Goals of the Propaganda Movement

Members of the Propaganda Movement

were called propagandists or reformists.
They worked inside and outside the
Philippines. Their objectives were to seek:

- Recognition of the Philippines as a

province of Spain

- Equal status for both Filipinos and

Spaniards

- Philippine representation in the Spanish

Cortes

- Secularization of Philippine parishes.

- Recognition of human rights

The Propaganda Movement never asked

for Philippine independence because its
members believed that once Spain realized
 the pitiful state of the country, the
Spaniards would implement the changes
the Filipinos were seeking.

Gomburza
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Fathers Mariano Gómez, José Burgos and Fray Jacinto Zamora

Gomburza marker at Luneta Park

Gomburza or GOMBURZA is an acronym denoting the surnames of the priests Mariano

Gómez, José Apolonio Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, three Filipino priests who were executed on
17 February 1872 at Bagumbayan in Manila, Philippines by Spanish colonial authorities on
charges of subversion arising from the 1872 Cavite mutiny. Their execution left a profound
effect on many Filipinos; José Rizal, the national hero, would dedicate his novel El
filibusterismo to their memory.[1]

The uprising by workers in the Cavite Naval Yard was the pretext[2][3] needed by the authorities to
redress a perceived humiliation from the principal objective, José Burgos, who threatened the
established order.

Contents
[hide]
 1 Background
 2 The Cavite Mutiny
 3 Recovery of remains
 4 See also
 5 Further reading

 6 Footnotes

[edit] Background
During the Spanish colonial period, four social class distinctions were observed in the islands.
These were 1.) Spaniards who were born in Spain— peninsulares, 2.) Spaniards born in the
colonies of Spain (Latin America or The Philippines)—insulares or Criollo 3.) Spanish mestizos,
Chinese mestizos or 'Indios' (natives) dwelling within or nearby the urban city (or town) and the
church, and, finally, 4.) Chinese or Sangley and rural Indios.[4]

Father Burgos was a criollo, a Doctor of Philosophy[citation needed] whose prominence extended even
to Spain, such that when the new Governor and Captain-General Carlos Maria de la Torre arrived
from Spain to assume his duties, he invited Burgos to sit beside him in his carriage during the
inaugural procession, a place traditionally reserved for the Archbishop and who was a peninsular
Spaniard. The arrival of the liberal governor De la Torre was not welcomed by the ruling
minority of friars, regular priests who belonged to an order (Dominicans, Augustinians,
Recollects and Franciscans) and their allies in civil government, but embraced by the secular
priests, majority of whom were mestizos and indios assigned to parishes and far-flung
communities, who believed the reforms and the equality they sought with peninsular Spaniards
were at hand. In less than two years, De la Torre was replaced by Rafael de Izquierdo who turned
out to be a pliant tool of the friars.

[edit] The Cavite Mutiny

Main article: 1872 Cavite mutiny

The so-called Cavite Mutiny of workers in the arsenal of the naval shipyard over pay reduction
owing to increased taxation produced a willing witness to implicate the three priests, who were
summarily tried and sentenced to death by garrote on February 17, 1872. The bodies of the three
priests were buried in a common, unmarked grave in the Paco Cemetery, in keeping with the
practice of burying enemies of the state.[2] Significantly, in the archives of Spain, there is no
record of how Izquierdo, himself a liberal, could have been influenced to authorize these
executions.[citation needed] Gregorio Meliton Martinez, then the Archbishop of Manila, refused to
defrock the priests, citing they did not break any canon law. He ordered the bells of every church
to be rung in honor of the executed priests. The aftermath of the investigation produced scores of
suspects most of whom were exiled to Guam in the Marianas. Except for a few who managed to
escape to other ports like Hong Kong, most died there.

[edit] Recovery of remains

The gates of Paco Park

Early in 1998, bones believed to belong to one of the three executed priests were discovered at
the Paco Park Cemetery by the Manila City Engineers Office.[5]

[edit] See also

 Philippine revolts against Spain
 Separation of church and state in the Philippines

[edit] Further reading

 Zaide, Gregorio F. (1984). Philippine History and Government. National Bookstore
Printing Press.

