JolQmsf] lx:;]bf/L sd ug]{, h \unL–vfgf jf gkfs]sf] afnL–vfgf vfg] / ;DklQ a]Rg]
h:tf 5g\ . s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt -ADS_ n] ul/ax¿sf] tLa| j[l4 x'Fb} hlt vfBsf] d"No tyf vfB
d"Nodf cl:y/tf h:tf kIfdf /xg] sdhf]/L 36fpg] lsl;dsf /0fgLltx¿ lgdf{0fdf Wofg lbg' h?/L
5.

25
United Nations World Food Programme, WFP, 2008.

35
!!@_ vfB pknAwtf tyf vfB ;'/IffM hg;ª\Vof j[l4eGbf cGg pTkfbgsf] j[l4 -!=@_ sd x'Fb} uO/xFbf
yf]/} kl/df0fdf -s'n pTkfbgsf]&=*Ü_ ef/taf6 @))*/)( / @)!%/!^aLrsf] lgof{t lgoGq0fsf]
cjlwdf klg cfoft ug]{ ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] 5 . cGgnfO{ vfB ;'/Iffsf] ;"rs dfGgsf] lgldQ b'O{
k|sf/sf dx jk"0f{ dfGotfx¿ /x]sf 5g\— s_ lg/Gt/ x'Fb} uPsf] hg;ª\Vof j[l4 / v_ k|ltJolQm
wfgsf] vkt . cfpg] bzssf] cjlwe/ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ 36\g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . jf:tjdf
@)!! sf] hgu0fgfsf] k|ltj]bgn] !=#% k|ltzt b]vfO/xFbf j[l4b/ 36\g yfln;s]sf] x'g ;S5 .

!!#_ olb g]kfnn] c¿ Pl;og d'n'sx¿sf] rng ckgfpF5 eg] ef]hgdf wfgsf] ;§fdf ux'Fsf
pTkfbgx¿n] k|lt:yfkg ug]{ 5 . a9\g ;Sg] cefj hgfj/sf] vfgfsf] nflu x'g ;S5 lsgls df;'
tyf cGo kz'sf] pTkfbgsf] dfu a9\b} hfg] 5 . sDtLdf klg ds}sf] s'/f ubf{ ljleGg ls;fgx¿n]
;'wfl/Psf k|0ffnLx¿sf] ds}af6 a9L pTkfbg ul//x]sf] cfwf/df eGg] xf] eg] o;sf] pTkfbg j[l4sf]
lgs} ;Defjgf 5 .

!!$_ vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgM g]kfndf vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf] cg'udg tyf
d"NofÍg;Fu ;DalGwt pNn]vgLo ; \Vofdf k|0ffnLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ljZj vfB sfo{qmd -WFP_ åf/f
tof/ kfl/Psf] k[i7e"ld kqn] d'Vo k|0ffnL ljz]iftf tyf ;Ldfx¿sf] a[xt\ 5nkmn u/]sf] 5 .26 vfB
tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff cGt/–If]qut d'2f xf] / o;sf lgldQ ax'If]qLo k4lt cfjZos kb{5 . sfof{Gjogdf
NofOPsf ljleGg k|of;x¿ ;Ifd tyf k|efjsf/L vfB / kf]if0f ;'/Iff cg'udg k|0ffnLsf] nIo k|fKt
ug{ Pscfk;df hf]l8Psf 5g\ eGg] s'/f bafpg To:tf] k4lt :ki6 l;4fGtx¿af6 lgb{]l{zt x'g'kb{5 .
a[xt\ vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff cg'udg sfo{qmddf s] s] s'/f cfjZos 5g\ / of] s;/L k|of]u
ul/g'kb{5 eGg] nufotsf :ki6f]lQmx¿af6 pQm k|0ffnL lgb]{lzt x'g'kg]{ 5 . vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff
cGt/–If]qut d'2f ePsf]n] Tof] s'g} klg Pp6f dGqfnosf] sfo{ If]qleq kb}{g . o;y{ o;sf nflu
cGt/–dGqfnout ;dGjo Ifdtf ePsf] g]t[Tj cfjZos kb{5 . cl:tTjdf /x]sf ljleGg k|0ffnLx¿df
ljleGg txsf s]G›Lo / :yfgLosf ;fy;fy} gLltut tyf k|fljlws txdf sfo{d"ns ;+of]hgsf]
;'lglZrttf ug{' yk ;'wf/sf] csf]{ If]q xf] .

k @=!$ ;+:yfut ;jfnx¿

!!%_ gLltsf] ljZj;gLotfM ;dfhn] ;/sf/sf lg0f{ox¿ l:y/ tyf nfdf] ;do;Dd l6Sg ;Sg] vfnsf
5g\ eg]/ ljZjf; gu/];Dd tyf kof{Kt ;+:yfx¿, nufgL tyf nfu" ug]{ k|lqmofx¿ ljsf; gu/];Dd
gLltsf] sfof{Gjog k|efjsf/L x'g ;Sb}g . s[lif If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;+:yfx¿sf] g]t[Tj af/Daf/ kl/jt{g
eO/xFbf Ifdtf tyf k|lt:kwL{ u'0f:t/ ljsf; u/L sfo{qmdx¿ k|efjsf/L 9 \un] ;~rfng ug{
;lsFb}g . gLlt syg tyf sfof{Gjog aLrsf] vf8nn] nufgL tyf lgod sfg'gsf] kfngfdf
gsf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 . :yfgLo txdf lgjf{lrt lgsfosf] cefj x'Fbf ljs]G›Ls/0f tyf
lgIf]kLs/0fsf] k|of;nfO{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5}g . ut !% jif{sf] cjlwdf kl/jt{g ul/Psf] lgj]z cg'bfg
gLltn] 7"nf] bf]xf]/f]kgf tyf clglZrttf k}bf u/]sf] 5 .

26
WFP Monitoring and Evaluation for Food and Nutrition Security.Assessment, Vision, Options, and Strategy
Background Papers for the Preparation of the ADS, 2013.

36
!!^_ ;dGjoM PlkkL tyf cGo sfo{qmdx¿sf] cg'ejn] ljleGg lgsfox¿ / ljleGg k|zf;lgs tx -s]G›,
lhNnf, ufFp_sf aLrdf k|efjsf/L ;dGjo ug]{ s'/fdf sl7gfO b]vfPsf] 5 . ;lDemg'kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg]
PlkkL sf] ;dGjo lhNnf txdf eGbf s]G› -/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno tyf pBf]u
dGqfno nufotsf lgsfodf_ txdf a9L sdhf]/ /Xof] . Pp6} lgsfoleq klg ;DalGwt
sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;dGjo ug{ sl7g 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]uleq vfB tyf kf]if0f
;'/Iff x]g]{ km/s km/s lgsfox¿ 5g\ . pxL l;FrfO of]hgfleqsf l;FrfO OlGhlgo/ tyf s[lif lj:tf/
clws[tx¿sf aLrdf ;dGjo ug{ ufx|f] 5 . /fli6«o txsf] u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf ;dGjo ug]{ lgsfod}
ckof{Kttf 5 .

!!&_ Ifdtf tyf dfgj ;|f]tM b'j} vfnsf s_ ;+:yfut Ifdtf / v_ dfgj ;|f]t Ifdtfsf] txdf ;Lldt
Ifdtf b]lvG5 . ;DalGwt ;+:yfx¿sf] gLlt ljZn]if0f, of]hgf ;]jf k|jfx tyf sfof{Gjogdf ;Lldt
Ifdtf 5 . gLlt;Fu ;DalGwt Go"g ljZn]if0ffTds jf k|df0fdf cfwfl/t ljZn]if0fljgf g} gLltsf]
th{'df x'g] ub{5 . gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ck"0f{ ¿kd} cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ul/G5, cyjf ;'wf/ /
Joj:yfkg ug{ l9nf eO;s]sf] cj:yf cfpg] u/L cg'udg / d"NofÍgnfO{ l9nf;'l:t ul/G5 . 7"nf]
s[lif hg;ª\VofnfO{ k'¥ofpg] ;Lldt hn;|f]t tyf ckof{Kt ¿kdf tflndk|fKt ;]jf k|bfos ePsf]
kl/0ffd:j¿k ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ sdhf]/ 5 eg] 7"nf] ;+:yfdf /x]sf s[lif hg;ª\Vof tyf ;Defjgf
af]s]sf s[lif pBdLx¿sf] ;]jfsf] dfu cfk"lt{ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . xfn afnLsf] ;Gbe{df sl/a @)))
ls;fgnfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg] Pp6f dfq k|;f/ clws[t 5.27 jt{dfg hn;|f]tsf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu
36\b} uPsf] ah]6n] ;Lldt kfl/lbPsf] 5 / ;xh¿kdf kx'Frof]Uo gePsf If]qdf ;]jf k|bfg ug{
;Lldt k|f]T;fxg pknAw ePsf]n] klg hn;|f]tsf] ;'wf/ gx'g] b]lvG5 .

!!*_ pQ/bfloTjM ;/sf/L sfo{qmd tyf kl/of]hgfx¿sf] k|ltkmnsf] pknlAw -jf To;sf] cefj_sf
lgldQsf] pQ/bfoL x'g] eGg] s'/f :ki6 5}g . pQ/bfloTj k|0ffnL -;Ddfg tyf ;hfo_ sfd ug{
;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . kl/0ffddf cfwfl/t sfo{;Dkfbg k|0ffnL rnfodfg 5}g . ;/sf/ o:tf ljifox¿sf]
af/]df ;r]t 5 / ;fj{hlgs vr{x¿sf] kf/blz{tfsf af/]df rf;f] JoQm u/]sf] 5 . ;fdfGotof
sfo{qmd÷kl/of]hgfsf] sfo{;Dkfbg tyf j[lQ ljsf;sf aLrdf sdhf]/ ;DaGw /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
;fj{hlgs sd{rf/Lx¿sf] sfo{;Dkfbg d"NofÍgsf] 9fFrf u/]sf sfd ljz]ifeGbf klg w]/} ;fdfGo
vfnsf] 5 .

!!(_ Go"g nufgL tyf nufgLsf] k|efjsfl/tfM s[lif If]qsf] dxjsf af/]df k|z:t efif0fx¿ ul/P klg o;
If]qdf ckof{Kt nufgL 5, / Tof] klg 36\bf] qmddf 5 . sd nufgL x'g] ljlQs} sfo{qmdx¿sf]
lg/Gt/tfsf] cefj tyf sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf lgldQ dx jk"0f{ x'g] ;|f]tx¿ sfl6g' xf] . nufgL
pknAw ePdf klg pQm nufgLsf] k|efjsfl/tf tyf vr{x¿ uDeL/ d'2f ag]sf 5g\ . u|fdL0f ;8s
tyf l;FrfO of]hgfh:tf k"jf{wf/sf xsdf lgdf{0f k|lqmof g} unt 5 / ;~rfng tyf ;Def/sf] klg
cefj 5 . b'j} cj:yfsf] kl/0ffd :j¿k ;'?sf] nufgLdf Go"g k|ltkmn x'G5 .

!@)_ ljs]G›Ls/0fM :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g !((( n] cfjlws lhNnf ljsf; of]hgf dfkm{t\ ljsf;nfO{
k|fyldstfdf /fvL ljsf; /0fgLltsf] lgldQ :yfgLo cfwf/ tof/ kf/]sf] 5 . s[lif tyf kz'kfngsf]
27
This was based on estimates by the TA Team of about 2,875 Crop extension workers (including subject
matter specialists and supporting technical staff, source www.doanepal.gov.np) and a farmer households of
3.364 million in 2001, 3.831million in 2011, and estimated population of farmer households of 4.021 million
in 2015 with a growth rate of 1.22% annually (CBS: National Sample Census of Agriculture).

37
 lgldQ ah]6 tyf sd{rf/L ;lxtsf sfo{qmd ;DaGwL ;]jfx¿ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltx¿df lgIf]k0f
ul/Psf] 5 . To:tf sfo{qmdx¿n] s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf] ;fem]bf/Ldf lghL tyf u}/;/sf/L
lgsfox¿nfO{ sfd ug{ k|f]T;fxg u/]sf 5g\ . t}klg ;Lldt Ifdtf, ;+:yfut ;dGjo tyf s/ /
/fh:j :yfgLo k|zf;g ;DaGwL ;d:of ljBdfg 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu :yfgLo lgsfox¿n] ljleGg
P]g tyf lgod -h:t}M s/, e"ld, :yfgLo oftfoft z'Ns_x¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog tyf
lgodg ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ ;fy} :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g !((( n] Joj:yf u/]h:tf] ;a} ;|f]tx¿af6
eG;f/ p7fpg ;s]sf 5g\ . To;sf] k|d'v sf/0fsf ¿kdf k|zf;lgs c;Ifdtf tyf s/;DaGwL nfu"
u/fPdf csf]{ r'gfj xf5{' eg]/ a]jf:tf ug]{ :yfoL /fhg}lts g]t[Tj xf] .

!@!_ ;xsf/LM gLltsf] ;dy{g ug]{ ;xsf/L tyf Jofkf/Ls/0fdf åGå 5 . sDkgL P]g cGtu{t btf{ ePsf
Joj;fox¿n] Joj;fo s/ ltg{'kb{5 / ltgsf sd{rf/Lx¿n] cfos/ ltb{5g\ . t/ ;xsf/L P]g
cGtu{t btf{ ePsf sDkgLn] s'g} klg s/ ltg{'kb}{g . o;sf] kmn:j¿k k"0f{ Jofj;flos ljsf; tyf
u|fdL0f /f]huf/L l;h{gfsf] lgldQ lg?T;fxg ldn]sf] 5 / jflif{s /fh:j klg v'lDrPsf] 5 . sDkgLx¿
ljleGg lsl;dsf sfg'gx¿ -n]vf, /f]huf/ tyf s/f/_ cg';/0f ug{ afWo 5g\, t/ ;xsf/Lx¿sf]
lhDd]jf/L ;Lldt dfq} 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cg'R5]b #%-@_ sf cg';f/ ;/sf/n] ;xsf/L
gLlt @)!@ -@)^(_ nfu" u¥of], h; cGtu{t ;DalGwt dGqfnosf dGqLsf] cWoIftf, /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]usf pkfWoIf, !@ ljleGg dGqfnosf ;lrjx¿, g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf ueg{/ / cGo ;fldn x'g]
u/L /fli6«o ;xsf/L gLlt lgb]{zg ;ldltsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg cg'R5]b %!-3_M
ljQ, pBf]u / jfl0fHo gLltx¿df /fli6«o ljsf;sf] nflu ;xsf/L If]qsf] k|j4{g / clwstd pkof]u
ub}{ ;fj{hlgs If]q, ;xsf/L If]q / lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfTds / v'Nnf ljsf;åf/f /fli6«o cy{tGq
dha't kfg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . !$cf}+ of]hgf -@)!^÷!&–@)!*÷!(_ cfwf/kqn] n3'ljQsf]
pTkfbg / ;]jf k|bfgdf ;eflutfåf/f pTkfbgd"ns sfo{x¿df ;xsf/Lsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf]
5 . o;nfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} ;/sf/ plrt lgodgsf nflu sfg'gL ;+/rgfsf] ;'wf/, clgoldttfdf
sf/afxL, ;xsf/L Jofkf/sf] cj;/, PsLs/0f / ;xsf/Ldf s/ h:tf d'2fx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g
;fem]bf/x¿;Fu ldn]/ ;xsf/L gLlt !((@ -;+zf]wg ljw]os @)!^_ df sfd ul//x]sf] 5 .

k @=!% hnjfo' kl/jt{g

!@@_ PlkkL tof/Lsf] ;dodf klxrfg gul/Psf tyf dx jk"0f{ g7flgPsf sltko gofF jftfj/0fLo r'gf}tL
tyf cj;/x¿ xfn;fnsf jif{x¿df pbo ePsf 5g\ . To:tf r'gf}tL tyf cj;/x¿df df};d
kl/jt{gsf] vt/f, e"Ifo, af9L, v8]/L, zLt–nx/ tyf udL{–nx/ h:tfn] df};dn] l;h{gf u/]sf
k|fs[lts ljkb, sfa{g ljQsf] cj;/ tyf ljkb hf]lvd Joj:yfkg tof/L h:t} ;'? r]tfjgL tyf
ladf kb{5g\ . To:t} u/L @))) sf] bzssf] ;'?jftdf t/fO{ If]qsf] hldgd'lg cf;]{lgssf] ;d:of
klxrfg ul/Psf] lyof] . s[lif ljsf;sf] of]hgf ubf{ ef}uf]lns ;"rgf tyf ;'b"/ ;+j]bg k|ljlw -Remote
Sensing Technology_ sf] dx j tyf pkof]lutf cg'e"t ul/Psf] lyPg .

!@#_ cjnf]sg ul/Psf] tYofÍn] s] b]vfpF5 eg] jflif{s ¿kdf )=)$–)=)^) ;]= ;Dd tfkqmddf j[l4
eO/x]sf] 5 eg] l:y/ ¿kdf pi0ftf j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . t/fO{ tyf lzjflns If]qdf eGbf pRr If]qdf
pi0ftf a9L kfOPsf] 5 . jflif{s jiff{sf] tYofÍsf cg';f/ ;'b"/ tyf dWo klZrddf dg;'g cufl8sf]
jiff{df lu/fj6 cfPsf] 5 . hals b]zsf afFsL :yfgx¿df dg;'gL jiff{ ;fdfGotof a9]sf] 5 . dg;'g
kZrft\sf] jiff{sf] tYofÍ cg';f/ dWoklZrd tyf k"jf{~rn / dWodf~rn÷klZrdf~rnsf] pQ/kl§sf]

38
 ;a}h;f] efudf a9\g] k|j[lQ b]lvG5 . ;'b"/–klZrd, klZrdf~rn, dWodf~rn tyf k"jf{~rnsf] w]/}h;f]
pQ/L efudf ;dfGotof jiff{ 36]sf] b]lvG5 . lxpFbdf kg]{ jiff{df ;fdfGotof j[l4 b]lvP tfklg
dWoklZrd, klZrd tyf k"jL{ g]kfnsf] pQ/L efudf a9]sf] b]lvFb}g .

!@$_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o Kofgn -IPCC, @))&_n] cfFsng u/]cg';f/ eljiodf ef/L
jiff{sf 36gfx¿ a9\g] 5g\, t/ blIf0f Pl;ofsf] w]/} 7"nf] If]qdf jflif{s jiff{ x'g] lbgx¿sf] ;ª\Vof !%
lbg;Dd 36\g ;Sg] 5 . Jofks pi0ftfsf sf/0f pRr :yfgx¿df lxpFsf] dfqf 36\g uO{ lxd If]qkmn
sd x'g hfG5. kfgL k/]sf] df};ddf r/d 36gfx¿, h:t} af9L tyf v8]/Lsf ;fy} jiff{df j[l4 x'G5
eg] dWo–kj{tLo If]qdf jiff{ sd x'G5 . !(^!–@))^ ;Ddsf] $^ jif]{ b}lgs jiff{sf] ljZn]if0f u/L
tof/ kfl/Psf] tYofÍn] cltj[li6sf] k|j[lQdf j[l4 ePsf] b]vfpF5 . k|bz{g ul/Psf sl/a &#Ü :6];g -
cWoogsf] nflu 5gf}6 ul/Psf @^ :6];gdWo]_ n] %) ldln ld6/eGbf a9L jiff{ ePsf lbgx¿ jflif{s
¿kdf a9]sf] b]lvof] .

!@%_ s[lifof]Uo e"ldsf] IfoLs/0f÷gf]S;fg, afnL tyf kz' pTkfbgdf lu/fj6 tyf :yfgLo k|hflt /
afnLx¿sf] gf]S;fgL s[lif If]qdf kfg]{ s]xL k|efjx¿ 5g\ . To:t}u/L, s[lif kof{j/0fLo If]qdf kl/jt{g
lg/Gt/sf] ;'Vvf df};dsf sf/0f nfUg] jg cfunfuL, /f]u tyf ls/fx¿sf] j[l4, gofF vfnsf]
cfqmd0fsf/L k|hfltsf] pTklQ / k|hflt tyf jf;:yfgsf] ljgfz, 6';f knfpg'df kl/jt{g, km"n km'Ng]
tyf kmn nfUg], s]xL emf/kft tyf afF;sf] k|hfltsf] pTkfbsTjdf x|f; / cfb{|e"ldsf] :nvgrflxF jg
tyf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] If]qdf klxrfg ul/Psf k|efjx¿ x'g\ .

!@^_ hn;|f]t tyf pmhf{ If]q klg ;DejtM k|efljt x'g] 5 . ljleGg ;do / :yfgdf ls w]/} jf ls t yf]/}
kfgLsf] ;d:of klg a9\g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k hnljB't pTkfbg, l;FrfO, vfg]kfgLsf]
ljt/0f tyf ;/;kmfO ;DaGwL If]qx¿ k|efljt x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . cWoogx¿n] b]vfP cg';f/ ELA
@% b]lv &( dL= -!(%(–!((@_ ;/]sf] b]lvG5, w]/}h;f] lxdlznfx¿ #) b]lv ^) dL= -!(&)–!(*(_
;Dd kUn]sf] b]lvG5 eg] lxdlznfsf] ;tx sl/a !@ dL= -!(&*–!(*(_ kftlnFb} uPsf] 5 . xfnsf
jif{x¿df kUng] b/ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . lxdfnsf] a9\bf] kUnfOsf sf/0f w]/} gofF lxdtfnsf] lgdf{0f ePsf]
5 eg] ePsf lxdtfnx¿ lj:tfl/t x'Fb} 5g\ . h;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k lxdtfn km'6\g] hf]lvd a9]/
uPsf] 5 . ;g\ !($& b]lv !(($ sf] cjlwdf ul/Psf] gbLsf] axfjsf] ljZn]if0fn] ljz]ifu/L sd
axfj x'g] ;dodf 36\bf] k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] 5 . lxdlznfaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf gbLdf dflyNnf] ;tx klxn]
j[l4 x'G5 lsgls pi0ftfsf sf/0f lxpF kUn]/ a9L kfgL lg:sG5. lxpF tyf lxdlznfsf] cfoftg 36\g]
lalQs} klUnPsf] kfgL klg 36\b5 / ;'Vvf df};ddf xfnsf] txeGbf lgs} tn kfgL axg yfNg] 5 .

!@&_ l;FrfO g/fd|/L k|efljt ePsf] Pp6f csf]{ If]q xf] . tfkqmddf #) ;]= n] j[l4 x'g] ljlQs} l;FrfOsf]
nflu !!Ü kfgLsf] dfu a9\g yfNb5 Tof] klg kfgL ;DaGwL cGo dfux¿ l:y/ /fVg] xf] eg] . dg;'g
gePsf $÷% dlxgfx¿df g]kfnn] klxn]b]lv g} kfgL cefj v]Kg] u/]sf] 5 . cem} pi0ftf a9]df
kl/l:ylt emg} ljs/fn x'g] 5 .

!@*_ w]/} h:tf] kfgLaf6 hlGdg] /f]ux¿ df};d kl/jt{g;Fu ;+j]bgzLn x'G5g\ . e"Ifo, afnL tyf v8]/Lsf
36gfx¿ a9\g] ;Defjgf 5 eg] ;]jf k"jf{wf/x¿df Iflt÷gf]S;fgL j[l4 x'g] ;Defjgf 5 .

39
k @=!%=! sfaf]{gdf nufgL

!@(_ s[lif, jglj1fg / hn;|f]t nufotsf clxn];Ddsf gLltut / /0fgLlts b:tfa]hx¿n] sfaf]{g k|jfx
/ k|R5fbgsf] Go"gLs/0fdf a9\bf] ljZjahf/ / nufgLsf cj;/x¿ tyf h}ljs “k|0ffnLsf] ;]jfsf
nflu e'QmfgL” h:tf kof{j/0fn] k|bfg u/]sf ;]jfx¿sf af/]df s]xL Wofg lbPsf 5}gg\ . o:tf pDbf
cj;/x¿n] ;xof]uL sfg'g, ;+:yf, s/ / k"FhL ahf/, Jofkf/, jghËn / hn;|f]t gLltsf] ljsf;df
dx j /fVb5g\ .

!#)_ g]kfn ljljw hnjfo' kl/jt{g / xl/t UofF; k|jfx ;DaGwL 5nkmn / ;xdltx¿ -;Defljt ;lxt_
df ;xefuL ePsf] 5 . g]kfn;Fu cfˆg} xl/t UofF; ; \u|x 5, / -UNFCCC !((@_,28 hnjfo'
kl/jt{g ;DaGwL sfo{of]hgf -MOFSC @)!)_ / hojfo' kl/jt{g gLlt @)!! sf] c+zsf] ¿kdf
cflwsfl/s ;+jfbdf 5 . g]kfnn] sfa{g Jofkf/df Go"gtd cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 k"/f u/]sf
kl/of]hgfx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ / dfGotf lbg] k|f/lDes bIftf ljsf; ul/;]sf] 5 . h:t}, jg tyf
e";+/If0f dGqfno cGtu{tsf] jg ljgfz tyf lu/fj6sf] pT;h{g Go"gLs/0f (REDD) sIf o;sf]
pbfx/0f xf] . g]kfndf dfGotfk|fKt jghGo Jofj;flos ;d"xx¿ -;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿_
sfo{/t 5g\Ù h;n] sfa{g Jofkf/af6 cfDbfgL lnO/x]sf 5g\ . /]8 k4ltsf] dfGotf s] xf] eg] jg
ljgfz ef]lu/x]sf] s'g} ljsf;zLn b]z /fli6«o jgljgfzsf] b/ 36fpg ;kmn ePsf] v08df
Ifltk"lt{sf] xsbf/ x'g ;S5Ù h'g sfa{g k|jfxsf] 36fOsf] cg'kftsf] cfwf/df lgwf{l/t x'g] u5{ .

!#!_ je";+dn] hª\unL sfaf]{g dfkg lgb]{lzsf -@)!!_ k|sflzt u/]sf] 5 .29 o;sf cu|0fL
sfo{qmdx¿dWo], “g]kfnsf] ;fd'bflos jg Joj:yfkgdf ;~rfng / e'QmfgL k|0ffnLsf] 9fFrf /
:yfkgf” gfdsf] Pp6f cf/lDes kl/of]hgf 5 . of] kl/of]hgf ljsf; ;xof]usf nflu gj]{lhog
lgof]usf] cfly{s ;xof]u / lbuf] s[lif / h}ljs ;|f]tsf nflu Pl;ofnL ;~hfn, Ol;df]8 -ICIMOD_ /
g]kfn ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf dxf;+3sf] sfof{Gjogdf jg ljgfz / gf]S;fgsf] pT;h{g Go"gLs/0f
-/]8_ cGtu{t lqmofzLn 5 . cf}Bf]lus gLlt -@)!!_ n] xl/t pBf]usf] nflu ljz]if pkfo :yflkt
u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn /fli6«o h}ljs ljljwtf /0fgLlt tyf sfo{ of]hgf @)!$–@)@) n] hnjfo'
kl/jt{gsf] k|efj Go"gLs/0f ug{ kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL, k|hflt / dfgj ;d'bfosf] nrstf a9fpg hf]8
lbPsf] 5 . jggLlt @)&! -@)!%_ n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ ljz]if Wofgdf /fVb} :yfoL jg k|jw{gåf/f
sfa{g clwu|x0f a9fpg], / j}slNks pmhf{, h}ljs la|u]8, h}ljs OGwg, r'Nxf] ;'wf/ cflbdf sfd ug]{
5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt @)!! sf] cg';f/, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnon] sd sfa{g cfly{s ljsf;
/0fgLltåf/f hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj Go"gLs/0f, nrstf tyf ljleGg If]qM s[lif, :jf:Yo, hn
;+;fwg, k"jf{wf/, cflbsf nflu sd xl/t u[x Uof; pT;h{g cy{ Joj:yfnfO{ a9fjf lbg ljleGg
;DalGwt dGqfnonfO{ ;dLIffsf nflu uf]nkq kl/rflnt u/]sf] 5 .

!#@_ hnljB't of]hgfx¿ klg /]8 sf nflu of]Uo x'G5g\ . :jR5 ljsf; ;+oGq cGtu{tsf cGo of]hgfx¿
klg o;df ;dflxt x'g ;S5g\ .

28
United Nations Framework Commission on Climate Change
29
http://www.forestrynepal.org/images/publications/Carbon_measurement_Guideline_Nepali.pdf

40
k @=!^ ;fdflhs tyf ef}uf]lns ;dfj]lztf

!##_ ul/aL, ;fdflhs / ef}uf]lns jlxis/0f / 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf o'jfx¿sf] ljb]z knfogsf] s[lif ljsf;;Fu
ljljwtfk"0f{ / hl6n k|sf/sf] ;DaGw 5 . ljutdf g]kfnL ;dfhsf] cTolws ljljwLs/0fn] ;fdflhs
åGå / „'jLs/0fsf] l:ylt NofPsf] lyof] . Pl8P; n] ;Da4 kIfx¿sf] kf/:kl/s nfesf] l:ylt l;h{gf
ug{ ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg ug]{, „'jLs/0f x6fpg] jf 36fpg] / ;xsfo{ ;'lgZlrt ug]{ ;+oGq klxrfg ug{'
cfjZos x'g]5 . o:tf] ;+oGq cfly{s ljsf;sf] :t/, pknAw ;fwg ;|f]t / /0fgLlt tyf sfof{Gjogsf]
;]/f]km]/f]df ;j{;Ddlt :yflkt ug{;Sg] g]t[Tjsf] ;xof]udf cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{ 5 .

!#$_ Pl8P;, ul/aL / c;dfgtfM g]kfndf s[lifsf] k|j4{g ug{'kg]{ d'Vo sf/0f of] xf] ls 7"nf] hg;ª\Vofdf
ul/ax¿ u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]af; u5{g\ / hLjgofkgsf nflu s[lifdf cfl>t 5g\ . xfn;fn} ;DkGg
ePsf] hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0fn] ul/asf ax'cfoflds kIfx¿af/] ;"lrt ug]{ 5 / o;sf] lgjf/0fsf
e/f];fhgs dfu{x¿ k|:t't ug]{ 5 . g]kfn hLjg :t/ ;j]{If0f -NLSS_ !((%–!((^ / @)!)–!! sf
cg';f/M -s_ g]kfndf ul/aL ;Gtf]ifhgs ultdf 36]/ @)!)–!!;Dddf Ps rf}yfO{ hgtf dfq ul/a
/xg] / ;x>fAbL ljsf; nIo –! -MDG-1_ sf] r/d ul/aLnfO{ cfwf 36fpg] nIo k'lu;s]sf] x'g
;S5 . -v_ pkef]udf cfwfl/t ;fwgeGbf k/ uP/ ul/aL Go"gLs/0fnfO{ ax'cfoflds tj/n] JofVof
ul/Psf] 5 . -u_ hgtfn] :jo+ dx;'; ug]{ cfosf] kof{Kttfdf pNn]vgLo j[l4 ePsf] 5 -3_ g]kfn
sd c;dfg ag]sf] 5, ul/aLsf] hftLo cGt/ 36]sf] 5 . -ª_ ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf a}b]lzs /f]huf/ /
jf:tljs s[lif Hofnfb/ j[l4sf] k|tIo / ck|tIo ¿kdf pNn]Vo of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . -r_ ;fj{hlgs
;Dkltx¿sf] Joj:yfkg, vf; u/L af6f] / ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] kx'Frdf ;'wf/ x'g' klg JofVofsf] Ps kIf
xf] . cf]=Pr=kL=cfO{= -@)!^_ sf cg';f/ @))^–@)!^ sf] cjlwdf g]kfnsf] ;LdfGt ul/aLsf]
;"rsf \s -MPI_ ^$=&Ü af6 36]/ @*=^Ü df k'u]sf] 5 .

!#%_ u|fdL0f ;+:yfx¿M g]kfnsf] 7"nf] hg;ª\Vof u|fdL0f If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ ePsfn] s[lif ljsf;df u|fdL0f
;+:yfx¿sf] dx jk"0f{ of]ubfg /xG5 . n3'ljQdf g]kfn u|fdL0f ljsf; ;+:yf, ;|f]txLg s[ifsx¿sf]
hLjg:t/ ;'wf/df lbuf] s[lif ljsf; sfo{qmd30 / dlxnf ;zQmLs/0ftkm{ s[lifdf kl/jt{gsf nflu
dlxnf ;d"x31 h:tf ;xsf/L / u|fdL0f ;+:yfx¿ o:tf s]xL pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\Ù h;sf] afFsL ljZn]if0f
kl5 k|fljlws ;xof]u ;d"xåf/f /0fgLlts ;'emfj ; ngsf] ;dodf ul/g] 5 .

!#^_ ;fgf s[ifsx¿nfO{ d"No z[ \vnfdf hf]8\g] sfdM cfoj[l4 / ;x/Ls/0fsf sf/0f pkef]Qmfsf] dfudf
kl/jt{g ;fy} gofF k|ljlw / pkef]Qmfsf] rfv cg';f/ vfBahf/df ;'k/dfs]{6 / k|zf]wsx¿sf] e"ldsf
a9];Fu} ul/a ;fgf ls;fg -smallholders_x¿nfO{ ahf/;Fu hf]8\g' dx jk"0f{ ePsf] 5 .32 ;fgf
s[ifsx¿n] lgj]zsf] kx'Fr, C0f / ahf/Ls/0f ;'ljwfdf pRr sf/f]af/ nfut h:tf cgluGtL
r'gf}tLx¿ ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf ls;fgx¿sf] Jofj;flos s[lif s;/L sd hf]lvdk"0f{ agfpg] <
o;y{ n3' s[ifsx¿nfO{ cf}krfl/s ahf/;Fu hf]8\g] ljz]if gLlt lgwf{/0f ug{' cfjZos 5 .

30
http://sadpnepal.org/about/
31
http://www.wocan.org
32
Refer:Thapa, G. (2009). Smallholder Farming in Transforming Economies of Asia and the Pacific: Challenges
and Opportunities. Discussion Paper, IFAD and Thapa, G. and R. Gaiha (2011).Smallholder Farming in Asia
and the Pacific: Challenges and Opportunities. IFAD conference on New Directions for Smallholder
Agriculture, IFAD: Rome.

41
!#&_ s[lifdf gLltut ;'wf/sf] /fhgLlts cy{zf:qM cg'ejn] b]vfPsf] 5 ls k|efjzfnL wgL ls;fg /
/fhgLlt1x¿ ldn]/ n3' s[ifsx¿nfO{ k|ToIf nfe lbg;Sg] ;fj{hlgs nufgLdf afwf k'¥ofpg ;S5g\
-lag]{/ / /]l:gs, @)!)_ .33 Pl8P; n] of] tYonfO{ dWogh/ u/L ;dtfd"ns ljsf; /0fgLltsf pkfo
/ ;fwgx¿ k|:tfljt ug{'kb{5 .

!#*_ dlxnfsf] n}l \us tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0fM ljleGg gLltlgodx¿n] s[lif ljsf; / cfly{s
¿kfGt/0fdf dlxnfx¿sf] of]ubfgnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/;s]sf 5g\ . ljZjf; / egfOnfO{ sfo{¿k lbg
g;Sg' rflxF o;df b]lvPsf] k|d'v sdhf]/L xf] . kl/sNkgf, nIo / sfo{aLrdf 7"nf] a]d]n /x]sf] 5 .
;f/df eGg' kbf{, sfo{qmdx¿ k/:k/df hf]l8Psf 5}gg\ / g]kfnsf] ljsf;nfO{ cl3 a9fpg] u/L
bL3{sfnLg ;+/rgfut cj/f]wx¿ x6fpg] ljifox¿nfO{ ah]6n] 5f]Ps} 5}g . dlxnfx¿nfO{ cfTdlge{/
/ :jfoQ s[ifssf ¿kdf dfGotf lbO{, pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿df dlxnfsf] kx'Frsf] ;'lgZlrttf lbO{,
dlxnfsf] g]t[Tj Ifdtf j[l4 ;fy} :jLsfo{tf l;h{gf u/L / ljleGg ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L / lghL
;+/rgfx¿df dlxnfsf] l:ylt ;'wf/ u/L dlxnfx¿sf] /0fgLlts x}l;ot a9fpg] s'/fdf klg ah]6
df}g 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkgn] hldgdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;dtfd"ns
kx'Fr ;'lgZlrt ug]{tkm{ s]xL af]n]sf] 5}g, lzIffdf 5fqfx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] s'g} ljz]if Joj:yf 5}g,
/ s[ifs, ef8fjfn jf xlnofsf] 7]s]bf/Lsf] klxrfg gx'Fbf dlxnfnfO{ ;+/rgfut ¿kn] pgLx¿
xsbf/sf] ¿kdf v8f x'g, ;+ul7t x'g / ;Ddfghgs hLjg afFRgaf6 al~rt 5g\ . o;y{ n}lËs
klxrfgo'Qm s[lif If]qsf] ljsf; ;/sf/, gful/s ;dfh, ljsf; cleoGtf / lghL If]qsf] k|fyldstf
x'g' kb{5 . hldg / pTkfbgsf cGo ;|f]tx¿df kx'Frsf ;fy} k|ToIf lgoGq0f ;'lgZlrt ePsf] v08df
dfq C0f ;'ljwfdf dlxnfsf] kx'Frsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg ;lsG5 .

k @= !&= sfg'gL ;jfnx¿

k @=!&=! vfB ;'/Iff / u'0f:t/

!#(_ g]kfnsf] vfB P]g !(^& w]/} k'/fgf] eO;s]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tf / t];|f] d'n'sx¿åf/f ck]lIft
vfB ;'/Iff / u'0f:t/ dfkb08 / k|df0fLs/0fsf ;+oGqx¿ sfg'gL Joj:yfdf pNn]v 5}gg\. olb g]kfn
cfˆgf] s[lifhGo lgof{t ahf/df lbuf]¿kn] l6ls/xg rfxG5 eg] b]zleq pkef]u / t];|f] d'n'sdf
lgof{tsf nflu vfB u'0f:t/ / ;'/Iff ;DaGwL d"No z[Înfsf] dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfg'gL ;+oGq
cBfjlws ul/g'k5{ .34 o;} u/LvfB ;'/Iff / u'0f:t/sf] lg/LIf0f ;Dej agfpg] ;d'lrt lgofds
;+/rgf klg cl:tTjdf 5}gÙ h;sf/0f s[lif Jofkf/ df/df k/]sf] 5 . d"No z[Înfsf] k'5f/df s[lif
k|of]hgsf] kfgL / hldgnfO{ k|b"if0faf6 arfpg ul/g] If]qLs/0f;DaGwL cgluGtL u8a8Lx¿ b]lvPsf
5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, vfB P]g ;+zf]wg ljw]os @)!^ / vfB ;'/Iff gLlt @)!^h:tf k|d'v
gLltut 36gfqmd xfn} dfq vfB kbfy{ tyf vfB ;'/Iff / u'0f:t/ sf] If]qdf aflx/ k|:t't ePsf
5g\ . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $$ sf] pkwf/f -!_ df k|To]s pkef]QmfnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo j:t' / ;]jf k|fKt ug]{
Joj:yf 5 / pkwf/f -@_ df b"lift tyf Go"g :t/sf vfBj:t'af6 x'g] xflg gf]S;fgLsf nflu
pkef]stfn] Ifltk"lt{ bfaL ug]{ tyf kfpg ;Sg] df}lns xssf ¿kdf Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . Go"g
u'0f:t/sf vfB kbfy{sf cfoft /f]Sgsf nflu vfB P]g !(^& -rf}yf] ;+zf]wg ljw]os, @)!^_ n] vfB
33
Birner, R. and D. Resnick (2010): The Political Economy of Policies for Smallholder Agriculture, in: World
Development, Vol. 38 (10): 1442-1452.
34
k/fdz{bft[ ;+:yf h'g s[lif ljsf; tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno cGtu{t k|ljlw tyf vfB u'0f:t/ ljefu;Fu vfB P]g k'gn]{vgdf
sfd ul//x]sf] 5 .

42
 If]qsf] lj:tf/ ub}{ ;a} k|sf/sf vfB kbfy{nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5, vfB ckld>0fnfO{ k'gM kl/eflift ub}{ vfB
;Gb"if0f, /f;folgs cjz]if, /f]uf0f' / ljiffQm kbfy{sf] ljBdfgtfnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6]sf] 5Ù ck/fwLnfO{
bl08t ug{ vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu -vfk|u'lglj_ nfO{ clwsf/ lbg] / @) u'gf;Dd
hl/jfgf a9fpg]Ù / vfB ;Gb"if0f, ; \s]tkq / additive kbfy{sf] pkof]usf] af/]df eG;f/
ljGb'x¿df hf]lvd d"Nof \sg / u'0f:t/ k|df0fkq lbg] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . /fli6«o vfB ;'/Iff gLlt
@)!^ -@)&# lj= ;+_ sf] d;f}bfn] k|d'v sfo{ gLltx¿ ;dfj]; ul/Psf] 5M s]+›Lo, /fHo / :yfgLo
;/sf/sf] :t/df vfB ;'/Iff / u'0f:t/ lgodgsf] sfof{GjogÙ vfB ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gL /
;+:yfut hf]lvddf cfwfl/t vfB ;'/Iff / u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/Ù vfB z[ \vnfdf j}1flgs
vfB ;'/Iff / u'0f:t/ Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL -cyf{t\ GAP, GVP, sf]8]S; lgb]{lzsf, c;n :j:ys/
cEof;, c;n pTkfbg cEof;, hf]lvd ljZn]if0f / qmflGts lgoGq0f laGb', cfO= o;= cf]= @@)))_Ù
vfB j:t'sf] Jofkf/df lg/LIf0f / k|df0fLs/0f, / cfk;L dfGotf / ljleGg b]z;Fu ;lGw ;dtfÙ vfB
dxfdf/L lgu/fgL k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;Ù vfB ;'/Iff / u'0f:t/;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw, /
hgr]tgfnfO{ dha't agfpg]Ù / /fli6«o vfB ;'/Iff kl/ifbsf] u7g .

k @=!@=@ jfl0fHo tyf Jofkf/

!$)_ cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/M g]kfnn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf cGt/f{li6«o ;xdltx¿ ljlwlgdf{0f k|lqmofaf6 /fli6«o
sfg'gsf] ¿k lng] qmddf 5g\ . g]kfn ;g\ @))$ d} ljZj Jofkf/ ;+3df k'u]sf] eP klg sfg'g
lgdf{0f k|lqmof jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf] nIoeGbf w]/} l9nf] eO;s]sf] 5 .35

!$!_ /fli6«o jfl0fHoM ;/sf/sf] lghL If]qeGbf ;xsf/Lx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] gLltn] s]xL xb;Dd ;|f]tsf]
ckof{Kt pkof]u x'g] l:ylt l;h{gf ePsf] 5Ù h:t}M s[lif ;fdu|L ;+:yfg / ;fN6 6]l8 s/kf]/];gnfO{
dfq 5'6sf] clwsf/ lbO{ ;xsf/L dfkm{t\ s[ifsx¿nfO{ dnvfb ljt/0f ug]{ Joj:yf lghL If]qk|lt
kIfkftk"0f{ 5Ù h; cg';f/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf gePsf]n] dnvfb cfoftdf ;+:yfg;Fu lghL If]qn] k|lt:kwf{
ug}{ ;Sb}g . ;+:yfgdfkm{t\ ePsf] Jofkf/n] s[ifsdf pRr d"Noef/ kg{'sf ;fy} ef/taf6 x'g] dnvfb
t:s/Ldf ;lxt j[l4 ePsf] / o;/L lelqPsf] dnvfb sd;n vfnsf] ePsf] bfaL lghL If]qsf] 5 .

