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SPECIFICATION SHEET
Name of Equipment Fluidized Bed Reactor
Code R-4
Type Fluidized Bed
Function Oxidation of glucose to oxalic acid
Number of Units 1 unit
Operation Continuous
Space time 6 hrs
Design Capacity 2910.75 kg/day
Material Handled Nitric acid and glucose solution
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
VESSEL
Material of Construction ASME SA-302
Orientation Vertical
Type Cylindrical
Design Capacity 0.40 m3/hr
Type of Joint Double v-butt joint
Joint Efficiency 1.0
Diameter 0.30 m
Height 6.0 m
Shell Thickness 2.0 mm
Head Thickness 2.0 mm
Fluidizing Bed Vanadium Pentoxide
Shape of Catalyst Pellet
Density of Catalyst 3357 kg/m3
Diameter of Particle 0.025 m
Mass of Bed 8.05 kg
Height of Bed 0.5 m
Volume of Bed 0.0354 m3
Pressure Drop of Bed 5387.65 Pa
OPERATING CONDITION
Max Temperature 75 °C
Max Pressure 80 Bar (Gauge)
Fluidizing Velocity 5.66 m/hr
COOLING SYSTEM DESIGN
Heat Transfer Area 1.77 m2
Jacket Height 2m
Jacket Diameter 0.34 m
Jacket Thickness 2m
Jacket Clearance from Shell 0.04 m
Material of Construction ASME SA-302
Cooling Medium Water
Cooling Temperature 25 °C
SUMMARY OF ASSUMPTIONS
Where:
P = pressure in atm
MW = molecular weight
R = 0.08206 L-atm/mol-K
T = temperature in Kelvin
3. Space Time
Vs CAO
τ=
FAO
Where:
Vs = volume of reactor
The viscosity of the blend of two or more liquids can be estimated using the Refutas equation:
𝑉𝐵𝑁𝑚𝑖𝑥 = ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑉𝐵𝑁𝐼
𝑖=0
𝑉𝐵𝑁𝑚𝑖𝑥 −10.975
{ }
(𝑒 14.534 )
𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 𝑒 − 0.8
𝜇𝑓 = 𝜌𝑓 (𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑥 × 10−6 )
Where:
5. Sphericity of Catalyst
𝐴𝑆
𝜙𝑆 =
𝐴𝑃
Where:
ϕs = sphericity of catalyst
𝑉𝑝 𝐷𝑝 𝜙𝑠
=
𝐴𝑝 6
Where:
Vp = volume of catalyst
ϕs = sphericity of catalyst
7. Minimum Fluidizing Velocity
𝜇
𝑈𝑚𝑓 = 𝑅𝑒′𝑚𝑓
𝜌𝑓 𝐷𝑝
Where:
(𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑)
Vo = 𝑡𝑟
Where:
mf = mass of feed
tr = space time
9. Area of the reactor
𝑣
A = 𝑢𝑜
𝑣𝑓
Where:
A = area of reactor
4𝐴
D=√𝜋
Where:
D = diameter or reactor
A = area of reactor
Where:
h = height of reactor
A = area of reactor
12. Volume of bed
𝑚
VBed = 𝜌 𝑜𝑓𝑏𝑒𝑑
𝑏𝑒𝑑
Where:
Where:
d = diameter of tank
Using Ergun equation for fluidized bed system, equation 7.50 Unit Operations of
Where:
μ = viscosity
umf = minimum fluidization velocity
ɛm = porosity
ρ = density of catalyst
Dp = diameter of catalyst
ɸs = sphericity, 1
For cylinder shells from Plant Design and Economics by Peters and Timmerhaus, p.554
𝑃𝑟
ts = 𝑆𝐸 + 𝐶 for P ≤ 0.385Se
𝑗 −0.6𝑃
Where:
P = pressure
S = Working stress
Ej = efficiency of joint, 1