[edit] Footnotes
1. ^ "Nationalista Party History". http://www.nacionalistaparty.com/history.html. Retrieved
2007-07-30.
2. ^ a b "The Secularization Issue and the Execution of Gomburza".
http://www.manilacathedral.org/history/7th-cath.htm. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
3. ^ "Padre Jose Ma. Burgos". http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/burgos.html. Retrieved
2007-07-30.
4. ^ "Hidalgo and Luna: Vexed Modernity".
http://www.lopezmuseum.org.ph/artscene_zeroin_hidalgo&luna_05.html. Retrieved
2007-07-30.
5. ^ Casipit, Jennifer R. "GOMBURZA. Reluctant martyrs started it all".
http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/gomburza.html. Retrieved 2007-07-30.
6. José Rizal and the Propaganda Movement

Philippines Table of Contents

Between 1872 and 1892, a national consciousness was growing among the Filipino
émigrés who had settled in Europe. In the freer atmosphere of Europe, these émigrés--
liberals exiled in 1872 and students attending European universities--formed the
Propaganda Movement. Organized for literary and cultural purposes more than for political
ends, the Propagandists, who included upper-class Filipinos from all the lowland Christian
areas, strove to "awaken the sleeping intellect of the Spaniard to the needs of our country"
and to create a closer, more equal association of the islands and the motherland. Among
their specific goals were representation of the Philippines in the Cortes, or Spanish
parliament; secularization of the clergy; legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality;
creation of a public school system independent of the friars; abolition of the polo (labor
service) and vandala (forced sale of local products to the government); guarantee of basic
freedoms of speech and association; and equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to
enter government service.

The most outstanding Propagandist was José Rizal, a physician, scholar, scientist, and
writer. Born in 1861 into a prosperous Chinese mestizo family in Laguna Province, he
displayed great intelligence at an early age. After several years of medical study at the
University of Santo Tomás, he went to Spain in 1882 to finish his studies at the University
of Madrid. During the decade that followed, Rizal's career spanned two worlds: Among
small communities of Filipino students in Madrid and other European cities, he became a
leader and eloquent spokesman, and in the wider world of European science and
scholarship--particularly in Germany--he formed close relationships with prominent
natural and social scientists. The new discipline of anthropology was of special interest to
him; he was committed to refuting the friars' stereotypes of Filipino racial inferiority with
scientific arguments. His greatest impact on the development of a Filipino national
consciousness, however, was his publication of two novels--Noli Me Tangere (Touch me
not) in 1886 and El Filibusterismo (The reign of greed) in 1891. Rizal drew on his personal
experiences and depicted the conditions of Spanish rule in the islands, particularly the
abuses of the friars. Although the friars had Rizal's books banned, they were smuggled into
the Philippines and rapidly gained a wide readership.

Other important Propagandists included Graciano Lopez Jaena, a noted orator and
pamphleteer who had left the islands for Spain in 1880 after the publication of his satirical
short novel, Fray Botod (Brother Fatso), an unflattering portrait of a provincial friar. In
1889 he established a biweekly newspaper in Barcelona, La Solidaridad (Solidarity),
which became the principal organ of the Propaganda Movement, having audiences both in
Spain and in the islands. Its contributors included Rizal; Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt, an
Austrian geographer and ethnologist whom Rizal had met in Germany; and Marcelo del
Pilar, a reformminded lawyer. Del Pilar was active in the antifriar movement in the islands
until obliged to flee to Spain in 1888, where he became editor of La Solidaridad and
assumed leadership of the Filipino community in Spain.

In 1887 Rizal returned briefly to the islands, but because of the furor surrounding the
appearance of Noli Me Tangere the previous year, he was advised by the governor to leave.
He returned to Europe by way of Japan and North America to complete his second novel
and an edition of Antonio de Morga's seventeenth-century work, Sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas (History of the Philippine Islands). The latter project stemmed from an
ethnological interest in the cultural connections between the peoples of the pre-Spanish
Philippines and those of the larger Malay region (including modern Malaysia and
Indonesia) and the closely related political objective of encouraging national pride. De
Morga provided positive information about the islands' early inhabitants, and reliable
accounts of pre-Christian religion and social customs.

After a stay in Europe and Hong Kong, Rizal returned to the Philippines in June 1892,
partly because the Dominicans had evicted his father and sisters from the land they leased
 from the friars' estate at Calamba, in Laguna Province. He also was convinced that the
struggle for reform could no longer be conducted effectively from overseas. In July he
established the Liga Filipina (Philippine League), designed to be a truly national,
nonviolent organization. It was dissolved, however, following his arrest and exile to the
remote town of Dapitan in northwestern Mindanao.