!$@_ u|fdL0f If]qdf k|rlnt hldg k|of]usf s]xL cEof;x¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;/sf/n] s/f/ s[lif P]g nfu"
ug]{ ;f]r agfPsf] 5, t/ o:tf] k|fjwfgn] xfnsf ljlw / gLltx¿df kg]{ k|efjsf] ;dLIff x'g afFsL
5.

k @=!&=# k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿

!$#_ hn;|f]tM hn;|f]t P]g !((@ dfuk/:t 5}g jf PsLs[t hn;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf dfGotfx¿n] lglb{i6
5}g .36 g]kfnsf] hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cem} hnLo ;Ldfx¿sf] eGbf k|zf;lgs cfwf/x¿df ;~rflnt
5 . hn;|f]t P]g / l;FrfO lgodfjnL @))$ n] hn pkef]Qmf ;+3x¿ / l;FrfO lgodfjnLn] pkef]Qmf
;+of]hs ;+3x¿sf] lgdf{0f cg'dlt lbPsf 5g\ eg] Jojxf/df pkef]Qmf ;+3x¿sf] btf{ slxn]sfxLF
;fdflhs P]g jf lhNnf l;FrfO sfof{no h:tf hn;|f]t P]g eGbf aflx/sf sfg'gL ;+/rgf dfkm{t\

35
dfr{ @)!! sf] ;+zf]lwt ljlwlgdf{0f sfo{of]hgf x]g{'xf];\M
36
PsLs[t hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg -IWRM_ dx jk"0f{ ecosystem tyf kof{j/0fsf] lbuf]kgfdf cfFr gk'¥ofO{ ;dtfd"ns cfly{s
tyf ;fdflhs sNof0f :yflkt ug{tkm{ kfgL, hldg / cGo ;DalGwt ;|f]tx¿sf] PsLs[t k|j4{g tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|lqmof
xf]. -Global Water Partnership – GWP sf] kl/efiff_

43
 ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; cltl/Qm, P]g jf lgoddf l;FrfO If]qsf ;]jfk|bfos sDkgLx¿sf] ;xeflutfaf/]
s]xL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g . l;FrfO gLlt @)&) n] s]xL a}wflgs ;'wf/ NofPsf] 5Ù h:t}M ljsf; / gbL
s6fg If]qsf] Joj:yfkgsf ;fy;fy} l;FrfO u'? of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f / sfof{GjogÙ l;FrfO
kl/of]hgfx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu PsLs[t hn>f]t Joj:yfkgsf] sfof{GjogÙ l;+lrt If]q 3f]if0ff /
l;+lrt 3f]lift If]qsf] u}/ s[lif pkof]usf nflu ;/sf/af6 k"j{ :jLs[ltsf] cfjZostf kb{5Ù lghL,
;d'bfo / ;xsf/L If]qsf] l;FrfO k|0ffnL ljsf;, ;+rfng / Joj:yfkgdf ;xeflutfÙ :yfgLo lgsfo /
lgdf{0f, lgdf{0f / l;FrfO kl/of]hgfsf] Joj:yfkgdf pkef]Qmf ;+of]hs ;+3x¿sf] k|efjsf/L
;xeflutfÙ / l;FrfO z'Nssf] ; sng / kl/rfng . csf]{tkm{, hnf]TkGg k|sf]k Joj:yfkg gLlt–
@)&@ n] hnf]TkGg k|sf]k Joj:yfkgdf PsLs[t hn ;+zf]wg ljsf; / Joj:yfkgsf] /0fgLltdf
Wofg s]lG›t u/fPsf] 5 .

!$$_ /fli6«o l;FrfO hn pkef]Qmf dxf;+3;Fusf] 5nkmndf hn;|f]t Jofj:yfkg / pkof]usf] lg0f{odf
vfg]kfgL pkef]Qmf ;+3x¿sf] ;xeflutfsf] cefj /x]sf] ljifo k6s k6s p7]sf] 5 . hn;|f]t P]gn]
hg ;xeflutfsf] cfGtl/s ;+/rgfsf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5}g . s]xL Joj:yfkg lgsfox¿df dfq
pkef]Qmfsf] k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] 5 .37

!$%_ hn;|f]t P]gdf e"ldut kfgL k|of]udf nfO;]G; x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf t 5, t/ Jojxf/df o:tf] nfO;]G;
lnPsf] of lbPsf] kfOFb}g .

!$^_ e"ldut hnsf] lgMz]if0f sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] nflu 7"nf] ljifo xf], t/ ToxfF klg ;'Svf jif{x¿df
dfq} sdLsf] dx;'; ul/G5 . jiff{sf] ;dodf kfgL ;fdfGotof el/g] u5{ . e"ldut hn;|f]t ljsf;
af]8n
{ ] rf;f] t /fV5, t/ l;FrfO ljefu cGtu{tsf] e"ldut hn ljefusf] ;'emfjn] s] b]vfpF5 eg]
c¿ 3/]n' / cf}Bf]lus k|of]udf ;txL kfgLdf lge{/ pkTosfx¿df :yfoL lgMz]if0fsf] l:ylt cfPsf]
5}g .

!$&_ ef/t;Fusf ;lGw–;Demf}tfx¿n] ;a} ;femf gbLx¿ -cross-boundary rivers_ nfO{ ;d]6\b}gg\ . g t
tL b:tfa]hx¿n] kfgL ljt/0f, hnljB't ljsf; / af9L lgoGq0fdf g]kfnsf] efjgf kof{Kt ¿kn]
;Daf]wg u/]sf 5g\ .

!$*_ e"ld;|f]tM e"ld P]gsf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjog, e"pkof]u kl/ifbsf] lqmofzLntf, e"pkof]u / If]qLs/0f gLltsf]
sfg'gL ;+/rgf, :jfldTj jf df]lxofgL xs, u}/–s[lif k|of]hgdf hldgsf] pkof]u;DaGwL sfg'gL
Joj:yf / v]tLof]Uo e"ld afFemf] /fVg]–g/fVg] cflb ;jfnx¿sf] ;dLIff cfjZostf /x]sf] ;'emfj
lbOG5 . e"ld ahf/nfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ -z]o/ ahf/, ;]jf s/÷;fem]bf/x¿af6 /fh:j ; \sng / e"ld
;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;åf/f_ / e"ld d"Nof \sg / s/ k|0ffnLsf] k'gu{7gsf nflu d"ld ;'wf/ dGqfnon]
e"ld k|zf;gdf bf];|f] k':tf ;'wf/ -@)!%_ 2nd Generation Reform on Land Governance (2015)sf]
dfu{lrq ;'? u/]sf] 5 .

37
h:t}, g lhNnf vfg]kfgL ;ldlt g t hn;|f]t pkof]u cWoog ;ldlt -hn;|f]t lgod @)%)_Ù hf] hn;|f]t;Fu ;DalGwt
ljifox¿df ;xefuL /xG5g\n] pkef]Qmf k|ltlglwx¿ ;dfj]z ub{5g\ -P]= @*_ .

44
k @=!&=$ ;fj{hlgs pBd ;'wf/

!$(_ s[lif If]qdf lqmofzLn ;fj{hlgs pBdsf sfg'gL ;+/rgfx¿ clg pBdsf jf:tljs sfo{ / s[lif
If]qsf cfjZostfx¿aLrsf] tfbDotfsf] k'g/fjf]nsg x'g' cfjZos 5 . hg:t/sf pBdx¿sf]
ljleGg dGqfnox¿;Fu ;+of]hg / ;~rfng x'g] u/L ;DaGwgÙ ;fj{hlgs pBdsf sfo{x¿sf] p:t}
k|s[ltsf lghL pBdx¿;Fusf] ;DaGw / ;/sf/L ;xeflutf rflxg] ls grflxg] eGg] k|ZgÙ
;fj{hlgs pBdsf sfo{x¿sf] lghLs/0fsf] ;DefJotfÙ s[lif If]q Ot/sf ;xsf/Lx¿df s[lif
dGqfnosf] lgu/fgLÙ d"No lgoGq0f / cfk"lt{sf] k|Tofe"ltdf ;fj{hlgs pBdsf] x:tIf]k ;DaGwL
sfg'gL ;+/rgfsf] cfjZostfÙ ;fj{hlgs pBdx¿df ;fgL;f sf] ;DefJotf cflb xfn;Dd kl/eflift
ePsf d'Vo ljifox¿ x'g\ .

k @=!&=% ;/sf/L ;+:yf tyf lgof]hg

!%)_ k|fljlws ;xof]u ;d"xn] p:t} jf ldNbfh'Nbf ;/f]sf/x¿df lqmofzLn ljleGg dGqfno / c¿
;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf] klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . l;FrfO dGqfno, l;FrfO ljefu, hn;|f]t tyf pmhf{ cfof]usf]
;lrjfno, e"ldut hn;|f]t ljsf; af]8{ cflb hn;|f]t tyf l;FrfOsf] If]qdf lqmofzLn s]xL lgsfox¿
x'g\ . oL lgsfox¿sf km/s km/s k|fyldstf eP tfklg, pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ Psåf/ ;]jf k|bfg ug{tkm{
logLx¿aLr ;+of]hg / PsLs/0flt/ Wofg k'Ug'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

!%!_ PseGbf a9L dGqfnosf] lhDd]jf/Ldf k/]sf gLlt / sfg'gx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf sl7gfO ePsf]
b]lvG5 . s]xL dfqfdf o:tf] ;d:of gLltlgod nfu" ug]{ plrt ax'If]qLo ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] cefjsf
sf/0f hlGdPsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . /fli6«o ;xfotf cfof]u / To; cGtu{t :jtGq ;dLIff OsfO{ :yfkgf
u/L bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;/sf/n] u/]sf] k|of;df Jojwfgx¿ cfP . vf; u/L,
s[lif ljsf; dGqfno of]hgfsf] ;du| sfof{Gjogdf lhDd]jf/ eP klg lagf ;fwg / ;|f]t sfd ug{'kg]{
kl/l:yltdf c¿ ;dfgfGt/ dGqfnox¿;Fu pQ/bfloTj ldrfldr x'g;Sg] lrGtf pTkGg ePsf] lyof] .
cfh;Dd klg bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgf jf /fli6«o s[lif gLlt @))$ h:tf] ax'–If]qLo gLltsf] ;+of]hg /
sfof{Gjog ug]{ s'g} o:tf] ax'–dGqfnoLo ;+/rgf ag]sf] 5}g .

!%@_ OlËt ul/Psf] t];f| ] kIf of] xf] ls ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt dGqfnosf] sfdsf] lj:tf/ lhNnf;Dd
x'g'k5{ . vf; u/L s[lif If]qdf ;Da4 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, l;FrfO dGqfno / ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf
:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnosf sfo{x¿sf] cfwf/df ;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf] xfn;Ddsf] lqmofzLntfsf]
k'g/fjf]nsg x'g'k5{ .

45
46
kl/lzi6 #M nIo tyf ;"rsx¿sf] sfo{k4lt
!%#_ d"n b:tfj]hsf] tflnsf !* df Pl8P; sf nIo / ;"rsx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . tflnsf @) n]
Pl8P; sf k|ltkmnsf nIox¿ k|:t't u5{ . tL nIo / ;"rsx¿ k'li6 ug]{ sfd Pl8P; tof/L
k|fljlws ;xof]usf] ;dflKt / g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f Pl8P; cg'df]bgsf] aLrsf] ;dodf x'g] 5 . nIox¿
ljz]if, dfkgof]Uo, ;fWo, oyfy{k/s / ;fdlos -SMART_ x'g'kg]{ l;4fGtsf cfwf/df :yflkt ul/Psf
5g\ . cg'dfg / cfwf//]vf klg tflnsfx¿df b;f{OPsf] 5 . nIox¿ / u0fgfsf tl/sfx¿ ;DaGwL
cltl/Qm hfgsf/L o; kl/lzi6fÍdf k|:t't ul/G5 .

!%$_ Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf] cfjlws -kfFrjif]{_ ;dLIff / d"NofÍgsf] c \usf] ¿kdf nIo / ;"rs b'j}sf]
cfFsng / d"NofÍg ul/g] 5 . cfjlws ;dLIff / d"NofÍgn] gofF nIo / ;"rsx¿ :yflkt ug]{ ;'emfj
cufl8 Nofpg ;Sg] 5 jf k|f/lDes Pl8P; b:tfj]hdf /x]sf nIo / ;"rsx¿nfO{ cBfjlws kfg]{
5 . d"n n]vdf pNn]v ePem}F -efu !)=^ df x]g{' xf]nf_ Pl8P; Pp6f hLljt /0fgLlt xf]Ù h;sf]
lg/Gt/ ;fdlosLs/0f, ;dLIff / ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf kl//xG5 .

!%%_ Pl8P; sf] k|To]s rf}yfO cjlwdf ul/g] cg'udg / d"NofÍgn] o;sf pknlAw / ;du|
sfo{lbzftkm{sf] k|ultsf] cfFsng k|:t't ug]{ 5 . k|ltkmn / pknlAw ;"rsx¿sf] d"NofÍg
cfjlws¿kn] ul/g] 5 .

!%^_ nIo / ;"rsx¿ cBfjlws ubf{ lgDg k|Zgx¿sf] ;Daf]wg x'g' cfjZos 5M

s_ s] xfdLn] nIo xfl;n ul/;s]sf 5f}F <

v_ 5}gf}F eg] s] s] sf/0fn] 5}gf}F <
u_ nIox¿ cem} ;fGble{s 5g\ t <
3_ 5}gg\ eg], gofF nIox¿ s] s] x'g\ <
ª_ ;"rsx¿ cem} ;fGble{s 5g\ t<
r_ 5}gg\ eg] gofF ;"rsx¿ s] s] x'g\ <
5_ Pl8P; sf] afFsL cjlwsf nflu s;/L xfdL nIo / /0fgLltnfO{ cBfjlws u5f}{F <
h_ s'g s'g cg'dfgx¿nfO{ xfdLn] kl/jt{g ug{'kg]{ x'G5 <

!%&_ cBfjlws ubf{ d"n b:tfj]hdf ePsf tflnsfx¿df ;fdfGo km]/abn ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . t/ d'Vo k|of;
rflxF s] / lsg cBfjlws ug]{ lglZrt ug]{tkm{ x'G5 .

tflnsf ^)M d'Vo vfBfGgsf] nIo

cfwf//]vf cg'dflgt 5f]6f] cjlw dWofjlw bL3{ sfn
cGg ;"rs PsfO
@)!%/!^ j[l4b/ -% jif{_ -!) jif{_ -@) jif{_
Wffg If]qkmn xhf/ x]= !,$@% –)=!)Ü !,$!* !,$!! !,#(&
pTkfbg xhf/ 6g $,&)* !=^Ü %,)(& %,%!* ^,$^*
pTkfbsTj s]hL÷x]= #,#)) !=&)Ü #,%(! #,()^ $,^@$
ds} If]qkmn xhf/ x]= ()! )=*)Ü (#* (&^ !,)%&
pTkfbg xhf/ 6g @,@%# #=))Ü @,^!@ #,)@* $,)&)
pTkfbsTj s]hL÷x]= @,%)@ @=@)Ü @,&*( #,!!) #,*^^
ux'F If]qkmn xhf/ x]= &^# )=&)Ü &() *!* *&*

47
 cfwf//]vf cg'dflgt 5f]6f] cjlw dWofjlw bL3{ sfn
cGg ;"rs PsfO
@)!%/!^ j[l4b/ -% jif{_ -!) jif{_ -@) jif{_
pTkfbg xhf/ 6g !,*() @=$)Ü @,!@* @,#(^ #,)#&
pTkfbsTj s]hL÷x]= @,$&& !=&)Ü @,^(% @,(#@ #,$&)
hDdf If]qkmn xhf/ x]= #,)*( )=#%Ü #,!$$ #,!(( #,#!#
pTkfbg xhf/ 6g *,*%@ @=!@Ü (,*#! !),(!* !#,$^^
pTkfbsTj s]hL÷x]= @,*^$ !=&&Ü #,!@& #,$!$ $,)^*
(*) tLg jif{sf] cf};tsf] cfwf/df -@)!# !$ — @)!% !^_

!%*_ dflysf] tflnsf ^) n] km;ndf ePsf] j[l4 l;FrfO, aLp, ;fdu|L 9'jfgL k|0ffnL, s[lif cWoog, k|;f/
/ lzIffdf nufgL ;DaGwL Pl8P; n] k|:tfljt u/]sf dfksx¿ d'tflas /x]sf] b]vfpF5 . km;ndf
;'wf/ ;DefJotf / sdLsf] kl/lw / xfnsf cEof; / cg';Gwfg / k|;f/ ;]jf cGtu{t pknAw
k|ljlwx¿ cg';f/ g} 5g\ .

!%(_ wfgafnLsf] s'/f ubf{, wfgv]tsf] lj:tf/ x'g] geP/ 36\b} hfg] b]lvPsf] 5 . Pl;of / of] If]qs} vfB
pkef]udf b]lvPsf] abnfj ljrf/ ubf{ wfghGo vfgfsf] pkef]u 36\g] t/ df;'hGo vfBsf] a9\g]
:ki6 5 . g]kfndf df;'sf] pRr pkef]u kf]N6«Ldf x'g] pkef]u;Fu ;DalGwt 5Ù h'g pknAw ds}hGo
bfgfdf lge{/ /xG5 .

!^)_ vfBafnL pTkfbgsf] If]qkmn dGb¿kn] a9\g] 5 . vf; u/L lj:tfl/t l;Flrt If]q, lxpFb] / kfvf]]
afnL pTkfbgsf] lj:tf/sf kl/0ffd:j¿k o:tf] j[l4 x'g] 5 .

tflnsf ^!M d"n vfBafnLsf] k|ltJolQm pknAwtf

cfwf/ /]vf cg'dflgt 5f]6f] cjlw dWofjlw bL3{ sfn
ljifo ;"rs PsfO
@)!%/!^ j[l4b/ -% jif{_ -!) jif{_ -@) jif{_
hDdf
hg;ª\Vof
;ª\Vof
xhf/ @*,)#*-*_ !=!$Ü @(,^^( #!,#($ #%,!%#
s'n k|ltJolQm k|ltJolQm s]hL
pknAw wfg pTkfbg k|ltJolQm !^*-^_ )=@)Ü !&) !&! !&%

s'n k|ltJolQm k|ltJolQm s]hL

pknAw ds} pTkfbg k|ltJolQm *)-^_ !=^)Ü *& ($ !!)

s'n k|ltJolQm k|ltJolQm s]hL

pknAw ux'F pTkfbg k|ltJolQm ^&-^_ !=))Ü &! &$ *@
s'n k|ltJolQm
k|ltJolQm s]hL
pknAw
pTkfbg k|ltJolQm #!^-^_ )=&@Ü #@& ##( #^$
vfBafnL
(^) tLg jif{sf] cf};tsf] cfwf/df -@)!# !$ — @)!% !^_
(*) /fli6«o hg; \Vof / cfjf; hgu0fgf @)!!

!^!_ hg;ª\VofeGbf vfB pTkfbgsf] j[l4 l56f] x'g] x'Fbf vfgfdf cfTdlge{/tf ;'lglZrt x'g] 5 . Pl8P;
sf] d'Vo p2]Zo g} g]kfnh:tf] e"kl/j]li6t b]zn] cfˆgf] hg;ª\VofnfO{ k'Ug] cGgafnL pTkfbg
;'lglZrt ug]{ xf] . ds} pTkfbgdf j[l4n] kz'hGo k|f]l6gsf] a9\bf] dfu k"lt{ ug]{ bfgf pBf]usf] dfu
klg k"/f ug]{ 5 .

48
k #=! s[lif Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng

!^@_ @)!%df s[lif Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng sl/a !,!@# ldlnog 8n/sf] 3f6faf6 nueu %!) ldlnog 8n/sf]
jrttkm{ pGd'v x'g] 5 . Pl8P; df b]vfOPsf k|lt:kwf{sf dfksx¿, s[lif lgof{tdf j[l4 / cfoft
k|lt:yfkgsf] ;+of]hgaf6 o:tf] ;Gt'ng ;Dej x'g] 5 .

tflnsf ^@M s[lif Jofkf/ cg'dfgx¿

5f]6f] cjlw dWofjlw bL3{ sfn
cfwf/ /]vf @)!% j[l4b/
-% jif{_ -!) jif{_ -@) jif{_
lgof{t @%% !@=# $%^ *!$ @,%(*
-ldlnog 8n/_
cfoft !,#&* @=! !,%@( !,^(^ @,)**
-ldlnog 8n/_
Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng –!,!@# –!,)&# –**@ %!)
-ldlnog 8n/_
;|f]tM TEPC tYofÍsf cfwf/df Pl8P; 6f]nLn] u0fgf u/]sf]

k #=@ Pl8P; sf nIodf lglxt dfGotf / cg'dfgx¿

!^#_ Pl8P; sf nIo / ;"rsx¿df ;+nUg r/ -variables_ / dfkb08 -parameters_ x¿sf]

cg'dfg÷dfGotf tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . Pl8P; sf] ;dflKt;Dddf sl/a !@ ldlnog
hg;ª\Vof ;x/L If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ 5 / s[lif pBf]u;Fu PsLs[t / cem ;DkGg s[ifs hg;ª\Vofn]
pQm ;x/L hg;ª\Vofsf] ;]jf ug]{ 5 . s[lifdf ;+nUg >d clxn]s} k|sf/ / cfsf/df /xg ;S5, t/ of]
/fi6«sf] s'n >dzlQmsf] eg] ;fgf]dfq lx:;f /xg] 5 -s'n >dzlQmsf] ^^Ü af6 %!Ü df em/]sf] x'g]
5_ .

tflnsf ^#M Pl8P; sf kl/jt{gLo (variable) ;DaGwL cg'dfgx¿

dWofjl
cfwf/ 5f]6f] bL3{
w
ljifo PsfO j[l4b/ /]vf cjlw sfn
-!)
@)!% -% jif{_ -@) jif{_
jif{_
hg;ª\Vof ldlnog !=!$ Ü @* @(=& #!=$ #%=@
;x/L hg;ª\Vof ldlnog $=!# Ü %=# ^=% * !!=(
u|fdL0f hg;ª\Vof ldlnog )=@ Ü @@=& @#=@ @#=$ @#=@
s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg $ *Ü #)=^ $$=( ^^ !$@=$
s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg ÷JolQm $÷JolQm ^=( Ü $!,)() $!,%!# $@,!)! $$,)%!
s[lifsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg lalnog %Ü *=# !)=^ !#=% @@
s[lifsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] lx:;f % –@=* Ü #@ Ü @$ Ü @) Ü !% Ü
s'n >d ldlnog @Ü !^ !&=& !(=% @#=*
s[lifdf s'n >d ldlnog )=^ Ü (=( !)=# !)=^ !!=$
s[lifdf >dsf] lx:;f % –!=# Ü ^@ %* %$ $*
s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg÷>d $÷JolQm %=( Ü $!,(!! $@,%$# $#,#*$ $%,((#
s[lifsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg ÷s[lifdf >d $÷JolQm $$=#Ü $*#% $!,)@( $!,@^* $!,(@^
s[lifsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg ÷u}/–s[lif >d $#,^&) $$,^%) $%,(@^ $(,&$*
ul/aL % –&=& Ü @@ Ü !$ Ü !) Ü $Ü

49
 dWofjl
cfwf/ 5f]6f] bL3{
w
ljifo PsfO j[l4b/ /]vf cjlw sfn
-!)
@)!% -% jif{_ -@) jif{_
jif{_
ldlnog÷ ) @=%@^ @=%@^ @=%@^ @=%@^
v]tL ul/Psf] hldg
x]=
s[lifsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg÷x]= $÷x]= % Ü $#,@&* $$,!*$ $%,##( $*,^(&
s[lif pBf]usf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg lx:;f % *Ü (Ü !! Ü !^ Ü
$ !!=* Ü @=$ $=# &=$ @@=&
s[lif pBf]usf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg lalnog
s[lif pBf]usf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg ÷s[lifsf] % @( Ü $) Ü %% Ü !)# Ü
s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg
u|fdL0f If]qsf] ul/aL % –$=* Ü @$ Ü !( Ü !% Ü (Ü
vfB ul/aL % –&=% Ü @* Ü !( Ü !# Ü ^Ü
gf]6M
!= Pl8P; -@)!)_ hg; \Vofsf] ;6\6f /fli6o tYof ljefusf] hg; \Vof k|If]k0fn] ablnPsf] 5 / @)!% / @)#!
hg; \Vof j[l4 b/ k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
@= lhl8kL / Plhl8kLsf] nflu @)!% !^ sf] jt{dfg d"Nox¿ / jt{dfg d'›f b/ k|of]u ul/sf] 5 .
#= @)!%sf] >d :6s /fli6o of]hgf cfof]usf] !$ cf}F of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq / /fli6o tYof ljefusf] hg; \Vof
df]gf]u|fkmdf cfwfl/t 5 . oL >d ;xeflutf b/ -LFPR_ pd]/ ;d"x !% jif{ / dfly pNn]v 5 .
$= @)!%sf] nflu s[lifdf >d c+z, hgu0fgf -!(&!, !(*!, !((!, @))! / @)!!_ x¿sf nflu s[lif k];fdf
cfly{s ;lqmo hg; \Vofsf] /}lvs k|If]k0f cfwfl/t 5 .
%= Pu|f] pBf]u -≠s[lifJoj;fo_ Plhl8kL ;fem]bf/L @)))÷)! d"Nox¿df cfˆgf] z[ \vnfdf cfwfl/t 5 .
logLx¿sf] jhg @)!%÷!^ ;Dd cfˆgf] dfqf j[l4;Fu ldnfOPsf] 5 / To;kl5 jt{dfg d"Nox¿df Plhl8kL /
ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] cg'kft;u t'ngf u/]/ xfnsf] d"Nodf oL jhgsf] ¿kfGt/0fsf] nflu ;dfof]lht ul/Psf]
5.
^= s[lif— Joj;fo, s[lif If]qdf k|fylds j:t'x¿ 9fSg u|x0f ul/Psf] 5 . Pu|f] pBf]uoL k|fylds j:t'x¿sf d"No
nufot o:sf] ljlgdf{0f / Jofkf/ csf]{ r/0fsf d"No klg ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] Pu|f] pBf]usf] lhl8kL
s[lif— Joj;fosf j:t'x¿sf] lhl8kLeGbf a9L x'g ;S5 .

Pl8P; df d"No z[Înfsf] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f

!^$_ d"No z[Înfsf] k|fyldsLs/0f Pl8P; ;Fu ;fGble{s dfkb08x¿ tyf g]kfnleq} jf cGoq k|of]u
ul/Psf ljleGg ljlwx¿sf] ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t lyof] .38 Pl8P; sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ d"No z[Înf
5gf]6sf dfkb08x¿ klxrfgdf of]ubfg ug{'sf ;fy} j:t'x¿ / ltgsf d"No z[Înfsf] k|fyldstf
lgwf{/0f ug]{ If]qLo / s]G›Lo txsf a}7sx¿df ;xefuL eP . o:tf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿df s[lif ljsf;
dGqfno, s[ifs ;+3, pkef]Qmf ;d"x, k|fl1s ;d"x, bftf k|ltlglw / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

!^%_ d'Vo $#Ü s[lifhGo j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbgn] s[lifsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] (%Ü / s[lifdf lglxt
lgof{tsf] ^)Ü ;d]6]sf] 5 .39 ;'?df k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug]{ j]nfdf wfg ;a}eGbf dx jk"0f{ afnL xf] -
s[lifsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf !(Ü_ t/ o;sf] &)Ü hLljsf]kfh{gdf hfG5 . t/sf/L bf];|f] dx jk"0f{
pTkfbg xf] -s[lifsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] !#=@Ü_Ù h;nfO{ b'Uw pTkfbgn] k5\ofPsf] 5 -s[lifsf] s'n
ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] !@=^Ü_ . tYofª\sLo b[li6sf]0fdf pTs[i6 b; :yfgdf /xg] pTkfbgx¿df ds},

38
o;df DFID, Danida, SNV, IFAD, USDAID, UNIDO n] k|of]u u/]sf dfksx¿ ;dflji6 5g\ .
39
Central Bureau of Statistics 2011

50
 e}F;Lsf] df;', ux'F, kmnkm"n, v;Lsf] df;' / cb'jf k5{g\ . d';'/L bfn ;a}eGbf dx jk"0f{ lgof{t afnL
xf] -s[lif lgof{tsf] @(=^Ü_ . To;kl5sf dx jsf pTkfbgx¿df cn}FrL -&Ü_, ux'F -^=&Ü_, lrof -pRr
:t/ j[l4sf] ;Defjgf ePsf]_ / t/sf/L x'g\ . o;} u/L pRr Jofkf/Ls/0f b/ ePsf j:t'x¿df b"w,
lrof, t/sf/L, df;', df5f, km"n / c¿ ;fgf :t/sf pTkfbg /x]sf 5g\ . If]qLo dx jsf kIfdf s]xL
ljlzi6tf klg 5 . pRr d"Nosf j:t'x¿ / vf; u/L lrof, cn}FrL / skmLsf] pTkfbgdf k"jf{~rnsf]
;DefJotf c¿ If]qx¿sf] eGbf w]/} 5 . To;} u/L ;a} If]qdf t/fO{sf] e"efu vfBafnL -wfg, ux'F, ds},
bnxg / t]nxg_ pTkfbgsf] d'Vo If]q xf] . klZrdL efu eg] ds}, 8]/L / t/sf/L v]tLsf nflu
lrlgPsf] 5 .

k #=# Pl8P; df d"No z[Înf 5gf}6sf dfkb08

!^^_ ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, pTkfbg j[l4, x:tIf]ksf] ;DefJotf, k/:k/ k|efjsf ;jfn nufotsf ljifox¿nfO{
Wofgdf /fvL Pl8P; sf dfkb08x¿sf] klxrfg ul/of] . 5gf}6 dfkb08x¿ rf/ lj:t[t ljifox¿df
juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5Ù h;df x/]ssf cfˆgf s]xL dfksx¿ 5g\M

• ul/aL lgjf/0f ;DefJotfM o; cGtu{tsf dfksx¿n] Pl8P; sf nlIft ;d"xx¿;Fu If]qx¿

;fGble{s 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eGg] ;dLIff ub{5g\Ù h:tf] ls, o:tf] s'g} Ps If]qdf x'g] x:tIf]kn] 7"nf]
hg;ªVof k|efljt x'G5 ls x'Fb}g . o;f] ubf{ ul/ax¿ s;/L oL If]qx¿df -pTkfbs, pkef]Qmf jf
>ldssf¿kdf_ ;xefuL x'g ;S5g\ eGg] kIfnfO{ klg a'‰g' dx jk"0f{ x'G5 .
• j[l4sf] ;DefJotf -cyjf j[l4 tyf kx'Frsf] ;DefJotf_M o; cGtu{tsf dfkb08x¿n] If]qx¿sf]
/f]huf/L / cfo j[l4df of]ubfg ug]{ / ckl/xfo{ ;]jfx¿df ul/ax¿sf] kx'Fr :yflkt ug]{ Ifdtf
eP gePsf] d"NofÍg u5{g\ . w]/} xb;Dd, Ps ljz]if If]q leqsf] ahf/ k/Dk/f cjnf]sg ug]{ ;fy}
cj;/ / ;Ldfx¿sf] k|ToIf hfgsf/L lng] sfd o;df k5{ . h:t}, ahf/ k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/n] s;/L
j[l4 / kx'FrnfO{ cem dfly nfg ;S5 eGg] vf]hL o; dfkb08 cGtu{t x'G5 .
• x:tIf]ksf] IfdtfM pknAw ;/sf/L ;|f]tx¿, k|fyldstfx¿, ;fem]bf/ pknAwtfsf] cfwf/df
;+/rfgut kl/jt{gsf] ;Defjgf / pkfb]otfsf] cfFsng o; cGtu{t ul/G5 .
• k/:k/ k|efj kfg]{ ljifox¿M n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f, jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgf, /fli6«o tyf
If]qLo /0fgLlts k|fyldstf, Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng -cfoft k|lt:yfkg / lgof{t_ / ef}uf]lns km}nfj6
h:tf dfksx¿ o; dfkb08df /fVg ;lsG5 .

!^&_ pko'{Qm dfkb08x¿sf] ;f/ tn k|:t't ul/G5 . ;fd"lxs ¿kn], d"No z[Înfdf ljsf;sf dfWodn]
s:tf k|ltkmn k|fKt x'g ;S5g\ eGg] Pp6f a[xt\ lrq k|:t't x'G5 . JolQmut¿kn], x/]s dfkb08n]
sfo{qmdsf] ;Dkfbgsf] km/s b[li6sf]0f cufl8 NofpF5 . ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'kg]{ ljifo s] xf] eg] ljleGg
;du| / pk–dfksx¿nfO{ km/s km/s dfg lbOPsf] 5, ;fy} ljZn]if0f ubf{ ljleGg pTkfbg /
j:t'x¿df rf/ k|sf/sf k|0ffnLx¿ k|of]u ePsf 5g\ -tflnsf ^$_ .

tflnsf ^$M ;du| dfks / pkdfksx¿sf] juL{s/0f

;du| dfks >]0fL -dfg_ pk–dfks-dfg_
If]qdf ;xefuL 3/w'/Lsf] ;ª\Vof -^_
ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ;DefJotf If]qsf nlIft ;d"xsf] ul/aLdf lu/fj6 -^_
-!*_ ;'ljwfljxLg If]qx¿dflysf] k|efj -^_

51

j[l4sf] ;DefJotf -!@_
x:tIf]k Ifdtf / pkfb]otf
-!%_
cfufdL %–!) jif{sf] j[l4 ;DefJotf -^_
nlIft ;d"xsf] pTyfgsf] ;DefJotf -cfo÷/f]huf/L_ -^_
k|efjsf] dfkgLotf -#_
pRr nfesf] ;DefJotf ePsf scale agents sf] pknAwtf -#_
ahf/sf x:tLx¿sf] s]G›Ls/0fsf] ;DefJotf -#_
cfjZos k"jf{wf/ -;8s, e08f/0f_ sf] jt{dfg l:ylt -#_
k|bQ ;|f]t / Ifdtfsf] pkfb]otf -#_

;/sf/L k|fyldstf;Fusf] cg's"ntf -#_

Jofkf/ ;Gt'ngdf k|efj -#_
k/:k/ k|efj kfg]{ ;dfj]zL ljsf;sf cj;/x¿ -#_
k|fyldstfx¿ -!*_ n}lËs c;dfgtf ;Daf]wg ug]{ :ki6 cj;/x¿ -#_
kof{j/0fdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ cj;/x¿ -#_
pk–If]qsf] /fi6« tyf If]qJofkL km}nfj6 -#_
hDdf -^#_ hDdf -^#_
;|f]tM DFID NMDP -@)!)_ k4ltdf cfwfl/t

k #=$ s[lif d"No z[Înf 5gf}6

!^*_ljutsf Pl8P; k|ltj]bgdf oL ljifox¿sf] oy]i6 5nkmn ePsf] 5M -s_ ljZn]if0fdf k|o'Qm d"No
z[Înf 5gf}6sf] dfkb08Ù -v_ s[lif d"No z[Înfsf] lrqfÍg / j0f{g, h; cg';f/ rf/ d'Vo If]q—afnL -
#@_, kz'kfng -!!_, dT:okfng -@_ / jgk}bfj/ -#_— sf $* d"No z[Înfx¿sf] ;dLIff /
k|fyldsLs/0f ePsf] lyof]Ù -u_ tbg';f/, s[lif If]qsf ljleGg d"n ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xof]udf !%
d"No z[Înfx¿sf] 5f]6f] tflnsf tof/ ul/Psf] lyof] . ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;'emfjdf k/]sf $*
pTkfbgx¿df 5gf}6 ljlw k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] . d"No z[Înf 5gf}6 uf]i7Lsf] x/]s ;xefuLn] x/]s
pTkfbgsf] d"NofÍg -cÍ ;lxt_ u/]sf lyP . kG„ d'Vo pTkfbgx¿sf] >]0fL lgwf{/0fdf hDdf $
cfwf/x¿sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .

tflnsf ^%M !% d'Vo d"No z[Înfsf] dfkg÷>]0fLs/0f

pTkfbg >]0fL
ds} !
b'Uw pTkfbg @
t/sf/L #
lrof $
d';'/f] bfn %
Wffg ^
Affv|f &
kf]N6«L *
cfn' (
ux'F !)
cb'jf !!
cn}FrL !@

52
 pTkfbg >]0fL
t]nxg !#
skmL !$
t/fO{sf] df5f !%
;|f]tM ;/f]sf/jfnf uf]i7Lsf] k|ltj]bgM Agriculture Value Chain Development- Policy Options Report -h'nfO{
@)!@_

!^(_ pNn]vgLo s'/f s] 5 eg] Pl8P; ljZn]ifsx¿n] k|foM pNn]v ug]{ u/]sf wfg, v;L–afv|f / cfn'
nufotsf pTkfbgx¿ d'Vo !% pTkfbgx¿df lnOPsf eP klg d'Vo % sf] >]0fLdf klg k/]gg\ .
pbfx/0fsf nflu, wfgsf] af/]df s'/f ug]{ ;xefuLx¿sf] ;ª\Vof 7"n} eP klg o;sf] j[l4 ;DefJotf
pkNnf % pTkfbgeGbf Go"g 5 . v;L–afv|f ul/ad'vL /0fgLlt cGtu{t k/] klg b'Uw pTkfbgsf]
j[l4df /f]huf/L, kf]if0f / Jofkfl/s k|efjsf] pRr ;DefJotf 5 . lglZrt If]qx¿df cfn'nfO{ ds}eGbf
dfly /fVg ;lsPnf, t/ ;du| /fli6«o :t/df o:tf] x}l;ot 5}g . kfFr pRr >]0fLsf d"No z[Înfx¿n]
z[Înfsf ;xefuLx¿ -ls;fg, s[ifs ;d"xx¿, ;xsf/Lx¿, lghL :t/sf lgsfox¿, k|zf]wsx¿ /
Jofkf/Lx¿_nfO{ k|ToIf kmfObf k'¥ofpg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . cg'dfg cg';f/ d';'/f] bfnsf (),))),
ds}sf @)),))), lrofsf *,))) / t/sf/Lsf (%,))) sf t'ngfdf sDtLdf ^),))) b'Uw pTkfbg
pkIf]qsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ nfeflGjt x'g ;Sy] . xfnsf] ck]Iff cg';f/ sDtLdf )=% ldlnog
dflg;x¿n] k|ToIf nfe p7fpg] 5g\ . o;/L nfe p7fpg]x¿df sd hUufjfn s[ifs ;fy} b'u{d If]qsf
dlxnf ;d'bfo, s[ifs / s[lif Joj;fo ;d'bfo ;d]tsf ;fgf s[lif Joj;foLx¿ kg]{ 5g\ .

!&)_ of] ;"rLn] d"No z[Înfsf c¿ dx jk"0f{ j:t'x¿ -vf;u/L dx, Rofp / km"n_, clg ;du| u|fdL0f
;d'bfox¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf kg]{ t'ngfTds k|efjsf b[li6n] ;'ljwfljxLg, lk5l8Psf tyf PlSnPsf
kxf8L If]qsf t]n, pmg, hl8a'6L, / n]sfnL kmnkm"n -:ofp_ ;d]6]sf] 5}g . t/ Pl8P; cGtu{tsf
ljlzi6 sfo{qmdx¿ dfkm{t\ oL pTkfbgx¿nfO{ ljz]if ;xof]uL s[lif pkhsf] ¿kdf ;d]l6g] 5 .

!&!_ d"No z[Înf 5gf}6n] z[Înfsf ;xefuLsf ;d:ofx¿sf] lg/fs/0fsf ;DefJotfx¿df Wofg k'¥ofPsf]
5 . of] pTkfbg, k|zf]wg, kf]:6 xfe]{:6, ahf/Ls/0f, / gLlt / lgsfox¿df ;'wf/sf cj;/k|lt ;r]t
5 . ;fy} ;dfj]zL, lbuf], lghL jf ;xsf/L If]qut ljsf; / ;+of]hgåf/f pTkfbsTj, Jofkf/Ls/0f,
k|lt:kwf{Tdstf tyf ;'–zf;g xfl;n ug{ ahf/df cfwfl/t Jofkfl/s ;Dks{ alnof] kfg]{ :ki6 ;f]r
o;n] /fv]sf] 5 .

