Professional Documents
Culture Documents
REMOTESENSINGIMAGES
1, 2 1 1
Yang Lang Chang *, Lena Chang , Tzu-Wei Tseng , and Chihyuan Chu
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan
2
Department of Communications and Guidance Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan
1
ř2 2
ř1
1 2
ř3 ř3
Fig.1Diagram of NFS
In order to find the categories of unknown point q, Fig. 3 Two classes with red and blue categories have overlapping area,
which causes NFS classifier error
the distance between the characteristics surface of each
category and point are obtained by the Euclidean distance.
Next, find all characteristics surface which is nearest to In order to improve this problem, the MANFS
the feature point. Then, the category of characteristics method, based on NFS, is proposed. We use an example
surface is the category of the unknown point q closed to. to further explain the procedures of NFS, as shown in Fig.
4. In Fig. 4, we choose a point Y as test sample. Next, the
remaining test samples, X iA , X jA , X kA , X iB , X Bj , X kB , will
d ( q, NFS ) min1d c d C min q FS xyz
c (1)
1d x , y d N c be classified as 2 FS sets, Ɇ X iA X jA X kA and Ɇ
xz yzz
X iB X Bj X kB , and find their center IA and IB, respectively.
where C means the category of feature points, Nc means Then, we can obtain the ͐A and ͐B as shown in Fig. 4.
the number of feature points each category owns, FS xyz
c
is Final, we simplify the Fig. 4 to two-dimensional model,
consist of x, y, z included category c. Figure 2 is the as shown in Fig. 5.
diagram of the NFS. In Fig. 2, we find the projected point Ń
ł ȧġł
řū
ClassA
Śł
Ŋł ClassB
ł
řŬ
ł
řŪ TestSample
Xz Fig. 4 MANFS algorithms misjudgment correction
use NFS to find C3N c feature surfaces. The computational ȧġł ClassA
nł
complexity is very large. However, NFS can’t achieve ClassB
high accuracy rate as shown in Figure 3. In Fig. 3, the red Ŋł
Śł
TestSample
and blue categories have overlapping area, which easily
Fig. 5 Two-dimensional model MANFS algorithms misjudgment
causes NFS classifier error. correction
T1 is shown as below,
YYB YYB (2)
T1 cos1 ( ) cos1 ( )
YY 'B YY ' A
where YY ' B is the distance from Y to Y’B , YYB is the
ŚŃ
Śń
Ś
řū
ł
ClassA Fig. 8 Map of NTC used in the experiment.
Śł ClassB
ł
řŪ ClassC
Next, we correct all of the shortest Euclidean
ł
Ŋ
ł TestSample
řŬ
Fig. 6 FS multiple categories amendments distance from test point T to each FS by correct angel
obtained before. Then, we use new shortest Euclidean
distance to find the nearest FS and classify it to the
After that, we will increase the unknown test sample point category of this FS. In Fig. 7, the Euclidean distance from
T as shown in Fig 7. First, we obtain projected points TA T to T’A is TT ' A and from T to T’B is TT ' B . Therefore,
and͐A of the unknown test point T.
test point T will be classified to Class A because TT ' A is
řŬ
Ń
shorter than TT ' B .
Ń
ŕŃ ŕȽ
Ń řŪ
ȧġIJŃ Ń
ȧġŃ řū
III. EXPERIMENTALRESULTS
ŕ
ł
ȧġł The image datasets used in the experiments were
řū ȧġIJł ŕł
generated from the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging
ŕȽ
ł
řŬ
ł Spectrometer (AVIRIS) instruments. They were created
by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the NASA/Ames
ł
řŪ
Fig. 7 The concept of MANFS classification.
Research Center in 1992. The images were captured from
an airborne/infrared light imaging spectrometer in the
Then, we use correct angel͐1A to correct TTA . The Northwest Tippecanoe County (NTC) as shown in Fig. 8.
correction formula is defined as: Although they contain 200 bands and 9 land classes, only
nine kinds of classes are adopted in the experiments, i.e.,
Corn-no till (CN), Corn-min till (CM), Grass/Pasture
TTA (3) (GP), Grass/Trees (GT), Hay-windrowed (HW),
d (T , FS ic, j ,k ) TT ' A
cos(T1 A ) Soybeans-no till (SN), Soybeans-min till (SM), Soybeans-
clean till (SC), and Woods (WO).The classifiers use the
where d (T , FS ic, j , k ) is the modified reference distance form same training pixels in the learning phase and the same
test pixels for the evaluation. The quality of each
point T to FS Ɇ X iA X jA X kA , TT ' A is the length from
compared classifier is measured by overall accuracies. 30
point T to point T ' A , TTA is the length from point T to labeled samples were chosen as training samples, whereas
270 labeled samples were used as test samples. The
point TA , and cos(T1A ) is TTA . experimental results of the classification accuracy vs. the
TT ' A number of features for NTC dataset are shown in Fig. 9.