The Propaganda Movement languished after Rizal's arrest and the collapse of the Liga
Filipina. La Solidaridad went out of business in November 1895, and in 1896 both del
Pilar and Lopez Jaena died in Barcelona, worn down by poverty and disappointment. An
attempt was made to reestablish the Liga Filipina, but the national movement had become
split between ilustrado advocates of reform and peaceful evolution (the compromisarios, or
compromisers) and a plebeian constituency that wanted revolution and national
independence. Because the Spanish refused to allow genuine reform, the initiative quickly
passed from the former group to the latter.

Philippine Revolution
From WikiPilipinas: The Hip 'n Free Philippine Encyclopedia

(Redirected from Philippine revolution)

Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about a late 19th-century revolution. For a late 20th-century event, also
referred to as Philippine Revolution, see EDSA Revolution of 1986.

Philippine Revolution
Date 1896–98
Location The Philippines
Result Eventual expulsion of the
Spanish authorities in the
Philippine Islands
excluding Manila,
Start of Spanish-
American War,
Establishment of the First
Philippine
Republic.</br>
Belligerents
Filipino
independence Spanish Empire
movement
Commanders
Andres Bonifacio, Spanish Governor-
 General of the
Emilio Aguinaldo
Philippines
Strength
80,000 soldiers unknown
Casualties and losses
unknown unknown

The Philippine Revolution (1896—1898) was an armed conflict between the Spanish colonial
regime and the Katipunan, which sought Philippine independence from Spain.

Contents
[hide]
 1 History
 2 Propaganda Movement
o 2.1 La Liga Filipina

 3 Katipunan
o 3.1 Cry of Pugadlawin

o 3.2 Death of Rizal

o 3.3 Cavite

o 3.4 Tejeros Convention

o 3.5 Death of Bonifacio

o 3.6 Biak-na-Bato

o 3.7 The Revolution Continues

o 3.8 American Intervention

o 3.9 Denouement

 4 Declaration of Independence
 5 Aftermath
 6 Legacy
 7 Notes
 8 See also
 9 External links
  10 Original Source

[edit] History

The Roman Catholic Church was a very powerful institution during Spanish rule

When the Revolution began, Spain had been colonizing the Philippines for over 300 years.
Power was centered around the colonial government in Manila and the Church, although in
reality it was a frailocracia, [1] --the Dominican friars exercising more power than the civilian
government due to the stringent control of the Church over the populace. Because of the
imposition of excessive taxes and forced labor on the indios (as the Filipinos were called),
several revolts occurred in the middle and latter part of the 19th century, all without success. The
Spaniards implemented the age-old strategy of divide et impera - divide and rule. The
government would conscript Filipino troops from the Tagalog provinces to suppress a revolt in
the Ilocos, and would quell a Visayan uprising largely with the help of troops recruited from
Pampanga province. This caused hatred and discord among the indios who were never to unite
until the late 19th century.

What caused the revolution was a combination of external and internal factors. The archipelago
was opened to foreign trade during the mid-19th century, aided by the launching of the Suez
Canal in 1869. Along with the import of goods came an inflow of western thought, such as the
pursuit of liberty and independence. Schools, organizations, literature and other means fostering
these ideals were considered subversive and banned by the colonial administration and the
entrenched frailocracia. The filipinos who were influenced by these liberal concepts were the
same people who benefited from foreign trade--the ilustrados, members of the prosperous
merchant class who sent their sons to study at universities in Spain and elsewhere in Europe.
Many of these students, chief among them Jose Rizal and Graciano Lopez-Jaena, would organize
a reform organization, called the Propaganda Movement.

The internal factor was the execution of three Filipino priests. During the mid-19th century, a
campaign was initiated by Father Pedro Pelaez calling for the "naturalization" of Filipino
parishes--the turnover of churches to native-born Filipinos. After Pelaez's death in an earthquake,
the crusade was led by Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora.

The frailocracia was adamantly opposed to reforms and looked for pretext to arrest the trio.
They had their opportunity when a mutiny in the fort in Cavite was aborted. Although the
rebellion was led by a disaffected military officer and did not involve the priests, the civil
government and church hierarchy nonetheless accused them of conspiracy. After a swift trial, the
priests--known collectively and posthumously by the acronym Gomburza--were executed by
garrote in February 17, 1872 at Bagumbayan in Manila. The sympathetic archbishop of Manila
refused the order that they be defrocked and instead directed the pealing of church bells as a sign
of mourning.

The execution enraged many Filipinos, and years later, an ilustrado by the name of Jose Rizal
would later acknowledge this as the one event that changed his life.

[edit] Propaganda Movement

Members of the Propaganda Movement. Left to right: Rizal, del Pilar, Ponce.