53
54
kl/lzi6 $M Pl8P; sf] sfo{of]hgfsf] s[ofsnfkx?sf] nfut
ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
! ;'zf;g $#,@^,#),))) (,@),))) $#,#%,%),)))
gLltsf] k|ltj4tfsf]
!=! ljZj;gLotf / s[ljd #^,)),)))
ls;fgsf clwsf/x¿
s[ljd
Pl8P; ljifodf s[ljd gLlt ljefu &% lhNnfdf !)
!=!=! ;r]tgf cleofgsf] gLlt ljefu jflif{s
;~rfng cleofg &,%) #,&%,))) #,&%,))) cleofgx¿
lgodgn] cf]u6\g]
gLltut d'2fx¿sf] s]s[ ljsf;, Pl8P; ;xfotf
!=!=@ jflif{s kl/0ffdsf]
Ps¿ktf / /f;; OsfO{ sfo{qmd sf]if !) @,)),))) @,)),)))
sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tf cg'udg
Pl8P; sf d'Vo
txx¿sf] bL3{ s[ljd
cjlwsf nflu gLlt ljefu
!=!=# /fof]cf cflwsfl/s
;xhLs/0f ug{ % @%,))) @%,))) lgodx¿
lgodgx¿sf] lgdf{0f JolQm dlxgf
/ nfu"
Pl8P; k~rjifL{o Pl8P; k~rjifL{o
!=!=$ /fof]cf @ @,)),))) @,)),)))
;dLIff ;xfotf OsfO{ sfo{qmd sf]if ;dLIff
Pl8P; sf]
sfof{Gjogsf]
;'lglZrttfsf nflu
!=!=% /fPsf; sfo{qmd sf]if !) !^,)),))) !^,)),))) !) jif{sf] nfut
gLlt / sfg'gsf]
kl/jtgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg
ug'{

55
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
s[ifs clwsf/sf] s[ljd
gLlt ljefu ^ cWoogx¿,
pTyfg ug{sf] nflu
!=!=^
;+oGqx¿sf] klxrfg s[ifs ;+u7g sfo{qmd sf]if ^ !),*),))) !,@),))) !,@),))) FO sf] tifm{af6
-ls;fg cfof]u_ !) k|ltzt
of]ubfg
Pl8P; sf] s[ljd
!=@ sfof{Gjogdf /fof]cf *),!),)))
;'wfl/Psf] ;+of]hg
/fP;;, s]s[ljsf;
sf] :yfkgfsf] nflu s[ljd cflwsfl/s
!=@=! lgodx¿ / /fof]cf JolQm dlxgf
;+;fwgx¿sf] th'{df @ !),))) !),))) lgodx¿
ug'{
s[ljd bz jif{
/fP;;sf] Ifdtf s8f
!=@=@ /fof]cf ;~rfng
ug'{ sfo{qmd sf]if !) %,)),))) %,)),))) nfutx¿
/fP;;sf
pk;ldltx¿sf] s[ljd ^ pk;ldltx¿,
!=@=# :yfkgf / ltgLx¿ /fof]cf
sfo{qmd sf]if ^) #),)),))) #),)),))) !) jif{
lgoldt e]6\g] s'/f
;'lGflZrt ug'{
s]Gb|Lo s[lif ljsf; s[ljd !) jif]{
!=@=$ sfof{Gjog ;ldltsf] /fof]cf s]s[ljsf;;~rfn
Ifdtf ;anLs/0f ug'{ sfo{qmd sf]if !) %,)),))) %,)),))) g
If]s[lj; / lhs[lj;sf % If]s[lj;/ &%
!=@=% p:t} ;efx¿sf] /fof]cf s[ljd lhs[lj;,!)jif{
pTyfg ug'{ sfo{qmd sf]if *)) $),)),))) $),)),))) ;~rfng
Pl8P; sf]
jflif{s If]qLo ljj/0f
!=@=^ /fof]cf s[ljd sfof{Gjog
tof/ kfg'{ - ;xof]u OsfO{

56
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
cGtu{tsf] nfut
nufOPsf]
Pl8P; sf]
Pl8P; sfof{Gjogsf
sfof{Gjog
lgb]{lzsfx¿ /
!=@=& /fof]cf s[ljd ;xof]u OsfO{
cg'udg k|0ffnLsf] - cGtu{tsf] nfut
ljsf; ug'{
nufOPsf]
!=# PsLs[t of]hgf /fof]cf s[ljd !,!,))),)))
-
ax'–dGqfno
of]hgfx¿sf] cflwsfl/s
!=#=! /fof]cf s[ljd JolQm dlxgf !) lgodg, jflif{s
PsLs/0fsf] %),))) %),)))
;'lGflZrttf ug'{
bL3{sfnLg
of]hgfx¿;Fu aflif{s cflwsfl/s
!=#=@ sfo{of]hgf / ah]6sf] /fof]cf s[ljd JolQm dlxgf lgodg, jflif{s
PsLs/0f ;'lglZrt !) %),))) %),)))
ug'{
of]hgfx¿sf] lgoldt ;ldlt
!=#=# cg'udg ;'lglZrt /fof]cf s[ljd
ug'{ sfo{qmd sf]if @) !),)),))) !),)),)))
sfo{;~rfng
k|efjsf/L sfo{Gjog
!=$ /fof]cf s[ljd &),$),)))
;xfotf
sfof{Gjog ;xhLs/0f
ug{sf nflu k|f;
s[ljd
!=$=! s[ljdcGtu{tsf] /fof]cf (TA)cfof]hgf
Pl8P; sfof{Gjog ! &),$),))) &),$),)))
;xfotf

57
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
n}l s ;dfgtf, /
;fdflhs / ef}uf]lns
!=% s[ljd ;ulgd @!,%)),)))
;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu
:yflkt ;+oGqx¿
n}l s ;dfgtf / k"0f{sfnLg
@ sd{rf/L , !)
!=%=! jftfj/0fLo ljefusf] s[ljd sd{rf/L
@) !),)),))) !),)),))) jif{
;anLs/0f jif{
h];Ldf cfwfl/t /
ef}uf]lns ;dfj]lztfdf !) jif{] sf]if
!=%=@ cfwfl/t tYof s[ljd sfo{qmd sf]if !)
pTkfbg tyf dd{t %,)),))) %,)),)))
ug'{
s]Gb|Lo ljefu / lhNnf &% lhNnf / %
k"0f{sfnLg ljefu sd{rf/L ,
:t/Lo cfof]ux¿df
!=%=# s[ljd sd{rf/L *) @$,)),))) @$,)),))) !) jif{
h];L sd{rf/Lsf]
jif{
:yfkgf / ;anLs/0f
dlxnf / k'?if ls;fg s[ljd !),)),))) !) jif{] sf]if
!=%=$ ;xeflutfsf] u'0ffTds sfo{qmd sf]if !) !),)),)))
/ kl/df0ffTds k|ult
;a} lhNnfx¿df s[lif s[ljd !,%),)),)))
!=%=% lj:tf/ ;]jf h];L sfo{qmd sf]if &%) !,%),)),))) &% lhNnf; !)
nfO{ hjfkmb]xL u/fpg] jif{
s[ifssf] kxF'rdf ;'wf/ s[ifsx¿sf] s[ljd %,)),))) s[ifs u7aGwgn]
!=%=^
u7aGwg TA cfof]hgf ! %,)),)))
sfof{Gjog u/]sf]
s[lif cg';Gwfgdf !) jif{] sf]if
!=%=& h];Lhjfkmb]lxtfnfO{ s[ljd gfs{ sfo{qmd sf]if !) !),)),))) !),)),)))
pTyfg ug{]
h];L /0fgLlt ljsf;
!=%=* s[ljd ;+/fdlxnfx¿ k|f; cfof]hgf ! !,)),))) !,)),)))
ug{]

58
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
plrt ;dodf
!=^ k|efjsf/L cg'udg / s[ljd !,&*,%),)))
d"Nof \sg
s]Gb|Lo / lhNnf &% lhNnf / %
:t/sf OsfO{x¿sf] ljefu sd{rf/L ,
!=^=! cg'udg / d"Nof g s[ljd sfo{qmd sf]if *) $),)),))) $),)),))) !) jif{
Ifdtfsf] ;anLs/0f
ug'{
;'Jojl:yt cg'udg
/ d"Nofª\sg k"/f
!=^=@ ug{sf nflu Ps plrt s[ljd k|f; cfof]hgf ! %,)),))) %,)),)))
ljlw / k|0ffnLsf]
:yfkgf ug'{
k|To]s jif{
cg'udgnfO{ pTs[i6 sfo{ ug{]
;'zf;g;Fu hf]8\g Ps @) lhNnf
!=^=# k|0ffnLsf] ;~rfng s[ljd Psf;O sfo{qmd sf]if ! !),)),))) !),)),))) sfof{nox¿nfO{
ug'{ %,))) o' o;
8n/n] k'/:s[t
ug'{
vfBfGg / kf]if0f !) jif{] sf]if ,
;'/Iffsf] cg'udg / &%,)))8n/
!=^=$ d"Nof \sg ug'{ -g]kfn s[ljd ljvfsf/o'/f]k]nL sfo{qmd sf]if !) &,%),))) &,%),)))
o'lgog k|ltjif{
vfB ;'/Iff cg'udg
k|0ffnL] :f+:yfut ug'{_
s]Gb|Lo
s[lif / j:t'efp tYof tYof ljefu,
!=^=% ljefu sfo{qmd sf]if ! !,)),)),))) !,)),)),)))
u0fgfsf] ;~rfng ug'{ s[ljd

59
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
k|To]s jif{ @
g]kfn ;/sf/ / k6s, !) jif{ ,
ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿ % g]kfn ;/sf/,
!=^=^ ;lxtsf] ;+oQ ' m cd" /fof]cf lhlj;/uflj; / sfo{qmd sf]if @) *,)),))) *,)),))) !^,)),))) !) lj;f
ld;gx¿ ;~rfng lj;f sd{rf/L,
ug'{ @, s[;+, @
g]pjf;+
gful/s ;dfhsf] s[lif ;+u7g,
!=& ;xeflutfsf nflu /fof]cf s[ljd !,&%,)),)))
:yflkt ;+oGqx¿
c \u|]hL / g]kfnL b'j} s[ljd !) jif]{] sf]if
!=&=! efiffdf sf] :yfkgf / sfo{qmd sf]if !) @,%),))) @,%),)))
;Def/ ug'{
gLlt / cGt/f{li6o
;xsfo{ ;+of]hg s[ljd !) jif]{] sf]if
!=&=@ ljefu cGtu{tsf] sfo{qmd sf]if !) &,%),))) &,%),)))
;"rgf–8]S;sf] :yfkgf
ug'{
If]q / lhNnfdf p:t} !) jif{] sf]if
!=&=# Pl8P; ;"rgf s[ljd sfo{qmd sf]if &%) !,%),)),))) !,%),)),)))
sIfx¿sf] :yfkgf
gful/s ;dfhnfO{
Pl8P; sf] cg'udg / !) jif{] sf]if
!=&=$ s[ljd sfo{qmd sf]if &%) !%,)),))) !%,)),)))
d"Nof g k|ltj]bgsf]
cfjlws k|:t'lt
Pl8P; ;+of]hg / s[ljd,
;~rfngdf ;+nUg cGo ;a} @%,&%),)))
!=* /fof]cf ;fem]bf/x¿
d'Vo ;+:yfx¿sf]
Ifdtfsf] a[l4

60
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
Ifdtf cfjZostf k|f; cfof]hgfdf
!=*=! /fof]cf s[ljd, cGo ;a} k|f; cfof]hgf @,%),))) @,%),)))
hfFr ;fem]bf/x¿ ;dflji6 ePsf]
d"Vo ;+:yfx¿sf] k|f; cfof]hgfdf
!=*=@ Ifdtf lgdf{0fsf] /fof]cf s[ljd, cGo ;a} k|f; cfof]hgf @,%),))) @,%),))) ;dflji6 ePsf]
of]hgf th'{df ug'{ ;fem]bf/x¿
Ifdtf lgdf{0fsf] s[ljd, cGo;a} sfo{qmd sf]if !) jif{] sf]if
!=*=# /fof]cf !) !,)),)),))) !,)),)),)))
cg'udg / sfof{Gjog ;fem]bf/x¿
;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf s[ l jd, cGo ;a} sfo{qmd sf]if
!=*=#=! /fof]cf %),)),))) %),)),)))
lgdf{0f ;~rfng ug'{ ;fem]bf/x¿
/fli6o ls;fg
!=*=#=@ u7aGwg sf] Ifdtf /fof]cf s[ljd, cGo ;a} sfo{qmd sf]if #),)),))) #),)),)))
lgdf{0f ;~rfng ug'{ ;fem]bf/x¿
/fli6o ;xsfo{ ;+3sf]
Ifdtf lgdf{0f
!=*=#=# ;~rfng /fof]cf s[ljd, cGo ;a} !),)),))) !),)),)))
;fem]bf/x¿

lghL If]qsf
!=*=#=$ ;+u7gx¿sf] Ifdtf /fof]cf s[ljd, cGo ;a} !),)),))) !),)),)))
lgdf{0f ;~rfng ug'{ ;fem]bf/x¿
MOAD / ;DjGwLt
!=*=$ ljefux¿sf] s[ljd k|f; cfof]hgf @,%),))) @,%),)))
;+u7gfTds ;'wf/sf]
d"Nof g ug'{
s[ljd df gLc;;d !) jif{] sf]if
!=*=% s[ljd sfo{qmd sf]if !) %),)),))) %),)),)))
:yfkgf ug'{
clt ;'ljwf jl~rtsf] s[ljd,
;'wfl/Psf] vfBfGg /
!=( #@,@&,)),)))
kf]if0f ;'/Iff / vfB vfkf];'sf,
clwsf/ k|aGws

61
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
nlIft /fli6o vfB /
vfkf];'sf
!=(=! kf]if0f ;'/Iff k|f;cfof]hgf ! ^,)),))) ^,)),)))
k|aGws
sfo{qmdsf] l8hfOgug'{
klxnf] % jif{df
nlIft /fli6o vfB / ^) k|ltzt, @)
vfkf];'sf
!=(=@ kf]if0f ;'/Iff sfo{qmd sf]if ! !%,^),)),))) !%,^),)),))) - k|ltzt k'g/fj[lQ
k|aGws
sfo{qmdsf] nfu" ug'{
@) k|ltzt
g]kfn vfB;'/Iff k'g{/fj[lQ
!=(=# s[ljd sfo{qmd sf]if ! ^,^),)),))) ^,^),)),)))
sfo{qmdnfu" ug'{
@) k|ltzt
vfB kf]if0f ;'/Iff k'g/fj[lQ
!=(=$ s[ljd sfo{qmd sf]if ! (,)),)),))) (,)),)),)))
sfo{qmd nfu" ug'{
rln/x]sf] vfBfGg / !) jif]{] cfof]hgf
kf]if0f ;'/Iff vfkf];'sf Joj:yfkg
!=(=% sfo{qmd sf]if !) !),)),))) !),)),)))
cfof]hgfx¿;Fu k|aGws
;dGjo ug{]
g]kfn vfB ;';'/Iff
of]hgf, vfB kf]if0f
;'/Iff of]]hgf,/ cGo vfkf];'sf
!=(=^ k|f; cfof]hgf ! ^,)),))) ^,)),)))
vfBfGg / kf]if0f ;'/Iff k|aGws
cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;dLIff
ug'{
s]Gb|Lo / lhNnf
:t/sf vfB ;'/Iff !) jif]{], s]Gb|Lo /
vfkf];'sf &) lhNnfx¿
!=(=& ;dGjo ;+oGqx¿sf] sfo{qmd sf]if !) *),)),))) *),)),)))
k|aGws
Ifdtfsf] ;jnLs/0f
ug'{
vfB clwsf/ / vfB vfkf];'sf % jif]{] sfo{qmd
!=(=* sfo{qmd sf]if ! %,)),))) %,)),)))
;Dk|e'tf sfg"g k|aGws

62
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
th'{dfsf] k|j4{g /
ltgLx¿sf]
sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg
sfo{;Dkfbssf]] nflu
k'/:sf/ ;lxtsf] s[ljd
!=!) sfo{;Dkfbgdf - *%,)),)))
cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg
k|0ffnL :yfkgf
lgb]{lzsf / :t/Lo %,)),))) %,)),)))
!=!)=! ;~rfng ljlwx¿sf] s[ljd k|f; cfof]hgf !
:yfkgf
sfo{;Dkfbgdf !% lhNnfx¿df
cfwfl/t Joj:yfkg ;~rfng
!=!)=@ s[ljd gd'gf cfof]hgf &%,)),))) &%,)),)))
k|0ffnL ljifos gd"gf
sfo{qmd;~rfng ug'{
gd"gf sfo{qmdsf]
!=!)=# d"Nof \sg ug'{ / s[ljd k|f;cfof]hgf %,)),))) %,)),)))
l;kml/;x¿ agfpg'
pRr pTkfbsTj
@ !,*@,!*,@),))) !#,(*,@%,))) !,(^,!^,$%,)))
ls;fg /
s[lifOG6/k|fOh]hx¿sf]
cfjZostfk|lt ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj,
@=! /]:kf]lG;e Ps %),&&,^),)))
k|aGws ;fs[k|;]s]
ljs]lGb|t k|;f/ k|0ffnL

;fd'bflos s[lifk|;f/
;]jf s]Gb|x¿sf] ljk|lzsf s[lj,
@=!=! :yfkgf k|aGws k;]lj;fs[k|;]s]

63
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
;fs[k|;]s]sf nflu
;fwf/0f lgb{]lzsfsf] k|f;
ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj,
@=!=!=! th'd
{ f k|aGws
cGt/fli6o # ^),))) - ^),)))
;fs[k|;]s] JolQm dlxgf

kxnsf af/]df ;r]tgf

cleofg ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj, $)))
@=!=!=@ cleofg $,))) @),)),))) @),)),)))
k|aGws ;fs[k|;]s] uf=lj=;=x¿df
cleofgx¿
k|To]s tflnd
sf]if{df @% hgf
;fs[k|;]s] :yfkgfsf x'g], Ps
nflu ;xof]ufy{ Ifdtf ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj, uf=lj=;=af6 Ps
@=!=!=# lgdf{0f tflnd sf]if !^) #,@),))) #,@),)))
k|aGws ;fs[k|;]s] hgfsf] b/df,
$,))) uf=lj=;=

!),))) 8n/
;fs[k|;]s] sf] k|lt ;fd'bflos
:yfkgfsf nflu d"Nf ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj, s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf
@=!=!=$ k};f k"/s cg'bfg $))) @,)),)),))) @,)),)),))) $,)),)),))) s]Gb|%):%)
k|aGws ;fs[k|;]s]
ljQLo Joj:yfkg

k|To]s uf=lj=;=
df $ tflndx¿,
;fs[k|;]s] lj:tf/ ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj, @% hgf
@=!=!=% tflnd sf]if{ ^$) !@,*),))) !@,*),)))
k|fljlwssf] tflnd k|aGws ;fs[k|;]s] JolQmx¿, k|lt
sf]if{, $)))
uf=lj=;=
;fs[k|;]s]sf] k|fljlws $ e|d0fx¿ k|lt
Jofs:6f]lku ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj, k|fljlwssf]
@=!=!=^ !^),))) !,^),)),))) !,^),)),))) jif{, $)))
k|aGws ;fs[k|;]s] e|d0f
uf=lj=;

64
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
$ e|d0fx¿ k|lt
;fs[k|;]s] sf] afXo jif{, $)))
cg'udg ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj, k|fljlwssf]
@=!=!=& !,^),))) !,^),)),))) !,^),)),))) uf=lj=;
k|aGws ;fs[k|;]s] e|d0f

s[lif / kz' ;]jf s]Gb|

/ pk s]Gb|x¿sf] ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj,
@=!=@ Ifdtf ;anLs/0f k|aGws ;fs[k|;]s] -

%))) h]l6P,
tflnd, sfo{zfnfx¿, %) tflnd
k|fljlwsx¿sf nflu ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj, sf]if{x¿, @%
@=!=@=! cWoog e|d0f tflnd sf]if !),))) @,)),)),))) @,)),)),)))
k|aGws ;fs[k|;]s] JolQm k|lt sf]if{

kmfd{ k|b{zg / $ kmfd{ k|b{zgL

s[ifssf] tflndsf ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj, k|lt jif{ k|lt
@=!=@=@ nflu ;|f]tx¿ k|aGws farm demo !,^),))) #@,)),)),))) #@,)),)),))) uf=lj=;=
;fs[k|;]s]

!,$))
s]Gb|/pks]Gb|
s[lif / kz' ;]jf s]Gb| k|To]snfO{
/ pk s]Gb|x¿sf] @),))) 8n/,
@=!=@=# k"jf{wf/ / cf}hf/ ;'wf/ ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj, k"jf{wf/ / cf}hf/ !,$)) $,*),)),))) $,*),)),))) @) ldlnog
ug'{ k|aGws ;fs[k|;]s]
MOAD /
ljefux¿sf sf
nflu !)
jif}{el/sf nflu
lj:tf/ / ;Nnfxfsf/
;]jfx¿df ef}r/ ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj,
@=!=# k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf k|aGws -
;fs[k|;]s]

65
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
kfOn6 ef}r/ l:sdsf]
l8hfOg, nfu" / ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj, k|f;
@=!=#=! d"Nof \sg ug'{ ! %,)),))) %,)),)))
k|aGws ;fs[k|;]s] cfof]hgf

%),))) s[ifs
kfOn6 l:sdsf] ef}r/x¿,
%)))) ef}r/sf] nflu ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj, ef}r/ k|To]snfO{ %)
@=!=#=@ ah]6 k|bfg ug'{ %),))) @%,)),))) @%,)),)))
k|aGws ;fs[k|;]s] 8n/

s[ifs ahf/Ls/0f ! FMS k|lt

ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj,
@=!=$ ljBfnox¿ z'?ug'{
k|aGws - $))) uf=lj=;=
;fs[k|;]s]
sfo{qmd Ifdtf / k|To]s lhNnfdf
k|lzIfssf nflu ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj, $ hgf k|lzlIft
@=!=$=! k|lzIf0fsf] :yfkgf k|aGws TA cfof]hgf ! %,)),))) %,)),))) JolQmx¿
;fs[k|;]s]

d"No rqm
:ynut
ljsf;sfnflu
ljBfnox¿M !)
k|fyldstfdf k/]sf ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj,
@=!=$=@ FMS, FFS !,))) %),)),))) %),)),))) JolQmx¿,
uf=lj=;= x¿df k|aGws ;fs[k|;]s] meets 10 x
FMS;~rfng ug{]
yr
s[lif lj:tf/df ICT
ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj,
@=!=% sf] pTyfg
k|aGws -
;fs[k|;]s]
k|To]s CAESC sf
nflu OG6/g]6 ;]jf ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj, OG6/g]6 ;]jf
@=!=%=! $,))) @),)),))) @),)),)))
;lxtsf] PCs cyjf k|aGws ;fs[k|;]s] ;lxtsf] PCs
tablet k|bfg ug'{

66
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
k|To]s
PlKns];gsf
nflu %),)))
8n/ nfut,
@=!=%=@
df]afOn PlKns];gx¿ ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj, PP !) @,%),))) @,%),))) %,)),))) ;/sf/sf]
k|aGws ;fs[k|;]s] sfo{qmd%)M%) tkm{af6 %)
k|ltzt
ljQLo Joj:yf

sif[s ;d"xx¿ / k|To]s ;d"xdf

;+:yfx¿nfO{ a}+s / @)
ljQLo ;+:yfx¿;Fu ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj, sfo{qmd s[ifsx¿,k|To]s
@=!=^ &% !%,)),))) !%,)),)))
hf]8\g' k|aGws ;fs[k|;]s] sfo{qmddf k|To]s
lhNnfdf !))
;d"xx¿
:yn sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{
/ kf]if0fk|lt efj's x'g ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj,
@=!=& tflnd lbg' k|aGws -
;fs[k|;]s]

k|Tio]s uflj;df
% k|lzlIft
h];L / kf]if0fdf tflnd ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj, tflnd sf]if{ JolQmx¿, @%
@=!=&=! *)) !^,)),))) !^,)),)))
k|aGws ;fs[k|;]s] k|lt sf]if{,

%)) yk dlxnf
gfk|f; df dlxnfsf] ljk|lzsf s[lj, k;]lj,
@=!=&=@
k|ltlglwTj j[l4 ug"{ k|aGws JT tnj ^),))), #,)),)),))) #,)),)),))) h]6L, !) jif]{
;fs[k|;]s] tna
s[ifsx¿ / s[lif
ljk|lzsf
@=@ OG6/k|fOh]hsf]
k|aGws - !),@^,@),)))
cfjZostfx¿ k|lt

67
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
hjfkmb]xL ljs]Gb|Ls[t
cg';Gwfg k|0ffnL

/fc;+ / If]s[cs]nfu"
x'g] cg';Gwfg , gfs{
cGtu{tsf] tflnd lgb]{zs JolQm
;lxtsf]gfs{nfO{ ljk|lzsf dlxgf #),)))
@=@=! gfs{ ^ #),)))
s]s[cs] sf] lzv/sf] k|aGws
¿kdf k'g;+{/rgf ug'{

/fs[csf]] :yfkgf, cg'bfgsf] ¿kdf

/fs[cljsf];Fu ldnfg , ljk|lzsf sf]ifsf] ;'?jft sf]ifsf] ;'?jft
@=@=!=! gfs{;FUf PsLs/0f gfs{ ! !),)),)),))) !),)),)),)))
k|aGws

Pl8P; ;Fu
;dfggfs{sf] b"/blz{tf
@=@=!=@ @)!!–#) sf] clGtd ljk|lzsfk|a gfs{ k|f; /fli6o # #),))) #),)))
¿k lbg' Gws
JolQm dlxgf

afujfGfL, kz' :jf:Yo,

/ hnr/ / df5fkfng ejgx¿ /
@=@=!=# sf nflu /fc; sf] ljk|lzsf gfs{ ;~rfng # &,%),))) &,%),)))
@%,)),)))
:yfkgf ug'{ k|aGws k|lt/fc;

pRr kxf8x¿, dWo

kxf8x¿, / ;'k ejgx¿ /
@=@=!=$ t/fO{df If]s[cs] sf] ljk|lzsf gfs{ ;~rfng # &,%),))) &,%),)))
:yfkgf ug'{ k|aGws

68
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
t/fO{df -@_, dWo]
kxf8df -!_/ pRr
kxf8df -!_ oyfjt
ejgx¿ /
/lx/x]sf cg';Gwfg ljk|lzsf
@=@=!=% gfs{ ;~rfng $ !),)),))) !),)),)))
s]Gb|x¿ leq} s[lif k|aGws
oflGqs/0f s]Gb|x¿sf]
:yfkgf

bf]xf]/f]kgf -8'lKns];g_
x6fpgsf] nflu / Lgb]{zs JolQm
ljk|lzsf dlxgf
@=@=!=^ sfo{qmdx¿sf] gfs{ ^ #),))) #),)))
k|aGws
k'g{;+/rgf ug'{ /
vlbFnf] kfg{'
cg';Gwfg–z}lIfs–
lj:tf/sf] Lgb]{zs JolQm
lqsf]0fleqsf] ljk|lzsfk|a gfs{, z}lIfs dlxgf
@=@=@ ^ #),))) #),)))
hf]8fOnfO{ alnof] kfg'{ Gws ;+:yfg

;'b[9 s[lif lzIff ljk|lzsfk|a

@=#
k|0ffnL Gws
ljZjljBfno - %,!%,%),)))
s[lif ljZjljBfnosf]
ejgx¿ / % jif]{ e/L
;'ljwfx¿ / Ifdtfdf ljk|lzsf
@=#=! ljZjljBfno ;~rfng ! !@,%),))) !@,%),)))
;'wf/ ug'{ k|aGws

s[lif / jglj1fg k|zf;g / ;'ljwf

ljZjljBfnodf gofF ljk|lzsf ;dfj]z ePsf]
@=#=@ ljefux¿sf] :yfkgf k|aGws
ljZjljBfno - -

s[lifJofkf/ ljefusf] ljk|lzsf sfo{qmd sf]if

@=#=!=! ljZjljBfno !) %),)),))) %),)),))) bz jif{] sf]if
:yfkgf k|aGws

69
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
k|ljlw k|rf/ ljefusf]
ljk|lzsf sfo{qmd sf]if
@=#=@=@ :yfkgf ljZjljBfno !) !,@%,)),))) !,@%,)),))) bz jif{] sf]if
k|aGws
;o'Qm z}lIfs /
cg';GwfgfTds
ljk|lzsf sfo{qmd sf]if
@=#=# sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ljZjljBfno %) !),)),))) !),)),)))
];xof]u ug'{ k|aGws

s[lif ljZjljBfno !) jif}{ el/

lghL If]q ;fem]bf/ k|To]s jif{ %
;~rfngsf] :yfkgf ljk|lzsf ;fgL;fsfo{qmd%
@=#=$ ljZjljBfno %) !@,%),))) !@,%),))) @%,)),))) sfo{qmdx¿
ug'{ k|aGws )M%)

cGo If]qx¿df gofF

s[lif jf kz' lj1fg ejgx¿ /
@=#=% sn]hx¿sf] :yfkgf ljk|lzsfk|a ljZjljBfno ;~rfng %) !@,%),))) !@,%),)))
ug'{ Gws

k|fljlws lzIff tyf k|fljlws lzIff /

Jofj;flos tfnLd ljk|lzsfk|a k];fut tflnd
@=#=^ ljZjljBfno k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f !)) %),))) %),))) s]Gb|x¿
kl/ifbsf] Ifdtf Gws
;'b[9Ls/0f ug'{
ljb]zL l8u|L /
tflndsf dfWodaf6 k|To]s jif{ #)
;/sf/L k];fut cNksfnLg
sd{rf/L, z}lIfs ljk|lzsfk|a tflnd / !%
@=#=& k|0ffnL , / lghL ljZjljBfno 5fqj[lQ !) !,*),)),))) !,*),)),))) bL3{sfnLg
Gws
If]qsf] Ifdtf tflndx¿ -
;'b[9Ls/0f ug'{ :gftsf]Q/,
ljBfjfl/lw_

70
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
vfBfGg / kf]if0f
;'/IffnfO{ oyfjt s[lif ljZjljBfnox¿
lzIff k|0ffnLdf ljk| l zsfk|
a , sn]hx¿ / sfo{qmd sf]if
@=#=* !) !,)),)),))) !,)),)),))) bz jif{] sf]if
d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug'{ Gws k];fut
ljBfnox¿
e"ldsf] lbuf] /
k|efjsf/L k|of]u ug{]
@=$ kof{Kt cfsf/sf] v]tL e";'Jod /fof]cf,sfGof;+
- #,@%,@%,)))
;dflji6 Ps v]tLIf]q dfd, s[ljd

e"ld;'wf/ ;DaGwL
gLlt lgodx¿sf]
sfof{Gjog jf ;dLIff /fof]cf,
ug{sf nflu gLlt cflwsfl/s
@=$=! e";'Jod sfGof;+dfd, ! %,))) %,)))
sygsf] lg0f{o / u|x0f JolQm dlxgf
s[ljd
ug'{

e"ld Joj:yfkg
sfof{no cGt{utsf]
sfo{x¿nfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f
ug{sfnflu e"lDf /fof]cf,
@=$=@ :fDaGwL P]g cGt{ut e";'Jod sfGof;+dfd, /fli6o k|aGws ! !,)),))) !,)),)))
;/sf/L lgb{]zg hf/L s[ljd
ug{]

df]lxofgL / bf]xf]/f]
:jfldTjnfO{ Jojl:yt
@=$=# e";'Jod sfGof;+dfd lhNnf k|aGws &% !,%)),))) !%,)),))) k|To]s lhNnfdf
ug{ e"ld ;DaGwL
cbfntsf] u7g ug'{
@=$=$ hUufsf] clws/0fnfO{ e";'Jod sfGof;+dfd lhNnf k|aGws &% !%,)),))) !%,)),))) k|To]s lhNnfdf

71
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
:jLs[t ;Ldfdf
emfg{sf nflu
nIox¿sf] lgwf{/0f /
nfu" ug'{

kmfd{ wgLåf/f
;~rflnt, kmfld{
;xsf/Lx¿ / s[lif
Jofkf/ kmfd{x¿sf] cd, cflwsfl/s
@=$=% e";'Jod @$ !@,)),))) !@,)),)))
pTyfgsf nflu sfGof;+dfd, JolQm dlxgf
lgodx¿, k|f]T;fxg
tyf gl;otsf]
Joj:yf ;'? ug'{
“e"ld ef8fdf lbg]
@=$=^
cd,
skf{]/];g" of]hgfsf] e";'Jod gd"gf of]hgf ! !),)),))) !),)),)))
;~rfng
sfGof;+dfd
e"ldsf] v08Ls/0fnfO{
@=$=& sd ug'{ e";J' od
cd,
sfGof;+dfd
@=$=$=!
sfg'gL pkrf/x¿
e";'Jod
cd, cflwsfl/s
!@ ^),))) ^),)))
sfGof;+dfd JolQm dlxgf
ljQLo / s/ ;'ljwf,
@=$=$=@ eQfm e";'Jod
cd, ! !),)),))) !),)),)))
cg’bfg Kofs]h
sfGof;+dfd
s[lif Jofkf/ sfo{x¿sf]
@=$=* pTyfgsf] nflu s/f/ e";'Jod
cd, cflwsfl/s
!@ ^),))) ^),)))
sfGof;+dfd JolQm dlxgf
v]tL P]g nfu" ug{]
6]G8]G;L clwsf/x¿sf]
@=$=( k|flKt ljgf km]o/ e";'Jod
cd, cflwsfl/s
!@ ^),))) ^),)))
sfGof;+dfd JolQm dlxgf
6d{df nfdf] ;dosf]

72
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
nflu ef8fdf lng
cg'dlt lbg] e"ld
ef8fdf lbg] P]g –s/f/
v]tL P]gsf] efu klg
x'g ;S5_ sf] nfu" ug{]

e"ldsf] c~rnLs/0f
@=$=!) gLltnfO{ nfu" ug{] e";'Jod
cd, cflwsfl/s
@$ !,@),))) !,@),)))
sfGof;+dfd JolQm dlxgf
Kf'g{:yfkgfsf nflu
sd;n e"ldsf] k|f; Ef]f}uf]lns ;"rgf
je" ;+/If0f
@=$=!! e";'Jod Kl/of]hgf / !) @%))),))) @%))),)))
klxrfg ug'{ dGqfno, s[ljd
sfo{qmd sf]if k|ljlw (GIS)

e"lddf dlxnfsf]
K|f|To]s uflj;df
@=$=!@ clwsf/sf] ;r]tgf e";'Jod s[ljd $,))) @),)),))) @),)),)))
cleofg ! cleofg
j[l4 ug'{
l;l~rt If]qsf] ;dfg
/ efOjn lj:tf/
@=% ePsf], / ;'wfl/Psf] l;Fd s[ljd, hp; - ^(,)@,)),)))
l;FrfO Ifdtf /
Joj:yfkg
lkmlhan dfWofdaf6
@=%=! l;FrfO If]qsf] lj:tf/ l;Fd s[ljd
ug'{
;'?jft eO;s]]sf
cg'dflgt $)))
@=%=!=! ;tx of]hgfx¿nfO{ l;Fd s[ljd sf]if k|lt x]S6/ *),))) #@,)),)),))) #,@)),)),)))
8n/ k|lt x]S6/
k"/f ug'{
gd"gf demf}nf
e"h;|f]ljaf]s[ljd
@=%=!=@ kf]v/L/hnfzol/rfh{ l;Fd gd"gf of]hgf ! !),)),))) !),)),)))
, s[ifsx¿
lgdf{0f

73
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
elTsPsf] ;tx dd{t
@=%=!=#
of]hgfx¿
l;Fd s[ifsx¿ cfof]hgf hl6n #$,))) #,$),)),))) #,$),)),))) $!,)))/ x]S6/

@=%=!=$ elTsPsf l;Fd s[ifsx¿ cfof]hgf ;fgf #$,))) #$,),),))) #$,)),))) $!,))/ x]S6/
6\o'aj]nx¿sf] dd{t
ug'{
gofF 6\o'aj]nx¿ $%))/ x]S6/
@=%=!=% l;Fd s[ifsx¿ cfof]hgf hl6n &%,))) !,*&,%),))) !,*&,%),))) #,&%,)),))) s[ifsn] z]o/
lgdf{0f ug'{
u/]sf] nfut
!) lhNnfn]
k|To]sn] %))
ck/Dk/fut l;FrfOsf] s[ifsx¿ lghL
@=%=!=^ l;Fd gd'gf of]hgf !) %),)),))) %),)),))) !,)),)),))) x]S6/ se/ ug{]
ljsf; ug'{ If]q
u/L ;~rfng
ug{]
ljBdfg of]hgfx¿s]f $$))/ x]S6/
@=%=@ k|efjsf/L If]q j[l4 l;Fd hp; sfd / tflnd !,&),,))) #,$),)),))) #,$),)),))) ^,*),)),))) s[ifsn] z]o/
ug'{ u/]sf] nfut
l;FrfOsf] 3gTj j[l4
@=%=#
ug'{
l;Fd je";+d, pmd -
@) k|ltzt
hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg sf] k'gj[{Iff/f]k0f ;d'bfosf]
@=%=#=! l;Fd je";+d !) *),)),))) @),)),))) !,)),)),))) of]ubfg
;'wf/ ug'{ gd'gf of]hgf

cGt/ a]l;g k|;f/sf] K|f|To]s of]hgf

lgdf{0f cg'dflgt nfut
@=%=#=@ l;Fd pmd sfdx¿ & @,*),)),))) @,*),)),)))
$ ldlnog
cd]l/sL 8n/
l;FrfO k|0ffnLsf] ;'wf/
@=%=$ / v]td} kfgL l;Fd -
Joj:yfkg ug{]

74
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
l;FrfO ljsf;
ljefudf kl/jt{g
@=%=$=! ug{sf nflu l;FrfO l;Fd /fli6o k|aGws !) !,)),))) !,)),)))
Joj:yfkg ljefunfO{
;'b[9 / ;'wf/ ug{]
%)))
;/sf/ jf l;FrfO{ of]hgfx¿, !)
;]jf z'Ns; \sngaf6 jif]{jif{ k|To]s jif{
jflif{s ;~rfng
@=%=$=@ kof{Kt ah]6 pknAw l;Fd cd %),))) @,%),)),))) @,%),)),))) %,)),)),))) !))) 8n/
u/fpg] ah]6
ah]6sf b/n],
%) k|ltzt
nfut z]o/
hp; / s[ifsx¿sf] cg-kmfd{tflnd
Ifdtf lgdf{0f ug'{ !%))) hp;
@=%=$=# l;Fd sf]if{ !%,))) #,)),)),))) #,)),)),)))
!))) 8n/ k|lt
tflnd sf]if{sf]
l;FrfO Joj:yfkg
@=%=%
k|0ffnL k|;f/ nfu" ug{]
l;Fd hp; /fli6«o k|aGws #@ #@,)),))) #@,)),))) #@ of]hgf
O&M sf nflu sf]if hp;Kf|zf;g
@=%=^ :yfkgf ug{] , ISF l;Fd hp; k|aGw nfut !%,))) !%,)),))) !,%),)),))) ;'wf/sf] nflu
;'b[9Ls/0f ug{] nfut
PsLs[t hn >f]t
@=%=& l;Fd e";'Jod cfof]hgf % %),)),))) %),)),)))
Joj:yfkg nfu" ug{]
! s[ifs kf7zfnf
dlxnf s[ifsx¿sf] !) dlxnf k|lt
@=%=* l;Fd s[ljd s[ifs kf7zfnf !%,))) &,%),)),))) &,%),)),)))
Ifdtf j[l4 ug{] [s[ifs kf7zfnf
k|lt hp;
plrt ;do / wfGg
@=^ ;Sg] d"Nodf u'0f:t/Lo - ^,)),)))
s[lif Ogk'6df kxF'r

75
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
/fof]cf, cd,
@=^=! ;+utgLltsf] th'{df s[ljd lhNnf k|aGws ! !,)),))) !,)),)))
jfcfd
Ogk'6sf] nflu ef}r/
@=^=@ s[ljd cd k|f;cfof]hgf ! %,)),))) %,)),)))
k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf
>f]tx¿df kof{Kt
nufgL / Ifdtf
lgdf{0f 4f/f ljp
@=& ljhg b[li6 ;lxtsf] s[ljd lghL If]q - !,@(,)),)))
ljBdfg aLp ljhg
gLltsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog ug'{
aLp cg';Gwfg
lghL If]q, ljZj
@=&=! s]Gb|x¿sf] Ifdtf j[l4 s[ljd cg';Gwfg s]Gb| !) @%,)),))) @%,)),)))
ljBfno
ug'{
k|lt lhNnf !)
lghL, ;xsf/L,
sfo{qmdx¿,
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t lghL If]q, ;fgL;fsfo{qmd%
@=&=@ s[ljd ^,)) #),)),))) #),)),))) ^),)),))) k|To]s *)))
aLp pTkfbgnfO{ ;xsf/L )M%)
8n/, %)
pTyfg ug{]
k|ltzt z]o/
u'0f:t/ ;'lgZrLttf lghL
@=&=# s[ljd k|f; cfof]hgf ! %,)),))) %,)),)))
k|0ffnLx¿nfO{ nfu" ug'{

l7dfxfx¿sf] % If]qsf #
pTkfbgnfO{ pTyfg c~rndf
;fgL;f
@=&=$ ug'{ s[ljd lghL !% #,&%,))) #,*%,))) &,%),))) pTkfbg, %)
sfo{qmd%)M%)
k|ltzt nfut
z]o/
aLp dfu tyf sfo{qmd sf]if !) jif]{, %)
@=&=% cfk"lt{df ;"rgf s[ljd lghL !) @,)),))) @,)),))) $,)),))) k|ltzt nfut
k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug'{ z]o/

76
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
h}ljs ljljwtf gLlt
@=&=^ nfUf" ug'{ s[ljd jfd |k|f;cfof]hgf ! %,)),))) %,)),)))

&% lhNnfdf
aLp ljhgsf] nflu $)) ls;fg
@=&=& ef}r/ k|0fnL ;~rfng s[ljd cd cfof]hgf #),))) &,%),))) &,%),))) ;~rfng, @%
ug{] 8n/ ef}r/ k|lt
JolQm
'aLp ;Dk|e'tfsf nflu
v'nf k/fu;]rg,
@=&=* ;'wfl/Psf] / :yflgo s[ljd ;xsf/L, lghL ;fgL;fsfo{qmd !%) &%,))) &%,))) !%,)),)))
aLp pTkfbg k|0ffnLsf]
pTyfg ug{]
cNksfndf :jLsfo{
x'g] dnsf] cfk"lt{sf]
Jofjxfl/s ;dfwfgn]
:ki6 ¿kdf dWosfn
/ bL3{sfnsf nflu
@=* /0fgLltsf] :ki6 - $%,*@,%),)))
; \s]t ub{5 /
pTkfbsTj ;'wf/ ug{]
nIo /fVb5 .

dndf ;x'lnot ;/sf/sf] @)!@

Joj:yf ug'{ sf] ah]6df
@=*=! s[ljd cd ah]6 !) $,)),))) $),)),)),)))
cfwfl/t
;x'lnot, !) jif]{
k|efjsf/L dn
@=*=@ k|of]usf nflu s[ljd lghL
k"/spkfox¿ -

77
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
k|bz{g / ;r]tgf @% k|ltzt lghL
@=*=@=! s[ljd |kb| z{g $,))) ^),)),))) @),)),))) *),)),)))
cleofg If]qsf] of]ubfg
cuf{lgs / h}ljs @% k|ltzt lghL
@=*=@=@ s[ljd [s[ifs kf7zfnfs $,))) ^),)),))) @),)),))) *),)),)))
dnsf] pTyfg ug'{ If]qsf] of]ubfg
dn, pTkfbg /
cfk"lt{df;DefJotf
@=*=@=# cWoog ug'{ s[ljd jfcfd k|f;cfof]hgf @ !),)),))) !),)),)))

Dfn akm/ :6f]ssf]

:yfkgf ug{] ;fgL;fsfo{qmd %) k|ltzt lghL
@=*=@=$ s[ljd jfcfd &% !,*&,%),))) !,*&,%),))) #,&%,)),)))
%)M%) If]qsf] of]ubfg
Dfnsf] 8f6fj]; /
lgodg k|0ffnLsf] sfo{qmd sf]if @% k|ltzt lghL
@=*=@=% :yfkgf ug{] s[ljd jfcfd &% !!,@%,))) #,&%,))) !%,)),)))
If]qsf] of]ubfg

&% lhNnfdf
dnsf] nflu ef}r/ $)) ls;fg
k|0ffnL] gd"gf ef}r/
@=*=@=^ s[ljd cd #),))) &,%),))) &,%),))) ;~rfng, @%
dnvfb cg'bfg
8n/ ef}r/ k|lt
JolQm