For torispherical head from Plant Design and Economics by Peters and Timmerhaus,
p.554
0.885𝑃𝐿
th = 𝑆𝐸 +𝐶
𝑗 −0.1𝑃
for r = knuckle radius = 6% inside crown radius and not less than 3t
Where:
P = pressure
L = crown radius, Cr = L = Do – 6
S = Working stress
Ej = efficient of joint, 1
Q
Ajacket =
U∆Tlm
Where:
A = area of jacket
Q = energy needed in W
Aj
Hj =
πDo
Where:
H = height of jacket
A= area of jacket
Do = diameter of reactor
20. Diameter of Jacket
π
Vwater = (D 2 − Dr 2 )(Hj )
4 j
Where:
Dj = diameter of jacket
Dr = diameter of reactor
Hj = height of reactor
pD
tj = +C
2Se − p
Where:
Tj = thickness of jacket
P = pressure
D = diameter of jacket
S = working stress
C = corrosion allowance
DETAILED COMPUTATION
Material Balance
Volume of Feed
𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑
VF = 𝜌
𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
2910.75 𝑘𝑔
𝑉𝐹 =
1251.04 kg/m3
𝑽𝑭 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝒎𝟑
4.13 kgmol
CAO =
2.33 m3
𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍
CAO = 1.773
𝒎𝟑
Fluidized Product
𝑃𝑀𝑊
Using 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 = :
𝑅𝑇
𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎 (𝟑𝟎) 𝒌𝒈
𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 = 𝑳−𝒂𝒕𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖𝟏
𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟎𝟔 (𝟑𝟑𝟖.𝟏𝟓) 𝒎𝟑
𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝑲
Space Time
From “Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of sugar and sugar alcohols by vanadium
n=1
𝐽
𝐸𝐴 = 15714.3
𝑚𝑜𝑙
At 313 K,
𝑘2 𝐸𝑎 1 1
𝑙𝑛 ( )= ( − )
𝑘1 𝑅 𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑘2 157143 𝐽⁄𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 1
𝑙𝑛 ( )= ( − )
0.143 8.314 𝐽⁄𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾 313 𝐾 338.15 𝐾
𝑘2 = 0.2241 ℎ−1
−𝑟𝐴 = 𝑘𝐶𝐴𝑂 (1 − 𝑋𝐴 )
−𝑟𝐴 = (0.2241)(1.773)(1 − 𝑋𝐴 )
−𝑟𝐴 = 0.3973(1 − 𝑋𝐴 )
0.75
𝑉𝑠 𝑑𝑋𝐴
=∫
𝐹𝐴0 0 0.3973(1 − 𝑋𝐴 )
𝑉𝑠
= 3.4893
𝐹𝐴0
Vs CAO
τ=
FAO
𝑚3 ∙ ℎ 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝜏 = (3.4893 ) (1.773 )
𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚3
(𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑 )
υ0 =
𝜏
2.33 𝑚3
𝜐0 =
6.19 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝒎𝟑
𝝊𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖
𝒉𝒓
Volume of Reactor
VR
τ=
𝜐0
𝑚3
𝑉𝑅 = 𝜏𝜐0 = (6 .2 ℎ𝑟𝑠 ) (0.38 )
ℎ𝑟
𝑉𝑅 = 2.356 𝑚3 ≈ 𝟐. 𝟒 𝑚3
𝑽𝑹 ≈ 𝟑. 𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝟑
𝑉𝐵𝑁𝑚𝑖𝑥 = ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑉𝐵𝑁𝑖
𝑖=0
𝑉𝐵𝑁𝑚𝑖𝑥 −10.975
{ }
(𝑒 14.534 )
𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 𝑒 − 0.8
5.185−10.975
{ }
(𝑒 14.534 )
𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 𝑒 − 0.8 = 1.216 𝑐𝑆𝑡
1𝑥10−6 𝑚2 ⁄𝑠
𝜇𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 𝜌𝑓 (𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑥 × )
1 𝑐𝑆𝑡
𝑘𝑔 1𝑥10−6 𝑚2 ⁄𝑠
𝜇𝑚𝑖𝑥 = 1251.04 (1.216 𝑐𝑆𝑡 × )
𝑚3 1 𝑐𝑆𝑡
𝝁𝒎𝒊𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟏 𝑷𝒂 ∙ 𝒔
Sphericity of Catalyst
𝐴𝑆
𝜙𝑆 =
𝐴𝑃
From "Comparison of Sulfuric Acid Plant Catalysts" by Leonard J. Friedman:
Outer radius = 6 mm
Inner radius = 4 mm
Length = 8 mm
𝑉𝑃 = 𝜋(𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 )𝐿
4 3
𝑉𝑠 = 𝜋𝑟 ; 𝑉𝑃 = 𝑉𝑆
3
3 1.41𝑥10−6 (3)
𝑟= √ = 0.00310 𝑚
(4)𝜋
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋(0.003102 ) = 3𝑥10−5 𝑚2
𝐴𝑃 = 1.10{2𝜋(𝑅 + 𝑟)𝐿}
𝐴𝑆 3𝑥10−5
𝜙𝑆 = =
𝐴𝑃 2.76𝑥10−4
𝝓𝑺 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟕
𝑉𝑝 𝐷𝑝 𝜙𝑠
=
𝐴𝑝 6
6𝑉𝑝
𝐷𝑝 =
𝜙𝑠 𝐴𝑝
(6)(1.26 𝑥10−7 )
𝐷𝑝 =
(0.1097)(2.76𝑥10−4 )
𝑫𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓 𝒎
Mass of bed
Volume of Bed
From “Production of oxalic acid from sugar beet molasses by formed nitrogen oxides” by Guru,
Metin, et.al.
𝜀 = 0.59
𝑚𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑠 =
𝑘𝜌𝑝 𝑑𝑝 3
(8.05 𝑘𝑔)
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑠 =
1 𝑘𝑔
(0.1097) (3357 3 ) (0.025𝑚)3
𝑚
𝑚𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑠 =
𝜌𝑝
8.05 𝑘𝑔
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑠 =
𝑘𝑔
3357 3
𝑚
𝜀
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 = (𝑚𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡 )
𝜌𝑝
0.59
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 = (8.05 𝑘𝑔)
𝑘𝑔
3357 3
𝑚
From Fluid Bed Technology in Materials Processing by C.K. Gupta and D. Sathiyamoorthy,
𝜇
𝑈𝑚𝑓 = 𝑅𝑒′𝑚𝑓
𝜌𝐷𝑝
From Wen, C.Y. and Yu, Y.H., Mechanics of Fluidization, the Reynold’s number at minimum
1 − 𝜙𝑠 1.75 2
𝐴𝑟 = 150 ( 3 ) 𝑅𝑒′𝑚𝑓 + ( 3 ) 𝑅𝑒′𝑚𝑓
𝜙𝑠 𝜙𝑠
2
1 − 𝜙𝑠 √ 1 − 𝜙𝑠 1.75
−150 ( 3 ) ± [150 ( 3 )] − 4 ( ) (−𝐴𝑟)
𝜙𝑠 𝜙𝑠 𝜙𝑠 3
𝑅𝑒′𝑚𝑓 =
1.75
2( )
𝜙𝑠 3
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
(0.025 𝑚)3 1251.04 (3357 3 − 1251.04 3 ) (9.81 2 )
𝑚3 𝑚 𝑚 𝑠
𝐴𝑟 =
(0.00152 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠)2
𝐴𝑟 = 17.13 𝑥 107
2
1 − 𝜙𝑠 √ 1 − 𝜙𝑠 1.75
−150 ( 3 ) ± [150 ( 3 )] − 4 ( ) (−𝐴𝑟)
𝜙𝑠 𝜙𝑠 𝜙𝑠 3
𝑅𝑒′𝑚𝑓 =
1.75
2( )
𝜙𝑠 3
𝑅𝑒′𝑚𝑓 = 323.46
𝜇
𝑈𝑚𝑓 = 𝑅𝑒′𝑚𝑓
𝜌𝐷𝑝
0.000152 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠
𝑈𝑚𝑓 = (323.46)
𝑘𝑔
(0.025 𝑚) (1251 3 )
𝑚
𝒎 𝒎
𝑼𝒎𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟓. 𝟔𝟔
𝒔 𝒉𝒓
𝑉𝑜
Area of the reactor =
𝑈𝑚𝑓
0.40 𝑚3 ⁄ℎ𝑟
Area of the reactor = 𝑚
5.66
ℎ𝑟