[4] K.-T. Chang, J.-T. Hwang, J.-K. Liu, E.H. Wang and
C.-I. Wang, “Apply two hybrid methods on the
rainfall-induced landslides interpretation”,
Geoinformatics, 19th International Conference, pp. 1-
5, 2011.
[5] M. Marjanovic, B. Bajat, and M. Kovacevic,
“Landslide Susceptibility Assessment with Machine
Learning Algorithms”, Intelligent Networking and
Collaborative Systems, INCOS '09. International
Conference, pp. 273 - 278, 2009.
[6] S. Z. Li, “Face Recognition based on nearest linear
Fig.9 The overall accuracy of MANFS and NFS on the NTC dataset
combinations,” in Proc. Computer Vision and
Pattern Recognition, pp. 839-844, Jun 23-25, 1998.
The experimental results show the proposed MANFS has
a better overall classification accuracy than original NFS. [7] S.Z. Li and J. Lu, “Face Recognition using the
nearest feature line method,” IEEE Trans. Neural
Netw., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 439-433, Mar. 1999.
IV. CONCLUSIONS [8] S. Z. Li, K. L. Chan, and C. L. Wang, “Performance
This paper presents a novel MANFS supervised evaluation of the nearest feature line method in image
classification approach to the remote sensing images. classification and retrieval,” IEEE Trans. on Pattern
Compared to the original NFS classifier, the proposed Anal. Machine Intell., vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 1335-1339,
MANFS classifier can precisely analysis the coverage of Nov. 2000.
the feature space used in NFS and perfectly confine the
[9] J.T. Chien, C.C. Wu, “Discriminant waveletfaces and
extensible ranges of each feature space of NFS to reduce
the impact of the overlapping training samples of different nearest feature classifiers for face recognition”, IEEE
categories if the test samples are very close to the training Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell., vol 24, no 12,
samples. The experimental results showed the proposed pp. 1644-1649, 2002.
MANFS is an effective method for classification and [10]Yang-Lang Chang, Yi Chun Wang, Yi-Shiang Fu,
improves the accuracy of remote sensing image Chin-Chuan Han, Jocelyn Chanussot, Bormin Huang,
classification significantly.
"Multisource Data Fusion and Fisher Criterion Based
Nearest Feature Space Approach to Landslide
Classification," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, Vol.
This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and 8, Issue 2, 2014, pp. 576 - 588.
Technology, Taiwan, under Grant No. MOST 105-2221-
[11]Yang-Lang Chang, Hsien-Tang Chao ,Min-Yu
E-027-120 and MOST 105-2116-M-027-001.
Huang , Lena Chang, Jyh-Perng Fang, Tung-Ju Hsieh,
"Incenter-Based Nearest Feature Space Method for
REFERENCES Hyperspectral Image Classification using GPU" in
Proc. IEEE 20th International Conference on
[1] G. F. Hughes, “On the mean accuracy of statistical Parallel and Distributed Systems, 2014, pp. 931 - 936.
pattern recognizers,” IEEE Transactions on
[12]Yang-Lang Chang, Yi Chun Wang, Min-Yu Huang,
Information Theory, vol. 14 no. 1, 1968, pp. 55–63.
Jin Nan Liu, Yi-Shiang Fu, Chin-Chuan Han,
[2] R. A. Johnson and D. W. Wichern, Applied "Multisource data fusion for image classification
Multivariate Statistical Analysis, 6th ed. Pearson using fisher criterion based nearest feature space
Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2007., 2007. approach," in Proc. IEEE International Geoscience
and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS '13, 2013,
[3] C.-I. Chang, Q. Du, T.L. Sun, M. L. G. Althouse, "A pp. 3152 - 3155.
Joint Band Prioritizationand Band-Decorrelation
Approach to Band Selection for Hyperspectral Image
Classification," IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens.,
vol.37, no.6, pp. 2631-2641, 1999.