U'f0f:t/ ;'lglZrttf
@=*=@=& s[ljd lghL sfo{qmd &% !%,)),))) !%,)),)))
k|0ffnL nfu" ug{]

g]kfnsf] v]tL
k|0ffnLx¿sf] nflu
pko'Qm pGgt kz'
@=(
k|hgg ljljwtf
s[ljd lghL, ;xsf/L - *#,%),)))
cj;yfx¿
s[ifsx¿nfO{ pknJw

78
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
Kfz' k|hgg gLltsf]
@=(=! s[ljd /fli6o k|aGw ! !,)),))) !,)),)))
ljsf;
pGgt aLp pTkfbgsf &% Kf|ltzt
nflu Ifdtf lgdf{0f ;/sf/sf] @%
@=(=@ s[ljd lghL sfo{qmd % !*,&%,))) ^,@%,))) @%,)),)))
k|ltzt lghL
If]qsf] of]ubfg
&% lhNnfdf
Kfz' k|hggsf nflu $)) ls;fg
gd"gf ef}r/ kz'
@=(=# ef}r/ k|0ffnLsf] s[ljd cd #),))) &,%),))) &,%),))) ;~rfng, @%
gZn
:yfkgf 8n/ ef}r/ k|lt
JolQm
t/n gfO6f]hgsf]
;fgL;fsfo{qmd
@=(=$ pknJwtfsf nflu s[ljd ! @%,)),))) @,%,)),))) %),)),)))
%)M%)
;fgL;f sfo{qmd
lghL If]qdfkm{t
cd,
@=!) ls;fgx¿sf] kx'Fr x'g] s[ljd
jfcfd,lghL If]q - !,#%,$),)))
ofGqLs/0fsf] /]Gh
%) k|ltzt lghL
@=!)=! ;"rgfsf] k|;f/ s[ljd lghL cleofg $,))) !,))),))) !),)),))) @),)),)))
If]qsf] of]ubfg
pkef]Qmfsf] ljQdf cflwsfl/s
@=!)=@ s[ljd g]/fa},lghL If]q @ !),))) !),)))
kx'Frsf] ;'wf/ ug{] JolQm dlxgf

;]jf / dd{t k|To]s lhNnfdf

@=!)=# k|bfosx¿sf] Ifdtf s[ljd lghL sfo{qmd &% &%),))) &,%),))) !,%)),))) !) ;]jfk|bfos
lgdf{0f %) k|ltzt lghL
If]qsf] of]ubfg
s[lif cf}hf/sf] ef8fdf
lng] Jofkf/sf] g]/fa}, jfcfd, cflwsfl/s
@=!)=$ s[ljd ^ #),))) #),)))
jftfj/0f nfO{ ;an lghL If]q JolQm dlxgf
u/fpg]

79
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
oflGqls/0fsf] $ pkfox¿,
;xof]ufy{ lgodx¿ / s/;x'lnot nfut ljt]sf]
@=!)=% s[ljd cd, g]/fa} $ $,))),))) $),)),))) cfDbfgL xf]
s/sf] k'g/fjnf]sg Kofs]h
ug{]
&% lhNnfdf
$)) ls;fg
Eff}r/ of]hgf ;~rfng cd, oftfoft ef}r/ gd"gf,
@=!)=^ s[ljd #),))) ^),)),))) ^),)),))) ;~rfng, @))
ug{] dGqfno oflGqs/0f
8n/ ef}r/ k|lt
JolQm
hnjfo' kl/jt{g,
k|sf]k, d"No cl:y/tf
@=!! / cGo em8\sfsf k|lt s[ljd jfd - #,^),)),)))
s[ifssf] ;'wfl/Psf]
;dfg's"ng
tgfa ;xg ljljwtf / sfo{qmd sf]if
@=!!=! k|hgg ;DaGwL s[ljd @)) $),)),))) $),)),)))
cg';Gwfg
k"j{ hgfp k|0ffnL
@=!!==@ s[ljd [s[ljd cfof]hgf ! !),)),))) !),)),)))
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]
;"rgf / df};d df};d lj1fg
@=!!=# :f"rLs/0sf] k|0ffnLx¿ s[ljd cfof]hgf ! %),)),))) %,)),)))
ljefu

s[ifs sNof0f sf]ifsf]

@=!!=$ s[ljd cd, ;ulgd gd"gf sf]if ! !),)),))) !),)),)))
;~rfng ug{]
s[lif ladfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg Jffl0fHos/0fdf
@=!!=%
lbg]
s[ljd - lj:t[ttf
vfB e08f/0f
@=!!=^ k|0ffnLnfO{ alnof] s[ljd cd,;ulgd cfof]hgf ! %),)),))) %),)),)))
agfpg]

80
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
jLp / bfgf e08f/0f
sfo{qmd sf]if
@=!!=& k|0ffnLnfO{ alnof] s[ljd s[ifs ;+u7g !) %),)),))) %),)),)))
agfpg]
yk sd{rf/L /
s[ifssf] hnjfo' :df6{
sfo{qmd sf]if
@=!!=* s[lif cEof;x¿df s[ljd !) %),)),))) %),)),)))
Ifdtf ;'wf/ ug'{

tof/L / /]:kf]G;sf
@=!!=( nflu sf]if :yfkgf ug'{ s[ljd cd sf]if cg'bfg ! !),))),))) !),))),)))

lbuf] v]tL, pQd s[lif

cEof;
@=!@ pQd e]6]g/L s[ljd lghL If]q - %%,)),)))
kz'kfngx¿ :yfkgf
ul/Psf] / ckgfOPsf]
:t/sf] th'{df ug{]
@=!@=! s[ljd k|f; cfof]hgf ! %,)),))) %,)),)))
lghL If]q;Fusf] @% k|ltzt lghL
@=!@=@ s[ljd lghL If]q cfof]hgf ! #&,%),))) !@,%),))) %),)),)))
lj:tfl/t sfo{qmdx¿ If]qsf] of]ubfg
hLljsf]kfh{g–
pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t
jg ;du| / ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t NofG8:s]k
af6 k|fs[lts ;|f]t s[ljd, jfd,
@=!#
Joj:yfkg /
je";+d - $!*%),)))
lghL If]q
hLljsfkfh{g ;d]tsf]
k|lt:kwL{, s[lifd}qL /
;dfj]zL jg Jof:yfkg
cEof;

81
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
of]Uo jftfj/0f gLlt
@=!#=!
alnof] agfpg]
je";+d TA cfof]hgf ! %,)),))) %,)),)))
e"– pkof]u
gd'gfx¿nfO{ jg
@=!#=@ je";+d cfof]hgf ! %),)),))) %),)),))) /fli6o cfof]hgf
lj1fg;Fu PsLs[t
tyf ljsf; ug{]
jg pBd /
@=!#=# ahf/Ls/0fsf] ljsf; je";+d lghL k|f;cfof]hgf ! %,)),))) %,)),)))
ug{]
!) sfo{qmdx¿
jg h];L ;an u/fpg] K|fTo]s lhNnfdf ,
@=!#=$ je";+d sfo{qmd &%) !,%),)),))) !,%),)),)))
k|To]s @),)))
8n/
h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f !) sfo{qmdx¿
/ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] K|fTo]s lhNnfdf ,
@=!#=% cg';/0f je";+d sfo{qmd &,%) !,*&,%),))) !,*&,%),)))
k|To]s @%,)))
8n/
;+:yfut / dfgj
@=!#=^ je";+d /fli6o k|aGw ! !,)),))) !,)),)))
;|f]tsf] ljsf; ug{]
lbuf] jgsf] nflu
lhNnf
@=!#=& cg';Gwfg / lj:tf/ je";+d sfo{qmd sf]if &% !%,)),))) !%,)),)))
sfo{qmdx¿
ug{]
jg nufgL /0fgLlt /
@=!#=* je";+d k|f;cfof]hgf ! @,%),))) @,%),)))
of]hgfsf] ljsf; ug{]
gLltsf nflu ;+o'Qm @,%),))) @,%),)))
@=!#=( je";+d k|f;cfof]hgf !
d~rsf] ljsf; ug{]
# Gffkmfd"ns ^!,#!,$!,@%) #&,*$,%!,@%) ((,!%,(@,%))
s[lif Joj;foLs/0fsf]
#=! nflu ;'wfl/{Psf] nufgL s[ljd cd !(,@),)))
jftfj/0f

82
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
a|f]8 a]:8 Joj;foLs !,)),)))
s[lif ;+u7gx¿sf] 8n/, nfut
#=!=! gd"gf of]hgf !% !!,@%,))) #,&%,))) !%,)),)))
th'{dfnfO{ k|f]T;flxt z]o/ &%k|ltzt,
ug'{ @% Kf|ltzt
s[lif Jofkf/,
;xsf/Lx¿ / pBf]u
#=!=@ sfo{qmd !) @,)),))) @,)),)))
;d"xx¿sf] ;xeflutf
j[l4 ug{]
pko'Qm lgodx¿sf]
#=!=# sfo{qmd # ^),))) ^),)))
3f]if0ff ug{]
lghL If]q / /fHosf
OG6/k|fOh aLr cflwsfl/s
#=!=$ !@ ^),))) ^),)))
k|lt:kwf{Tds tx JolQm dlxgf
agfpg]
Jofj;flos s[lifsf @=$ hUufsf]
#=!=% nflu e"pkof]u s[ljd e";'Jod - pTkfbg
gLltnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{] cGt{utsf] nfut
Jofj;flos v]tLsf
#=!=^ lg0f{ox¿nfO{ ;xof]u s[ljd /fli6o k|aGw ! !,)),))) !,)),)))
ug{ :f"rgf k|bfg ug{]
Joj;flos s[lifsf
#=@
nflu s/f/ k|jGwx¿
s[ljd jfcfd, e";'Jod - *),^),)))
;xdtLo k|aGw
cflwsfl/s
#=@=! ;+oGqnfO{ alnof] s[ljd jfcfd !@ ^),))) ^),)))
JolQm dlxgf
agfpg]
K|fTo]s
Jofj;flos s[lifdf uf=lj=;=df %
Ifdtf lgdf{0f gLlh If]q, s[ifs uf=lj=;=df
#=@=@ s[ljd $,))) *),)),))) *),)),))) s[ifs ;d"xx¿,
;+u7g tflnd sf]if{x¿
k|To]s tflnddf
;d"xx¿

83
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
bIf Jofj;flos s[lif
cflwsfl/s
#=# If]qnfO{ ;xof]u ug{] cd s[ljd, g]/fa} !@ ^),))) ^),))) ^),)))
JolQm dlxgf
s/ gLlt
k|lt:kwf{Tds / dfudf
s[ljd, cd,
cfwfl/tljQLo / s[lif
#=$ g]/fa} jLdf af]8{, !!,#@,%))
ladf pTkfbgsf]
a}+sx?
ljljwtf
s[lif ladf / ljQ s[ljd, cd,
#=$=! k|bfosx¿sf]ljsf;nf g]/fa} jLdf af]8{,
O{ pTyfg ug{] a}+sx?
7]Ssfåf/f bL3{sfnLg cflwsfl/s
#=$=!=! !@ ^),))) ^),)))
ljQ pknAw u/fpg] JolQm dlxgf
ljQLo ;+:yfx¿df
;/sf/sf] ;]o/ /
cflwsfl/s
#=$=!=@ Joj:yfkg k|efj !@ ^),))) ^),)))
JolQm dlxgf
al~rt ug{sf nflu
gLlt nfu" ug{]
ljQLo ;+:yfsf]
efPlaln6LnfO{ pTyfg cflwsfl/s
#=$=!=# ug{] !@ ^),))) ^),)))
JolQm dlxgf

s[lifsf] nflu ljQLo

pTkfbgx¿sf] /]Ghsf] ;fgL;f sfo{qmd
#=$=!=$ !) @,%),))) @,%),))) %,)),)))
ljsf;nfO{ ;xhLs/0f %)M%)
ug{]
k|lt C0f 8n/ %
a/fj/ ;'ljwf -
s[lif ljQnfO{ ;x'lnot
#=$=!=%
k|bfg ug{]
;x'lnot Kofs]h ! !),)),))) !),)),))) ˃)=%% cf}ift
C0f /sd lx;fj
gul/Psf]_

84
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut

ljQLo Joj:yfkgaf/] Dfly #=@=@ df

#=$=!=^ s[ifsnfO{ tflnd k|bfg ;dfj]z ePsf]
ug{] nfut

s[lif ladfsf] s[ljd, cd,

#=$=@ jLdf af]8{
ljsf;nfO{ pTyfg ug{}] a}+sx?

s[lif ladf lgb]{zgnfO{

cflwsfl/s
#=$=@=! nfu" ug{ ladf !) @),))) @),))) $),)))
JolQm dlxgf
pBf]unfO{ ;dy{g ug{]
@% Kf|ltzt
s[ifs pTyfg cleofg ;/sf/sf]
#=$=@=@ cleofg !,))) !,@%,))) #,&%,))) %,)),)))
&%k|ltzt
jLdssf] of]ubfg
:yfgLo :t/sf] df};d !) k|ltzt s[ifs
#=$=@=# :f"rs k|f;cfof]hgf ! $,%),))) %),))) %,)),))) /
sfo{;"rL;~rfng ug{] jLdssf]of]ubfg
If]qLo / :yfgLo
Dfly k|f;
:t/df afnL cg'dfgsf
cfof]hgfdf
#=$=@=$ nflu s[ljdsf]
;dfj]z ePsf]
k|fljlws Ifdtf alnof]
nfut
agfpg]

85
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
;'lglZrt
d"Nosf]-%))
%) k|ltzt ls:;f 8n/ Gff]ldgn
#=$=@=% cg'bfgsf] l:sd gd'gf of]hgf %%,))) @,)^,@%) @,)^,@%) $,!@,%)) ;'lglZrt d"No_
;~rfng ug{] % k|ltzt
lk|ldod , #
jif]{;~rfng
;fgf ls;fgx¿ /
Pu|f]OG6/k|fOh]hnfO{ d">[ljsf
#=% d"No clej[l4 / kmfObf sfo{qmd d">[ljlg &^%%%),)))
a9fpg] k|lt:kwL{ slif Joj:yfks
d"No z[ \vnf
k|fyldstf k|fKt
d">[ljsf
/fli6o d"No z[vnf !) k|ltzt lghL
#=%=! sfo{qmd d">[ljlg k|f;cfof]hgf ! %,)),))) %),))) %,%),)))
sfo{qmdx¿sf] :yfkgf If]qsf] of]ubfg
Joj:yfks
ug{]
c;n zLw| d"No d">[ljsf
!) k|ltzt lghL
#=%=@ z[ \vnf ljsf;nfO{ sfo{qmd d">[ljlg cfof]hgf ! !,#%,)),))) !%,)),))) !,%),)),)))
If]qsf] of]ubfg
;dy{g ug{] Joj:yfks
k|fyldstf k|fKt d"No d">[ljsf
!) k|ltzt lghL
#=%=# #=%=#=! z[ \vnfsf] ljsf;nfO{ sfo{qmd d">[ljlg cfof]hgf sl7g ! $%,)),))) %,)),))) %),)),)))
If]qsf] of]ubfg
a9fpg' Joj:yfks
$) k|ltzt lghL
d">[ljsf If]qsf] of]ubfg ,
d"No z[ vnf ljsf; sf]if, ;'xfpbf]
#=%=#=@ sfo{qmd d">[ljlg ! $,%),)),))) #),)),))) &,%),)),))) l;FrfO / cGo
sf]if nufgL
Joj:yfks k"jf{wf/ ;dfj]z
x'g]
k|fyldstf k|fKt d"No
z[ \vnfsf] ljsf;nfO{ d">[ljsf !) k|ltzt lghL
#=%=#=$ #=%=$=! a9fpg' sfo{qmd d">[ljlg cfof]hgfs7Lg ! $%,)),))) %,)),))) %),)),)))
If]qsf] of]ubfg
Joj:yfks

86
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
$) k|ltzt lghL
d">[ljsf If]qsf] of]ubfg ,
sf]if, ;'xfpFbf]
#=%=$=@ d"No z[ \vnf ljsf; sfo{qmd d">[ljlg ! &,@),)),))) $,*),)),))) !@,)),)),))) l;FrfO / cGo
nufgL
sf]if Joj:yfks k"jf{wf/ ;dfj]z
x'g]
k|fyldstf k|fKt d"No
z[ \vnfsf] ljsf;nfO{ d">[ljsf !) k|ltzt lghL
#=%=% #=%=%=! a9fpg' sfo{qmd d">[ljlg cfof]hgf sl7g ! $%,)),))) %,)),))) %),)),)))
If]qsf] of]ubfg
Joj:yfks
$) k|ltzt lghL
d">[ljsf If]qsf] of]ubfg ,
d"No z[ \vnf ljsf; sf]if, ;'xfpFbf]
#=%=%=@ sfo{qmd d">[ljlg ! &,*),)),))) %,@),)),))) !#,)),)),))) l;FrfO / cGo
sf]if nufgL
Joj:yfks k"jf{wf/ ;dfj]z
x'g]
k|fyldstf k|fKt d"No
z[ \vnfsf] ljsf;nfO{ d">[ljsf !) k|ltzt lghL
#=%=^ #=%=^=! a9fpg' sfo{qmd d">[ljlg cfof]hgf sl7g ! $%,)),))) %,)),))) %),)),)))
If]qsf] of]ubfg
Joj:yfks
$) k|ltzt lghL
d">[ljsf If]qsf] of]ubfg ,
d"No z[ \vnf ljsf; sf]if, k"/s
#=%=^=@ sfo{qmd d">[ljlg ! @,!)),)),))) !$,)),)),))) #%,)),)),))) l;FrfO / cGo
sf]if nufgL
Joj:yfks k"jf{wf/ ;dfj]z
x'g]
k|fyldstf k|fKt d"No
z[ \vnfsf] ljsf;nfO{ d">[ljsf !) k|ltzt lghL
#=%=& #=%=&=! a9fpg' sfo{qmd d">[ljlg cfof]hgf sl7g ! $%,)),))) %,)),))) %),)),)))
If]qsf] of]ubfg
Joj:yfks

87
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
$) k|ltzt lghL
d">[ljsf If]qsf] of]ubfg ,
d"No z[ \vnf ljsf; sf]if, ;'xfpFbf]
#=%=& sfo{qmd d">[ljlg ! #,)),)),))) @,)),)),))) %,)),)),))) l;FrfO / cGo
sf]if nufgL
Joj:yfks k"jf{wf/ ;dfj]z
x'g]
u|fdL0f ;8s ;~hfn %) ls=ld k|lt
lj:tf/ 8f]ln8f/,;d'bfo
#=^ s[ljd !#,@&,&),))) lhNnf , ;'?jftL
, lghL cfof]hgf
u|fdL0f ;8sx¿af6
lglZrt nIoo'Qm s[lif
;8sx¿ agfpgsf cflwsfl/s
#=^=! $ @),))) @),)))
nflu gLlt ck8]6 ug{] JolQm dlxgf

lhNnf k|fljlws
sfof{nodf s[lif
#=^=@ ;8sx¿sf nflu gofF k|zf;lgs lhNnf &% !%,)),))) !%,)),)))
zfvf :yfkgf ug{]

s[lif ;8sx¿sf] #%,))) 8n/

ljsf; ;Def/sf nflu ;'xfpFbf] cg'bfg k|lt lsnf]ld6/
#=^=# cnu sf]if k|bfg ug{] ! ^,%^,@%,))) ^,%^,@%,))) !#,!@,%),)))
sf]if %) k|ltzt
nfut jfF8kmfF8
ahf/ OlG6lnh]G;sf
nflu s[lif ahf/
;"rgf /;"rgf k|ljlw lghLIf]q,
#=& s[ljd %),)),)))
;~rf/ pTkfbgx¿ ;xsf/L

ahf/ ;"rgf / ahf/

;'xfpFbf] cg'bfg %) k|ltzt
#=&=! OlG6lnh]G;sf nflu ! @%,)),))) @%,)),))) %),)),)))
sf]if of]ubfg
pTkfbgx¿sf]

88
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
ljsf;nfO{ pTyfg ug{]
u|fdL0f ljh'nLs/0f / &,%!,)),)))
g]ljk|f,lghL,
#=* gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] s[ljd
;d'bfo
lj:tf/
s[ljddf zlQm
ljsf;sf nflu Ps
#=*=! /fli6o k|aGw ! !,)),))) !,)),)))
cnu ;Dks{ zfvfsf]
:yfkgf ug{]
v]tL ug{] ;d'bfo;lxt *) Kf|ltzt
pmhf{ ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/sf] @)
;fgL;f sf] nflu Ps ;'xfpFbf] cg'bfg
#=*=@ ! ^,)),)),))) !,%),)),))) &,%),)),))) k|ltzt
sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ug{] sf]if
;fd'bflos If]qsf]
of]ubfg
a9\bf] k|lt:kwf{Tdstf
$ ##,#),%@,#^* *,)#,&%,))) $!,#$,@&,#^*
ahf/ k"jf{wf/ ljsl;t
$=! ul/Psf] s[ljd 8f]ln8f/, &,(^,)),)))

%) k|ltzt
;/sf/sf]
ahf/ k"jf{wf/sf] of]ubfg, k|To]s
ljsf;nfO{ k|f]T;fxg 8f]ln8f/,lghL sf]if, ;'xfpFbf] #,&%,)),))) #,&%,)),))) &,%),)),))) lhNnfdf !)
$=!=! ug'{ s[ljd &%)
If]q nufgL OsfO{x¿sf]
k"jf{wf/, d"no
z[ \vnf sf]ifnfO{
sDTnLd]G6 ug{}
PPPljQLo ;xof]u sfo{qmd sf]if
$=!=@ ;+oGqx¿nfO{ nfu" ug{] s[ljd cd @) !,)),))) !,)),)))

89
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
ahf/ k"jf{wf/ &% k|ltzt
Joj:yfkgsf nflu 8f]ln8f/,lghL ;/sf/sf]
$=!=# Ifdtf lgdf{0f s[ljd tflnd sf]if{ &%) !!,@%,))) #,&%,))) !%,)),)))
If]q of]ubfg, &%
lhNnfdf, !) jif]{
ahf/ ljsf;sf nflu
/0fgLlts :yfgx¿sf]
8f]ln8f/,lghL sfo{qmd sf]if &% lhNnfdf,
$=!=$ klxrfg / ;DefJotf s[ljd !) @,)),))) @,)),)))
cWoog ug{] If]q !)jif]{

;'wfl/Psf] ahf/
Joj:yfkgsf nflu
lgodx¿ / :t/Lo sfo{qmd sf]if
$=!=% sfof{Gjog k|s[ofsf] s[ljd lghL If]q !) !,)),))) !,)),)))
ljsf; ug{]

gljgtd ;fgf / gs[psf

$=@ demf}nf s[lif Jofkf/ sfo{qmd @),%!,)),)))
OG6/k|fOh]hsf] a[l4 Joj:yfks
s[lif cfwfl/t
pBf]ux¿df nfufgL
;s[o u/fpgsf nflu cflwsfl/s JolQm ljt]sf s/
$=@=! s/ cg'bfgx¿ @) !,)),))) !,)),)))
dlxgf cGtz'Ns lx;fj
cg'z/0f ug{] gul/Psf]

s[lif Jofkf/ OGs'j]6/ d"No >[vnf

$=@=@ sf] :yfkgf / k|f]T;fxg gd"gf of]hgf !,)),)),))) !,)),)),))) ultljlwnfO{
ug{] kl/k"0f{ ug{
s[lif pBf]u gljgtfsf
$=@=# nflu 7Ls x'g]
cg'bfgx¿sf] :yfkgf

90
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
s[lif pBf]u / ;xsf/L &% k|ltzt
sf nflu gljgtf sf]if sfo{qmd sf]if
$=@=#=! ! %,@%,)),))) !,&%,)),))) &,)),)),))) ;/sf/sf]
of]ubfg
o'jf, dlxnf, ;'ljwf
jl~rt ;d"xx¿ /
;'ljwf jl~rt sfo{qmd sf]if *) k|ltzt
$=@=#=@ If]qx¿sf nflu $ !),)),)),)) @,%),)),))) !@,%),)),))) ;/sf/sf]
pBdtf sfo{qmdx¿ of]ubfg

vfBfGg / s[lif
$=# pTkfbgx¿sf] %@,*),)))
lgof{tdf a[l4
lgof{tnfO{ k|f]T;fxg
ug{sf nflu Ifdtf
;'b[9Ls/0f ug{] / cem jfcfd, nufgL
$=#=! s[ljd
cg's"n Jofkf/ af]8{
;Demf}tfx¿sf nflu
jftf{ ug'{
ljwflosL pkfox¿ Jofkf/ tyf
cflwsfl/s JolQm
$=#=!=! s[ljd lgof{t k|j4{g !@ ^),))) ^),)))
dlxgf
s]Gb|
ljb]zL nufgLsf nflu
$=#=!=@ k|f]T;fxg ug{] s[ljd nufgL af]8{ cflwsfl/s JolQm @$ !,@),))) !,@),)))
dlxgf
;+:yfut pkfox¿ /fli6o k|aGws
$=#=!=# s[ljd vfk|u'lglj ! !,)),))) !,)),)))
%),)))8n/
$=#=!=$ cGt/fli6o pkfox¿ s[ljd jfcfd sfo{qmd sf]ifx¿ ! %),)),))) %),)),)))
!)jif]{sf nflu
vfBu'0f:t/ / ;'/Iffdf
$=$ s[ljd !@,#$,$&,#^*
a[l4

91
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
cGt/f{li6o :t/sf]
vfB / ;'/Iff
$=$+! s[ljd
dfkb08nfO{ cjnDag
/ nfu" ug{]
Ps cfw'lgs vfB
$=$=!=! P]gsf nflu j}wflgs s[ljd Sfo{qmd sf]ifx¿ ! @,%),))) @,%),)))
pkfox¿
vfB :f'/Iff /
lghL If]q,
u'0f:t/sf]
$=$=!=@ s[ljd pkef]Qmf Sfo{qmd sf]ifx¿ ! @,%),))) @,%),)))
dfkb08sfsf] th'{df /
;d"xx¿
3f]if0ff
dfkb08 k|df0fLs/0f
;ldltsf]x¿sf]
$=$=!=# s[ljd Sfo{qmd sf]ifx¿ ! @,%),))) @,%),)))
j}wflgs dfGotf
cjnDag ug{]
vfB ;'/Iff /
u'0fk|df0fLs/0fsf] nflu
/fli6o
$=$=!=$ k|of]uzfnfx¿sf] s[ljd sfo{qmd sf]ifx¿ ! @,%),))) @,%),)))
j}}wflgs dfGotf
cjnDag ug{]

k|of]uzfnfx¿nfO{
;'b[9 / ck8]6 u/L
$=$=!=% s[ljd sfo{qmd sf]ifx¿ !) @,%),)),))) @,%),)),)))
cGt/f{li6o dfGotfdf
k'¥ofpg]
Ifdtf ;anLs/0f /
e"ldsf :ki6-5f]6f]
$=$=!=^ s[ljd sfo{qmd sf]ifx¿ % @%,)),))) @%,)),)))
cjlwsf]_ ug]{ ;+:yfut
pkfox¿

92
 ts{; \ut vfsf ;Gbe{ j0f{g lhDd]jf/ ;+:yf ;|f]tx¿
nfutx¿ -cd]l/sL 8n/_
pknlJw
k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk
;|f]t l6Kk0fLx¿
OsfO{ lghL , ultljlw
g]t[Tj of]ubfg ug{] ljifo ;/sf/, bftf ;x–hf]8kmn
jf kl/df0f ;d'bfo nfut
vfk|u'lglj sf nflu
If]qLo k|of]uzfnfx¿ /
$=$=!=& lhNnf sfof{nox¿ s[ljd sfo{qmd sf]ifx¿ &% $,!$,$&,#^* $,!$,$&,#^*
:yfkgf ug{]

vfB P]g cGt{utsf]

clVtof/Lo'Qm vfB
$=$=!=* cfof]usf] u7g ug{] s[ljd sfo{qmd sf]ifx¿ % &%,)),))) &%,)),)))

xflgsf/s ls6f0f'
hf]lvd kl/If0f,
P;lkP; Joj:yfkg
$=$=!=( / lgu/fgLsf nflu s[ljd sfo{qmd sf]ifx¿ !) !,%),)),))) !,%),)),)))
Ifdtf :yfkgf ug'{

Ps :jf:Yo kxF'rsf]
cjnDag / kz'
:jf:Yo lgu/fgL, /f]u
$=$=!=!) nIf0f / /]:kf]G; s[ljd sfo{qmd sf]ifx¿ !) #,)),)),))) #,)),)),)))
Ifdtfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f
ug{]

/fP;;sf] vfB ;'/Iff

/ ;DaGwL pk
$=$=!=!! ;ldltx¿;Fu ;dGjo s[ljd sfo{qmd sf]ifx¿ !) !),)),))) !),)),)))
ug'{ / k|ltj]bg lbg'

93
94
kl/lzi6 %M Pl8; tof/L ubf{sf of]ubfgstf{ tyf ;xefuLx¿
clGtd d:of}bf k|ltj]bg tof/L ubf{sf of]ubfgstf{x?
1. k|mfG;]:sf] uf]n]6L, 6f]nL g]tf / gLlt / ;+:yfut ljz]if1
2. k'?;f]Qd d}gfnL, pk 6f]nL g]tf / gLlt / ;+:yfut ljz]if1
3. lqm; NofG8f]g n]g, s[lif cy{lj1
4. h]D; af]Nu/, k|ltli7t JolQm
5. h]D; d]n/, k|ltli7t JolQm
6. hf]xg d]n/, k|ltli7t JolQm
7. hf]g s's, l;+lrt v]tL / hn;|f]t ljz]if1
8. s]y RofkDofg, s[lif / s[lif Joj;fo ljz]if1
9. lhtRofscN:6/, sfg"g / lgodg ljz]if1
10. ;"o{k|;fb kf}8]n, jl/i6 kz' ljsf; clws[t, s[ljd
11. ;jgd l;jfsf]6L, jl/i6 s[lif clws[t, s[ljd
12. od'gf 3n], cg';Gwfg tyf k|;f/ ljz]if1
13. kf]if/fh kf08], Jofkf/ ljz]if1
14. bn/fd k|wfg, kz' ljsf; ljz]if1
15. bLkjxfb'/ :jf/, dT:okfng ljz]if1
16. gj/fh a/fn, jg lj1fg ljz]if1
17. /TgWjh zfxL, jfujfgL ljz]if1
18. lg/~hg /fhe08f/L, jfnL ljz]if1
19. g/]Gb|/fh vgfn, jftfj/0fm hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg ljz]if1
20. OGb|nfn sfn', l;+rfO{ ljz]if1
21. hubLzrGb| uf}td, s[lif cy{lj1
22. bLks nf]rg clwsf/L, ;fgf l;+rfO{ ljz]if1
23. lbgdl0f kf]v/]n, vfB ;'/Iff tyf u'0f:t/sf] nflu sfg"g tyf lgodg ljz]if1
24. dft[sfk|;fb d/fl;gL, jfl0fHo tyf Jofkf/sf] nflu sfg"g tyf lgodg ljz]if1
25. k|sfz dl0f zdf{, k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] nflu sfg"g tyf lgodg ljz]if1
26. k"0f{dfg zfSo, ;fj{hlgs Joj;fo ;'wf/sf] nflu sfg"g tyf lgodg ljz]if1
27. uf]ljGbbfz >]i7, zf;g ;+:yf tyf of]hgfsf] nflu sfg"g tyf lgodg ljz]if1
28. dbgs'df/ bfxfn, s/ ljz]if1
29. ;Gtf]if e6\6/fO{, u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/ ljz]if1
30. lg/h hf]zL, ;fdflhs ljsf; ljz]if1
31. cfog Xofgss, s[lif d"No >[+vnf tyf jhfl/s/0f ljz]if1
32. h]D; 6f]d]sf], gLlh If]q ljsf; ljz]if1
33. kf]if0f s];L, gLlh If]q ljsf; ljz]if1
34. tf]ogfy kf08], s[lif jLdf ljz]if1
35. ljlDjsf l;hfktL j:g]t, n}+lus ljz]if1

95
 s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt
;~rfng ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿
qm=;= ;b:o kb sfof{no
!= >L hod's'Gb vgfn ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
@= >L gy' k|;fb rf}w/L ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
#= >L u0f]z/fh hf]zL ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
$= >L o'j/fh e'iffn ;lrj cy{ dGqfno
%= >L zfGt/fh ;'j]bL ;lrj cy{ dGqfno
^= >L s[i0fxl/ af:sf]6f ;lrj cy{ dGqfno
&= >L pQd s'df/ e§/fO{ ;x ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
*= >L laho s'df/ dlns ;x ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
(= >L /fh]Gb| k|;fb clwsf/L ;x ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
!)= >L /fd k|;fb k'nfdL ;x ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
!!= >L df]xg rfkfufO{ ;x ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
!@= 8f= k|efs/ kf7s ;x ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
!#= >L lai0f' cof{n ;x ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
!$= >L km'nu]g k|wfg ;x ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
!%= >L dw' s'df/ d/f;}gL ;x ;lrj cy{ dGqfno
!^= >L nfnz \s/ l3ld/] ;x ;lrj cy{ dGqfno
!&= >L ejs[i0f e§/fO{ ;x ;lrj /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u ;lrjfno
!*= >L sdn k|;fb /]UdL ;x ;lrj l;FrfO dGqfno
!(= >L xl/x/ l;Ub]n ;x ;lrj jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno
@)= >L s[i0f axfb'/ /fpt ;x ;lrj e"ld tyf Joj:yfkg dGqfno
@!= >L w|'j bfxfn ;x ;lrj :jf:Yo tyf hg;ªVof dGqfno
@@= >L af]w/fh lg/f}nf ;x ;lrj ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf;
dGqfno
@#= >L s[i0f/fh aL=;L= ;x ;lrj e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg dGqfno
@$= >L tf]ogf/fo0f 1afnL ;x ;lrj jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno
@%= ;'>L od s'df/L vltj8f ;x ;lrj pBf]u dGqfno
@^= >L g/]Gb|dfg >]i7 ;x ;lrj sfg'g tyf Gofo, ;+ljwfg ;ef
dGqfno
@&= >L k|sfz dfy]df ;x ;lrj lj1fg, k|ljlw tyf jftfj/0f
dGqfno
@*= >L lrq axfb'/ >]i7 pk ;efklt /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
@(= >L efg' l;Ub]n ;lrj /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
#)= >L k|]d 8fFuL ;b:o /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
#!= >L u0f]z zfx ;b:o /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
#@= >L pbogf/fo0f emf ;b:o /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
##= ;'>L ejfgL /f0ff pkfWoIf g]kfn pBf]u afl0fHo dxf;+3

96
s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt
;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt
qm=;= ;b:o kb sfof{no
!= >L hod's'Gb vgfn ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
@= >L dw' s'df/ d/f;}gL ;x ;lrj cy{ dGqfno
#= >L ejs[i0f e§/fO{ ;x ;lrj /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
$= >L af]w/fh lg/f}nf ;x ;lrj ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf;
dGqfno
%= >L k'ik/fh zfSo ;x ;lrj /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
^= >L v]d/fh e§/fO{ ;x ;lrj jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno
&= >L ljgf]b s'df/ emf ;x ;lrj l;FrfO dGqfno
*= >L v8\u axfb'/ /fgf ;x ;lrj ;xsf/L tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f
dGqfno
(= >L /f]lxt s'df/ e§/fO{ ;x ;lrj e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno
!)= 8f= /fh]Gb| k|;fb clwsf/L ;x ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno

:yfoL cfdlGqtx¿
!!= >L lrq axfb'/ >]i7 pk ;efklt /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
!@= >L efg' l;Ub]n ;lrj /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
!#= 8f= k|]d 8 \uf]n ;b:o /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
!$= >L u0f]z zfx ;b:o /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
!%= >L gx]Gb| v8\sf ;b:o /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg

s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt

k|fljlws ;ldlt
qm=;= ;b:o kb sfof{no
!= 8f= k|efs/ kf7s, ;efklt ;x ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
@= 8f= /fh]Gb| k|;fb clwsf/L, pk ;x ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
;efklt
#= 8f= xl/ axfb'/ s]=;L= jl/i7afnL ;+/If0f s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
clws[t
$= >L s}nfz/fh kf]v/]n pk;lrj cy{ dGqfno
%= >L dx]z v/]n pk;lrj /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
^= >L dx]Gb|gfy kf}8]n jl/i7 s[lif cy{ lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
&= >L ljgf]b e§/fO{ jl/i7 s[lif cy{ lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno

s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt

pRr clwsf/L / ljz]if1x¿sf] ;"rL
!= dfggLo xl/ k|;fb k/fh'nL dGqL s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
@= dfggLo uf]ljGb k|;fb kf]v/]n pk;efklt /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
#= dfggLo e/t]Gb' ld> ;b:o /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
$= dfggLo :jl0f{d jfUn] ;b:o /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
%= dfggLo k|]d 8fFuL ;b:o /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
^= >L 6]s axfb'/ yfkf k"j{ dGqL s[lif ljsf; dGqfno

97
&= >L gGbg s'df/ bQ k"j{ dGqL s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
*= >L Psjn df]xDdb ;fx k"j{ dGqL s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
(= >L cf]d k|;fb ofbj k"j{ /fHo dGqL s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
!)= >L df]xgdfg ;F}h" k"j{ pk;efklt /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
!!= 8f= ;'af]wgf/fo0f emf k"Jf{ ;b:o /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
!@= 8f= hgs zfx k"Jf{ ;b:o /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
!#= 8f= /fdb]j l;+x k'Jf{ ;b:o /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
!$= 8f= k'\ik/fh kf08] k'Jf{ ;b:o /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
!%= 8f= xl/s[i0f pkfWofo cWoIf ;]km8{
!^= 8f= s}nfz Kofs'/]n pks'nklt s[lif tyf jg ljZjljBfno
!&= 8f= ;"o{sfGt l3ld]/] /lhi6«f/ s[lif tyf jg ljZjljBfno
!*= 8f= b'uf{dl0f uf}td /]S6/ s[lif tyf jg ljZjljBfno
!(= 8f= ;'Gb/dfg>]i7 l8g s[lif tyf jg ljZjljBfno
@)= >L od axfb'/ yfkf k"j{ ;b:o /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
@!= 8f= xl/ bfxfn k"j{ ;lrj g]kfn ;/sf/
@@= 8f= u0f]z/fh hf]zL k"j{ ;lrj g]kfn ;/sf/
@#= >L gy' k|;fb rf}w/L k"j{ ;lrj g]kfn ;/sf/
@$= >L uf]ljGb k|;fb kf08] k"j{ ;lrj g]kfn ;/sf/
@%= 8f= >LsfGt clwsf/L k"j{ ;lrj g]kfn ;/sf/
@^= 8f= cx¿/ g/l;+x /fgf k"j{ ;lrj g]kfn ;/sf/
@&= 8f= b'uf{bQ hf]zL b'Uw ljz]if1
@*= 8f= l6sf axfb'/ sfsL{ k"j{ k|aGws lgb]{zs vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f
ljefu
@(= 8f= gLn k|sfzl;+x sfsL{ k"j{ k|aGws lgb]{zs kz' ;]jf ljefu
#)= 8f= e/t k|;fb pkfWofo k"j{ k|aGws lgb]z{ s s[lif ljefu

s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt

ljleGg ljifout ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿
!= s[lif Joj;fo tyf Joj;foLs/0f
!= >L of]u]Gb| s'df/ sfsL{ of]hgf lgb]{zs s[lif Joj;foLs/0f tyf Jofkf/
cfof]hgf
@= >L uh]Gb| dxh{g k|aGws lgb]{zs Gofˆm k|f=ln=
#= >L s'd'b b'u8= cWoIf g]kfnL rfdn, t]n / bfn pBf]u ;+3
$= 8f= tLnrGb| e§/fO{ cWoIf g]kfn vfB pBf]u ;+3
%= >L /fh]z e§/fO{ k|ltlglw lr;f] k]o e08f/0f ;+3
^= >L gj/fh zdf{ cWoIf g]kfn kz'kG5L cf}iflw Joj;foL
;+3
&= >L afa'/fd cfrfo{ k|aGws lgb]{zs g]kfn /fli6«o ;xsf/L dxf;+3
*= >L s]zj k|]dL sfo{qmd lgb]{zs kz' ahf/ k|a4{g lgb]{zgfno, kz'
;]jf ljefu
(= >L t'n:fL uf}td k|d'v ahf/ cg';Gwfg tyf tYofÍ
Joj:yfkg
!)= ;'>L zjgd lzjfsf]6L jl/i7 afnL ;+/If0f s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
clws[t

98
!!= 8f= ;"o{ k|;fb kf}8]n jl/i7 kz' ljsf; s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
clws[t
@= laifout ;d"x M vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff
!= ;'>L hLjgk|ef nfdf dxflgb]{zs vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0flgoGq0f ljefu
@= >L ldq/fh bjf8L ;efklt g]kfn jLpljhg Joj;foL ;+3
#= >L ;'/h kf]v/]n sfo{qmd lgb]{zs afnL ljsf; lgb]{zgfno, s[lif
ljefu
$= ;'>L k"hf kf08] kf]if0flj1 x]n]g s]n/ OG6/g]zgn
%= 8f= s[i0f kxf/L vfB ;'/Iff ;Nnfxsf/ ljZj vfB sfo{qmd, g]kfn
^= >L Hof]lt AfflgofF cWoIf pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f d~r
&= >L lah' >]i7 sfo{qmd lgb]{zs s[lif/u|fdL0f ljsf; ljefu, /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]u
*= >L /fhs'df/ kf]v/]n kf]if0flj1 iff]if0fdxfzfvf, :jf:Yo tyf
hg;ª\Vof dGqfno
(= >L x]d/fh /]UdL jl/i7 tYofÍ clws[t s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
!)= >L u]x]Gb| u'?Ë vfB ;'/Iff ljz]if1 k|flS6sn PS;fg, g]kfn
!!= ;'>L zjgd lzjfsf]6L jl/i7 afnL ;+/If0f s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
clws[t
!@= 8f= ;"o{ k|;fb kf}8]n jl/i7 kz' ljsf; s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
clws[t

#= ljifout ;d"x M s[lif cg';Gwfg tyf k|ljlw ljsf;