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 = 𝟕. 𝟎𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 𝒎𝟐
A = 0.0707 m2
𝐷2
0.0707 m2= 4
4𝐴 4(0.0707𝑚 2 )
Diameter of the Reactor = √ = √
Height of Bed
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑑
Height of bed = 𝐷2
4
𝟎.𝟎𝟑𝟓𝟒 𝒎𝟑
Height of bed(lm) = 𝝅(𝟎.𝟑𝟎) 𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎
𝟒
𝟎.𝟒
Height, h = 𝟎.𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟐 = 6 m
Pressure Drop
Using Ergun equation for fluidized bed system, equation 7.50 Unit Operations of
𝜟𝑷 = 𝟓𝟑𝟖𝟕. 𝟔𝟓 𝑷𝒂
Material of Construction
For cylindrical shells from Plant design and Economics by Peters and Timmerhaus, p. 554
P𝑟𝑖
ts = 𝑆𝐸 + 𝐶 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑃 ≤ 0.3585𝑆𝑒
𝑗− 0.6𝑃
1
take C = 16 for corrosion allowance
1175(0.15m) 1
ts =115800−0.6(1177) + 16
ts = 0.06 in ≈ 2.0 mm
Head Design
For torispherical head from Plant design and Economics by Peters and Timmerhaus, p.554
0.885 𝑃𝐿
ts = 𝑆𝐸 + 𝐶 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟 = 𝑘𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑘𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
𝑗− 0.1𝑃
Do = Di + 2ts
𝟑. 𝟐𝟖𝒇𝒕 𝟏𝟐𝒊𝒏
𝑫𝒐 = 𝟎. 𝟑 𝒎 ( )( ) + 𝟐(𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟑𝒊𝒏) = 𝟏𝟐 𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟓 𝒎
𝟏𝒎 𝟏𝒇𝒕
Crown radius, Cr
𝑪𝒓 = 𝑳 = 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟔 𝐢𝐧. = 𝟔 𝐢𝐧 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎 𝐦
Knuckle radius, Kr
0.885(1175 𝑝𝑠𝑖)(0.6𝑖𝑛) 1
th = +
115800(1.0)−1175(0.1) 16
th = 0.068 in = 1.7 mm ≈ 𝟐. 𝟎 𝒎𝒎
𝐤𝐉 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑱 𝟏 𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝟏 𝒉𝒓
Based on energy balance, Q = −𝟑, 𝟑𝟓𝟕, 𝟕𝟎𝟏. 𝟑𝟐 𝐝𝐚𝐲 [ ][ ][ ]
𝟏 𝒌𝑱 𝟐𝟒 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔
𝑸 = −𝟑𝟖, 𝟖𝟔𝟐. 𝟐𝟖 𝑾
kg
mwater = 80,136.07
day
kg
80,136.07 day m3 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟 𝑚3
Vwater = = 80.38 ∙ = 3.35 . = 0.05
kg day 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 ℎ𝑟 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛
997 3
m
Area of Jacket
∆Tlm = 34.76°C
Q
Ajacket =
U∆Tlm
W
U = 525
m2 −℃
W W
U = 525 (1.20) = 630 2
m2 −℃ m −℃
𝟑𝟖, 𝟖𝟔𝟐. 𝟐𝟖 𝑾
Ajacket =
W
(630 )(34.76℃)
m2 − ℃
Ajacket = 1.77 m2
Height of Jacket:
Ajacket
Hjacket =
πDoutside shell
1.77m2
Hjacket =
π(0.30m)
Hjacket = 1.87 m ≈ 2 m
Diameter of Jacket
π 2
Vwater = (D − Dreactor 2 )(Hjacket )
4 jacket
π 2
0.05 m3 = (D − (0.30 m)2 )(2 m)
4 jacket
Djacket = 0.34 𝑚
g
Pjacket = ρ H + Patm
g c jacket
m
kg 9.81 s2
Pjacket = 997 3 x x 2 m + 101,325 𝑃𝑎
m kg − m
1
N − s2
Thickness of Jacket
pD
t jacket = +C
2Se − p