A group of Filipino ilustrados in Madrid, shocked by what they saw as the disparity between
Spain and her colony, organized the "Propaganda Movement". Among its members were Rizal,
Lopez-Jaena, the political exile Marcelo del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, and the Luna brothers--Juan
and Antonio. They published a fortnightly newspaper in Spanish called La Solidaridad. Its aim
was to expose corruption and atrocities in the Philippine colony. The publication lasted from
1889 to 1895. Copies of it were smuggled into the Philippines and were read surreptitiously
behind closed doors.

In its later years, because of differences in opinion, the movement suffered a division. One
faction supported del Pilar as its leader, while the other supported Rizal. To resolve the dispute,
Rizal volunteered to pack his bags and leave Barcelona, where the group was by now based.
Rizal's departure would signal its slow and steady downfall. With the subsequent demise of both
Lopez-Jaena and del Pilar the group failed to witness the fruition of their dream for internal
reform in the colony as well as their hopes for representation in the Spanish Cortes. However,
through the La Solidaridad, they not only voiced out their outrage to their readers in Spain and
the rest of the western world, but conveyed their protests to their countrymen which gave rise to
greater dissent and discontent.

[edit] La Liga Filipina

Rizal returned to his native land in 1892 and established La Liga Filipina. The progressive
organization continued Rizal's aim of implementing reforms inside the colony. Despite its
avowed aims for peaceful reforms, the government felt threatened by its existence and had it
disbanded. They were especially disturbed by one clause in its Declaration calling for "defence
against all violence and injustice" and arrested Rizal on July 6.

The coalition subsequently splintered into two factions with differing agenda. The moderate
wing reorganized itself as Cuerpo de Compromisarios with the purpose of providing funds for
La Solidaridad. The radical wing, led by a warehouse clerk named Andres Bonifacio, became the
Katipunan whose goal was complete independence from Spain through all means, including a
bloody confrontation.

[edit] Katipunan
Main article: Katipunan

The first flag of the Katipunan.

On the night of July 7, 1892, members of the defunct Liga, Ladislao Diwa, Teodoro Plata,
Valentin Diaz, and Deodato Arellano, joined Bonifacio to found the Katipunan in a house on
Calle Azcarraga (now Claro M. Recto Avenue). Bonifacio was hailed as the Supremo (supreme
leader). With the nation's total liberation as its ultimate purpose, the secret society's immediate
goal was to institute a government to be installed upon the overthrow of the Spanish
administration. They raised funds to purchase weapons and sought the help of a Japanese ship
docked in Manila as middleman, but failed in the attempt. Eventually, the men got hold of a
small number of smuggled and stolen firearms; however, the majority of the militants were only
armed with bolos or itak, locally-made machete-like knives.

To spread their revolutionary ideas, they published the newspaper Kalayaan (Freedom). It was
edited by Emilio Jacinto and printed (along with other Katipunan documents) on a printing press
purchased with proceeds from the lottery winnings of Francisco del Castillo and Candido Iban,
who would later found the Katipunan in Panay. To mislead the Spanish authorities, it carried a
false masthead declaring Marcelo del Pilar the editor and Yokohama the site of the printing press.
The newspaper was published only once, before the katipuneros, having been alerted of the
organization's discovery by the Spaniards, destroyed their printing press. They then moved their
operations to the offices of Diario de Manila where one other edition of the paper was printed in
secrecy.

It did not take long before Katipunan membership swelled in numbers, its aims and ideals
spreading to other provinces. By March 1896, councils were being organized in the towns of San
Juan del Monte, San Felipe Neri, Pasig, Pateros, Marikina, Caloocan, Malabon and surrounding
areas. It later dispersed to the provinces of Bulacan, Batangas, Cavite, Nueva Ecija, Laguna and
Pampanga. It also included women among its ranks, with the first female inductee in 1893. From
a measly 300, the Katipunan grew to an army of more than 30,000 which made Bonifacio
confident that liberation of the Katagalugan (as he called the Philippines) was imminent.

[edit] Cry of Pugadlawin

The Supremo's battle standard.

Two katipuneros, Teodoro Patiño and Apolonio dela Cruz, were engaged in a bitter personal
dispute. The former, Patiño, deciding to seek revenge, exposed the secrets of the Katipunan to
his sister who was a nun, who in turn revealed it to a Spanish priest, Father Mariano Gil. The
priest was led to the printing press of Diario de Manila and found a lithographic stone used to
print the secret society's receipts. A locker was seized containing a dagger and secret documents.

Several arrests ensued which included some of the wealthiest ilustrados. Despite their denial,
many of them were executed. It was speculated that Bonifacio intended for the events leading to
their arrest to happen in order to coerce the wealthy into joining the Katipunan.