!= >L lbg]z kl/of/ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb
@= >L u0f]z s'df/ s]=;L= cWoIf s[lif dxf;+3
#= 8f= lgd{n ubfn sfo{qmd clws[t l;ld6 OG6/g];gn,If]qLo sfof{no
g]kfn
$= >L hfgsLk|;fb vgfn ;b:o ;lrj /fli6«o s[lif cg;Gwfg tyf ljsf; sf]if
%= >L lai0f'bQ cj:yL pkdxflgb]{zs, k|ljlw s[lif ljefu
lj:tf/
^= x:t axfb'/ lai6 jl/i7 s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
&= >L od'gf 3n] P;lkcf] P;l8;L, g]kfn
*= >L k|df]b sf]O/fnf jl/i7 vfB lg/LIf0f vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f
clws[t ljefu
(= >L zjgd lzjfsf]6L jl/i7 afnL ;+/If0f s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
clws[t
!)= 8f= ;"o{ k|;fb kf}8]n jl/i7 kz' ljsf; s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
clws[t
!!= >L dx]Gb|gfy kf}8]n jl/i7 s[lif cy{ljb lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno

$= laifout ;d"x M s[lif, pkIf]qM afnL –vfBfGg afnL, bfn afnL/ cf}Bf]lus afnL _
qm=;= ;b:osf] gfd kb sfof{no
!= >L lnnf/fd kf}8]n dxf lgb]{zs s[lif ljefu
@= 8f= km]/]/f 6f]nL g]tf l;ld6 OG6/g];gn
#= >L t]h axfb'/ ;'j]bL sfo{qmd lgb]{zs e" Joj:yfkg lgb]{zgfno, s[lif
ljefu

99
$= >L lbnf/fd e08f/L k|d'v jLpljhg u'0f lgoGq0f s]Gb|
%= >L lg? bfxfn jl/i7afnL ljsf; s[lif ljefu
clws[t
^= >L wdf{bQ a/fn pkdxflgb]{zs s[lif ljefu
&= >L z \s/ ;fx jl/i7 s[lif cy{ljb s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
*= >L zjgd lzjfsf]6L jl/i7 afnL ;+/If0f s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
clws[t
(= 8f= ;"o{ k|;fb kf}8]n jl/i7 kz' ljsf; s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
clws[t
!)= >L /lj 8 \uf]n s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno

%= ljifout ;d"x M s[lif pkIf]qM kmnkm"n Joj;fo tyf pRr d"Nosf ;fdfgx¿
qm=;= ;b:osf] gfd kb sfof{no
!= >L df]xg axfb'/ yfkf pkdxflgb]{zs s[lif ljefu
@= >L uf]kfndfg >]i7 sfo{qmd lgb]{zs kmnkm"n ljsf; lgb]{zgfno, s[lif
ljefu
#= >L dx]Gb|dfg >]i7 k|d'v ;'Gtnfhft kmnkm"n ljsf;
sfo{qmd, s[lif ljefu
$= >L e}/a/fh s}gL ljz]if1 g]kfn kmnkm"n ;dfh
%= >L s]bf/ a'9fyf]sL ljz]if1 g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb
^= >L nId0f k|;fb kf}8]n sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs sflndf6L kmnkm"n tyf yf]s ahf/
ljsf; ;ldlt
&= >L ;'lgngfy nf]xgL jl/i7 s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
*= 8f= e/t s'df/ kf}8]n jl/i7 kmnkm"n ljsf; s[lif ljefu
clws[t
(= >L /TgWjh zfxL ljz]if1 Pl8P; k|fljlws ;xfotf 6f]nL

^= ljifout ;d"x M s[lif, pkIf]qM kz' ljsf; tyf dT:o

qm=;= ;b:osf] gfd kb sfof{no
!= 8f= k|efs/ kf7s dxf lgb]{zs kz' ;]jf ljefu
@= 8f= /fds[i0f vltj8f sfo{qmd lgb]{zs kz' :jf:Yo lgb]{zgfno
#= 8f= nf]sgfy kf}8]n jl/i7 kz' ljsf; kz' ;]jf ljefu
clws[t
$= 8f= bn/fd k|wfg ljz]if1 Pl8P; k|fljlws ;xotf 6f]nL
%= >L 6]s axfb'/ u'?Ë sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb
^= 8f= lbg]z k|;fb k/fh'nL If]qLo lgb]{zs If]qLo kz' ;]jf lgb]{zgfno,
dWodf~rn ljsf; If]q
&= >L /fh]Gb| s'df/ s]=;L= sfo{qmd lgb]{zs dT:o ljsf; lgb]{zgfno, s[lif
ljefu
*= >L /fdfgGb ld> k|d'v
(= 8f= bLk axfb'/ :jfF/ ljz]if1 Pl8P; k|fljlws ;xotf 6f]nL

100
&= ljifout ;d"x M Jofkf/ tyf k|lt:kwf{Tdstf
!= >L rGb| k|;fb l3ld/] ;x–;lrj jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno
@= >L tf]o k|;fb 1afnL ;x–;lrj jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno
#= >L dLg axfb'/ >]i7 ljefuLo k|d'v g]kfn /fi6« a}s
$= >L /fh]Gb| l3ld/] cWoIf g]kfn cn}FrL ;+3
%= >L /d]z s'df/ >]i7 sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs Jofkf/ tyf lgof{t k|j4{g s]Gb|
^= >L ljgf]b s'df/ sdf{rfo{ ljz]if1 g]kfn ljsf; kl/ifb
&= >L ?b| axfb'/ >]i7 jl/i7 s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljefu
*= 8f= xl/afa' ltjf/L jl/i7 s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
(= 8f= s[i0f k|;fb kGt jl/i7 s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
!)= >L k|bLk dxh{g k|dv sfo{sf/L clws[t g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3 –s[lif
pBd s]Gb|

*= ljifout ;d"xM hn ;|f]t tyf l;FrfO

!= >L lzj s'df/ zdf{ pkdxflgb]{zs l;FrfO ljefu
@= >L ;~ho 9'Ë]n jl/i7 OlGhlgo/ hn tyf zlQm cfof]usf] ;lrjfno
#= >L k|sfz yfkf ;+of]hs ;d'bfoLs l;FrfOcfof]hgf, 8f]ln8f/
$= >L dw';"bg a:g]t sfo{qmd lgb]{zs s[lif OlGhlgol/Ë lgb]{zgfno
%= >L ;Gh' pkfWofo jl/i7l8lehgn l;FrfO ljefu
OlGhlgo/
^= >L lvnfgfy bfxfn jl/i7l8lehgn l;FrfO ljefu
OlGhlgo/
&= 8f= l;l4 u0f]z >]i7 sfo{qmd lgb]{zs s[lif k|;f/ lgb]{zgfno

(= ljifout ;d"x M jg, hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf k|sf]k Joj:yfkg

!= >L j6' s[i0f pk|]tL ;x–;lrj jftfj/0f dGqfno
@= >L s'd'b >]i7 pkfWoIf g]kfn jg k|fljlws ;+3
#= >L /fhg sf]q' Pgcf/Pd ljz]if1 Ol;df]8
$= >L bLksdl0f kf]v/]n jl/i7jfujfgL ljsf; s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
clws[t

!)= ljifout ;d"xM e" pkof]u, k"jf{wf/ tyf pmhf{

!= >L s[i0f/fh la=;L= ;x ;lrj e"ld ;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno
@= >L Clif/fh sf]O/fnf pk ;lrj jftfj/0f dGqfno
#= >L lzjgfy k|;fb ;fx jl/i7 tYofÍ clws[t s[lif ljsf; dGqfno

!!= ljifout ;d"xM u|fdL0f ljQ, ladf tyf C0f

!= >L hgs k|;fb clwsf/L k|d'v n3' ljQ ljefu
@= >L s~rg/fh kf08] jl/i7 of]hgf clws[t s[lif ljefu

101
s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltdf If]qLo sfo{zfnf
g]kfnu~h -@)^(÷)#÷@@_
qm=;= ;b:osf] gfd kb sfof{no
!= ;gt s'df/ sfsL{ ;b:o g]kfnL sfFu|];, hfh/sf]6
@= gf/fo0f axfb'/ la=;L= pkfWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, bfË
#= s[i0f k|;fb uf}td k"j{ ;f+;b ?s'd
$= efg'eQm e§/fO{ cWoIf g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
%= dx]Gb| ltjf/L s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
^= xl/ZrGb| Gof}kfg] If]qLo k|aGws s[lif ;fdfu|L sDkgL, g]kfnu~h
&= s[i0f axfb'/ 3tL{du/ cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, /f]Nkf
*= nIdL kf}8]n lhNnf ;b:o ls;fg ;+3, afFs]
(= jL/ axfb'/ e08f/L cWoIf ls;fg ;+3, b}n]v
!)= aflnsf yfkf lhNnf ;b:o ls;fg ;+3, afFs]
!!= ljb];gL yf? lhNnf ;b:o ls;fg ;+3, afFs]
!@= dx]Zj/ uxt/fh ;lrj yf?jfg /fHo ;ldlt
!#= sfnL axfb'/ dNn s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o g]skf PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL
!$= lnnf s'df/ lh=;L= s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o g]skf dfn]
!%= d'g axfb'/ sfsL{ /fHo ;ldlt ;b:o g]skf PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL
!^= b'uf{ axfb'/ /fpt lhNnf ;lrj g]skf PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL
!&= /Tg k|;fb Gof}kfg] ;lrj g]skf Pdfn], e]/L
!*= u0f]z rGb ;lrj g]kfnL sfFu|];, ;Nofg
!(= yfu]Gb| k|;fb k'/L k|d'v g]skf Pdfn], ?s'd
@)= xl/ k|;fb zdf{ ;b:o ls;fg dxf;+3
@!= df]xdDb vfg ;b:o km]sf]kmg s]Gb|
@@= Aff;'b]j zdf{ s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o g]kfn clvn ls;fg dxf;+3
@#= dfgj ;]h'jfn cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, h'Dnf
@$= uf}/Lz \s/ pkfWofo s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
@%= xl/ k|;fb l/hfn ;efklt g]skf Pdfn], 8f]Nkf
@^= cd/ k|;fb e08f/L s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3, Ko'7fg
@&= ;'jf; s]=;L= cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, Ko'7fg
@*= xl/eQm clwsf/L /fli6«o ;ldlt ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
@(= s[i0f s'df/ ld> jl/i7 s[lif a}1flgs If]qLo cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, vh'/f
#)= ;flns/fd clwsf/L ;lrj g]skf dfn] alb{of
#!= hDjL/ ;flxnf]; C0f clws[t s[lif ljsf; a}s zfvf sfof{no
g]kfnu~h
#@= ltns zdf{ OGrfh{ g]skf Pdfcf]jfbL, alb{of
##= /fwf cfrfo{ OGrfh{ g]skf Pdfcf]jfbL, alb{of
#$= np/fd rf}w/L pkfWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, afFs]
#%= dug l;+x yfkf du/ afFs]
#^= ;flns/fd wfuL afFs]
#&= bn axfb'/ kmfb]/ k|d'v g]skf Pdfn], x'Dnf
#*= cGhgf rf}w/L /fli6«o ;ldlt ;b:o g]skf Pdfcf]jfbL
#(= gf/fo0f yfkf s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;lrj clvn g]kfn ls;g dxf;+3
$)= ch axfb'/ ;fxL lhNnf OGrfh{ g]skf Pdfcf]jfbL,d'u'

102
$!= u0f]z/fh kGyL If]qLo k|aGws /fli6«o aLpljhg sDkgL,
g]kfnu~h
$@= uf]kfn axfb'/ ad aLp ljsf; clws[t If]qLo aLpljhg k|of]zfnf, vh'/f
$#= r'udl0f ltjf/L afnL ;+/If0f clws[t If]qLo afnL ;+/If0f k|of]uzfnf,
afFs]
$$= k/z'/fd zdf{ jl/i7 df6f] lj1 If]qLo df6f] kl/If0f
k|of]uzfnf,vh'/f
$%= 8f= /fdu'nfd ofbj kmfd{ k|aGws s'v'/f ljsf; kmfd{, vh'/f
$^= hgs/fd e08f/L kz' lrlsT;s lhk;]sf, afFs]
$&= 6]s axfb'/ a'9fyf]sL ;Nofg
$*= jL/]Gb| k6]n ;xfos OlGhlgo/ If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno,;'v]{t
$(= tKt axfb'/ lai6 cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, ;'v]{t
%)= l8NnL axfb'/ 8fFuL kz' lrlsT;s If]qLo kz' ;]jf tfnLd s]Gb|,
g]kfnu+h
%!= ;flxb cxdb vfg kz' ljsf; clws[t hk;]sf, afFs]
%@= t]h gf/fo0f rf}w/L sfd' kmfd{ k|aGws r/gtyf 3fF; ljp ljsf; kmfd{,
uf}wf/f
%#= a;Gt s'df/ dfgGw/ jl/i7 tflnd clws[t If]qLokz' ;]jf tfnLd s]Gb|,
g]kfnu~h
%$= 5q zfxL ;Dafbbftf /]l8of] e]/L cfjfh
%%= 3g} k|;fb ofba dT:o ljsf; clws[t lhs[ljsf, afFs]
%^= s[i0f clwsf/L ;Dafbbftf g]kfn 6]lnlehg
%&= k|]d v/]n ;'v]{t
%*= z/b s'df/ kf}8]n sfo{qmd clws[t lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, afFs]
%(= l8 cf/ kf}8]n e]/L, s0ff{nL ;lrj g]skf Pdfcf]jfbL
^)= zl;n cxdb afnL ;+/If0f clws[t lhs[ljsf, afFs]
^!= lrq axfb'/ s]=;L= pk;+of]hs g]kfn ls;fg u7aGwg
^@= efg' l;Ub]n ls;fg u7aGwg
^#= k|]d 8fFuL dxf ;lrj g]kfn clvn ls;fg dxf;+3
^$= pQd s'df/ e§/fO{ ;x ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
^%= 8f= cd/ axfb'/ zfx If]qLo lgb]{zs If]qLo kz' ;]jf lgb]{zgfno, ;'v]{t
^^= lalGb/f clwsf/L s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
^&= af;'b]j /]UdL jl/i7 aLp ljsf; jLpljhg u'0f lgoGq0f s]Gb|, xl/x/
clws[t ejg
^*= dx]Gb|gfy kf}8]n jl/i7 s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
^(= zagd lzjfsf]6L jl/i7 afnL ;+/If0f s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
clws[t
&)= k'?iff]Qd d}gfnL pk6f]nL k|d'v Pl8P;
&!= lbg]z uf}td ;Dafbbftf gful/s b}lgs
&@= hLj/fh s]=;L= s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o g]skf dfn]
&#= dLg axfb'/ l;+x k|aGws lhNnf ;xsf/L ;+3
&$= vu]Gb| axfb'/ dNn ;x ;lrj g]kfnL sfFu|];, d'u'
&%= ;l/tf xdfn O6L;L ldl8of , g]kfn
&^= lszf]/dfg >]i7 sfd' jl/i7 s[lif ljsf; lhs[ljsf, afFs]
clws[t

103
&&= /d]z zfxL dfn], d'u'
&*= k|sfz zfxL dfn], d'u
&(= lai0f' clwsf/L ;b:o ls;fg ;+3, afFs]
*)= 8f= tk]Gb| af]x/f kz' lrlsT;s If]qLo kz' ;]jf lgb]{zgfno, ;'v]{t
*!= b]j/fh e'iffn s[lif k|;f/ clws[t If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno, ;'v]{t
*@= ;"o{dl0f pkfWofo lhNnf ;ldlt ;b:o g]skf dfn],
*#= uf]ljGb clwsf/L ;b:o g]skf dfn],h'Dnf
*$= 6f]k axfb'/ vqL g]skf dfn],;'v]{t
*%= s'df/ >]i7 ;Dafbbftf÷;dfrf/ g]kfn ;dfrf/ kq
;+of]hs
*^= ltns ufpFn] ;Dafbbftf Pla;L 6]lnlehg
*&= /lhgf dNn Sofd]/fDofg sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehg
**= ;[hgf cfrfo{ ;Dafbbftf sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehg
*(= x;d'Nnf vfg afnL ljsf; clws[t lhs[ljsf, afFs]
()= ch'{g cf]nL pk;Dkfbs /]l8of], afu]Zj/L
(!= bLk]Gb| ;'g'jf/ g]skf dfn],afFs]
(@= /fd]Zj/ k|;fb /fobf; KnfG6 Sjf/]G6fOg If]qLoKnfG6 Sj/]G6fOg
clws[t sfof{no,g]kfnu+h
(#= 3gZofd gu/sf]6L k|d'v dWoklZdf~rn cGt/f{li6«o u}/
;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;+3
($= 6]s]Gb| axfb'/ zfx pk OlGhlgo/ dWoklZdf~rn l;FrfO ljefu–@,
afFs]
(%= s[i0f s]=;L= PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL lahf}/L@, bfË
(^= kfj{tL k'g PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL ?s'd
(&= r]t axfb'/ u'?Ë k|d'v e"ldut l;FrfO sfof{no
(*= nlnth \u s'Fj/ k|fljlws ;xfos If]qLo kz' ;]jf tfnLd s]Gb|
((= nIdL v8\sf l8l;Pd g]skf dfn], alb{of
!))= k|mfG;;]:sf] uf]n]6L 6f]nL g]tf, Pl8P; sf7df08f}
!)!= lg/h uf}td g]kfnu~h
!)@= lbnf/fd v/]n /lfi6«o kz' k|hgg s]Gb|, g]kfnu~h
!)#= tf/f s'df/L v8\sf If]qLo kz' ;]jf tfnLd s]Gb|
!)$= s[i0f k|;fb pkfWofo sfof{no ;xfos If]qLo kz' ;]jf tfnLd s]Gb|
!)%= z/brGb| >]i7 jl/i7 s[lif k|;f/ If]qLos[liftfnLd s]Gb, vh'/f
clws[t
!)^= ;~ho uf}td cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, alb{of
!)&= /fo axfb'/ af]x/f /fli6«o ;ldlt ;b:o g]skf Pdfcf]jfbL, alb{of
!)*= tf/f k|;fb vqL :yfgLo zflGt ;ldlt sfof{no
!)(= b]jLnfn ;fksf]6f n]vfkfnf /lfi6«o kz'k|hgg s]Gb|, g]kfnu+h
!!) 8f= /fd s'df/ sfsL{ jl/i7 kz' lrlsT;s kz' Sjf/]G6fOg sfof{no,afFs]
!!!= 8f= 6]sgfy cfrfo{ jl/i7 kz' lrlsT;s lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfof{no, afFs]
!!@= hLjg s'df/ s]=;L= of]hgf clws[t lhNnf s[lif ;jsf; sfof{no, afFs]
!!#= /fh]Gb| k|;fb lwtfn rfns sf7df08f}
!!$= bLks cfn] ;Dafbbftf ;u/dfyf 6]lnlehg
!!%= 7fs'/ l;+x yf? sflGtk'/ b}lgs
!!^= /jLGb|/fh zdf{ ;b:o g]skf Pdfn], b}n]v

104
!!&= gf/b k|;fb zdf{ ;b:o ;xsf/L If]q, e]/L g]skf Pdfn], hfh/sf]6
c~rn
!!*= ljho lwtfn ;b:o g]skf Pdfn], afFs]
!!(= k|sfz af]x/f ;'v]{t
!@)= eQm axfb'/ /f]sfo hfh/sf]6
!@!= l6sf/fd v8\sf ;b:o PPgPkmlkP, bfË
!@@= nId0f cfrfo{ cWoIf g]skf Pdfn], bfË
!@#= efuLnfn 3tL{ g]skf PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL, hfh/sf]6
!@$= r]t gf/fo0f vgfn k|f; cfO8An'cf/PdkL
!@%= xl/ ofbj k|f; cfO8An'cf/PdkL
!@^= ljBf k|;fb ofbj ;b:o dw]zL hgflwsf/ kmf]/d
!@&= cof]Wof k|;fb u'l8of sfof{no ;xfos If]qLo kz' ;]jf tfnLd s]Gb|,afFs]
!@*= wL/h z]/kfnL ;b:o /fHo ;ldlt
g]skf Psls[t dfcf]jfbL, bfË
!@(= v'zL/fd rf}w/L rfns cf/Pl8;L, ;'v]{t
!#)= hL/ axfb'/ wfdL l8l;Pd g]skf Pdfn], sflnsf]6
!#!= vu|]Gb| sfsL{ pk;lrj g]skf Pdfn], x'Dnf
!#@= ljho e08f/L ;lrj g]skf PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL, x'Dnf
!##= ;"o{ k|;fb kf}8]n jl/i7 kz' ljsf; s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
clws[t
!#$ nId0f ofbj alb{of

Pl8P; If]qLo sfof{zfnf

wgu9L -@)^(÷)#÷@)_
qm=;= Gffd kb sfof{no
!= >L lrq qxfb'/ >]i7 ;+of]hs /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
@= >L efg' l;Ub]n ;lrj /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
#= >L k|]d 8fFuL ;b:o /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
$= 8f= k|efs/ kf7s ;x ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
%= >L s}nfz s'df/ ahLdo k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, s}nfnL
^= >L s0f{ axfb'/ yfkf ;b:o g]skf Pdfn], afh'/f
&= >L paf{bQ kGt ;b:o g]skf Pdfn], a}t8L
*= >L O{Zj/L k|;fb v/]n lhNnf ;efklt g]skf Pdfn], s~rgk'/
(= >L lbn axfb'/ P]/ ;b:o wgu9L
!)= >L gf/fo0fbQ kGt s]Gb|Lo ;b:o g]kfnL sfFu|];, s~rgk'/
!!= >L c/ljGb s'df/ u'Ktf jl/i7l8lehgn wgu9L
OlGhlgo/
!@= >L ef]h/fh hf]zL ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
!#= >L ch'{g axfb'/ yfkf ;efklt g]skf Pdfn], afh'/f
!$= >L nfn axfb'/ yfkf ;b:o
!%= >L gf/b dnf;L ;efklt g]skf Pdfn], 8f]6L
!^= >L g/gf/fo0f zfx cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, s}nfnL
!&= >L lai0f' k|;fb rf}w/L ;lrj clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3

105
!*= >L z]/ axfb'/ ;fpb ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
!(= >L k"0f{ l;+x yfkf ;b:o g]skf dfn], sGrgk'/
@)= >L k"0f{gGb n]vs ;lrj g]kfnL sfFu|];, a}t8L
@!= >L kbd/fh hf]zL OGrfh{ sdf08/ 88]Nw'/f
@@= >L dxfb]j a8' cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, 8f]6L
@#= >L cu:y clwsf/L ;efklt ld;g g]6js{, ;'b'/ klZrd
@$= >L xhf/L ;fpb pk;efklt g]skf Pdfn], a}t8L
@%= >L lbg]z dxtf] a}t8L
@^= >L bL3{ ;f]wf/L ;lrj Pdfn]
@&= 8f= k|]d s'df/ d08n kz' ljsf; clws[t afv|f ljsf; kmfd{, s}nfnL
@*= >L xs{ axfb'/ 8fFuL ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
,aemfË
@(= >L nf]s/fh pkfWofo of]hgf clws[t lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no,
s}nfnL
#)= >L bL3{/fh pkfWofo ;Dkfbs /]l8of] klZrd 6'8]
#!= >L jL/]Gb| /fpt ;Dkfbs dlg{Ë a]n b}lgs ÷lxdfno 6fOD;
#@= >L x]dGt kf}8]n k|d'v ;Dkfbs ;'b/" ;Gb]z b}lgs
##= >L cf]d/fh kf7s ;b:o g]kfnL sfFu|];, 8f]6L
#$= >L jL/ axfb'/ ;fpb jl/i7 pk;efklt
#%= >L hut ;fpb ;Dafbbftf /]l8of] g]kfn
#^= >L k|sfz ljqmd zfx uf]/vfkq,wgu9L
#&= >L s0f{ axfb'/ zfxL ;Dafbbftf klZrd 6'8],wgu9L
#*= ;'>L sdnf ltldlN;gf ;efklt g]skf Pdfn]
#(= >L c/laGbdl0f lqkf7L afnL ljsf; clws[t lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no,
s}nfnL
$)= >L ;~hLj s'df/ s0f{ jl/i7 vfB cg';Gwfg If]qLo vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f
clws[t lgoGq0f sfof{no, wgu9L
$!= >L vu]Gb| k|;fb zdf{ jl/i7 s[lif ljsf; lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no,
clws[t s}nfnL
$@= >L b]j/fh zdf{ k|ltlglw g]kfnL sfFu|]; lhNnf ;ldlt
$#= >L c?0f e§ ;Dafbbftf z'SnfkmfF6 Pkm=Pd
$$= 8f=lbs/b]j e§ jl/i7 kz' lrlsT;s s]Gb|Lo kz' cg';Gwfg k|of]uzfnf,
wgu9L
$%= >L ljZjf; uf}td kz' ljsf; clws[t If]qLo kz' ;]jf tfnLd s]Gb|,
wgu9L
$^= >L o1/fh af:tf]nf ;lrj /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg, ;'b"/
klZrd
$&= >L e"k]Gb| yfkf kz' ljsf; clws[t lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfof{no, s}nfnL
$*= >L b'uf{ k|;fb kf08] If]qLo k|aGws s[lif ;dfu|L sDkgL lnld6]8,
wgu9L
$(= >L rGb| k|;fb e§ sfd' zfvf k|aGws /lfi6«o aLpljhg sDkgL ln=,
wgu9L
%)= >L jf;'b]j /]UdL jl/i7aLp ljsf; aLpljhg u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f s]Gb|
clws[t
%!= >L dx]Gb|gfy kf}8]n jl/i7 s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno

106
%@= >L k|]d s'df/ yfkf zfvf k|d'v s[lif ljsf; a+}s, If]qLo sfof{no,
wgu9L
%#= >L afa'sfhL yfkf k|aGws s[lif ljsf; a}s, a}lsË sfof{no,
wgu9L
%$= >L xs{ axfb'/ l;+x k"j{ ;f+;b ;b:o g]=s=kf= Pdfn] , 8f]6L
%%= ;'>L z'eb|f a:g]t k|ltlglw g]kfn dlxnf ;+3, aemfË
%^= >L ;lRrbfgGb pkfWofo If]qLo lgb]{zs If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno, ;'b"/klZrd
%&= >L lqnf]rg e§ ;lrj PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL, 8f]6L
%*= >L s0f{ axfb'/ dNn cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, 88]Nw'/f
%(= >L hoGb| axfb'/ :jfF/ pkfWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, c5fd
^)= >L 6 \s axfb'/ /fjn g]=s=kf= dfn], c5fd
^!= >L an axfb'/ /f]sfof pk;efklt u}/ ;/sf/L dxf;+3, If]qLo ;ldlt,
aemfË
^@= >L xl/b]j hf]zL
^#= ;'/]Gb| lai6 ;efklt u}/ ;/sf/L dxf;+3, If]qLo ;ldlt,
aemfË
^$= >L ltns axfb'/ l;+x ;b:o PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL
^%= 8f= lagf]b sF8]n jl/i7 kz' lrlsT;s lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfof{no, s}nfnL
^^= >L dLg axfb'/ s'Fj/ aemfË
^&= >L k|]d axfb'/ l;+x aemfË
^*= ;'>L rGb|f hf]zL of]hgf clws[t lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no,
s}nfnL
^(= >L /d]z 6df6f ;Dafbbftf x]8 nfO{6, wgu9L
&)= >L g/ axfb'/ rf}w/L ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg ;+3, s}nfnL
&!= >L /0f axfb'/ rGb g]=s=kf= Pdfn], wgu9L
&@= >L pk]Gb| lai6 ;xfos ;lrj If]qLopBf]u afl0fHo ;+3, wgu9L
&#= >L Clif/fh la8f/L ;efklt kqsf/ dxf;+3, s}nfnL
&$= >L dx]z rGb| u'Ktf jl/i7 dT:o ljsf; dT:o ljsf; s]Gb|, u]6f, s}nfnL
clws[t
&%= >L Zofddf]xg nfn bf; pk ;lrj lhNnf jg sfof{n, s}nfnL
&^= >L x]ds0f{ lj=s]= ;efklt k|]; rf}tf/L
&&= >L g/gf/fo0f zfx cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, s}nfnL
&*= >L s0f{ axfb'/ lj=s]= OGrfh{ g]skf PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL,afh'/f
&(= >L lbn axfb'/ ;fpb g]skf PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL, c5fd
*)= >L u \uf axfb'/ l;+x -/f]lxt_ g]skf PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL,s~rgk'/
*!= ;'>L kljqf g]uL If]qLo ;b:o g]skf PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL, 88]Nw'/f
*@= >L k|sfz axfb'/ ad ;b:o g]kfnL sfFu|];, s}nfnL
*#= >L b'uf{ e§ g]skf PsLs[t Pdfcf]jfbL, 8f]6L
*$= >L gf/fo0fbQ e§ ;b:o g]kfnL sfFu|];, s}nfnL
*%= >L e/t zfx ;efklt g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3, s}nfnL
*^= >L t]h s'Fj/ ;dfj]zL, s}nfnL
*&= >L xl/df]xg rf}w/L ;efklt t/fO{ dw]zL nf]stflGqs kf6L{,
s~rgk'/
**= >L nId0f Gof}kfg] ;b:o g]kfnL sfFu|];, s}nfnL
*(= >L dLg 7s'/L ;Dafbbftf /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt, s}nfnL

107
()= >L d's]z lj=s]=
(!= >L slj/fh kl08t k|ltlglw g]kfnL sfFu|];, afh'/f
(@= >L uf]ljGb /fh lj=s]= ;b:o
(#= 8f= k'?iff]Qd d}gfnL pk 6f]nL k|d'v Pl8P;
($= >L ljqmfGt kl08t pk;efklt g]kfn ls;fg ;+3,afh'/f
(%= >L g/ axfb'/ rf}w/L g]kfn ls;fg ;+3,s}nfnL
(^= >L eLd axfb'/ s8fot ;b:o g]skf Pdfcf]jfbL, sf7df08f}
(&= >L b'uf{ k|;fb cf]emf k|fljlws ;xfos lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no,
s}nfnL
(*= >L uf]s0f{ k|+;fb zdf{ :yfgLo ljsf; clws[t lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, s}nfnL
((= >L ;"o{ k|;fb kf}8]n jl/i7 kz' ljsf; s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
clws[t
!))= >L rGb| axfb'/ /fjn c5fd
!)!= >L lrGtf gf/fo0f vgfn k|fljlws ;xfos cfO8An'cf/PdkL
!)@= >L xl/ ofbj k|fljlws ;xfos cfO8An'cf/PdkL
!)#= >L /0f axfb'/ af]x/f ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg ;+3,afh'/f
!)$= >L s[i0f k|;fb nD;fn gfoa ;'Aaf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, s}nfnL
!)%= >L xs{ axfb'/ aL=;L= cf]e/l;o/ lhNnf k|fljlws sfof{no, s}nfnL
!)^= >L lbjfs/ zdf{ ;Dafbbftf sfnv08 ;fKtflxs, s}nfnL

Pl8P; If]qLo sfof{zfnf

x]6f}8f, dsjfgk'/ -@)^(÷)%÷!*_
qm=;= Gffd kb sfof{no
!= 8f= k|efs/ kf7s ;x ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
@= lrq axfb'/ >]i7 ;x–;+of]hs g]kfn ls;fg u7aGwg
#= efg' l;Ub]n ;lrj g]kfn ls;fg u7aGwg
$= zDe' k|;fb kf08] sf]iffWoIf g]kfn ls;fg u7aGwg
%= 8f= k|]d 8fFuL ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg u7aGwg
^= l8NnL/fd zdf{ If]qLo lgb]{zs If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno, xl/x/
ejg
&= 8f= k'?iff]Qd d}gfnL pk 6f]nL k|d'v Pl8P; kf|ljlws ;xof]uL 6f]nL
*= x]dGt s'df/ dxtf] df6f] j}1flgs If]qLo df6f] k/LIf0f k|of]uzfnf,
x]6f}8f
(= x:t axfb'/ lai6 jl/i7 s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
!)= afns[i0f clwsf/L ˆqsf/ sflGtk'/ 6]lnlehg
!!= gjLg l;Ub]n ˆqsf/ x6f}8f 6'8]
!@= bLks k|;fb kf}8]n ;b:o, sfe|] g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
!#= /0f axfb'/ af]xf]/f ;fdfGo ;lrj, sfe|] g]kfn ls;fg u7aGwg
!$= uf}/L k|;fb bjf8L lhNnf ;ldlt ;b:o g]kfnL sfFu|];,sf7df08f}
!%= dx]Gb|/fh ltjf/L s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
!^= cRo't k|;fb ld> s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
!&= zDe' k|;fb nfld5fg] s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
!*= ladnf sfsL{ s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
!(= lai0f' axfb'/ vqL lhNnf ;ldlt ;b:o g]=s=kf= dfn], sf7df08f}

108
@)= zfGtf Gof}kfg] s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
@!= d \unf ltldlN;gf s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
@@= u \uf >]i7 ;b:o ls;fg g]kfn u7aGwg
@#= hfg'sf e'h]n lhNnf ;ldlt ;b:o, clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
dsjfgk'/ -qmflGtsf/L_
@$= /fd k|;fb bfxfn s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
@%= s[i0f axfb'/ sfsL{ ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
@^= b]jL axfb'/ yfkf ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
@&= s]zj a/fn ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
@*= /fdxl/ ;'j]bL ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
@(= /fd Psjfn d'lvof ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
#)= cd[t s'df/ >]i7 ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg;+3
#!= ;"o{ ljnf; b]jsf]6f ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
#@= u0f]z ltldlN;gf ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
##= if8fgGb zdf{ pk;lrj lhNnf jg sfof{no, dsjfgk'/
#$= uf]ljGb sfsL{ /fd]5fk
#%= 8f= cGhgf k'gf/rfln;] sf7df08f}
#^= hd'gf k|;fb ;fx l;Gw'nL
#&= uLtf ;fx wg'iff
#*= x]df ld> dxf]Q/L
#(= na>L Gof}kfg] ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
$)= gx]Gb| v8\sf s]Gb|Lo ;lrjfno ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg u7aGwg
$!= eLd kl/of/ ;xsf/L clws[t l8lehgn ;xsf/L sfof{no,
dsjfgk'/
$@= xl/s[i0f pkfWoIf g]=s=kf= Pdfn], sf7df08f}
$#= ;f]gd l;+x –:ofªtfË ;+of]hs g]skf PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL
$$= uf]s0f{/fh l3ld/] ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
-qmflGtsf/L_
$%= gj/fh n'O+{6]n ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
-qmflGtsf/L_
$^= 3gZofd Gof}kfg] ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
-qmflGtsf/L_
$&= >L nId0f /f]o cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, ;nf{xL
$*= >L /fdrGb| v8\sf cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, /fd]5fk
$(= >L /fd/fh k|;fb h};jfn g]skf PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL
%)= >L /fdgf/fo0f l;+x ;b:o /f}6xt
%!= >L lzj k|;fb x'dfufO{+ cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, sfe|]
%@= >L dx]Gb| k|;fb lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, af/f
%#= >L cgGt sf]O/fnf pkfWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, /f}6xt
%$= >L /fwf ltldlN;gf s]Gb|Lo ;lrj clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
-qmflGtsf/L_ l;Gw'nL
%%= >L emns k|;fb nfld5fg] s]Gb|Lo ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
-qmflGtsf/L_, sfe|]
%^= >L s]bf/ k|;fb k'8f;}gL s]Gb|Lo ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
-qmflGtsf/L_, g'jfsf]6

109
%&= >L lbg]z yfkf ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
-qmflGtsf/L_, ;nf{xL
%*= 8f= ;d|f6 t'DafxfDkm]
%(= >L rGb| k|;fb l3ld/] ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
-qmflGtsf/L_, dsjfgk'/
^)= >L Ps/fh pk|]tL ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
dsjfgk'/
^!= >L t]hs[i0f sfˆn] s]Gb|Lodxf ;lrj g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3, wg'iff
^@= >L hgfb{g kf}8]n ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3, dsjfgk'/
^#= >L uf}/Lz \s/ k|;fb s]Gb|Lo ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3, af/f
^$= >L cfgGb/fd km'Fofn s]Gb|Lo ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
-qmflGtsf/L_
^%= >L /fd]Zj/ km'Fofn s]Gb|Lo ;b:o g]=s=kf= Pdfn], sf7df08f}
^^= >L ;fg' s'df/ >]i7 ;lrj g]=s=kf= Pdfn], sf7df08f}
^&= >L slkn k|;fb d}gfnL ;b:o g]kfnL sfFu|;, ;nf{xL
^*= >L sfzLgfy clwsf/L kf]lNfAo'/f] ;b:o g]=s=kf= Pdfn], lrtjg
^(= >L jf;'b]j zdf{ of]hgf clws[t lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no,
dsjfgk'/
&)= >L sf}zn kf08] kqsf/ k|of; cw{ ;fKtflxs
&!= >L /fh]Gb| /fhynf ;efklt g]=s=kf= Pdfn], eQmk'/
&@= >L /fh]Gb| cfrfo{ jl/i7 vfB cg';Gwfg If]qLo vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0flgoGq0f
clws[t sfof{no
&#= >L wg~ho k+lhof/ jl/i7aLp ljsf; If]qLo aLpljhg k/LIf0f
clws[t k|of]uzfnf, x]6f}8f
&$= >L /3'/d0f Gof}kfg] cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, dsjfgk'/
&%= >L zDe' k|;fb kf08] sf]iffWoIf /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg, sf7df08f}
&^= >L lzj /]UdL ;efklt clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
-qmflGtsf/L_, lrtjg
&&= >L ;xt /fd dT:o ljsf; clws[t lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no,
dsjfgk'/
&*= >L u+uf axfb'/ v8\sf ;+of]hs clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
Pdfn], k;f{
&(= >L k|bLk sf]O/fnf cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|;, dsjfgk'/
*)= >L bdg/fh sfˆn] ;b:o g]kfnL sfFu|;, ;nf{xL
*!= >L /fd k|;fb clwsf/L ljefuLo k|d'v
*@= >L /fd k|;fb kGt k|d'v dT:o ljsf; s]Gb|, x]6f}8f
*#= >L s]zj k|;fb b]jsf]6f ;b:o g]=s=kf= Pdfn], hgsk'/
*$= >L gf/fo0f vltj8f ;efklt g]=s=kf= Pdfn], g'jfsf]6
*%= >L nfn s'df/ s]=;L= ;b:o g]=s=kf= Pdfn], afudtL , bf]nvf
If]q ;+of]hg ;ldlt
*^= >L lrGtf gf/fo0f vgfn k|fljlws ;xfos cfO{8An'cf/PdkL
*&= >L ?k]z b'nfn ;Dafbbftf ;u/dfyf 6]lnlehg
**= >L /fhg bfxfn ;Dafbbftf PleGo'h 6]lnlehg
*(= >L bLk]Gb| /f]Ssf ;Dafbbftf lxdfno 6]lnlehg
()= >L >L/fd ch'{g ;Dafbbftf /]l8of] yfxf ;+rf/

110
(!= >L ;lag Gof}kfg] ;Dafbbftf÷;Dkfbs Pg=l6=eL= ÷;dfofg's'n b}lgs
(@= ;'>L gL/f ;fksf]6f ;b:o dsjfgk'/
(#= 8f= r]t gf/fo0f v/]n kz' lrlsT;s lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfof{no,
dsjfgk'/
($= >L dx]z /]UdL jl/i7 s[lif ljsf; lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no,
clws[t dsjfgk'/
(%= >L e/t axfb'/ cfrfo{ jfujfgL ljsf; clws[t lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no,
dsjfgk'/
(^= >L ;'jf; la8f/L ;Dafbbftf ;fgf s'/f b}lgs
(&= >L jf;'b]j /]UdL jl/i7aLp ljsf; aLpljhgh u'0flgoGq0f s]Gb|
clws[t
(*= >L sfzL/fh xdfn s[lif k|;f/ clws[t lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no,
dsjfgk'/
((= >L /fddl0f bfxfn k|ltlglw uf]/vfkq, dsjfgk'/
!))= >L l8NnL k|;fb pk|]tL ;lrj g]=s=kf= Pdfn], ;nf{xL
!)!= >L s}nfz 9'Ë]n ;efklt g]=s=kf= Pdfn], /fd]5fk
!)@= >L k|jz] vgfn ;b:o g]=s=kf= dfn], lrtjg
!)#= >L /fdgfy clwsf/L cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|;, wflbË
!)$= >L k'ik/fd dNn ;b:o PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL, wflbË
!)%= >L u'? k|;fb a'nf{sf]6L ;efklt g]=s=kf= dfn], wflbË
!)^= >L w|'a ;'j]bL wflbË
!)&= >L /fh]Gb| kf}8]n wflbË
!)*= >L xl/ x'dfufO{+ ;Dafbbftf x]6f}8f
!)(= >L eLd/fh yklnof ;b:o g]=s=kf= dfn], lrtjg
!!)= >L s[i0f ;fx' ;Dafbbftf PaL;L, dsjfgk'/
!!!= >L /fds[i0f yfkf clws[t lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, dsjfgk'/
!!@= >L l8NnL/fd zdf{ If]qLo lgb]{zs If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno,dWodf~rn
!!#= >L uf]ljGb k|;fb k'8f;}gL pk;efklt g]kfn ls;fg ;+3, dsjfgk'/
!!$= >L afa'/fd tfdfË ;efklt /fd]5fk
!!%= >L kjg l;+x e08f/L s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljefu
!!^= >L /d]z b]jsf]6f ;Dafbbftf /]l8of], dsjfgk'/
!!&= >L czf]s ;'hg >]i7 ;Dafbbftf /]l8of] yfxf ;+rf/
!!*= ;'>L cf/tL kf7s sf]iffWoIf Uf}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;+3, If]qLo
sld6L, dWodf~rn
!!(= ;'>L /]ZfdL sfsL{ sf]iffWoIf /]l8of], dsjfgk'/
!@)= ;'>L z'enIdL ljZjsdf{ ;Dafbbftf ;d[l4 ;dfh b}lgs, x]6f}8f
!@!= >L /fd k|;fb rf}w/L ;lrj g]kfnL sfFu|;, af/f
!@@= ;'>L k|ltdf ld> sfd' dlxnf ljsf; dlxnf tyf afn jflnsf sfof{no
clws[t
!@#= >L 8L=aL= yfkf OGrfh{ g]skf Pdfcf]jfbL, dsjfgk'/
!@$= >L /h'lbg cfnd pk;efklt g]=s=kf= dfn], /f}6xt
!@%= anlj/ rf}w/L k|d'v g]=s=kf= Pdfn],af/f
!@^= xl/ dx/f ;b:o g]=s=kf= dfn], af/f
!@&= ljZjrGb wfdL lhNnf ;ldlt ;b:o g]=s=kf= Pdfn], af/f
!@*= cGhf]n 8 \uf]n ;Dafbbftf x]6f}8f 6'8]

111
!@(= dxfgGb ;fksf]6f ;efklt /fli6«o ls;fg ;+3
!#)= k|Nxfb nfld5fg] e"=k"=;f+;b g]skf PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL
!#!= v]d/fh bfxfn k|d'v g]=s=kf= Pdfn], l;Gw'nL
!#@= 7fs'/dfg e'ng ;b:o g]=s=kf= dfn], nlntk'/
!##= ;'/]z k|;fb l;+x ;b:o g]=s=kf= Pdfn], dxf]Q/L
!#$= clgtf k/fh'nL ;Dafbbftf gf/fo0fL b}lgs÷lxdfno 6fOD;
!#%= 8f= cGhg s'df/ rfln;] /fli6«o ;efb:o g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
!#^= lai0f'dfof a'9fyf]sL lj?jf u'7L, k;f{
!#&= zq'3g k|;fb pkfWofo s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o g]=s=kf= dfn], lrtjg
!#*= lai0f'dfof ljZjsdf{ ;Dafbbftf ;d[4 ;dfh
!#(= uf]ljGb k|;fb Gof}kfg] ;Dafbbftf lxdflngL dfl;s klqsf
!$)= of]u]Gb| sfsL{ ;Dafbbftf x6f}8f Pkm Pd
!$!= w|'a k|;fb uh'/]n afnL ljsf; clws[t If]qLoaLpljhg k|of]uzfnf, x]6f}8f
!$@= t'n;L k|;fb rfkfufO{ s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o /fli6«o ls;fg ;+3
!$#= lrlgofdfg nfdf dsjfgk'/
!$$= emns k|;fb nfld5fg] s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o g]skf PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL
!$%= ;"o{ k|;fb kf}8]n jl/i7 kz' ljsf; s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
clws[t
!$^= s]zj rf}w/L lhNnf cWoIf ;nf{xL
!$&= xl/ ofbj h]6L cfO{8An'cf/PdkL

s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] If]qLo sfof{zfnf

lj/f6gu/ -@)^(÷)%÷@)_
qm=;= Gffd kb sfof{no
!= >L k|d
] 8fFuL dxf ;lrj clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
@= >L lrq axfb'/ >]i7 k|d'v clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3 -qmf=_,
Onfd
#= >L /fd k|;fb k'nfdL ;x–;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
$= ;'>L piff lg/f}nf ;lrj lhNnf ls;fg u7aGwg, Onfd
%= xl/ dfof ;fksf]6f ;b:o lhNnf ls;fg u7aGwg, emfkf
^= ldgf s'df/L sF8]n k|d'v lhNnf ls;fg u7aGwg, df]/Ë
&= u0f]z sfDafË kfFry/ g]=s=kf= Pdfn] k|d'v
*= k|]g' lzjfsf]6L ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
(= ltn s'df/ d]/fËaf] tfKn]h'Ë g]=s=kf= Pdfn]
!)= hLjg ;fksf]6f ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
!!= 3gZofd yfkf clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3 -qmf_,
Onfd
!@= nfn axfb'/ sfF8jf clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
!#= v]/ l;+x r]Dhf]Ë clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
!$= 9'08L/fh yfkf wgs'6f
!%= ;"o{ k|;fb kf}8]n k|d'v /fli6«o ds} afnLljsf; sfo{qmd
!^= ;To gf/fo0f d08n of]hgf ;+of]hs cfO{8An'cf/PdkL

112
!&= g/]Gb| s'df/ s]?Ë cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, kfFry/
!*= s[i0f nfn bfjf ;lrj g]skf dfn], ;'g;/L
!(= s]zj k|;fb bfxfn cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, tfKn]h'Ë
@)= zagd lzjfsf]6L jl/i7 afnL ;+/If0f s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
clws[t
@!= /fdgf/fo0f d08n of]hgf clws[t If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno, lj/f6gu/
@@= kf]if/fh kf]v/]n gfoa ;'Aaf If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno, lj/f6gu/
@#= bLks s'df/ zdf{ jl/i7 s[lif ljsf; lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no,
clws[t ; \v'jf;ef
@$= /fh]Gb| s'df/ dNn jl/i7 s[lif ljsf; lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, Onfd
clws[t
@%= dgf]h s'df/ rf}w/L OlGhlgo/ If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno, lj/f6gu/
@^= aRr' s}nfz sf]O/fnf of]hgf clws[t If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno, lj/f6gu/
@&= x[bo/fd kf]v/]n k|fljlws ;xfos If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno, lj/f6gu/
@*= ch'{g lg/f}nf l8lehgn ;xsf/L sfof{no, df]/Ë
@(= ch'{g ;'j]bL ;dfrf/ ;+of]hs lj/f6gu/
#) lzjf c \u]nf wgs'6f
#!= ljgf]b 9sfn k|d'v g]=s=kf= Pdfn], df]/Ë
#@= pd]z s'df/ wfË k|d'v g]=s=kf= Pdfn], ;+v'jf;ef
##= tf/]dfd u'?Ë cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, ;+v'jf;ef
#$= /fh]Gb| /fO{ wgs'6f
#%= /fh]Gb| uf}td ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
#^= ;flaqL /]UdL ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
#&= e'jg l;+x /fO{ ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
#*= ledf uf}td df]/Ë
#(= clgn a:g]t ;lrj g]=s=kf= dfn], ef]hk'/
$)= ;+u]g ls/fFt vf]6fË
$!= sNkgf /fO{ vf]6fË
$@= rGb| axfb'/ Gof}kfg] ;b:o /fli6«o ls;fg ;+3, ;+v'jf;ef
$#= g/]Gb| vltj8f ;b:o /fli6«o ls;fg ;+3, cf]vn9'Ëf
$$= lai0f' axfb'/ wfË cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, ;'g;/L
$%= s]bf/ axfb'/ yfkf cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, df]/Ë
$^= ;f]ldt axfb'/ rf}w/L df]/Ë
$&= Zofd/fd lj/ s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljefu
$*= lai0f' s'df/ /fO{ cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, vf]6fË
$(= lxdfn sfsL{ cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];,pbok'/
%)= zzL ;]9fO{ cWoIf g]kfn ls;fg u7aGwg, pbok'/
%!= p4j yfkf cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, emfkf
%@= cd]Gb| s'df/ efu8 OlGhlgo/ k"jL{ l;FrfOl8lehg
%#= afns[i0f yfkf cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, ef]hk'/
%$= /ljg sf]O/fnf k|d'v g]=s=kf= Pdfn], emfkf
%%= 1fggfy l3ld/] emfkf
%^= lzjz/0f d08n ;Kt/L
%&= no k|;fb af:sf]6f g]=s=kf= dfn], kfFry/
%*= l/tf rf}w/L ;b:o clvn g]kfn dlxnf ;+3, ;Kt/L

113
%(= cd[t >]i7 ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg ;+3, tfKn]h'Ë
^)= u0f]z ltldlN;gf ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
^!= dx]Gb|/fh ltjf/L s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o g]kfnL sfFu|];, alb{of
^@= /fdxl/ g]kfn ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
^#= tf/f ;'j]bL k|d'v g]kfn ls;fg ;+3, -qmf_
^$= ;/f]h ;fksf]6f ;lrj g]skf dfn], df]/Ë
^%= dfwj vgfn ls;fg ;+3,t]x|y'd
^^= u0f]Zf u'/fufO{+ ls;fg dxf;+3,;'g;/L
^&= df]xg dfgGw/ ;dfrf/ jfrs Pgl6eL lj/f6gu/
^*= b'vLnfn rf}w/L ;b:o ls;fg dxf;+3,;'g;/L
^(= ;/f]hsfGt clwsf/L jl/i7 s[lif k|;f/ cfO8An'cf/PdkL, s[lif ljefu
clws[t
&)= lagf lrqsf/ jl/i7 s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljefu
&!= cUgL kf}8]n km]sf]kmg
&@= ;Ltfb]jL ofbj cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, l;/fxf
&#= df]w/fh l3ld/] If]qLo cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, df]/Ë
&$= xl/ axfb'/ vgfn ls;fg u7aGwg , df]/Ë
&%= lnnfgfy >]i7 cWoIf g]=s=kf= Pdfn], l;/fxf
&^= elu/y ofbj s[lif k|;f/ clws[t If]qLo s[lif lgb]]{zgfno, lj/f6gu/
&&= sfzL/fd rf}w/L jfujfgL ljsf; clws[t lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no
&*= t]h axfb'/ yfkf ; \v'jf;ef,
&(= kbd /fO{ ef]hk'/
*)= k]zn vltj8f s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o g]=s=kf= Pdfn], sf7df08f}
*!= dfwj sfsL{ ;f]n'v'Da'
*@= /fhljqmd sfsL{ cf]vn9'Ëf
*#= Zofd s'df/ >]i7 ls;fg ef]hk'/
*$= wfg' d08n ls;fg ;Kt/L
*%= xl/gfy dxtf] ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3,-qmf=_
;Kt/L
*^= l/tf rf}w/L ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3,-qmf=_
;Kt/L
*&= /fdxl/ g]kfn ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3,-qmf=_
emfkf
**= /lj hf]zL k|aGw lgb]{zs Go' nSsL OG6/k|fOh]h
*(= dgf]h s'df/ ofbj jl/i7 s[lif ljsf; lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, df]/Ë
clws[t
()= 8f= u \uf/fd ofbj kz' ljsf; clws[t lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfof{no, df]/Ë
(!= rGb|snf lzjsf]6L ls;fg Onfd
(@= >LdGtf e§/fO{ lxdfno l6eL= lj/f6gu/
(#= gu]Gb| v8\sf s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg, sf7df08f}
($= lg/f k|;fO{ df]/Ë
(%= O{Zj/ a'9fyf]sL s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o g]=s=kf= Pdfn], wgs'6f
(^= hLjg zfx k|d'v ls;fg ;+3, l;/fxf
(&= l8NnL/fd bfxfn ;b:o ls;fg ;+3, ;'g;/L
(*= /d]z v8\sf ;b:o g]kfnL sfFu|]; , vf]6fË

114
((= s/0f lwdfn ls;fg df]/Ë
!))= lns'df /fhj+zL ls;fg df]/Ë
!)!= ;"o{dfof wdfn ls;fg df]/Ë
!)@= rGb| lnDa" Onfd
!)#= OGb| axfb'/ 9'Ë]n wgs'6f
!)$= j]b k|;fb kf]v/]n k|d'v g]=s=kf= Pdfn], pbok'/
!)%= ab|L k|;fb bfxfn jl/i7 of]hgf clws[t If]qLo s[lif lgb]]{zgfn, lj/f6gu/
!)^= g/ axfb'/ s6'jfn uf=lj=;= ;lrj kltdfgLË uf=lj=;=
!)&= bLk]Gb| s'df/ ofbj l;/fxf
!)*= t]hdfg vfF8jf t]x|y'd
!)(= k|]dgfy clwsf/L lj/f6gu/
!!)= aRr' /fO{ vf]6fË
!!!= xl/ s'df/ kf]v/]n /fli6«o ;ldlt ;b:o ls;fg dxf;+3, vf]6fË
!!@= /d]z /fO{ /fli6«o ;ldlt ;b:o ls;fg dxf;+3, vf]6fË
!!#= hgb]j bfxfn zfvf clws[t If]qLo s[lif lgb]]{zgfn, lj/f6gu/
!!$= lan6 ofbj rfns If]qLo s[lif lgb]]{zgfn, lj/f6gu/
!!%= tf/f axfb'/ l3ld/] cf]e/l;o/ If]qLo s[lif lgb]]{zgfn, lj/f6gu/
!!^= ;~ho k|sfz ofbj If]qLo cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|];, l;/fxf
!!&= k/z'/fd b'nfn ;b:o ls;fg ;+3, df]/Ë
!!*= 5lj clwsf/L ;b:o ls;fg ;+3 , df]/Ë
!!(= xl/nfn l;+x g]kfnL sfFu|]; , df]/Ë
!@)= k|bLk s'df/ ;'gjf/ cWoIf g]kfnL sfFu|]; , cf]vn9'Ëf
!@!= ho axfb'/ >]i7 s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o ls;fg ;+3,
!@@= k|df]b sfsL{ ;lrj ls;fg dxf;+3, cf]vn9'Ëf
!@#= l;tf k|;fO{ ldl8of u7aGwg
!@$= zDe' k|;fb kfv]8 l;Gw'kfNrf]s
!@%= uLtf zfx s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o PsLs[t dfcf]jfbL
!@^= uf]ljGb lai6 ;b:o g]skf dfn], l;/fxf
!@&= s]=kL= a/] pbok'/
!@*= pk]Gb| /fo pk;efklt If]qLo vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0flgoGq0f
sfof{no
!@(= ;fu/ e§/fO{ afnL ;+/If0f clws[t lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, df]/Ë
!#)= pbo s'df/ l;+x k|fljlws ;xfos lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, df]/Ë
!#!= hut gf/fo0f zfx l;/fxf
!#@= dxfgGb 7fs'/ ;'g;/L
!##= ;'zLn d]x]tf ;'g;/L
!#$= dx]Gb| ofbj lj/f6gu/
!#%= >Lgf/fo0f zdf{ If]qLo lgb]{zs If]qLo s[lif lgb]]{zgfno, lj/f6gu/
!#^= dx]Gb| ltjf/L s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o ls;fg ;+3
!#&= dxfk|;fb vltj8f ;dfrf/ ;Djfbbftf sflGtk'/ l6eL
!#*= z]if/fh bfxfn ;b:o ls;fg ;+3 , df]/Ë
!#(= wdf{gGb zfx l;/fxf
!$)= lbgfgfy l3ld/] lkPn ;b:o g]skf dfn], l;/fxf
!$!= zDe' kf]v/]n ls;fg lj/f6gu/

115
!$@= lsZff]/ ljZjsdf{ dsfn' l6eL lj/f6gu/
!$#= /f]lxt vgfn dsfn' l6eL lj/f6gu/
!$$= lzj bofn bf; lj/f6gu/
!$%= tf/f cfrfo{ df]/Ë
!$^= /]atL /d0f e08f/L df]/Ë
!$&= ;'bfdf zfx sfof{no ;xof]uL Joj;flos s[lif ljsf; cfof]hgf
!$*= uf]kfn k|;fb ofbj sfof{no ;xof]uL Joj;flos s[lif ljsf; cfof]hgf
!$(= /fd k|;fb d]xQf sf7df08f}
!%)= lbg]z s'Gofxf ;efklt g]kfnL sfFu|];, ;Kt/L
!%!= af;'b]j d]xQf sfof{no ;xof]uL If]qLo s[lif lgb]]{zgfn, lj/f6gu/
!%@= k[YjL axfb'/ v8\sf sfof{no ;xof]uL If]qLo s[lif lgb]]{zgfn, lj/f6gu/
!%#= 7fs'/ k|;fb sfˆn] sfof{no ;xof]uL If]qLo s[lif lgb]]{zgfn, lj/f6gu/
!%$= zq'3g k|;fb pkfWofo ;b:o g]=s=kf= dfn], sf7df08f}
!%%= 3d08axfb'/ e08f/L sfof{no ;xof]uL If]qLo s[lif lgb]]{zgfn, lj/f6gu/
!%^= n]vgfy clwsf/L sfof{no ;xfos ls;fg ;+3, pbok'/
!%&= sNkgf >]i7 ;'g;/L
!%*= ;/f]hnfsf]O/fnf Joj;flos s[lif ljsf; cfof]hgf
!%(= uf]kL axfb'/ c5fdL e"=k"=v]ns'b /fHo dGqL sf7df08f}
!^)= ;Dd/ axfb'/ du/ sfof{no ;xof]uL If]qLo s[lif lgb]]{zgfn, lj/f6gu/
!^!= k'0f{ axfb'/ ;'g'jf/ sfof{no ;xof]uL If]qLo s[lif lgb]]{zgfn, lj/f6gu/
!^@= l/tf kf08] sfof{no ;xof]uL If]qLo s[lif lgb]]{zgfn, lj/f6gu/
!^#= lai0f'dl0f kf]v/]n k|fljlws ;xfos If]qLo s[lif lgb]]{zgfn, lj/f6gu/
!^$= k'?iff]Qd d}gfnL pk6f]nL k|d'v Pl8P;
!^%= ;"o{ k|;fb kf}8]n jl/i7 kz' ljsf; s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
clws[t
!^^= /fhg bfxfn afnL ljsf; clws[t cfO8An'cf/PdkL,
!^&= /fh]z zfx s[lif cy{lj1 cfO8An'cf/PdkL,

Pl8P; 6fS; kmf];{ ;d"x a}7s

w'lnv]n -@*–@( h]i7, @)&)_
qm=;= Gfd Kb sfof{no
!= 8f= k|efs/ kf7s ;x ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
@= >L pQd s'df/ e§/fO{ ;x ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
#= 8f= /fh]Gb| k|;fb clwsf/L ;x ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
$= >L ejs[i0f e§/fO{ ;x ;lrj /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
%= >L ;'/]zafa' ltjf/L sfd' dxflgb]{zs s[lif ljefu
^= >L of]u]Gb| s'df/ sfsL{ of]hgf lgb]{zs KofS6
&= >L 6]s axfb'/ ad pkdxflgb]{zs s[lif ljefu
*= 8f= /fds[i0f vltj8f pkdxflgb]{zs kz' ;]jf ljefu
(= 8f= 6]s axfb'/ u'?Ë lgb]{zs g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\
!)= 8f= b]j]Gb| uf}rg j}1flgs g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\
!!= >L ;Togf/fo0f d08n of]hgf ;+of]hs cfO{8An'cf/PdkL,

116
!@= >L dx]Gb|gfy kf}8]n jl/i7 s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
!#= 8f= ;"o{ k|;fb kf}8]n jl/i7 kz' ljsf; s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
clws[t
!$= ;'>L zjgd lzjfsf]6L jl/i7 afnL ;+/If0f s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
clws[t
!%= 8f= dx]Gb| vgfn jl/i7 aLp ljsf; aLpljhg u'0f lgoGq0f s]Gb|
clws[t
!^= >L k"0f{rGb| j:tL jl/i7 vfB lg/LIf0f VffB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f
clws[t ljefu
!&= >L /lj s'df/ 8 \uf]n s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
!*= >L ljlGb/f clwsf/L s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
!(= >L xl/ k|;fb j:tL n]vf clws[t cfO8An'cf/PdkL,
@)= >L /fhg 9sfn afnL ljsf; clws[t cfO8An'cf/PdkL,
@!= >L Clifs]z emf k|fljlws ;xfos cfO8An'cf/PdkL,
@@= >L xl/ ofbj k|fljlws ;xfos cfO8An'cf/PdkL,

Pl8P; d:of}bf sfo{of]hgf tyf dfu{lrq ;dLIff sfo{zfnf

w'lnv]n -#! h]i7, @)&)_
qm=;= Gffd kb sfof{no
!= >L hod's'Gb vgfn ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
@= 8f= k|efs/ kf7s ;x–;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
#= >L ljho s'df/ dlNns ;x–;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
$= >L ;'/]zafa' ltjf/L sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs s[lif ljefu
%= 8f= ZofdlsZff]/ zfx ;b:o ;lrj /fli6«o s[lif cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;
sf]if
^= >L ;lRrbfgGb pfkWofo If]qLo lgb]{zs If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno, lbkfon
&= >L 6]s axfb'/ ad pkdxflgb]{zs s[lif ljefu
*= >L >Lgf/fo0f zdf{ If]qLo lgb]z{ s If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno, ;'v]{t
(= >L sdnsfGt emf of]hgf k|d'v s[lif ljsf; of]hgf, hgsk'/
!)= >L t]h axfb'/ ;'j]bL sfo{qmd lgb]{zs kf]i6xfe]{i6 Joj:yfkg lgb]{zgfno
!!= >L n]vgfy cfrfo{ If]qLo lgb]{zs If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno, nlntk'/
!@= >L l8NnL/fd zdf{ sfo{qmd lgb]{zs afnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfno, s[lif
ljefu
!#= >L /fdfgGb ld> sfo{qmd k|d'v dT:o ljsf; lgb]{zgfno, s[lif ljefu
!$= >L ;Togf/fo0f d08n of]hgf ;+of]hs cfO8An'cf/PdkL,
!%= >L åfl/sf k|;fb cfrfo{ pklgoGqs dxfn]vf kl/If0fsf] sfof{no
!^= >L x:t axfb'/ lai6 jl/i7 s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
!&= 8f= ;"o{ k|;fb kf}8]n jl/i7 kz' s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
ljsf;clws[t
!*= ;'>L ;jgd lzjfsf]6L jl/i7 afnL ;+/If0f s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
clws[t
!(= >L ab|L bfxfn jl/i7 s[lif cy{lj1 If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno, lj/f6gu/
@)= >L e/t b]jsf]6f jl/i7 afnL ljsf; s[lif ljefu
clws[t

117
Pl8P; If]qLo sfof{zfnf
wgs'6f @)&!÷)!÷@(
qm=;= Gfd kb sfof{no
!= 8f= /fh]Gb| k|;fb clwsf/L ;x ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
@= nId0f k|;fb kf}8]n of]hgf ;+ofhs cfO8An'cf/PdkL,s[lif ljefu
#= lrq axfb'/ >]i7 ;x ;+of]hs /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
$= efg' l;Ub]n ;lrj /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
%= b]jL a/fn pkfWoIf clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
^= 8f= k|]d 8fFuL dxf ;lrj clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
&= gu]Gb| v8\sf ;lrjfno ;b:o /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
*= uf]kfn e08f/L ;+of]hs, k"jf{~rn /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
(= 8f= af]w k|;fb k/fh'nL If]qLo lgb]{zs If]qLo kz' ;]jf lgb]{zgfno
!)= d's'Gb e'iffn afnL ljsf; clws[t cfO8An'cf/PdkL,s[lif ljefu
!!= ;f]d k|;fb e§/fO{ sf=d'= k|lhc lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, wgs'6f
!@= ;flaqL /]UdL /fli6«o ;ldlt ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
!#= b]jLdfof e§/fO{ /fli6«o ;ldlt ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
!$= 1fg axfb'/ s6'jfn ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
!%= u+uf k|;fb r]Dhf]Ë /fli6«o ;ldlt ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
!^= lzj clGhof lhNnf ;efklt, wgs'6f clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
!&= lzj s'df/ rf}w/L lhNnf ;efklt, pbok'/ clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
!*= xl/ s'df/ kf]v/]n /fli6«o ;ldlt ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
!(= a]g' lzjfsf]6L ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
@)= b'vLnfn rf}w/L /fli6«o ;ldlt ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
@!= wGofgGb clwsf/L lhNnf ;efklt, df]/Ë clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
@@= e'jg l;+x /fO{ ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
@#= tf/f ;'j]bL lhNnf ;efklt, emfkf clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
-qmflGtsf/L_
@$= 3gZofd yfkf ;lrjfno ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
-qmflGtsf/L_
@%= s]x/l;+x r]Dhf]Ë lhNnf ;efklt clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
-qmflGtsf/L_
@^= clUg a:g]t lhNnf ;efklt clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
-qmflGtsf/L_
@&= 6]s axfb'/ /fO{ lhNnf ;efklt clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
@*= 7fs'/gfy kf}8]n lhNnf ;efklt clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
@(= ?b| axfb'/ clwsf/L lhNnf ;efklt clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
#)= jL/hË /fO{ lhNnf ;efklt, ef]hk'/ clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
#!= xl/ gf/fo0f dxtf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
-qmflGtsf/L_
#@= u0f]z k|;fb l3ld/] lhNnf ;efklt, t]x|y'd g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
##= s]bf/ axfb'/ yfkf lhNnf ;efklt, df]/Ë g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
#$= /fd axfb'/ a:g]t lhNnf ;efklt, g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
;+v'jf;ef
#%= lzjz/0f d08n s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg ;+3

118
#^= O{Zj/L cfrfo{ lhNnf ;ldlt ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
#&= xl/ axfb'/ vgfn ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg u7aGwg
#*= 5ljnfn l3ld/] sf=d' jl/i6 s[lif ljsf; lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no,
clws[t 3gs'6f
#(= ;'idf /fO{ ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
$)= tLn axfb'/ sfsL{ lhNnf ;efklt, g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
tfKn]h'Ë
$!= lai0f' axfb'/ 8fFuL lhNnf ;efklt, ;'g;/L g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
$@= s]zj k|;fb e§/fO{ ;lrj ;'g;/L g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
$#= eLid/fh cfª\bDaL lhNnf ;ldlt clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
;b:o,vf]6fË -qmflGtsf/L_
$$= n]vgfy 9sfn lhNnf ;efklt, clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
;f]n'v'Da' -qmflGtsf/L_
$%= k|]df df8f]ªaf kqsf/ /]l8of] dsfn'
$^= ldg k|;fb ;'j]bL lhNnf ;+of]hs wgs'6f /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
$&= d'lQmgfy vltj8f ;xfos OG:k]S6/ lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, wgs'6f
$*= /fdj+z ofbj xjNbf/ lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no, wgs'6f
$(= nf]s]Gb| s'Fj/ zfvf clws[t lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no,
wgs'6f
%)= cl:dtf bfxfn ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
%!= xl/ k|;fb vltj8f ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
%@= s[i0f /fO{ kqsf/ /]l8of] g]kfn
%#= l;4/fh /fO{ kqsf/ gful/s b}lgs
%$= k'ik/fh kf}8]n s[lif k|;f/ clws[t lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no,
wgs'6f
%%= clDasf axfb'/ v8\sf lhNnf ;ldlt ;b:o, g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
kfFky/
%^= dx]Gb| gfy kf}8]n jl/i7 s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
%&= /fh]Gb| e§/fO{ ;lrj , emfkf g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
%*= lgd{n a/fn ;+of]hs sf]lrnf /fHo ;ldlt

%(= lhjR5f ofbj lhNnf ;efklt, l;/fxf clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
^)= gu]Gb| vltj8f ;lrjfno ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
^!= 8f= hLjg s'df/ l;+x jl/i7 kz' lrlsT;s lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfof{no, wgs'6f
^@= ejfgL k/fh'nL lhNnf ;ldlt ;b:o, clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
df]/Ë -qmflGtsf/L_
^#= dGh' /fO{ lhNnf ;ldlt ;b:o, clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
vf]6fË -qmflGtsf/L_
^$= u0f]z ltldlN;gf s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
^%= ljgf]b s'df/ e§/fO{ jl/i7 s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
^^= ljqmd sfsL{ lhNnf ;ldlt ;b:o, clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
;f]n'v'Da'
^&= wd{/fh /fO{ ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
^*= sNof0f Zfdf{ lhNnf ;efklt, df]/Ë clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
-qmflGtsf/L_

119
^(= /jLGb| a'9fyf]sL lhNnf ;ldlt ;b:o, clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
ef]hk'/ -qmflGtsf/L_
&)= k|jL0f /fO{ lhNnf ;ldlt ;b:o, clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
vf]6fË -qmflGtsf/L_
&!= lrGtfgf/fo0f vgfn k|fljlws ;xfos cfO{8An'cf/PdkL,s[lif ljefu
&@= eljGb' clwsf/L lhNnf ;ldlt ;b:o, clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
; \v'jf;ef
&#= cGh' /fO{ lhNnf ;ldlt ;b:o, clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
wgs'6f
&$= pbo z+s/ d08n lhNnf ;ldlt clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
;b:o,;Kt/L
&%= 9'0bL/fh yfkf lhNnf ;efklt, wgs'6f clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
-qmflGtsf/L_
&^= w'a| 8fFuL s]Gb|Lo ;b:o ;ldlt clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
-qmflGtsf/L_
&&= OGb| axfb'/ 9'Ë]n lhNnf ;efklt, wgs'6f g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
&*= nIdL k|;fb v/]n jl/i7 s[lif ljsf; lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no,
clws[t tfKn]h'Ë
&(= hultofg b]jL zfx s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3

*)= lagfb]jL /fO{ k|fljlws ;xfos lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no,

wgs'6f
*!= lrqsnf rf}xfg k|fljlws ;xfos lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no,
wgs'6f
*@= 8Da/ r]Dhf]Ë lhNnf ;ldlt ;b:o, clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
kfFry/ -qmflGtsf/L_
*#= 7u]Gb| k|;fb vltj8f ;lrj lhNnf ;ldlt clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
-qmflGtsf/L_

Pl8P; If]qLo sfof{zfnf

g]kfnu~h @)&!÷)@÷!#
qm=;= Gffd kb sfof{no
!= ;DdfggLo 8f= k|]d b+ufn ;b:o /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
@= 8f= /fh]Gb| k|;fb clwsf/L ;x ;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
#= >L efg' l;Ub]n ;lrj /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
$= >L t]h axfb'/ ;'j]bL pkk|aGw lgb]{zs s[lif ljefu
%= >L nId0f k|;fb kf}8]n sfo{of]hgf ;+of]hs cfO8An'cf/PdkL
^= >L an/fd af:sf]6f pk ;fdfGo ;lrj /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
&= >L gu]Gb| v8\sf s]Gb|Lo ;lrjfno ;b:o /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
*= >L >Lgf/fo0f zdf{ If]qLo lgb]{zs If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno, dWo
klZrd
(= >L /fh]Gb| k|;fb ef/L of]hgf k|d'v PrlePkL
!)= >L uf]s0f{ cof{n of]hgf lgb]{zs l/HdPkmkL
!!= >L uf]s0f{ cfrfo{ s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno

120
!@= >L uf]ljGb 1afnL jl/i7 sfo{qmd clws[t Pl8aL÷Pgcf/Pd
!#= >L lszf]/ k|;fb sfo:y If]qLo lgb]{zs If]qLokz' ;]jf lgb]{zgfno, dWo
klZrd
!$= >L dx]Gb| ltjf/L g]kfnL sfFu|];
!%= >L z]/ axfb'/ ;fpb s]Gb|Lo ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg ;+3, s~rgk'/
!^= >L s[i0f k|;fb kGyL lhNnf ;lrj clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3,
?kGb]xL
!&= ;'>L k|]df clwsf/L ;lrj clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3,
;Nofg
!*= ;'>L /]vf zdf{ s]Gb|Lo ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3,bfË
!(= >L xl/eQm clwsf/L ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg u7aGwg, afFs],
sf]xnk'/
@)= >L 6Lsf/fd v8\sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o ls;fg ;+3
@!= >L cd/ cf]nL ;efklt clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3,bfË
@@= >L jL/ axfb'/ v8\sf pk;efklt clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3,?s'd
@#= >L uf]j4{g zdf{ cfrfo{ ;b:o /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg, bfË
@$= >L tLy{ axfb'/ a'9f ;efklt h'Dnf
@%= >L v8\u axfb'/ ;]h'jfn cWoIf ls;fg ;+3, h'Dnf
@^= >L t]h axfb'/ s]=;L= ?s'd
@&= >L nf]s]Gb| axfb'/ yfkf ;efklt ls;fg ;+3, d'u'
@*= >L dfg axfb'/ kfn pkfWoIf g]kfn ls;fg ;+3, s~rgk'/
@(= >L gf/fo0fbQ kGy s]Gb|Lo ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg ;+3, s~rgk'/
#)= ;'>L hfg'sf If]qL s~rgk'/
#!= >L b]u]Gb| ljqmd l;+x lh=;L= l8l;Pd Ko'7fg
#@= >L nIdL k|;fb /fhe08f/L pk;efklt clvn ls;fg dxf;+3, Ko'7fg
##= >L k|]dnfn ;fksf]6f ;efklt g]kfn clvn ls;fg dxf;+3, afFs]
#$= >L 6 \s k|;fb kf08] lhNnf ;b:o ?kGb]xL
#%= >L gf/fo0f e'iffn k|ltlglw slknj:t'
#^= >L u0f]z kf}8]n k|ltlglw afFs]
#&= ;'>L zf/bf zdf{ -nIdL_ k|ltlglw afFs]
#*= >L ljgf]b s'df/ lu/L s]Gb|Lo ;b:o ;'v]{t
#(= >L clDasf kf7s clws[t lhlh;, afFs]
$)= >L /lj ls;g kf;jfg
$!= >L d's'Gb e'iffn afnL ljsf; clws[t cfO8An'cf/PdkL÷s[lif ljefu
$@= >L ljgf]b e§/fO{ n]vf clws[t cfO8An'cf/PdkL÷s[lif ljefu
$#= ;'>L nIdL ltldlN;gf ls;fg s}nfnL
$$= >L k'ik/fh a]naf;] jl/i7 afnL ;+/If0f If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zgfno, dWo
clws[t klZrd
$%= >L /lj hf]zL Go' nSsL OG6/k|fOh]h
$^= >L /fh]Gb| k|;fb k|wfg jl/i7 s[lif ljsf; lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, afFs]
clws[t
$&= >L 6]s k|;fb n'O{6]n jl/i7 s[lif cy{ lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
$*= >L lxSdt s'df/ >]i7 jl/i7 s[lif ljsf; lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, alb{of
clws[t
$(= >L h8'nfn ;fx k|fljlws ;xfos lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, afFs]

121
%)= ;'>L lhjGtL kf}8]n ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg
dxf;+3,s}nfnL
%!= ;'>L cu:yf clwsf/L
%@= >L /fd axfb'/ dx/ ;efklt g]kfn ls;fg ;+3, aemfË
%#= >L k|sfz axfb'/ b]paf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg ;+3, s}nfnL
%$= >L k|]d axfb'/ 3n] g]kfn ls;fg ;+3, ;'v]{t
%%= >L k|sfz vgfn g]kfn ls;fg ;+3,b}n]v
%^= >L u0f]z rGb| ltldlN;gf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg ;+3, sf7df08f}
%&= >L cd/ k|;fb e08f/L s]Gb|Lo ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg ;+3, Ko'7fg
%*= >L ?bf| zdf{ of]hgf clws[t /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
%(= >L nfn s'df/ >]i7 jl/i7 s[lif clws[t s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
^)= >L ljgf]b s'df/ e§/fO{ jl/i7 s[lif clws[t s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
^!= >L lznfb]jL ltjf/L ;b:o g]kfnL sfFu|];, sflnsf]6
^@= >L ts{ axfb'/ zfxL ;lrj g]skf Pdfn] s]Gb|Lo s[lif tyf e"ld
;'wf/ ljefu
^#= >L hfu'/fo rf}w/L clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3,
-qmf=_ s~rgk'/
^$= >L gf/fo0f yfkf s]Gb|Lo ;lrj clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3,
-qmf_ b}n]v
^%= >L ljZj axfb'/ yfkf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3,
-qmf=_ alb{of
^^= >L d'g axfb'/ sfsL{ ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3,
h'Dnf
^&= >L dfg axfb'/ e08f/L s]Gb|Lo ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3,
-qmf=_ sflnsf]6
^*= >L rGb| s'df/L u'?Ë ;'v]{t
^(= >L s'df{/fd zfxL ;efklt g]skf Pdfn] sflnsf]6
&)= >L sn axfb'/ xdfn s]Gb|Lo ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3,
-qmf=_ x'Dnf
&!= >L pdfgfy kf}8]n k|ltlglw ls;fg ;+3 , alb{of
&@= >L t'n k|;fb uf}td k|ltlglw ls;fg u7aGwg, alb{of
&#= >L z]/ axfb'/ l;+x ;efklt ls;fg u7aGwg, s~rgk'/
&$= >L s[i0f/fh pkfWofo cWoIf g]kfn ls;fg ;+3, ;Nofg
&%= >L dgl:f+x 8fFuL ;efklt clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
&^= >L /fhg 9sfn afnL ljsf; clws[t cf/cfO{P;PdPkmkL
&&= >L df]xdDb x/d'nfx vfg afnL ljsf; clws[t lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, afFs]
&*= >L wdf{ /f]sfof ;+of]hs VffB clwsf/ ;~hfn
&(= >L s]bf/ k|;fb cfrfo{ ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3,
-qmf=_ alb{of
*)= >L n]v/fh /]UdL /fHo ;+of]hs yf?jfg, bfË
*!= >L lbg]z kf7s k|ljlws ;xof]uL lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, afFs]
*@= >L bn axfb'/ ;fxL ?kGb]xL
*#= >L a'4 axfb'/ a:g]t Ko'7fg
*$= >L z'esfdgf kf}8]n ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg u7aGwg, s}nfnL

122
*%= >L eLd axfb'/ a:g]t cWoIf g]kfn ls;fg ;+3, Ko'7fg
*^= >L cd[t axfb'/ cf]nL ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3,
-qmf_ ?s'd
*&= >L v8\u axfb'/ du/ ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3,
-qmf=_
**= >L ;Gtf]if cfrfo{ ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg u7aGwg,afFs]
*(= >L ;Demgf /fjn ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg u7aGwg, sGrgk''/
()= >L lza]Gb| sfsL{ ;b:o g]kfn ls;fg u7aGwg, sflnsf]6
(!= >L cf/tL ltjf/L ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3, afFs]
(@= >L l/tf kf}8]n ;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
(#= >L xl/ ofbj k|fljlws ;xof]uL cfO8An'cf/PdkL
($= >L /fh]z ;fx s[lif cy{ljb cfO8An'cf/PdkL
(%= >L uf}/L clwsf/L gfoa ;'Aaf cfO8An'cf/PdkL

Pl8P; gu/sf]6 a}7s

@)&)÷!)÷@&–@*
qm=;= Gffd kb sfof{no
!= >L pQd s'df/ e§/fO{ ;x–;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
@= 8f= /fh]Gb| k|;fb clwsf/L ;x –;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
#= 8f= ;'/h kf]v/]n sfo{qmd lgb]{zs afnL ljsf; lgb]{zgfno
$= >LdtL hLjg k|ef nfdf dxf lgb]{zs vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f
ljefu
%= >L ;'/]zafa' ltjf/L dxf lgb]{zs s[lif ljefu
^= 8f= g/ axfb'/ /fh'jf/ dxf lgb]{zs kz' ;]jf ljefu
&= >L lbnf/fd e08f/L k|d'v jLpljhg u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f s]Gb|
*= >L s}nfz kf]v/]n pk ;lrj cy{ dGqfno
(= >L dx]z v/]n pk ;lrj /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
!)= 8f= k|]d b+ufn ;b:o /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
!!= >L an/fd af+;sf]6f ;b:o /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
!@= >L efg' l;Ub]n ;lrj /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
!#= >L lrq axfb'/ >]i7 ;x ;efklt /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
!$= >L gx]Gb| v8\sf ;b:o /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
!%= >L u0f]z zfx ;b:o /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
!^= 8f= s]za v8\sf ;b:o /fli6«o ls;fg u7aGwg
!&= >L dx]Gb| vgfn jl/i7 aLp ljsf; aLpljhg u'0f lgoGq0f s]Gb|
clws[t
!*= >L dx]Gb|gfy kf}8]n jl/i7 s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
!(= >LdtL ;agd lzjfsf]6L jl/i7 afnL ;+/If0f s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
clws[t
@)= >L ;"o{ kf}8]n jl/i7 kz' ljsf; lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfof{no,
clws[t dsjfgk'/
@!= >L ljgf]b s'df/ e§/fO{ jl/i7 s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno

123
@@= >L 6]s k|;fb n'O{6]n jl/i7 s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
@#= >L ;'bLk vltj8f s[lif clws[t s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
@$= 8f= OGb|sfGt emf of]hgf k|aGws h'g]l;; lgoGq0f cfof]hg
@%= >L lszf]/ kGt jl/i7 s[lif lj:tf/ Pslqt hn ;+;fwg Joj:yfkg
clws[t kl/of]hgf
@^= 8f= xl/ axfb'/ s]=;L= jl/i7 afnL ;+/If0f s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
clws[t
@&= >L s}nfz/fd rf}w/L jl/i7 s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno

Pl8P; 6f:s kmf];{ a}7s

w'lnv]n @)&)÷)!÷!%–!^_
qm=;= Gffd kb sfof{no
!= 8f= k|efs/ kf7s ;x–;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
@= >L ejs[i0f e§/fO{ ;x–;lrj /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
#= 8f= /fh]Gb| k|;fb clwsf/L ;x–;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
$= >L /fd k|;fb k'nfdL ;x–;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
%= >L of]u]Gb| s'df/ sfsL{ ;x–;lrj s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
^= >L lrq axfb'/ >]i7 ;efklt clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3, -qmf=_
&= >L efg' l;Ub]n cWoIf g]kfn ls;fg ;+3
*= 8f= k|]d b \ufn dxf ;lrj clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
(= >L u0f]z zfx k|ltlglw g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3
!)= >L an/fd afF;sf]6f pk dxf;lrj g]kfn clvn ls;fg dxf;+3
!!= >L gx]Gb| v8\sf ;lrjfno;b:o clvn g]kfn ls;fg dxf;+3, -qmf=_
!@= >L dx]Gb|gfy kf}8]n jl/i7 s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
!#= >LdtL ;agd lzjfsf]6L jl/i7 afnL ;+/If0f s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
clws[t
!$= >L ;"o{ k|;fb kf}8]n jl/i7 kz' ljsf; s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
clws[t
!% >L nfn s'df/ >]i7 jl/i7 s[lif cy{lj1 s[lif ljsf; dGqfno

124
kl/lzi6 ^M Joj:yflksf–;+;b, s[lif tyf hn;|f]t ;ldltsf] ;'emfj

Joj:yflksf–;+;b
s[lif tyf hn;|f]t ;ldlt
s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt ;DalGw ;'emfj k|ltj]bg, @)&!