The news immediately reached the top leadership of the organization. Panic-stricken, they
immediately called a meeting of the remaining members, first in Kangkong and then in the house
of katipunero Juan Ramos in Pugadlawin in Balintawak. The first meeting yielded nothing. On
the second meeting, Bonifacio, fed up with the seemingly-endless squabbling, tore up his cedula
(residence certificate) and cried Mabuhay ang Katagalugan! (Long live Katagalugan!). It was a
cry to arms and was echoed by the majority of the men in attendance. The Revolution had begun.

The first armed encounter between the Spanish colonists and a small group of the Katipunan
took place in Pasong Tamo in Caloocan and signaled a small victory for the revolutionaries. The
first battle of note occurred in San Juan del Monte in Manila. The katipuneros were winning
initially, but were subsequently defeated by reinforcements summoned by Governor-General
Ramon Blanco. Bonifacio then ordered his men to retreat to Mandaluyong.

[edit] Death of Rizal

Main article: Jose Rizal

Moments before the execution of convicted Filipino rebel leaders at Bagumbayan field (now
Luneta).

Not long after their disastrous defeat in San Juan (the site is now known as Pinaglabanan,
Tagalog for "battleground"), several uprisings occurred in nearby provinces. Governor-General
Blanco was obliged to place eight provinces under martial law. These were Manila, Bulacan,
Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac, Laguna, Batangas, and Nueva Ecija. They would later be represented
in the eight rays of the sun in the Filipino flag. Arrests and interrogations were intensified and
many Filipinos died from torture.

When the revolution broke out, Jose Rizal was living as a political exile in Dapitan and had just
volunteered to serve as a doctor in Cuba, where a similar revolution was taking place. Instead of
taking him to Barcelona from where he would be sent to Cuba, his ship, acting upon orders from
Manila, took him instead to the capital where he was imprisoned in Fortaleza (Fort) Santiago.
There he wrote his famous valedictory poem and awaited his execution which came on
December 30, 1896 after a military trial. Although Rizal opposed the Katipunan from the
beginning, he became a hero of the revolution through his martyred death and his incendiary
writings critical of Spanish rule. His execution fanned the Filipinos' anger and ensured that the
revolution would stay.

[edit] Cavite

Gen. Emilio "Miong" Aguinaldo.

The province of Cavite gradually emerged as the hotbed for the uprising. The revolutionary
group led by young General Emilio Aguinaldo, had a string of victories starting with the Battle
of Imus in 1 September 1896 with the aid of Jose Tagle. Bonifacio meanwhile had had a
succession of defeats and was forced to resort to guerilla "hit and run" tactics (though he did
serve as overall commander and tactician in the Morong area). It was not long before the issue of
leadership was debated. The Magdiwang faction, led by Bonifacio's uncle Mariano Alvarez,
recognized Bonifacio as supreme leader, being the founder. The Magdalo faction, led by Emilio's
cousin Baldomero Aguinaldo, agitated for "Heneral Miong" (Emilio's nickname) to be the
organization's head because of his successes in the battrlefield. The friction between the two
factions intensified when they refused to cooperate and aid each other in battle. As a result, the
Spanish forces, now under the command of Governor-General Camilo de Polavieja, steadily
gained ground.

[edit] Tejeros Convention

In order to unite the Katipunan in Cavite, the Magdiwang invited Bonifacio, who was fighting in
Morong (now Rizal) province, to come to Cavite, Aguinaldo's home ground. The Supremo
reluctantly obliged. On December 31, an assembly was convened in Imus to settle the leadership
issue once and for all. The Magdalo insisted on the establishment of a pamahalaang
mapanghimagsik (revolutionary government) to replace the Katipunan and continue the struggle.
On the other hand, the Magdiwang favored the Katipunan's retention, arguing that it was a
government in itself. The assembly dispersed without a consensus.

On March 22, 1897, another meeting was held in Tejeros. It called for the election of officers for
the pamahalaang mapanghimagsik. Bonifacio, again reluctantly, chaired the election. This
convention ended in further conflict and led to the Katipunan's demise.