Joj:yflksf–;+;b,
s[lif tyf hn;|f]t ;ldlt ;lrjfno
l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}+
Email :kj.samiti@can.gov.np
Website :www.can.gov.np

Joj:yflksf–;+;b, s[lif tyf hn;|f]t ;ldltsf] ;'emfj

125
126
 efu–!
kl/ro
k[i7e"ldM
g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf s[lif If]qsf] k|wfGotf oxfFsf] jf:tljstf xf] . s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf #%
k|ltzt of]ubfg s[lif If]qsf] 5 / s/La b'O{ ltxfO{ hgtf s[lifdf g} lge{/ /x]sf 5g\ . s[lif If]qsf] ljsf; /
lj:tf/n] b]z ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg ub{5 . s[lif nufot k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u u/L
t'ngfTds nfesf] cfwf/df s[lif afnLsf] k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf a9fP/ pTkfbg j[l4 u/L d'n'snfO{ vfBfGgdf
cfTdlge{/ agfpg' xfd|f] k|fyldstf x'g'k5{ . t'ngfTds nfesf gub] afnLx?df Joj;foLs/0f, s[lif dfkm{t
cfoft k|lt:yfkg / cfd ls;fgx?sf] cfly{s:t/ j[l4 ub{} ;d[4 g]kfn agfpg] g} xfd|f] kl/sNkgf x'g'
kb{5 . s[lifdf cf}Bf]uLs/0f geP;Dd b]zsf] ;d[l4sf] sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsb}+g / x'g ;Sb}g . s[lifdf
Joj;foLs/0f, ljljwLs/0f, cfw'lgsL/0f u/L o; If]qsf] of]ubfg a9fpg] / ljb]z knfog ePsf / j}b]lzs
/f]huf/Ldf uPsf o"jfx?nfO{ s[lif If]qdf cfslif{t u/L s[lifnfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpg' clxn]sf] cfjZostf
xf] .
o;} s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut u/L s[lif If]qdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/ sd ug{], l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf ;j{;'ne
agfpg], ;LdfGt e"lddf s[lifsf] nflu rfk 36fpg], ls6gfzs ljiffbLsf] cg'ko'Qm / c;'/lIft k|of]uaf6
jftfj/0f / hg:jf:ydf gsf/fTds k|efj 36fpg], pknAw s[lif k|ljlwx? kof{Kt ?kdf s[ifssf] ynf]df
k'¥ofpg], /f;foflgs dn cfoft / ljt/0f Joj:yf ;'lglZrt t'Nofpg], o"jf hgzlQmnfO{ s[lif k]zfdf
cfslif{t ug{, s[lif pkhsf] k|zf]wg k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{], s[lif Pj+ kz'hGo pTkfbg, ljt/0f,
cfoft Pj+ lgof{tdf u'0f:t/ Pj+ :jR5tfsf] lgodg sfo{ k|efjsf/L t'Tofpg], s[lif pTkfbsTj a9fpg
s[ifs ;d"x / ;xsf/Lsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;, ul/a, dlxnf, hghflt, blnt, dw];L, d'l:nd / b'u{d If]qsf
s[ifsx?sf] s[lif tyf kz' ;]jf sfo{qmddf kx'Fr j[l4 ug{], s[lif ;DaGLw cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf
kx'Fr a9fpg] h:tf r'gf}ltx? /x]sf] s'/f rfn' lqjifL{o of]hgfdf klg cf}+NofOPsf] 5 . b'/ufdL c;/ kfg{]
gLlt lgod sfg"g, To;nfO{ ;xof]u ug{] ;+/rgf, /fHosf] nufgL, gLhL ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;lqmotf /
ls;fgx?sf] ;r]tgf, ;+nUgtf, nugzLntf, ldlxg]t, bftfx?sf] nufgL k|ltj4tfaf6 s[lif If]qdf pNn]Vo
k|ult eO{ s[lifdf cfTdlge{/ x'g ;lsG5 / s[lif If]qnfO{ cfslif{t / dof{lbt agfO{ o'jfju{nfO{ s[lif If]qdf
l6sfO{ /fVg ;lsG5 .
bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgf ;kmn x'g g;s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] bL3{sfnLg s[lif
/0fgLlt tof/ kf/]sf] / o:tf] gLlt lgdf{0fdf klg ;+;bsf] e"ldsf /xg' kb{5 eGg] ;Gbe{df s[lif tyf
hn;|f]t ;ldltsf] ldlt @)&!÷)%÷@$ ut]sf] a}7saf6 ;ldltsf ;b:o dfggLo >L cfgGbk|;fb
kf]v/]nsf] ;+of]hsTjdf s[lif ljsf; pk–;ldlt u7g ePsf] lyof] . pQm pk;ldltnfO{ s[lif ljsf;
/0fgLltsf] ;DaGwdf ;a} kIfsf ;/f]sf/jfnf;+u 5nkmn u/L ;'emfj ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ sfo{ef/
lbOPsf]df pk;ldltn] ljleGg ;/f]sf/ju{;Fu 5nkmn u/L k|fKt ;'emfjx? ;d]t cWoog u/L /0fgLltsf]
;DaGwdf cfˆgf] ;'emfjx? l;kmfl/; k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof]. pk;ldltn] k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bgdf 5nkmn /
kl/dfh{g ;lxt of] k|ltj]bg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
cWoogsf] p2]Zo
cWoogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo k|:tfljt s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] cWoog u/L ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu
5nkmn u/L ;ldltsf] ;'emfjx? k|:t't ug{' /x]sf] 5 .

127
cWoogsf] cf}lrTo
1= ;+;bsf] d'Vo sfd gLlt lgdf{0f ug{] eP tfklg gLlt cGtu{t aGg] P]gdf dfq ;+;bsf] e"ldsf
/xg] k|rng /x]sf] 5 . gLltaf6 g} cGo P]g, lgod lg;[t eP/ cfpg] x'Fbf gLlt lgdf{0f ;+;bsf]
rf;f]sf] ljifo aGg' k5{ / /0fgLltdf ;+;bn] ckgTj lng' kb{5 .
2= cfufdL @) aif{sf] g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;df o; /0fgLltn] g} dfu{lgb{]z ug{] / P]g, lgod,
ah]6 / sfo{qmd ;d]t k|efj kfg{] ePsf]n] of] /0fgLlt lgdf{0fsf] r/0fdf g} ;DalGwt ;j}
lgsfosf] rf;f] tyf ;xeflutf / /fhgLlts :jfldTj cfjZos 5 .
3= /0fgLlt lgdf{0f;Fu} cs{f] dxTjk"0f{ s'/f o;sf] ;kmn sfo{Gjogsf] xf] . ;ldlt ADS n] APP sf]
h:tf] c;kmn lgotL Jof]xf]g{' gk/f]; eGg] rfxG5 . o; s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] ;kmn
sfof{Gjogsf nflu o;sf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf] k|ltj4tf, sfo{of]hgf / ;dGjo ckl/xfo{ 5 .
4= /0fgLlt lgdf{0fsf qmddf 5'6]sf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo;+u 5nkmn ug{, 5'6]sf ljifox¿ ;d]6g /
;+/rgfut kl/jt{g, sfg"g kl/dfh{g / ;|f]t ;fwg Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;d]t yk :ki6tf jgfpg
tyf /0fgLlt sfof{Gjogdf k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] lgsfox¿ljr ciki6tf x6fpg / o;sf] ;kmn
sfof{Gjog x'g ;sf]; eg]/ g} of] cWoog ul/Psf] xf] .
cWoog ljlw
k|:tfljt s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltdf ;'emfj k]z ug{] ;Gbe{df pk–;ldltn] ljleGg ljlwx? ckgfPsf]
lyof]. ckgfOPsf ljlwx?df k|:tfljt /0fgLlt / ljleGg ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lsf] cWoog ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] lyof].
To;kl5 ljleGg ;+3, ;+:yf, kbflwsf/Lx?;Fu 5nkmn / cGt/lqmof ul/Psf] / ljleGg /fhgLlts bnx?sf]
cflwsfl/s wf/0ffsf] hfgsf/L lnOPsf] lyof] . o;/L hfgsf/L lnOPsf ;+3, ;+:yf / ;/sf/L lgosfosf
;Da4 kbflwsf/L, ;/f]sf/jfnf dGqfnox¿, s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt lj1x?, Joj;foLx?, dlxnf, hghflt,
blnt, lk5l8Psf] ju{, e"ldxLgsf k|ltlglw;Fu 5nkmn cGt/lqmof ul/Psf] lyof] . To;}u/L gLlt lgdf{0fdf
;xof]u ug{] bftf;Fu gLlt sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u ug{] k|ltj4tfsf] nflu 5nkmn klg ul/Psf] lyof]. pk
;ldltjf6 k|:tfljt s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltdf ;'emfj ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg ;ldltdf k]z ePkl5 ;ldltdf s[lif
ljsf; /0fgLlt sfof{Gjogdf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljleGg !) j6f d+qfno;Fu 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] .
pk;ldltsf] u7g ljlw cg';"rL ! df, 5nkmndf ;xefuL lj1 / ;+3 ;+:yfsf] gfdfjnL cg';'rL @ df,
;xefuL lgsfo / lj1x¿jf6 k|fKt ;'emfjx? cg';'rL # df, s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt sfof{Gjogdf ;/f]sf/
/fVg] ljleGg !) j6f d+qfnojf6 5nkmndf ;+nUg kbflwsf/Lx?sf] gfdfjnL cg';"rL $ df, ;ldltsf
dfggLo ;b:ox?sf] gfdfjnL cg';"rL % df / ;ldlt ;lrjfnosf sd{rf/Lx?sf] gfdfjnL cg';"rL ^ df
/flvPsf] 5 .

128
 efu–@
s[lif If]qsf] ;d:of
sl/j *# k|ltzt u|fld0f hgtfsf] d'Vo lhljsf]kfh{gsf] >f]tsf ?kdf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qn]
t];|f] cfjlws of]hgfaf6 g} ljsf;sf] k|fyldstfdf kg{ ;kmn ePtf klg ck]Iffs[t ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g.
s[lif If]qsf] ljsf; gLlt//0fgLltdfx?df k|fyldstfdf k/] klg /fHoaf6 x'g] nufgLsf] k|fyldstfdf slxNo}
k/]g. Psflt/ s[lif ljsf;sf nflu ah]6sf] ckof{Kttfsf] ljifo ;b}j 68\sf/f] ?kdf cfpF5 eg] cs{flt/
s[lif ljsf;sf of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{] lgsfoaf6 ;dodf lalgof]lht ah]6 vr{ ug{ g;s]sf] / ePsf]
jh]6sf] sfof{Gjog klg k|efjsf/L gjg]sf] cj:yf 5 . s[lif ljsf;sf] lhDdf kfPsf lgsfox?sf]
;dofg's"n Ifdtf clea[l4 x'g g;Sbf / ;'zf;g ;'lglZrt ug{ g;Sbf s[lif ljsf;sf kl/of]hgfjf6
kl/nlIft pknlAwx? xfl;n x'g ;s]sf 5}gg. h;sf] kl/0ffd ljutdf vfBfGg lgof{t ug{] d'n's cfh
vfBfGg cfoft ug{' kg{] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 .
/fli6«o s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbgdf s[lif If]qn] u/]sf] of]ubfgsf cfwf/df o; If]qsf] nflu xfn
cfjZos nufgLsf] sl/j !) k|ltzt dfq /fHoaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] 5. e'–v08Ls/0f, k|s[lts k|sf]knfO{
Aoj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] /fHosf] ckof{Kt Ifdtf, /fHosf] cl:y/ e"–gLlt h:tf sf/0fn] s[lif If]qdf kof{Kt
dfqfdf lghL If]qsf] nufgL cfslif{t x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . kof{Kt gLltut k'jf{wf/x?sf] cefjdf Joj;flos
s[lif tyf o;sf] cf}Bf]lus/0fdf cGt/f{li6«o nufgL ;d]t cfslif{t x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . xfn ;Dd klg s[lif
If]q Joj;fo jf pBdsf] ?kdf :yflkt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g. k|fs[lts k|sf]k tyf cGo vt/faf6 x'g] IfltnfO{
kl/k"lt{ ug{sf nflu ljdf / Ifltk"lt{sf] plrt Aoj:yf Pj+ ljdfdf ;j} s[ifsx?sf] ;xh / ;/n kx'Fr x'g
;s]sf] 5}g .
g]kfndf s[lif cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf /fHosf] nufgL s[lif ufx{:y pTkfbsf] sl/j )=$ k|ltzt 5, h'g
cToGt Go"g xf] . s[lif cg';Gwfg s[ifsx?sf] dfu, /fli6«o cfjZostf / ef}uf]lns ;Defjgfx?nfO{ ;Djf]wg
ug{] u/L s]G›Lt x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ eg] csf]{lt/ cg';Gwfgaf6 ;[lht k|ltkmnx? ;xL ;dodf ;xL 9+un]
s[ifs ;dIf k|;fl/t x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . s[lif cg';Gwfg, s[lif k|;f/ / s[lif lzIffsf ljrdf ;dGjo x'g
;s]sf] 5}g. s[lif cg';Gwfg / k|;f/ ljs]G›Ls/0f x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g. s[lif pTkfbgsf] d'Vo cfwf/sf] ?kdf
/x]sf] ljp / gZnx?sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'g g;Sbf / cfjZos k"jf{wf/ Pj+ dnsf] pknJwtfsf] cefjn]
pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a[l4 ug{] /fli6«o nIo xfl;n x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .
k|r"/ dfqfdf kfgL ePtf klg ;Lldt v]tLof]Uo hldgdf dfq l;+rfO{sf] ;'ljwf 5. clwsf+z v]tL
of]Uo hldg cfsf;] kfgLdf lge{/ 5 . s[lif pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj a[l4sf] l;+rfO{sf] cefj g} d'Vo
Jojwfgsf] ?kdf b]vfk/]sf] 5. o;sf cnfjf l;+rfO{ kl/of]hgfsf] 9fFrf, ah]6 ljlgof]hg tyf Joa:yfkgn]
klg ;dod} kl/of]hgf ;DkGg x'g]÷gx'g] lgwf{/0f u5{ . s[lif If]qsf] k'jf{wf/sf nflu jh]6 lgIf]k0f eP
tfklg cGo ljleGg ;/sf/L lgsfo jLr ;dGjosf] cefjsf sf/0f s[lif If]qsf] gofF k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf]
lhDd]jf/Lsf ;Gbe{df låljwf b]lvG5 . ckof{Kt k|fljlws tyf Aoa:yfkg Ifdtfsf sf/0f :yfgLo :t/df
l;+rfO{ kl/of]hgf x:tfGt/0f ul/b}g clg s]G›Ls[t lg0f{o k|0ffnLn] 7"nf kl/of]hgfnfO{ dfq s]G› ljGb'df
/fv]sf] kfOG5 .
s[lif ;8ssf gfddf u|fdL0f ;8snfO{ k|fyldstf lbP klg pTkfbg ;fdu|Lsf] kx'+r / s[lif
pkhsf] ;xh ahf/Ls/0fdf gsf/fTds k|efj kg{ uO{ pTkfbgzLn hldgx? afFemf] /xg uPsf] 5.
cfGtl/s / jfx\o cfk|jf;gsf sf/0f s[lif If]qdf s[lif dhb'/x?sf] cefj b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f
ljB'tLs/0fsf] cefjdf Joj;flos tyf cf}Bf]lus s[lifsf nflu cTofjZos phf{sf] cefjdf s[lif Joj;fo
;kmn aGg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbg nfut Go"gLs/0f ug{sf nflu s[lif ofGqLs/0f ug{ ;d]t
ljB't cefjsf sf/0f gs/fTds c;/ kg{ uO{ pTkfbg nfut a9\g uO{/x]sf] 5. s[lif pkhx? h:t} wfg

129
k|zf]wg ug{ k|zf]wgzfnfx? kof{Kt / gljg k|ljlwsf gx'Fbf wfg ef/t lgsf;L x'g] / ;f]xL wfg k|zf]wg
kZrft\ cToGt} dx+uf] d"Nodf cfoft x'g] cj:yf >[hgf ePsf] 5 .
cfn', Kofh, t/sf/L tyf kmnkm"n h:tf s[lif pkhx?sf] nflu plrt e08f/0f ;'ljwf gx'Fbf
pTkfbg x'g] df};ddf ;8]/ hfg] jf Go"g d"Nodf lgof{t x'g] tyf a]df};ddf cToGt} dx+uf] d"Nodf cfoft
x'Fbf s[lif pTkfbgdf ck]lIft ljsf; gx'g'sf ;fy} /fi6«sf] Jofkf/ 3f6f ;d]t lbgfg'lbg a9\b} uO{/x]sf] 5 .
u'0f:t/Lo s[lif pkhx?sf] pTkfbg, k|zf]wg tyf Kofs]lhË k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, la:tf/ / lgodg x'g g;Sbf
lgof{t e}O{/x]sf s[lif pkhx? ;d]t lg/Gt/ 36b} uPsf / lgof{t x'gaf6 alGrt x'g yfn]sf 5g\ .
/fHon] ljut s]xL aif{x?af6 dndf cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg z'? u/] tfklg /fli6«o cfjZostfsf]
;fgf] c+znfO{ dfq ;Djf]wg ug{ ;s]sf] 5 . dn ljt/0f k|0ffnL ;dfg'kflts tyf ;dtfd"ns aGg ;s]sf]
5}g. b"/ b/fhdf /x]sf s[ifsx? o; ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt ePsf 5g\ . /fHon] plrt kl/df0fdf, plrt
;dodf / plrt :yfgx?df dn ljt/0f ug{ g;Sbf s[lif pTkfbgdf ck]Iffs[t a9f]Q/L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
b]zdf dnsf] ckof{Kttfn] ubf{ ef/t af6 dx+uf]df rf]/L lgsf;Lsf dfWodaf6 dn cfoft x'g] / To:tf]
dnsf] u'0f:t/ sd;n x'g] tyf Dofb u'lh|;s]sf dnx? lelqg] ;d:of /x]sf] 5. dnsf] u'0f:t/LotfnfO{
lgodg ug{] lgsfo tyf k|s[of k|efjsf/L gx'Fbf /fHo tyf s[ifsx?sf] ;Lldt >f]t / d]xgt v]/ uO{/x]sf]
5.
u|fdL0f If]qdf s[lif afx]ssf] a}slNks /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ gx'g', s[lif If]qn] ;d]t kof{Kt /f]huf/L
>[hgf ug{ g;Sg' / s[lif k|ltli7t k]zf x'g g;Sbf u|fdL0f e]usf o"jfx?sf] ljb]z knfogn] xfnsf lbgdf
s[lif Jofj;fonfO{ dlxnf, a[4 tyf afnafnLsfsf] k]zfsf ?kdf ?kfGt/0f ePsf] b]lvG5 . s[lifsf] ljsf; g}
u|fld0f If]qsf] lbuf] cfly{s ?kfGt/0fsf] k|d'v cfofd ePtf klg s[lif If]qdf gLltut tyf k'jf{wf/
ljs]G›Ls/0f x'g g;Sbf ;du| u|fdL0f ljsf;nfO{ g} k|efljt u/]sf] 5 . /fHosf tkm{af6 s[lif ;]jf k|bfg
ug{] lgsfo / lj1 hgzlQmx?sf] 7"nf] hdft /fhwfgL / lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf ;Lldt eP/ a:g] xfnsf]
Joj:yfn] gljg/ j}1flgs s[lif k|ljlwx? u|fdL0f If]qdf k'Ug ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . cg'udg tyf d'NofÍg k|0ffnL
dfkm{t /fHoaf6 ePsf] nufgL b]lvg] u/L ;]jf k|jfxsf] plrt k|ltkmn emlNsg g;Sbf s[lif ljsf;sf]
;du| ;]jf k|jfx, kf/blz{tf / ;'zf;gdf ;d]t k|Zg p7\g yfn]sf] 5 .
clxn] s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] tof/L u/L /xFbf ljutsf sdL sdhf]/L gbf]xf]l/g] u/L ug{ ;s]sf]
v08df of] b:tfj]hn] s[lifdf gofF qmflGt Nofpg ;S5 . /0fgLlt k|fl1s lgZsif{ / cGt/f{li6«o cg'ejsf
;fy} ls;fgd'vL x'g'k5{, ;d:t ls;fgdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ lsl;dsf] x'g' k5{ . g]kfnsf] s[lif ljsf;
/0fgLlt tof/ ubf{ s[lif pTkfbgsf cfwf/ hn, hldg, h+un, h}ljs ljljwtf / s[lif k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;,
cg';Gwfg, jf:tljs k|;f/, k|ljlw, nufgL / ahf/sf] Gofof]lrt ;Djw{gaf6 g} s[lifsf] ?kfGt/0f x'g;S5 .
s[lifsf] c;kmntf P]g, lgod;Fu klg hf]l8Psf] ljifo xf], gLltsf] cfwf/df ;dofg's"n P]g,
sfg"gsf] ;+zf]wg / ls;fg cg's"n, s[ifs P]g / s[lif ljsf; P]g cfh;Dd agfpg g;Sg' klg o; If]qsf]
ljsf; gx'g'sf] Pp6f sf/0f xf]. To;tkm{ klg Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5. pTkfbgnfO{ klg ljljwLs/0f,
k|lt:kwL{ / ahf/d'vL agfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . s[lif /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjog s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] dfq u/]/
k'Ub}g . o;sf] nflu ;Da4 ;a} dGqfno / nfOg Ph]G;Lx?sf] klg TolQs} ;xof]u rflxG5. s]Gb|Lo :t/df
cGt/ dGqfnodf ;dGjosf] cefj b]lvG5 eg] sfof{Gjog txdf ;Dj4 ;a} lgsfox?sfaLr ;dGjo /
;xsfo{ x'g' kg]{df ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ gx'g' la8Dagf g} ePsf] 5 .

130
 efu–#
s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] ljZn]if0f
cfh;Dd cfOk'Ubf w]/}j6f bL3{sfnLg s[lif gLlt / /0fgLlt agfO{ sfof{Gjog klg eO;s]sf 5g .
kl5Nnf] cjlwdf bL3{sfnLg s[lif gLltsf] ;dLIff ub{} o;n] nIo k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0f gofF s[lif ljsf;
/0fgLlt agfO{ nfu" x'g] r/0fdf 5 . Plklk eGbf P8LP; ;+/rgfut ?kdf cem} pko'Qm / ljifoj:t' s]G›Lt
5. o;n] Plklk c;kmn x'g'sf] sf/s tTjx¿nfO{ ljz]if Wofgk"j{s x]/]sf] 5, nIox¿ klxrfg u/]sf] 5 /
nIo k|fKt eP gePsf] dfkg ug{] ;'rsfÍ ;d]t ;'emfPsf] 5. bft[ lgsfo, ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo;+u 5nkmn
ePklg ls;fg;+u ;d]t ;dGjo kof{Kt ;dGjo x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g. of] /0fgLlt lgdf{0fsf] qmddf ;+;b /
/fhgLlts txdf kof{Kt 5nkmn ePsf] b]lvb}g. P8LP;n] cfufdL @) jif{sf nflu g]kfnsf] s[lif If]q;+u}
s[lif Joj;fosf] klg clej[l4 x'g] ck]Iff lnPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] tof/ u/]sf] of] /0fgLltnfO{ c;kmn x'g
glbg sfo{Gjog ug{] lgsfo, /fhg}lts bn, cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf / ljz]iftM v]tLdf ;+nUg ls;fgx?sf]
/0fgLlt lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogdf ;xeflutf / :jfldTj x'g' h¿/L 5 . ;DalGwt ;j}sf] hLjGt ;'emfjx?nfO{
;dfj]z u/L of] s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltnfO{ s[ifsd'vL agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos 5 . P8LP;sf] ;f]rn]
cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 cg';f/sf] jhf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] pTkfbgx¿tkm{ Wofg lbg'k5{ .
s[lifsf] ljsf; d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf] d]?808 dfq geO{ vfB ;+k|e'tf / vfB clwsf/sf] dxTjk"0f{
cfwf/ klg xf] . dflg;sf] JolQmTj;Fu hf]l8Psf] hldgsf] Gofok"0f{ :jfldTj, ;fdflhs k|lti7f / uf}/j klg
xf] . ul/aL lgjf/0f, vfB ;'/Iff, /f]huf/Lsf] ;|f]t g]kfnL cy{tGqsf] d'Vo cfwf/ klg s[lif g} xf] . of]
jx'cfoflds ;DaGw /fVg] k|fs[lts ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t hnjfo' / df};dsf] cg's"ntf k|lts"ntfdf cGt/lge{/
/xg] h}ljs pTkfbg k4lt ;d]t ePsf] k|fs[lts j:t' xf] . of] s'/f /0fgLlt tof/L ubf{ lj;{g} g;lsg] tYo
xf] . g]kfnsf] ;/sf/ ;+rfng / p;n] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] sl/j !) j6f dGqfno -s[lif, l;+rfO{, hn;|f]t,
cfk"lt{, pBf]u, ;xsf/L, :yfgLo ljsf;, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / zx/L ljsf;, cy{ / lzIff dGqfno_ sf] k|ToIf
ck|ToIf ?kdf ;DalGwt ljifo xf] . of] /0fgLlt th{'df ubf{ tL dGqfno;Fu 7f8f], t];f]{ cGt/lge{/tf /
cGt/;DaGwnfO{ k|ToIf ;Daf]wg geO{ o;n] kl/nlIft u/]sf] nIo xfl;n ug{ ;ls+b}g . oL lgsfoljrsf]
;dGjo ljgf of] ;kmn x'g ;Sb}g . o;sf ;Gbe{df oyf]lrt ;Daf]wg gePsf] jt{dfg oyfy{nfO{ ;ldltn]
cToGt dxTjsf ;fy lnPsf] 5.
jt{dfg s[lifdf ;+nUg ^^ k|ltzt hg;+VofnfO{ vfB;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt u/L afFsL #$ k|ltzt
hg;+VofnfO{ vfB ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ yk pTkfbg j[l4 cToGt h?/L 5 . To;df klg t'ngfTds nfesf]
afnLsf] pTkfbg u/L ljzfn b'O{ l5d]sL d'n'sdf lgof{t ug{ ;Sg' g} o;sf] nIo /xg' kb{5 . o;sf] nflu
v]tL ug{] ls;fgdf hldgsf] :jfldTjsf] k|Tofe"lt, s[lif pTkfbgsf ;xfos cGo ;fwg ;|f]tdf s[ifssf]
;xh kx'Fr, s[lif nufgLdf j[l4, ;LdfGt ls;fgnfO{ s[lif pTkfbg nfutdf sDtLdf %) k|ltzt cg'bfgsf]
;'lglZrttf u/L s[ifs P]g / s[lif >lds P]gsf] gofF Joj:yf ug'{ / oyf]lrt ef}lts k"jf{wf/;Fu s[lif
Joj;foLs/0fdf hf]8 lb+b} ahf/sf] k|Tofe"lt / To;sf] lgodg s[lif /0fgLltsf] clgjfo{ cfjZostf xf] .
g]kfnsf] s[lif hn, hldg, h+un;Fu hf]l8Psf] df}lns k4lt xf] / g]kfnsf] klxrfg, ;+:s[lt /
/fli6«otf;Fu o;sf] cGof]Gofl;|t ;DaGw 5 . s[lifdf cfTdlge{/ eO{ vfB ;+k|e'tfsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,@)^# n] dfu{lgb{]z u/]sf] 5 . o;}sf] cfwf/df xfdL s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt agfpb}5f}+ .
o;af6 lgb{]lzt eO{ s[lif gLltsf] k'g;{+/rgf / jt{dfg P]g sfg"g / lgb{]zgnfO{ k'gMkl/eflift ug{' kb{5 .
s[lif gLlt s[lif sd{df nfUg]sfnflu xf] eGg] s'/f xfdLn] cfTd;ft u/]sf 5f}+ . o;sf] tfTko{ e"ldsf]
:jfldTj / cg'kl:yt hldGbf/Lsf] pGd"ng / v]tLof]Uo afFemf] hldgsf] pkof]u, e'–v08Ls/0f /f]sL s[lif
pTkfbg j[l4 ug]{ / Joj;foLs/0f ug]{ r'gf}lt /x]sf 5g\ . o;df rSnfjGbL, ;fd"lxs / ;xsf/L dfkm{t
v]tL ug'{ / s[lifsf] Joj;foLs/0f ug'{ g} pTkfbg j[l4sf] nflu dxTjk"0f{ ljifo xf] . s[lif pTkfbg j[l4sf]

131
dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]t kfgL cyf{t l;+rfO{ xf] . s[lifsf] cfw'lgsL/0f / Joj;foLs/0fsf] gfddf Land Grabbing x'g]
/ l;w} s[lifdf j}b]lzs nufgLsf] kl/sNkgfn] g]kfnL ls;fgsf] lj:yfkg x'g] qmdzM ls;fg >ldsdf
kl/jt{g x'g] / g]kfn ;'s'Daf;L / a]/f]huf/x?sf] ynf]sf] aGb} hfg ;Sg] vt/ftkm{ x]Ssf /fVg} kb{5 .
vfBfGgsf] cfk"lt{ ;'k/dfs{]6af6 ul/g] sf]/f sNkgf g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns ljljwtf, hnjfo' /
df};dsf] ljljwtfn] cg'dlt glbg] s'/ftkm{ klg s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf] Wofg hfg} kb{5 . s[lif /0fgLlt
g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] df}lns klxrfg, uf}/j, ;fdflhs Gofo, hLljsf / vfB ;'/Iff, /f]huf/L / a}b]lzs d'›f
cfh{g ug{] k|d'v ;|f]t ePsf]n] of] /0fgLltsf] k'g;{+/rgf ug{' cfjZos 5 eGg] s'/fdf k'gM oxfF hf]8 lbg'
;fGble{s b]lvPsf] 5 .
s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf cg]sg ;sf/fTds kIf x'Fbf x'Fb} klg o;sf s]lx nIo / k|If]k0f oyfy{tf
eGbf dfly / dxTjsf+IfL b]lvG5g . ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf b]znfO{ cNkljsl;taf6 ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n's agfpg]
h'g kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5, To;nfO{ ;fsf/ ?k lbg s[lifsf] of]ubfg slt x'g' kg{] xf] < b[li6sf]0f, p2]Zo,
/0fgLlt / sfo{qmdaLr Ps?ktf s;/L sfod ug{] < o;df u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] k|ltlglwTj / ;xeflutf
s;/L u/fpg] < /0fgLltdf bftfx?sf] k|ToIf k|efj g]kfnsf] s[lif cg's"n x'g ;S5 ls ;Sb}g < eGg]
k|Zgx? v8f ePsf 5g\ . bftfdf cfl>t /0fgLlt sfof{Gjogdf ;/sf/L k|ltj4tfsf] cefj /x]sf] b]lvG5
eg] jLpjLhg pBf]u :yfkgfsf] ljifo, sL6gfzs cf}iflw / /f;folgs dnsf] k|lts"n c;/sf] ljZn]if0f
;d]t o;n] ug{ ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g .
s[lif jg / s[lif ko{6gnfO{ ;Fu} nfg], ;"rgf/tYofÍ cBfjlws ug{ gofF tYofÍsf] k|of]u s;/L
ePsf] 5 < s[lif / jg aLrsf] cGt/;DaGw s] xf] < hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 s[lifdf kg{] c;/, kfl/jfl/s v]tL
dfkm{t vfBfGgdf cfTd lge{/ x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5, 5}g < of] s'/f /0fgLltn] :ki6 u/]sf] b]lv+b}g .
s[lifdf >d zlQm a9fpg] / j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg]nfO{ s[lif k]zfdf cfslif{t ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug{]
7f]; / sfdofjL k|:tfj klg k|:t't ePsf] kfOb}g . To;}u/L df6f]sf] pkrf/, h}ljs v]tL / o;sf] nflu
If]q lgwf{/0f, s[ifssf] clwsf/, pTkfbsTj a9fpg] e"ld;'wf/, e"ldsf] :jfldTj, e"–pkof]u gLltsf]
sfof{Gjog / l;dfGts[t ls;fgsf] ;Daf]wg, 7"nf s[lifsf] ;+/rgf cg';f/sf] e"ld pknAw u/fpg] ljifo,
pAhfp e"ldsf] ;+/If0f / hUuf afFemf] /fVg gkfpg] Joj:yf, s[lifdf ;dfj]zL, dlxnfsf] ;+nUgtf, klxrfg
/ d"No >[Înfsf] ;+oGqsf ljifonfO{ klg /0fgLltn] ;Gtf]ifhgs pQ/ lbg ;s]sf] kfOb}g .
oBlk g]kfndf s[lif pTkfbgdf oy]i6 ;Defjgf 5 / /0fgLltn] tL ;+efjgfnfO{ phfu/ ug{
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . Go"g nufgLsf] s[lif cg';Gwfg, ls;fgnfO{ hf]8\g] k|efjsf/L
;+oGqsf] cefj, l;+rfO{sf] Go"g pknJwtf, dn, ljp nufotsf d'Vo ;fdu|L / k"jf{wf/sf] ;Lldt pknJwtf
nufotsf sf/0fn] ubf{ pTkfbsTj :t/ / j[l4 Go"g 5 . vfBfGg / s[lif ;fdu|Lsf] lgof{tdf j[l4 / cfoft
k|lt:yfkg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . tyflk oL ;DefJotfsf] vf]hL / r'gf}ltsf] ;+af]wg ug{ /0fgLltn] kof{Kt cfwf/
lbg]5 eGg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .

132
 efu–$
lgisif{
g]kfnsf] ;du| s[lif ljsf;sf] nflu s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt cfjZos lyof] / l7s ;dodf ag] tfklg
of] cfkm}df k"0f{ b:tfj]h eg] xf]O{g . s]xL sdL sdhf]/Lx¿ ePtfklg o;n] g]kfnsf] s[lif ljsf;sf] nflu
Pp6f jf6f] eg] b]vfpg] 5 . /0fgLltsf] d:of}bf lgdf{0fsf] k|f/lDes r/0fdf ls;fg nufot /fhgLlts
txdf cfjZos 5nkmn geP klg ls;fg k|ltlglwx?, sfof{Gjog ug{] lgsfo / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf]
;xeflutfdf /0fgLlt tof/ ePsf] b]lvG5. gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;+;b / ;+;bLo ;ldltsf] rf;f] /xg'k5{ / gLlt
tyf /0fgLltdf ;+;bn] ckgTj lng' kb{5 / of] ckl/xfo{ 5 eGg] 7fg]/ s[lif tyf hn;|f]t ;ldltn] s[lif
ljsf; /0fgLltnfO{ 5nkmndf NofPsf] xf] . ;+;b / ;+;bLo ;ldltn] gLlt lgdf{0fdf ckgTj lnP kZrft\
o:tf gLlt cGtu{t aGg] P]g sfg"g lgdf{0fdf ;xhtf k|fKt x'g] / ;'emfjaf6 gLlt sfo{Gjogdf ;d]t
;/sf/nfO{ ;xhtf k|fKt x'g]5 .
/0fgLltdf s]lx ciki6tf /x]tfklg o;n] s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf cfwf/, s[lif If]qn] ef]u]sf ;d:of
tyf ljutsf] bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf b]vf k/]sf ;d:of s]nfpg] sf]lz; u/]sf] 5. ljutsf]
c;kmntf bf]xf]l/g glbg ;ts{tfsf pkfo klg vf]h]sf] 5 . ;d:ofsf] s]xL xb;Dd a:t'ut ljZn]if0f ug{
;kmn ePsf] 5 . o;n] ;du| s[lif ljsf;sf] vfsf k|:t't ug{] k|oTg ub{} ls;fg clwsf/sf] k|:tfjnfO{
cufl8 NofPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ o;sf] ;du| k|:t'tLdf pRr nugLsf] cfzf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fgf ls;fgsf] s[lif
?kfGt/0f ug{ o; b:tfj]hnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg'kg{] s]lx cfjZostfx¿ klg 5g. tL cfjZostfx¿ nfO{
;doqmd;+u} kl/dfh{g / k'g/fjnf]sg ug{'kb{5 .
of] b:tfj]hnfO{ ultzLn / hLjGt b:tfj]hsf] ?kdf cufl8 j9fpg'kb{5 . d:of}bfdf s[lif ljsf;
/0fgLltsf] b"/b[li6, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / k|:tfljt sfo{qmdjLr ;fdGh:otf b]lvb}g . o;sf nflu k|:t't
;'emfjx?sf] uDeL/ cWoog / d:of}bfsf] dl;gf] lr/kmf/ ug{ cfjZos 5 . ;fy} o;df k|If]lkt
pknlAwnfO{ Jojxfl/s agfpg clxn] s[lif If]qdf b]vf k/]sf dxTjk"0f{ kl/jlt{t cfofdx? h:t} cfGtl/s
tyf afXo a;fO{ ;/fO{, hnjfo' d}qL s[lif / vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff,cGo d'n's;Fusf] Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf
h:tf ;+j]bgzLn kIfx?sf] j:t'lgi6 ljZn]if0f h¿/L 5 .
s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt jx' dGqfno, jx' ;/f]sf/ ;+3, ;+:yf ;+nUg ePsf] / ;j}n] ldn]/ sfof{Gjog
ug'{ kg]{ ljifo ePsf]n] o;sf] ;dGjo / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] ;jfn of] b:tfa]hsf] ;aeGbf sdhf]/
kIf b]lvG5 . cfufdL @) aif{sf] g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;df o; /0fgLltn] g} dfu{lgb{]zg ug{] / P]g,
lgod, ah]6 / sfo{qmd ;d]tdf dxTjk"0f{ k|efj kfg{] ePsf]n] klg o;sf] ;kmn sfo{Gjogsf nflu of]
/0fgLlt lgdf{0f ;+u} sfo{Gjogdf ;DalGwt ;j} lgsfosf] rf;f] tyf ;xeflutf / /fhgLlts :jfldTjsf]
h¿/L 5 .
of] b:tfj]hdf kl/sNkgf u/]sf] k|fjwfgaf6 dfq of] /0fgLlt sfof{Gjog ug{] xf] eg] of] csf]{
bL3{sfnLg s[lif gLltsf] c;kmntfsf] Oltxf; aGg ;Sg] ePsf]n] s[lifsf] dxTj / o;n] u/]sf kl/nlIft
kfFr lkn/ / o;sf] ck]Iff k"/f ug{ s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf] :t/ j[l4 ug{ / dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; /
Ifdtf clej[l4 ckl/xfo{ 5 . of] /0fgLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu cGtd{Gqfno ;dGjosf] ctL dxTj /x]sf] x'Fbf
o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] g]t[Tj k|wfgdGqL jf pkk|wfgdGqLn] g} lng'kb{5 eGg] ;ldltsf] egfO{ /x]sf] 5 .
j}b]lzs ;xof]u -cg'bfg / C0f_ lng' xfd|f] jfWotf / jt{dfg ljsf;sf] df]8]n ePsf] 5 . t/ bft[
;+:yfx?sf] cg'bfg tyf C0f ;xof]usf df]8]nx? cTolws zt{ ;lxt C0fLx?sf] clwsf/ dflysf] ck|ToIf
x:tIf]k / ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg] vfnsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . bftfx?af6 cfPsf ;a} zt{ :jLsf/
u/L a}b]lzs ;xfotf :jLsf/ ug{] / bf]if c?nfO{ kG5fpg] k|j[lt ;d]t ljBdfg 5 . s'g} klg j}b]lzs
;xfotf :jLsf/ ubf{ xfdL cfkm}+n] Joj:yfkg ug{ kfpg] tyf cfˆgf] lxt / clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ub{}

133
k/fdz{bftf vr{ cfof]hgfsf] s'n nfutsf] b'O{ k|ltzteGbf a9fpg gkfOg] u/L dfq :jLsf/ ug{] k4lt
a;fNg' kb{5 .
/0fgLlt lgdf{0fsf] k|f/lDes r/0fdf 5'6]sf ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo / ls;fgsf] ;xeflutf x'g ;sf];
/ 5'6]sf ljifox¿ ;d]t ;d]l6g ;s'g, /fhgLlts bn nufot ;j}sf] ckgTj xf]; / sltko ;+/rgfut
kl/jt{g, sfg"g kl/dfh{g / ;|f]t ;fwg Joj:yfkgsf] s'/fdf ;d]t :ki6tf x'g ;sf]; / o;sf] ;kmn
sfo{Gjog x'g ;sf]; eGg] Wo]on] ;ldltn] 5nkmn u/]sf] xf] . s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] ;kmn sfo{Gjogsf
nflu /0fgLlt lgdf{0f k|s[ofb]lv sfof{Gjogtx;Dd ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfosf] ;+nUgtf, k|ltj4tf, sfo{of]hgf /
;dGjosf] vfFrf] /xG5 . ;ldltn] /fv]sf] rf;f] / 5nkmnn] o;tkm{ ;j}sf] Wofg s]lG›t ePsf] 5 /
;/sf/n] ;ldltn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf ;'emfjnfO{ dxTjsf ;fy lnO{ /0fgLltdf cfjZos kl/dfh{g ;lxt
sfof{Gjog txdf n}hfg]5 eGg] ljZjf; ;ldltn] lnPsf] 5 .
;ldltn] of] b:tfj]hnfO{ sfuhdf dfq l;ldt /xg lbg] 5}g. ;ldltn] glhsjf6 /0fgLlt
sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf x]g{] 5 . k|To]s ltg dlxgfdf o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] k|ultsf] cj:yfsf jf/]df s[lif
ljsf; dGqfnon] clgjfo{ ?kdf ;ldltdf hfgsf/L u/fpg'kg{] 5 / ;ldltn] cfjZostf cg';f/
;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfonfO{ af]nfO{ 5nkmn ug{]5 . o;n] ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ yk hjfkmb]xL / lhDd]jf/
jgfpg] 5 / /0fgLltsf] ;kmn sfo{Gjog x'g]5 eGg] ljZjf; ;ldltn] /fv]sf] 5 .

134
 efu–%
;'emfjx?
qm; ;'emfj
! ;f]r (Vision) s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] k|:tfjgfdf æls;fgsf] ;Dd[4L, u|fdL0f cf}Bf]uLs/0fsf]
cfwf/ s[lif If]qsf] ;du| ljsf; ;lxt vfB ;Dk|e'tfÆ eGg] ljifo ;dj]z ul/
kl/dfh{g ug{].
@ ;}4flGts  s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff vfB ;'/Iff, vfB clwsf/ /
cjwf/0ffdf vfB ;Dk|e'tf dWo] s'g xf] :k:6 ?kdf vfB ;'/Iff, vfB clwsf/ / vfB
k|i6tf ;Dk|e'tfnfO{ kl/eflift ug{].
 vfB ;Dk|e'tfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 s]xL yk nIo, of]hgf / sfo{qmd yk
ug{'kg{]. vfB ;'/IffnfO{ kof{Kt ¿kdf ;Daf]wg ug{'kg{].
 /0fgLlt jgfpFbf hn, hËn / hldgsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/ s[lif
ljsf;sf] cleGg cË jgfpg'kg{].
 s[lif pTkfbg;+u ;DalGwt ls;fg, hldg, l;+rfO{, dn, ljp, cfw'lgs
k|lalw, s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf, s[lif k"jf{wf/, pTkflbt j:t'sf] e08f/0f, d"No
>[Înf, ahf/sf] ;'lglZrttf / s[ifsnfO{ lbg] cg'bfg / ljQLo ;]jfsf]
;xhtfsf] ljifodf /0fgLltdf k|i6 Joj:yf x'g'kg{] .
 j}b]lzs ;|f]t kl/rfng-s'g s'g If]qdf s;/L_sf ljifodf k|i6 x'g'kg{] .
# sfo{lbzf g]kfnsf] ;du| s[lif ljsf;sf nflu jt{dfg kl/l:yltsf] cfwf/df vfBd'vL /
t'ngfTds nfesf] s[lif pkhsf] Joj;flos k|j4{gsf] nflu yk :ki6 j]Unf
j]Un} sfo{lbzf to ug{]. o;f] ubf{M
s= vfBd'vL s[lifsf nflu ;fgf ls;fgdf cfwfl/t cfTdlge{/ s[lif k|0ffnL /
oL ls;fgnfO{ lbg] ;]jf tyf nufgLsf] a]Un} t/ yk :ki6 vfsf tof/
ul/g'kg{] .
v=t'ngfTds nfesf nflu s[lif pkh tyf gub]jfnLsf] Joj;flos k|j4{g
ug{], ls;fg / s[lif pBdsf nflu j]Un} nufgL tyf ;]jfsf] /0fgLlts
k|:tfj tof/ ug{] .
$ s[lif pTkfbg /  Pl8P; n] g]kfnnfO{ s[lif If]qdf % k|ltzt a[l4 cfjZos 5 eg]sf] 5 .
pTkfbsTj j[l4 P8LP;n] a9]sf] s[lif pTkfbsTjn] g]kfnnfO{ s;/L cljsl;t /fi6«af6
lasf;f]Gd'v /fi6«df k'Ug] nIodf d2t u5{ eGg] b]vfpg' cfjZos 5 .
 v]tLsf] tl/sfdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;fd'lxs v]tL, s/f/ v]tL jf ;xsf/L v]tLsf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{] sfo{qmd yk ug .
 pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿df ;xh, ;/n / ;'ne kx'Fr x'g'kg{], o; cg';f/
pTkfbgsf ;fwgdf lbO{g] cg'bfg, s[lif k|;f/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ /
k|efjsfl/tf h:tf ljifonfO{ :ki6;+u n]Vg'kg{] .
 pTkflbt s[lif pkhsf] e08f/0f, k|zf]wg, ahf/Ls/0f / cfjZostf /
pknJwtf cg';f/ lgsf;L k|j4{g ug{ ckgfpg'kg{] pkfosf jf/]df :ki6
x'g'kg{] .
% nufgL /  s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt sfof{Gjogsf] txdf nufgLsf] k|Zg k]lrnf] ?kdf
sfof{Gjog /x]sf] 5 . ljutsf s[lif ljsf; gLlt÷/0fgLlt sfof{Gjog ubf{ nufgLdf
b]lvPsf] ckof{Kttfsf] cGTo ub{} kof{Kt nufgLsf] cfwf/ / To;sf] plrt
Joj:yfkg ;'lglZrt ug{] .
 s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt sfo{Gjogdf ah]6 Joj:yfkg nufotdf cy{

135
 dGqfnosf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5. To;}n] cGo ;/f]sf/jfnf dGqfno h:t}
cy{ dGqfnonfO{ klg Key Actorsf] ?kdf ;dfj]z ug{].
 s[ifsnfO{ C0f,cg'bfgdf ;/nLs/0f ug{'kg{], s[ifssf] cgf}krfl/s
nufgLnfO{ klg d"Nodf u0fgf ug{] / s[lif kl/of]hgfsf] d"NofÍg ef/df %)
k|ltzt / lwtf]df %) k|ltzt sfod ul/ C0f k|jfx ug{] clgjfo{ Joj:yf
ug{] .
^ sfof{Gjog ug{]  s[lif ljleGg ljwfx? ;d]6]sf] If]q xf] . To;}n] P8LP; sfof{Gjog ug{]
lgsfo ljrsf] lgsfox¿ -dGqfnox?, :yfgLo tx / cfjZostf cg';f/ lghL If]q
;dGjo / ;d]t_n] Pl8P; sfof{Gjogdf ckgTj lng] u/L ;Da4 lgsfosf jLr
;xsfo{ ;dGjo / ;xsfo{sf nflu aGg] ;+oGqnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
 P8LP;sf] nIo k|flKtsf nflu ljleGg lgsfosf] km/s km/s lhDd]jf/L
tf]lsPsf] 5 t/ sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;+nUg dGqfnox?sf] sfdsf] kl/lw
:k:6 ¿ddf lrlqt ul/Psf] 5}g . dGqfnox¿sf] of]hgf / sfo{qmddf
Ps?ktf Nofpb} Pl8P; sfo{Gjogsf r/0fdf k'Ug' k'j{ g} ljleGg lgsfosf]
:ki6 e"ldsf ls6fg x'gkg{] .
 P8LP;n] /0fgLlt sfo{Gjogsf nflu ljleGg ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug{] k|:tfj
u/]sf] 5. olt w]/} ;+oGqx? agfpFbf ;d]t sfof{Gjog c;kmn ePsf]
v08df pQ/bfloTj s;n] lng] pQ/bfloTjlng] lgsfosf] cefj b]lvG5.
ctM hjfkmb]lxtf s;sf] /xg] eGg] k|i6 :ki6 Joj:yf /flvg' kg]{ .
k|wfgdGqL jf pkk|wfgdGqLsf] g]t[Tjdf sfof{Gjogsf] g]t[Tj lng'kg{].of]
/0fgLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu cGtd{Gqfno ;dGjosf] ctL dxTj /x]sf] x'Fbf
o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] g]t[Tj k|wfgdGqL jf pkk|wfgdGqLn] g} lng' kg]{ .
 xfd|f] h:tf] ef}uf]lns ljljwtf / ;fdflhs lje]b ePsf] d'n'sdf s[lif
ljsf; /0fgLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ubf{ s]G› / If]qdf eGbf :yfgLo txdf
cyf{t s[ifssf] v]ltjf/Ldf s]lG›t ul/g'kb{5. To;}n] :yfgLo lgsfonfO{
j}wflgs ;dGjosf] Joj:yf, d"NofÍg, cg'udg, ;xhLs/0f / sfo{Gjogsf]
glthf k|flKtsf] d"n lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] ?kdf Joj:yf ul/g'kg{] .
 s[lif k|fljlwsnfO{ :yfgLo lgsfo dfkm{t kl/rfng ug{] Joj:yf ug{] .
 d'n's ;+3Lo 9f+rfdf k|j]z u/]kZrft P8LP;sf] sfof{Gjog s;/L ug{] <
eGg] ;Gbe{df :ki6 x'g'kg{] .
 cfˆgf] ;d'bfodf g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf :yfgLo s[ifsx?nfO{
Psh'6 x'g / ls;fgsf] kIfdf cfˆgf] ljrf/ / rf;f]x?nfO{ cl3 ;fg{
P8LP;n] k|f]T;flxt ug{] gLlt cjnDjg ug{] .
& P8LP; 6«i6 P8LP; 6«:6 sf]ifnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg] / sf]ifdf ls;fgsf] pTkfbg j[l4 /
sf]if Joj;foLs/0fsf nflu vr{ ug{] :ki6 Joj:yf ug{] .
* cg'udg,  s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt lgodg s;n] ug{] eGg] :k:6 5}g . s[lif ljsf;
d'NofÍg tyf /0fgLltsf] th{'df b]lv sfof{Gjog tyf ;'kl/j]If0fsf nflu s]lx ;+/rgfut
lgodg Joj:yf u/]sf] ePklg ;du|df s[lif ljsf; dGqfnosf] dfq lhDd]jf/L
b]lvG5 . ctM Pl8P; n] k|:tfj u/]sf] cg'udg gLlt, k|s[of / ;+/rgfnfO{
yk k|i6 / k|efjsf/L agfpg]. s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] gLlt / of]hgf
lgdf{0f, ljQLo Aoa:yfkg / ;xhLs/0f ug{] . kl/of]hgf cg'udg tyf
d"NofÍgsf] sfo{ :jtGq t];|f] kIf dfkm{t ug{] k|fjwfgnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L
agfO{ To;sf] l;kmfl/;df ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ lhDd]jf/ jgfO{g'kg{] .
cg'udgsf] nflu 5'§} jh]6 sf]8sf] Joj:yf ul/g'kg{] .

136
( dfgj ;+;fwg P8LP;sf] k|efjsf/L sfo{Gjog ug{ dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;/ Ifdtf clej[l4nfO{
ljsf; pRr k|fyldstf lbg'kg{] .
!) s[lif lzIff,  s[lif ljZjljBfno, ljBfno,k|lti7fg / s[lif cg';Gwfg s]G›sf] :yfkgf /
cg';Gwfg / lj:tf/ ug{'kg{] . ljBfno tx b]lv g} s[lif lzIffsf] Joj:yf ug{]. ef}uf]lns
k|;f/ ?kdf ;r]t / ;+jb] gzLn eP/ l;kd"ns / Joj;flos s[lif lzIff k|bfg
ug{] .
 s[lif lzIff, cg';Gwfg / s[lif k|;f/jLr cfk;L tfnd]n ;xof]u /
;dGjosf nflu lglZrt sfof{b]z ;lxtsf] cGt/dGqfno ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf
-lzIff / s[lif_ ug{'kg{] . s[lif k|;f/sf nflu :yfgLo :t/df ljBfnox¿nfO{
s]G›ljGb'sf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{] .
 cuf{lgs s[lif pkhsf] kmfO{bf, k|fËfl/s dnsf] k|of]u h:tf ljifodf
vf;ul/ dfWoflds txsf sIffx?df slDtdf dlxgfdf Ps k6s s[lif
ljz]if1åf/f ;r]tgf clej[l4 sIff lng] Joj:yf ug{]. lzIfs tflnddf
s[lifsf ljifo ;dfj]z ug{] .
 g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifbn] ;]jfd"ns lx;fjdf k|ljlw pknJw
u/fpg'kg{] . kl/ifb / ljZjljBfno ljr ;dGjo x'g'kg{] .
 u'0f:t/Lo / Niche Product g} k|lt:kwf{Tds x'g] ePsf]n] cg';Gwfg
cflj:sf/ ug{] ls;fgnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{'kg{] .
!! bLuf]  s[lif ljsf;sf] nflu e'ld ;'wf/sf] ljifo dxTjk"0f{ 5 . g]kfnsf] s[lif
e"Joj:yfkg hldgsf] hl6ntfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ s[lif /0fgLltn] e'ld;'wf/
dGqfno;+usf] ;dGjodf e"–pkof]u tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{of]hgf /0fgLlt d}
pNn]v ug{] . s[lif If]qsf nflu hldgsf] k|of]u s;/L ug{] eGg] of]hgf
th{'df ug{] .
 s[lif of]Uo hldg / cfjf;sf] cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw 5, s[lif k|of]hgsf]
e"lddf al:t a9]sf]n] jl:t ljsf;nfO{ cfjf; If]qdf dfq ;'Jojl:yt
u/fpg' kg{] . e"–pkof]u gLlt nfu" u/L s[lifof]Uo e"ldnfO{ ;'/lIft u/L s[lif
e"lddf v]tL dfq ug{] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg{] .
 e"ldxLg ls;fgx¿-d'Qm sd}of, d'Qm sDn/L, d'Qm xlnof, x?jfr?jf,
blnt tyf lk58fju{_x¿nfO{ ;'/lIft cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ub{} s[lif If]qsf
;j} ;'ljwf ;lxt s/f/df hUuf pknJw u/fpb} Joj;flos jgfpg] /
hldg pknAw u/fp+bf /fd|f] cg'udg / d'Nof+sgsf] Joj:yf ug{] .
 s[lif pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4sf nflu s[lifdf nfUg] df]xL ls;fgsf]
e"ldsf pNn]vgLo 5 . sfg'gt å}w :jfldTjsf] cGTo u/]klg sl/j $
nfv eGbf jl9 j]btf{jfnx¿ csf{sf] hUuf sdfO{ hLljsf]kfh{g ub{} cfPsf
5g . sfd ug{] jf:tljs ls;fg hldgxLg eP/ s[lifsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4
x'g ;Sb}g / ;fdflhs Gofo klg x'b}g. ctM pgLx¿sf] dfunfO{ ;+jf]wg
ug{] ul/ P8LP;df Joj:yf ug{] .
 k'j{ /fhkl/jf/, 7'nf e"ldklt, wfld{s k|lti7fg / u'7Lsf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf]
hldgsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{'kg{] .
 s[lifdf pTkfbg a[l4sf] dxTj"'0f{ kIf s[lif e"ldsf] rSnfjGbL xf] .
;fd'bflos, ;xsf/L / lghL Joj;foL dfkm{t hldgsf] rSnfjGbLsf]
gLltut Joj:yf ul/ ;fd"lxs v]tL k|0ffnL dfkm{t s[lifsf] Joj;foLs/0f
ug{ rfxg]x?nfO{ lglZrt ;Ldf tf]sL s[lifsf] k"jf{wf/ ;/sf/ dfkm{t ljsf;
ul/ klxnf] jif{ pTkfbg nfutsf] %) k|ltzt cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ug{] .

137
 o;sf] nflu cfjZos sfg'gL Joj:yf ug{] .
 hldg jfFemf] /fVg gkfpg] s'/f s/ -Tax) n] dfq lgodg x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf
o;sf] nflu j}slNks Joj:yf ug{] .
!@ l;+rfO{  l;+rfO{sf] ;Gbe{df Pl8P; n] lnPsf] nIo / cfly{s k|If]k0f tyf To;sf
nflu nfUg] nfut / sfo{k2lt Pj+ ;+/rgf / l;+rfO{ dGqfno / ljefun]
lbPsf] tYofÍ / nfutdf tfnd]n b]lvb}g. of] lj/f]wfefifnfO{ tTsfn}
;dfwfg ul/ ;dGjofTds 9+ujf6 sfo{qmdnfO{ cufl8 j9fpg'kg{] .
!# ljp ljhg  k/Dk/fut :yfgLo / /}yfg] lap tyf ljhsf] ;'/Iff, ;+/If0f / k|a{wg ug{] .
;f]sf] nflu cu'jf ls;fgsf] ;+nUgtfdf ;xeflutfd'ns cg';Gwfgsf]
Joj:yf ug{] . k]6]G6 clwsf/sf] ;'/Iff ug{] .
 lap pTkfbgdf ;Da4 s[ifsx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{'kg{] / To:tf s[ifsx?nfO{
ladfsf] ;'lawf pknAw u/fOg'kg{] . ;fy} lap pBf]usf] Joj:yf ul/ gLlh
/ ;xsf/L If]qnfO{ lap lahgsf] Joj;flos pTkfbg ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug{'kg{]
.
!$ k|fËfl/s s[lif  kxf8L e'efunfO{ k|fËfl/stkm{ pGd'v jgfpg s[ifsnfO{ cuf{lgs
k|df0fLs/0f / sDkf]i6 dnsf] k|j4{gsf] nflu cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ug{' kg{] .
5'§} æcuf{gLs hf]gÆ sf] ljsf; ul/ ks]6 Kofs]h Pk|f]rdf h}ljs
pTkfbgnfO{ k|j4{g ul/g'kg{] .
!% dnvfb  a9\bf] hg;+VofnfO{ vfBfGg ;j{;'ne pknJw u/fpgsf] nflu dnvfb
dxTjk"0f{ ;fwg ePsfn] dnsf] pknJwtfnfO{ ;xh / ;'ne agfpg' kg{] .
clxn];Dd g]kfndf /f;folgs dnsf] sf/vfgf 5}g To;}n] /f;folgs
dnsf] sf/vfgf :yfkgf ug{] sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg'kg{] .
!^ ;dofg's'ntf /  e"–kof{j/0f ;+/If0f / df};d kl/jt{gsf] c;/nfO{ Go'lgs/0f ug{]
kof{j/0f sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{] of]hgf agfO{g'kg{] .
 jf9L klx/f]jf6 x'g] e"Ifo / k|fs[lts k|sf]knfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ug{] eGg]
s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kg{] .
 s[lif ljsf; ;DaGwL kl/of]hgfdf s[lif / jg tyf hldg / kfgL aLrsf]
;DaGwnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{} jg dGqfno / s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] ;fem]bf/L
u/]/ hl8a'6L / ltgLx?sf] Aoa;flos k|of]usf] k|j4{g ug{' kg{] . P8LP;n]
jg pBf]usf] ljsf;sf] laifodf ljz]ifu/L NTFPs sf] af/]df /fd|/L
;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5}g . To;}u/L o;n] Pu|f]—km/]:6«Lsf] dxTjnfO{ phfu/
ug{af6 r's]sf] 5 . oL ljifox?nfO ;+af]wg ug{ :ki6 sfo{lbzf to
ug{'kg{] .
!& ls;fgnfO{  s[lif u0fgf cBfjlws ul/ s[ifsx?nfO{ juL{s/0f ug{] / kl/rokq k|bfg
ljQLo tyf ul/ ;f]lx cfwf/df ls;fgnfO{ lbg] ;]jf ;'ljwf ;'lglZrt ug{]. ;/sf/n]
cGo ;'ljwf s[ifsx?nfO{ lbO{/x]sf] ;]jf / ;'lawfsf] glhsaf6 cg'udg ul/ k|ult
dfkg ul/g'kg{] .
 s[ifsx?nfO{ qm]l86 sf8{ pknAw u/fpg] .
 s[ifs dhb'/x?sf] nflu k]G;g sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ul/g'kg{] .
 s[lifdf cfwfl/t pBf]u btf{ ug{ ;/nLs/0f ul/ ;x'lnotsf] Joj:yf ug{] .
 s[ifssf] juL{s/0f ul/ cfjZos /0fgLlt th{'df ug{'kg{] cfTd lge{/ vfB
;'/Iffsf] Uof/]G6L ug{ k|lt PsfO{ hldgsf] pTkfbsTj j9fpgsf nflu ;fgf
ls;fgx?sf] s[lif nfutdf %) k|ltzt cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ug{] .

138
  jhf/nfO{ :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 Joj:yfkg / cg'udg ug{ sfo{ljlw agfpg]
k|:tfj ug{]. b'u{d If]qdf s[lifhGo ;fdfu|L 9'jfgLdf ls;fgnfO{ cg'bfgsf]
Joj:yf ug{] .
 k|To]s uflj;df Pp6f ;xsf/L ahf/, ;+sng / ljt/0f s]G› :yfkgf ug{] .
s[lif Aoa;fo ;'? ug{ OR5's s[ifsx?n] pks/0f / sRrf kbfy{df cg'bfg
kfpg] Joj:yf ug{] .
 df};dL a]/f]huf/L ls;fgnfO{ vfnL ;dodf ;d]t /f]huf/L agfpg]tkm{
/0fgLltn] Wofg lbg'kg{] . s[lifdf dlxnfsf] of]ubfgsf] plrt d"NofÍg ub{}
dlxnf ls;fgsf] klxrfg, e"lddf :jfldTj / s[lif ;'ljwfdf ljz]if
k|fyldstf lbg] .
!* ladf  s[lif Joj;fo ljsf;sf] ;fy;fy} laz]if jfnL, :yfg / ;+efJo vt/fsf]
nflu gofF gd"gf ljdf of]hgf th{'df ug{ Joj;flos ljdfstf{nfO{ sf]if
pknAw u/fpg] .
 ljdf;+u ;Da4 vt/fx? pRr ePsf] / ljdf ug{] plrt dfWod
gagfP;Dd Joj;foLs/0f ;Dea gx'g] x'Fbf ljdfdf gLlh If]qsf] nufgL
;xhLs/0f ug{ ;/sf/n] klxn] pRr d"No If]qdf gd"gf ladf of]hgf
;+rfng ug{] / kl5 cGo If]qdf cg'z/0f ug{] .
!( d"No >[Înf  /0fgLltn] d"No >[vnfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbP klg ;Lldt u/]sf] 5 . P8LP;n]
kmnkm'n, km"n v]tL, d;nfhGo a:t', df}/Lkfng, dT:okfng, / kf]N6«Ldf
sd Wofg lbPsf] 5 . t/ oL a:t'x? kof{j/0fLo, kf}li6s, cfoft
k|lt:yfkg Pj+ lgof{t k|j4{g / /f]huf/Lsf] lx;fan] dxTjk"0f{ ePsf]n]
d"No >[ªvnfdf ;dfa]z ug{ pko'Qm x'g] .
@) afnL ;+/If0f  nf]kf]Gd'v afnLx?nfO{ ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ug{] .
tyf s[lif ko{6g  ljZjsf d"Nojfg hl8j'6L ofrf{u'Daf, u'RrL Rofp, agn;'g, ;t'jf,
h6fd;L, nf]7;Nnf / lr/fOtf] cflbsf] Joj;flos v]tL / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;
ug{] . o; afx]s sfu'gf], sf]bf], kmfk/ / hf} nufotsf afnLx?sf]
;+/If0fn]s[lif ko{6gdf cfsif{0f a9fpg ;Sg] x'Fbf :yfgLo vfBj:t'sf] d"No
>[ÎnfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ .
 s[lif ko{6gnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} ljljw ef}uf]lns :yfgdf pTkfbg x'g] :yfgLo
vfBfGgnfO{ pGgt agfpg] / :yfgLo vfB kl/sf/sf] ljljwtfsf] ljsf; /
lj:tf/ ug{'kg{] .
 ljZjsf] pRrtd :yfgdf pTkfbg x'g] df;L{ k|hfltsf] wfg nufot s[lif
afnL x?sf] ;+/If0f ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{] .
@! lzte08f/  pTkfbgsf cfwf/df pko'Qm 7fFpdf lzte08f/ lgdf{0f ug{] Joj:yf
ldnfpg] .
@@ vfB :jR5tf /  xfn /x]sf vfB u'0f:t/ dfkg ug{] k|of]uzfnfx?sf] :t/f]Gglt ul/g'kg{].
u'0f:t/ ;'b[9 / u'0f:t/o'Qm df;'sfnflu awzfnf tyf df;' lg/LIf0f ug{ ag]sf]
P]gsf] oyfzL3| sfof{Gjog ul/g'kg{] .
@# Ps 3/ Ps df};d cg';f/ a9L pTkfbg x'g] Ps kmnkm"n v]tL / cGg jfnLnfO{ d'Vo afnL
au}rf agfO{ ;f]xL cg';f/ au}+rfsf] Joj:yf u/L Ps 3/ Ps au}+rfsf] Joj:yf ug{'kg{]
.
@$ jf}l4s ;DklQ g]kfndf af}l4s ;Dkltsf] clwsf/sf]nflu sfg"g th{'df ul/Psf] eP tfklg
To; sfg'gn] afnL ;+/If0f tyf kof{j/0fLo ;'/IffnfO{ ;d]6\g ;s]sf] 5}g . s[lif

139
 If]qsf] Joj;foLs/0fsf] nflu af}l4s ;Dkltsf] ;+/If0f cfjZos /x]sf]n] s[lif
dGqfnon] pBf]u dGqfno;+u ;dGjo ul/ af}l4s ;Dkltdflysf] clwsf/af/]
:k:6 x'g'kg{] .
@% cGo  ljleGg r/0fdf ePsf 5nkmn tyf ;'emfjx? cg';"rLdf 5g\ To;nfO{
cfjZostf cg';f/ d:of}bf /0fgLltdf ;dfj]z ug{' ug{] .
 g]kfn ;/sf/jf6 agfpg] h'g;'s} gLlt, /0fgLlt / lnvtx¿ g]kfnL
efiffdf ;j}n] a'‰g] ul/ agfpg' kg{] .
 h'g;'s} gLlt÷/0fgLlt th{'df ubf{ ;+;b jf ljifout ;+;bLo ;ldltdf
5nkmn u/fpg] / hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] /fo lnO{ gLlt lgdf{0f ug{' kg{] .
h;sf sf/0f P]g lgod lgdf{0fdf ;d]t ;xhtf x'g;S5 .

140
 kl/lzi6 &M /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;'emfj k|ltj]bg
k|:tfljt s[lif ljsf; /0fgLlt (ADS) sf] clGtd k|ltj]bg dfly /fo ;'emfa
-/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u_
b]zsf] s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] Ps ltxfO{ eGbf a9L s[lif If]qaf6 k|fKt x'g] / sl/a b'O{ ltxfO{
hg;+Vof lhljsf tyf /f]huf/Lsf] nflu o; If]qd} lge{/ /xg] ePsf]n] s[lif If]qnfO{ g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf]
d'Vo cjojsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+lawfg, @)^# n] ;d]t vfB ;+k|e"tfnfO{ df}lns
xssf] ?kdf :yflkt ul/;s]sf] / s[lifnfO{ pBf]usf] ?kdf :yflkt ug]{ gLlt ;d]t c+uLsf/ ul/;s]sf]n]
o; If]qsf] dxTj cem} clej[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . cGt//fli6«o :t/df vfB kbfy{x?df e}/x]sf] d"No j[l4,
pTkfbgzLn hgzlQmsf] b}lgs ljb]lzg] qmdsf] a9f]Q/Ln] s[lif If]qdf >d zlQmsf] cefj x'b} uPsf]
jt{dfg cj:yf, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] gsf/fTds k|efj h:tf xfn b]lvPsf 68\sf/f] r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ub{}
b]zsf] ef}uf]lns kl/j]z cg'snsf] pGgt aLp ljhg / k|lalw,s[lif pBdL / ;LdfGt s[ifsju{sf] rfxgf,
;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox?, s[lif tyf kz'k+IfLhGo pTkfbgdf Joj;foLs/0f h:tf dxTjk"0f{ kIfx?nfO{
cfTd;ft ub}{ s[lif k]zfnfO{ ;Ddfghgs agfO{ cfo tyf /f]huf/L ;[hgf, ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, lbuf] /
;Gt'lnt ljsf;, vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff / cfly{s ?kfGt/0fdf s[lif If]qsf] of]ubfg a9fpg] nIo k|fKtLsf]
dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/sf] ?kdf ;dofg's'n s[lif ljsf;sf] /0fgLlt xfnsf] Ps 68\sf/f] cfjZostfsf] ?kdf
/x]sf] 5 .
o;} ;Gbe{df, s[lif ljsf; d+qfno tyf /fli6«o ls;fg ;~hfnsf] ;xsfo{df ljleGg /fli6«o ÷
cGt/fli6«o ;+:yf÷;+u7gx?sf] ;xof]udf lgld{t @) jif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] k|:tfjn] s[lif If]qsf]
ljutnfO{ /fd|/L s]nfPsf] 5 eg] at{dfg cj:yfsf] uxg ljZn]if0f u/]/ eljiosf] ;xL dfu{ lrq0f ug{
pNn]Vo k|ofz u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
k|:tfj lgdf{0fdf ;+nUg ;a}sf] OdfGbf/ k|ofz / ;xsfo{af6 xfd|f] h:tf] s[lif k|wfg b]zsf
hgtfx?sf] hLjgsf] k|d'v cfwf/ If]qsf] ?kdf /x]sf] s[lif xfn s'g w/ftndf 5 / o; If]qsf] ljsf; tyf
lj:tf/af6 g]kfnLx?sf] hLjg:t/ pRr agfpg efjL lbgx?df clVtof/ ug'{kg]{ af6f] b]vfpg] plrt
k|oTg ePsf] s'/fdf b'O{dt 5}g . /0fgLltn] cfufdL @) jif{df s[lif If]qsf] ;+/rgfdf Aofks kl/jt{g NofO{
s[lif / ;Da4 cGo If]qx?aLrsf] ;'b[9 ;dGjoaf6 u|fdL0f ul/aL lgaf/0fsf] ck]Iff ;d]t u/]sf] 5, h'g
cfkm}df ;x|fgLo kIf xf] .
/fo ;'emfjsf] nflu k|ltj]bgsf] k|:tfj k|fKt ePkl5 /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u leq tyf aflx/sf
;DalGwt If]qsf hflgkmsf/ tyf ljåfgx?;+usf] lnlvt tyf df}lvs ;Nnfx / cGt/lqmof ;d]tsf]
cfwf/df s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltnfO{ c+em kl/is[t, k|efjsf/L tyf p2]Zof]Gd'v agfp+g b]xfo adf]lhdsf
/fo,;'emfjx? k]z ul/Psf] 5 M–

gLltut ;jfn
;dofg's"nsf] s[lif ljsf; gLlt nfu' u/L ;f] sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog dfkm{t\ ck]lIft pknAwL xf+l;n ug{sf]
nflu gLlt cfpg' k"j{sf] cj:yf / ljBdfg-xfnsf]_cj:yf aLr s] s:tf] Gap /x]sf] 5 ;f] ;DaGwdf uxg
laZn]if0f u/]sf] v08df gLlt c+em a9L k|efjsf/L / kmnbfoL x'g] b]lvG5 . o; b[li6n] x]bf{ s[lif If]qdf
p2]Zo k"lt{df afws /x]sf /x]sf vf; ;d:ofx? s] s] ;f] sf] ;xL klxrfg ug{ ;s]df efjL lbgx?df
To:tf ;d:ofx?af6 ;xh pGd'lQm kfpFg ;lsG5 .
 s'g} klg gofF gLlt cjnDag ubf{ gLltsf] cfjZostfnfO{ k|fyldstfqmddf cufl8 /fVbf qmda4tf b]lvg]
ePsf]n] æADS sf] cfjZostfÆ sf] af/]df klg clGtddf geP/ z'?df pNn]v ubf{ pko'Qm b]lvg] x'G5 .
;fy} ADS xfd|f] b]zsf] s[lif If]qsf] pTyfg / ljsf;sf] nflu Pp6f e/kbf]{ dfu{bz{g ePsf]n] o;nfO{
Project sf] ?kdf geO{ jf:tljs Strategic Document sf] ?kdf :yflkt ug]{tkm{ Wofg s]lGb|t ul/g'kg]{
b]lvG5 .

141
 /0fgLltdf ;/sf/, lglh If]q tyf cGo ;/f]sf/jfnx?sf] nufgL xfn s'g s'g If]qdf slt slt /x]sf]
cfufdL cjlwdf s'g If]qdf slt–slt k|ltzt x'g'kg]{ xf] ;f] ;DaGwL :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ubf{ nufgLstf{ /
:jo+ ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ;d]t plrt ;dodf 7f]; lg0f{o ug{ d2t k'Ug hfg] b]lvG5 .
 gLltdf /x]sf] s]xL afSof+zx?df b]xfo adf]lhd yk36 ubf{ yk k|efjsf/L x'g] b]lvPsf]n] /fo k]z ul/Psf]
5M
 Vision sf] clGtd afSof+zsf] k5fl8 Situation and Food Sovereignty yKg' kg]{,
 StrategicFramework of the ADS sf] g+= ! df Increase agricultural productivity and Production
/flvg'kg]{ / ;f]xL tflnsfsf] g+= ! df /flvPsf] Food and Nutrition Security sf] k5fl8 and Food
Sovereignty yKg'kg]{,
 Prominent Issue sf] klxnf]sf] at eGbf kl5 Higher and wider level yKg'kg]{ ;fy} ;f]xL Box sf] clGtddf
b]xfosf a'Fbfx? yKg'kg]{ M–
 Support from other relevant stakeh olders
 Stability of agri commodity prices.
 Terade Inbalance Issues.
 Issues discussed and agreed with National Peasant Coalition df Minimum support price sf] slt
Possibility 5 / ;f] ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd b]lvPsf] Practice s:tf] 5 Tof] ljifodf kof{Kt ljZn]if0f ul/g'kg]{
b]lvG5 . ;fy} gLlt dfkm{t\ s[lif If]qsf] Joj;flos/0f ug{ / cfoft k|lt;yfkg ug{sf] nflu Cosmetic
Commodity df k|of]u x'g] s[lif pTkfbgsf] klxrfg u/L ;f] sf] lj:tf/ ug]{ tkm{ :ki6 ;f]r ADS df
b]lvg'k5{ .
 s[lif pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a9fO{ /f]huf/Ldf clej[l4 ug]{ / ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ Wo]osf] k|flKtsf] nflu
lg/Gt/ eO/x]sf] jgh+unsf] ljgfz / kz'kfns s[ifsx?sf] ;+Vofdf cfO/x]sf] lu/fj6nfO{ s;/L ;+af]wg /
plrt Aoj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 ;f] ;DaGwdf gLltn] k|efjsf/L sfo{qmdx? ;dflji6 ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 .
 /0fgLltn] k5fl8 k/]sf ju{ / If]qnfO{ ;+jf]wg ug'{kb{5, h;af6 pgLx?sf] Ownership / Accountability
b'a} kIfdf clea[l4 eO{ s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;df 6]jf k'Ug hfG5 .

tYof+s ;DaGwL ;jfn

 tYof+s Pp6f o:tf] Tools xf] h;sf] ;xfotfaf6 dfq xfdLn] x/]s ck"0f{ 1fgnfO k"0f{tf k|bfg ug{ ;S5f}+
/ xfd|f x/]s vf]h tyf cGj]if0fnfO jf:tljs agfp+g ;Ifd x'G5f}+ . ctM /0fgLltsf] k|:tfjdf ;dflji6
Growth Forecast jfl:tjs tYodf cfwfl/t x'g ;s]df cfkm}df gLltsf] Ps ;jn kIf x'g hfg] b]lvG5 .
o;sf cltl/Qm k|ltj]bgsf] Phases Of the ADS df pNn]lvt tYof+sx? ;g\ @)!! df ;+slnt ePsf]
b]lvPsf]n] jf:tljstf klxrfgsf] nflu tYof+sx? cBfjlws x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
 l;+lrt If]qdf clej[l4 x'bf :jefj}n] o;af6 k|efljt x'g] afnLx?sf] pTkfbgdf klg ;sf/fTds a9f]Q/L
x'ghfG5 . ctM l;+lrt If]qdf a[l4 x'g] b/ eGbf wfg pTkfbgsf] b/ w]/} Go"g x'g] tYof+s /flvg' :jefljs
gb]lvPsf]n] o; tkm{ k'gla{rf/ ul/g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy} /0fgLltdf cfufdL % jif{df Aofkf/ 3f6f ;"Go ug]{
nIo /flvPsf] 5 h'g s'/fsf] e/kbf]{ cfwf/ b]lvb}g / ;f] nIo k|fKt ug{ oyfy{df ;+ej 5 ls 5}g pQm
tYo tkm{ k'gM Psk6s ;f]Rg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

;+:yfut ;jfn
 x/]s sfo{qmdsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf] nflu To;;+u ;DalGwt gLltut ;+:yfut / k|s[ofut kIfx?sf]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . s[lif If]q hgtfsf] b}lgs lhjLsf;+u hf]l8Psf] Ps ;+j]bgzLn If]q ePsf]n]
o;nfO{ b]zsf] abln+bf] /fhgLlts kl/j]z / /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf] cj:yfnfO{ ;d]t Wofg /fv]/ ;+:yfut
;'b[9Ls/0fsf] nflu gLltn] plrt dfu{bz{g ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . ctM o;sf] nflu gLltn] ;d]6]sf s]xL a'+bfx?df
b]xfoadf]lhd afSof+z / zAbfjnLx? yk36 ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf]n] ;'emfj lbO{Psf] 5M

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 Priorities Of the ADS sf] Productivity df Restructuring and Strengthening of research, extension and
agri-education system yKg'kg]{,
 Composition of ADS Implementation Committee cGt/ut Officiating Members df Hon.VC (NPC) sf]
;6\6f Hon. Member (Agri.) / Co-ordinating committee df klg Hon.Member (Agri.) NPC / ! hgf
kf]if0f ;DaGwL Expert ylkg'kg]{ tyf Secretaries from sf] k5f8L concerned yKg' kg]{, ;f]xL cg'R5]bsf]
clGtd sf]i7df /x]sf] Nominated by Maximum 2 GON x'g] kg]{,
 National ADS Co-ordination Committee sf] Officiating Members sf] Top df Hon.Member (Agri)
NPC yKg'kg]{ / ;f]xL Box sf] Sub committees df DOA, DOI and DOLIDAR, NARC, Food Technology
and Quality cotrol Department ylkg'kg]{,
 k|foM gLltx?sf] sfof{Gjog cIf/;M x'g g;Sg' / o;n] ck]lIft k|ltkmn xfFl;n ug{ g;Sg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f
sdhf]/ cg'udg tyf d"Nof+g k|0ffnL xf] eGg] s'/fdf ;xdt x'g]x?sf] 7"nf] ;+Vof /x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf
s[lif gLltsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog ePgePsf] ;DaGwdf o;sf k|To]s lqmofsnfkx?sf] u'0f:t/ kl/df0f /
nfut kIfsf] lgoldt / cfjlws cg'udg d"Nof+sg u/L lglb{i6 p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ ADS sf] Monitoring
and Evaluation tyf Implementation df /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{g'kg]{ b]lvG5
.
 gLlt / sfo{qmdx?sf] p2]Zod"ns sfof{Gjgsf] nflu jt{dfg cfjZostfnfO{ ;d]t dWogh/ ub}{ nlIft ju{
/ If]qn] ;xh ;]jf ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] cj:yfsf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{ jblnbf] kl/l:ylt cg'?ksf]
5l/tf], r':t / k|efjsf/L ;+u7g ;+rfng ug{ ;Sg] x]t'n] s[lif ljsf; d+qfnosf] ;+/rgfdf Aofks
kl/jt{g ug]{ tkm{ gLltn] :ki6 dfu{bz{g ug{ ;Sg'k5{ .

cg';Gwfg If]q

 s[lif;+u ;DalGwt lalaw cWoog / cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{nfO{ kl/0ffdd'vL agfpb} cfw"lgs s[lif k|0ffnLsf]
cjnDjg / ;f] sf] kx'Frdf lj:tf/ ug{ National Agriculture Research System / s[lif;+u ;DalGwt cGo
Academy x?sf] af/]df /0fgLltdf k|i6 wf/0ff cfpg'kb{5 . ;fy} cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf slt nufgL ul/g] eGg]
s'/f :k6 ?kn] pNn]v gul/Psf]n] ;f] s'/f gLltdf g} k|i6 kfl/g'kb{5 .
 ;fd'bflos s[lif ljsf; s]Gb|df cg';GwfgnfO{ s;/L cufl8 a9fpg] eGg] ;DaGwdf :ki6 pNn]v ul/g'sf
cltl/Qm s[lif cg';Gwfg, lzIff / k|;f/nfO{ Ps cfk;df s;/L Linkage ug]{ xf] ;f] ;DaGwdf /0fgLltn]
k|i6 dfu{ lgb]{z ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
 NARC sf] Restrucuring ug]{ eGg] s'/f dfq ADS df b]lvPsf]n] pQm zAbn] k'g;+{/rgf cg';Gwfg k4ltdf
ug]{ xf] ls ;+:yfdf ug]{ xf] ;f] s'/f k|i6 kfg{ g;s]sf] x'bf k'g;{+/rgf ul/g] kIfsf] af/]df / k'g;{+/rgf kl5
lgdf{0f x'g] 9fFrfsf] af/]df gLltn] :ki6 AofVof ul/g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

Ifdtf ljsf;sf] If]q

 x/]s lqmofsnfk jf ljsf;sf] stf{ dfgj >f]t g} xf] . ctM gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] kIfnfO{ ;kmlne"t kfg{sf]
nflu pko'Qm AolQmnfO{ plrt ;dodf plrt :yfg / cj:yfdf sfo{sf] nflu tTk/ agfO{/fVg ;kmn
ePdf dfq xfdL cfkm\gf] uGtAo pGd'v x'g ;Sb5f}+ . o; tYonfO{ Vofn /fv]/ s[lif If]qdf dfgj ;|f]t
Joj:yfkg (HRM) / ;zlQms/0faf/] pNn]v ul/g'k5{, ;fy} s[lif If]qdf cfsif{0f a9fpg plrt dfgj ;|f]t
ljsf; (HRD) ;DaGwL /0fgLltsf] h?/L 5 .
 Bio-Technology ;zQm geO{ s[lif cg';Gwfg k|efjsf/L gx'g] x'bf Bio-Technology sf] ;zlQms/0faf/]
ADS df plrt sfo{qmd /flvg'kb{5 .
vfB / kf]if0f ;DaGwdf
 vfB ;'/Iffsf k|d'v $ :tDex? pknAwtf, kx'Fr, pkof]u / l:y/tf dWo] k|yd cfwf/:tDe pknAwtf
k"0f{tM s[lifdf lge{/ ub{5 . ctM kf]if0f / vfB ;'/Iffsf kIfnfO{ plrt tj/n] ;+jf]wg ug{ s[lif gLltn] o;

143
 ;DaGwdf Wofg lbg' clgjfo{ x'\ghfG5 . o;} kl/k|]Iodf xfd|f] t]x|f}+ of]hgfn] ;d]t vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf
;a} kIfx?nfO{ ;an kfb}{ gful/ssf] vfB ;Dk|e"tf clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ bL3{sflng ;f]r /fv]sf]
;Gbe{nfO{ ;d]t Vofn ubf{ gLltdf vfB ;'/Iff ;DaGwL ;jfnx?nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy pNn]v ul/g'kb{5.
;fy} vfB / kf]if0f ;DaGwdf s[lif / :jf:Yo d+qfnoaLr sfo{df c:ki6tf / bf]xf]/f]kg gx'g] u/L :ki6
lhDd]jf/L ls6fg ul/g'kb{5 .

lghL If]qsf] ;jfn

 d'n'sn] v'nf cy{tGqsf] gLlt cjnDag u/]b]lv g} lghL If]qnfO{ pTkfbg, lat/0f / /f]huf/L ;[hgfsf]
If]qdf ;fem]bf/ agfpg] cEof; lg/Gt/ ?kdf eO/x]sf] 5 . Psflt/ ;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf
7"nf7"nf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x? ;+rfng eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ lghL If]q tTsfn nfe x'g]
If]qdf a9L cfslif{t x'g] / bL3{sflng nfe k|fKt x'g] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f Pj+ cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf;df sd}
dfq s]lGb|t ePsf] ljBdfg cj:yfdf s[lif pBd tyf Aoj;fodf lghL If]qsf] cfsif{0f a9fpg] vfnsf
gLlt canDag ug'{ h?/L 5 .
 s[lif sfo{df lghL If]qsf] ckgTj efjdf clej[l4 ug{ / nufgLsf] jftfj0fsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu
Private Sector sf] e"ldsf Action Plan df g} :ki6 kfl/g'kb{5 . Cost of the ADS (10 Years) df Private
sector/Community sf] of]ubfg k|ltzt slDtdf @)% tf]s]/ g} /flvlbbf yk ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{ ;3fp
k'Ug] b]lvG5 .
 s[lif If]qdf lghL If]qsf] nufgL clej[l4 ug{ nufgL d}qL jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf ug{ ;s]df s[lif If]q dfkm{t
d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf; / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x?df clej[l4 x'g] x'bf To;tkm{ plrt gLltut k|aGw x'g'
kb{5 .

;DalGwt cGo If]qsf] ;jfn

 s[lif Ps jx'cfoflds If]q ePsf]n] s[lif ;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt lgdf{0f ubf{ o;;+u k|ToIf jf k/f]If ?kn]
;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifo, If]q jf lgsfox?nfO{ gh/ cGbfh ul/bf o;n] ;du| gLlt s} ;kmn sfof{Gjogdf
c;xhtf ;[hgf ug{ ;Sb5 . ctM gLlt th'{df ubf{ o:tf dxTjk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnf kIf jf If]qnfO{ plrt
tj/n] ;+af]wg ug{ ;s]df gLlt kmnbfoL x'g;S5 . cGo kIfx?sf] cltl/Qm gLltn] ;d]6\g'kg]{ s]xL
kIfx?sf] ;DaGwdf lgDgfg';f/ /fo AoQm ul/Psf] 5 M
 Agri Input -dnvfb tyf aLp_ Institutes af6 :ki6?kdf Commitment x'g'kb{5 .
 Donor x?af6 s[lif If]qdf ul/g] nufgL ;DaGwdf s'g s'g If]qdf slt calw;Dd s] slt nufgL
ul/g] xf] ;f] ;DaGwdf k|i6 k|lta4tf x'g'kb{5 .
 l;+rfO{af6 :ki6 Commitment cfpg'kg]{,
 Land use policy ;+u ADS nfO{ Adjust ul/g'kg]{,
 Local level sf] basket fund s;/L ;+ej x'G5 / olb ;+ej 5 eg] To;sf] cfwf/ s] xf] eGg]af/]
/0fgLltdf k|i6 pNn]v x'g'kg]{,
 gLlt sfof{GjognfO{ k|efljt ug{ ;Sg] ljifo æhnjfo' kl/jt{gÆ,æ;+3LotfÆ h:tf dxTjk"0f{
;jfnx?df Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
END OF REPORT: 2

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