Bonifacio, apparently confident that he would be elected president, called for the election results
to be respected. When the voting ended, Bonifacio lost the race--and the leadership of the
revolution--to Aguinaldo, who was away fighting in Pasong Santol. According to historian
Ambeth Ocampo, Bonifacio lost through dagdag-bawas. Instead, he was elected to a much
inferior position, director of the interior, and even then his qualifications to serve were
questioned by a Magdalo, Daniel Tirona. Bonifacio, though literate, was not an ilustrado and
only had an elementary-school education. Humiliated, Bonifacio drew his pistol and was about
to shoot him had not Artemio Ricarte intervened. Bonifacio declared the election null and void
and stomped out in anger. Aguinaldo took his oath of office as president the next day in Santa
Cruz de Malabon (now Tanza) in Cavite, as did the rest of the officers, except for Bonifacio.

[edit] Death of Bonifacio

Bonifacio lost his life in the hands of ilustrado revolutionaries.

In Naic, Bonifacio and his officers created the Naic Military Agreement, establishing a rival
government to Aguinaldo's. It rejected the election at Tejeros and restored Bonifacio as the "true"
Supremo. When Aguinaldo learned of the document, he ordered the arrest of Bonifacio and his
men. Colonel Agapito Benzon chanced upon Bonifacio in Limbon. In the subsequent battle,
Bonifacio and his brother Procopio were wounded, while their brother Ciriaco was killed. They
were taken to Naic to stand trial.

The Consejo de Guerra (War Council) sentenced Andres and Procopio Bonifacio to death for
sedition and treason. Aguinaldo commuted the punishment to deportation, but withdrew his
decision following pressure from other officers.

On May 10, Colonel Lazaro Makapagal, upon orders from ex-Bonifacio supporter General
Mariano Noriel, executed the Bonifacio brothers on Mt. Buntis. Andres Bonifacio and his brother
were buried in a shallow grave marked only with twigs.

[edit] Biak-na-Bato

The flag used by the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.

Augmented by new recruits from Spain, government troops recaptured several towns in Cavite.
The succession of defeats for the Katipunan could also be attributed to conflict within the
organization that resulted from Bonifacio's assassination, with those loyal to him refusing to
subject themselves to the command of Aguinaldo. It did not, however, deter Aguinaldo and his
men to keep on fighting. They moved northward, from one town to the next, until they finally
settled in Biak-na-Bato, in the town of San Miguel de Mayumo in Bulacan. Here they established
what became known as the Republic of Biak-na-Bato, with a constitution drafted by Isabelo
Artacho and Felix Ferrer and based on the first Cuban Constitution.

With the new Spanish Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera declaring, "I can take Biak-
na-Bato. Any army can capture it. But I cannot end the rebellion," he proffered the olive branch
of peace to the revolutionaries. Lawyer Pedro Paterno volunteered as negotiator between the two
sides. For four months, he traveled between Manila and Biak-na-Bato. His hard work finally
bore fruit when, on December 14-15, 1897, the Pact of Biak-na-Bato was signed. Made up of
three documents, it called for the following agenda:

 The surrender of Aguinaldo and the rest of the revolutionary corps.

 Amnesty for those who participated in the revolution..
 Exile to Hong Kong for the revolutionary leadership.
 Payment by the Spanish government to the revolutionaries in three installments: 400,000
pesos upon leaving the country, 200,000 pesos upon the surrender of at least 700
firearms, and another 200,000 pesos upon the declaration of general amnesty.

In accordance with the first clause, Aguinaldo and twenty five other top officials of the
revolution were banished to Hong Kong with 400,000 pesos in their pockets. The rest of the men
got 200,000 pesos and the third installment was never received. General amnesty was never
declared because sporadic skirmishes continued.

[edit] The Revolution Continues

Not all the revolutionary generals complied with the treaty. One, General Francisco Makabulos,
established a Central Executive Committee to serve as the interim government until a more
suitable one was created. Armed conflicts resumed, this time coming from almost every province
in Spanish-governed Philippines. The Spaniards, on the other hand, continued the arrest and
torture of those suspected of "banditry".

The Pact of Biak-na-Bato did not signal an end to the war. Aguinaldo and his men were
convinced that the Spaniards would never give the rest of the money as a condition of surrender.
Furthermore, they believed that Spain reneged on her promise of amnesty. The exiles renewed
their commitment for complete independence and ouster of the colonialists. They purchased
more arms and ammunitions to ready themselves for another siege.

The Spaniards and their once-loyal subjects now had conflicting goals, and both were determined
to achieve theirs, by any means necessary.

[edit] American Intervention

The Battle of Manila Bay.
The United States emerged a world power after decisive victories during the Spanish-American
War. The Philippine revolution could not have happened at a more opportune time. Not only
were the Spaniards waging war against the Filipinos, they were also engaged in a much more
costly war against an emerging world power. After the "destruction" of the USS Maine, United
States President William McKinley declared war against Spain. America was concerned over the
situation in Cuba in particular, where there was an ongoing revolution. Newspapers were
publishing stories that portrayed the Spanish authorities as "merciless, barbaric evil-doers". In
particular, the governor-general in Cuba, Valeriano Weyler (who also served as Governor-
General of the Philippines) was nicknamed "The Butcher". The angry American people quickly
called for war against Spain, which was realized when the Congress of the United States voted in
favor of direct intervention in Cuba.

Commodore George Dewey, acting upon orders, sailed to Manila Bay on April 25, 1898. He
encountered a fleet of twelve old rusty ships commanded by Admiral Patricio Montojo. The
resulting battle lasted only a few hours, with all of Montojo's fleet subdued. Because he did not
have enough troops to capture Manila, Dewey had to call for armed reinforcements and while
waiting, contented himself with merely acting as a blockade for Manila Bay [2].

Meanwhile, United States consuls E. Spencer Pratt and Rounceville Wildman paid Aguinaldo a
visit while in Hong Kong. The two persuaded Aguinaldo to again take up the mantle of
leadership in the revolution. After some discussion with his Hong Kong junta, he agreed to
return to the country with Commodore Dewey.

When Aguinaldo returned to Hong Kong after a brief spell in Singapore (where he had met
Pratt), Dewey had already gone back to Manila. The commodore, however, left instructions for
the arrangement of Heneral Miong's return to the country. Aguinaldo left aboard the ship
McCulloch on May 15, 1898, and arrived in Cavite two days later.
Public jubilance marked the general's return. Several revolutionaries, as well as Filipino soldiers
employed by the Spaniards, submitted themselves to Aguinaldo's command. Soon after, Imus and
Bacoor in Cavite, Parañaque and Las Piñas in Morong, Macabebe and San Fernando in
Pampanga, as well as Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Tayabas (now Quezon),
and the Camarines provinces, were liberated by the Filipinos. They were also able to secure the
port of Dalahican in Cavite. The revolution was gaining ground.

[edit] Denouement

The Spanish colonial government, now under Governor-General Basilio Augustín y Dávila, in
order to win over the Filipinos from Aguinaldo and the Americans, established the Volunteer
Militia and Consultative Assembly. Both groups were made up of Filipino recruits. However,
most of them remained loyal to the revolution. The Volunteer Militia literally joined its supposed
enemy, while the Assembly, chaired by Paterno, never had the chance to accomplish their goals.

[edit] Declaration of Independence

Main article: Philippine Declaration of Independence

The declaration of Filipino independence, as portrayed at the back of the now-defunct 5-peso
bill.

By June, the island of Luzon, except for Manila and the port of Cavite, was under Filipino
control. The revolutionaries were laying siege to Manila and cutting off its food and water
supply. With most of the archipelago under his control, Aguinaldo decided it was time to
establish a Philippine government.

When Aguinaldo arrived from Hong Kong, he brought with him a copy of a plan drawn by
Mariano Ponce, calling for the establishment of a revolutionary government. Upon the advice of
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, however, an autocratic regime was established instead on May 24,
with Aguinaldo as dictator.

It was under this dictatorship that independence was finally proclaimed on June 12, 1898 in
Aguinaldo's house in Kawit, Cavite. The first Filipino flag was unfurled and the national anthem
was played for the first time.

Apolinario Mabini, Aguinaldo's closest adviser, was opposed to Aguinaldo's decision towards a
dictatorial rule. He instead urged for the reformation of a government that could prove its
stability and competency as prerequisite. Aguinaldo refused to do so; however, Mabini was able
to convince him to turn his autocratic administration into a revolutionary one. Aguinaldo
declared a revolutionary government on July 23.
[edit] Aftermath

The Revolutionary Congress in Malolos.

General Aguinaldo (first row, center) with several members of the Congress.

The Revolution did not end with the June 12th declaration. The Filipinos were not able to
liberate Spanish-controlled Philippines until December, and Manila did not fall into Americans'
hands until August of the following year. The United States would not grant complete autonomy
for the Philippines until 1946.

Upon the recommendations of the decree that established the revolutionary government, a
Congreso Revolucionario was assembled at Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan. All of the
delegates to the congress were from the ilustrado class, signaling a distinct change from the
proletarian leadership of Tejeros. Mabini objected to the call for a constitutional assembly; when
he did not succeed, he drafted a constitution of his own, and this too failed. A draft by ilustrado
lawyer Felipe G. Calderón was instead laid on the table and this became the framework upon
which the assembly drafted the first constitution.

On November 29, the assembly, now popularly-called Malolos Congress, finished the draft.
However, Aguinaldo, who always placed Mabini in high esteem and heeded most of his advice,
refused to sign it when the latter objected. In January 21, 1899, after a few modifications were
made to suit Mabini's arguments, the constituton was finally approved by the congreso and
signed by Aguinaldo.
Two days later, the Filipino Republic (also called the First Republic and Malolos Republic) was
inaugurated in Malolos with Aguinaldo as president.

[edit] Legacy

A monument to the Supremo in Kalookan.

The Philippine Revolution was, and still is, important in many aspects.
  First, it was the first nationalistic revolution of its kind in Asia. Subsequent revolutions in
the region--the Indonesian National Revolution, the revolution in Vietnam, and the
Chinese Revolution--follow, or improved on, the Philippine paradigm.

 Second, the Revolution led to the establishment of the first non-western independent
republic. Although unrecognized by most nations, the Philippines' First Republic was
important because it represented the aspirations and struggle of a brown, Asian people to
be independent of control by a white world power.

Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, where Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence

 Third, it showed how disunity and discord can affect a revolution. The internal struggle
between Bonifacio and Aguinaldo was one reason why the revolution faltered in its
crucial stage. Subsequently, the refusal of several revolutionaries (many of them pro-
Bonifacio) to fight with Aguinaldo was a major reason the revolution failed to achieve
immediate and complete independence for the nation.
 And fourth, the Revolution united the Filipinos for the first time. Before and during
Spanish colonization, there was no such thing as a Filipino people. The nation was
segregated into ethnic and regional groups speaking 77 different languages, and
allegiances were confined to one's language or territorial affiliation resulting in a lack of
national sentiment. With the Revolution, the people no longer saw themselves primarily
as Cebuanos, Tagalogs, Ilokanos, Kapampangans, etc., but as "Filipinos", first and
foremost.

[edit] Notes
1. ^ As the word frailocracia cannot be found in most Spanish dictionaries nor the word
"frailocracy" in the English, the term must have been coined by succeeding Filipino
writers to refer to this 'unique' system of government
2. ^ Gathering at the Golden Gate: Mobilizing for War in the Philippines, 1898. Stephen D.
Coats
[edit] See also
 Philippine Declaration of Independence
 Jose Rizal

[edit] External links

 The Philippine Revolution by Apolinario Mabini
 The Philippine Revolution by Emilio Aguinaldo
 Centennial Site: The Katipunan
 Leon Kilat covers the Revolution in Cebu
 Another site on the Revolution

Philippine Revolution

Prelude:Gomburza • Tejeros Convention • Biyak-na-Bato Elections • Pact of Biak-na-

Events: Bato • Spanish-American War • Declaration of Independence • República Filipina • Negros
Revolution • Treaty of Paris • Malolos Congress • Philippine-American War • Katagalugan

Aglipayan Church • Katipunan • La Liga Filipina • La Solidaridad • Magdalo faction •

Organizations:
Philippine Revolutionary Army
El Filibusterismo • Flags of the Philippine Revolution • Kartilya ng Katipunan • Lupang
Objects:
Hinirang • Mi último adiós • Noli Me Tangere • Philippine flag • Spoliarium

Notable Gregorio Aglipay • Emilio Aguinaldo • Melchora Aquino • Juan Araneta • Andrés
people: Bonifacio • Josephine Bracken • Dios Buhawi • Gregoria de Jesús • Gregorio del Pilar •
Marcelo H. del Pilar • George Dewey • Papa Isio • Emilio Jacinto • Aniceto Lacson •
Graciano Lopez-Jaena • Antonio Luna • Juan Luna • Apolinario Mabini • Patricio Montojo
• José Palma • Mariano Ponce • José Rizal • Theodore Roosevelt • Macario Sakay •
Mariano Trias

Gomburza
From WikiPilipinas: The Hip 'n Free Philippine Encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

This article does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
(help, get involved!)
Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.
This article has been tagged since February 2007.
Template:NPOV language

Gomburza is an acronym for Fathers Mariano Gómez, José Apolonio Burgos, and Jacinto
Zamora, three Filipino priests who were executed on February 17, 1872 by Spanish colonial
authorities on trumped-up charges of subversion arising from the 1872 Cavite mutiny. Their
unjust execution enraged and left a profound and bitter effect on many Filipinos, especially José
Rizal, the national hero, who, himself, was to suffer a mock trial leading to his execution.

The uprising by workers in the Cavite Naval Yard was the pretext needed by the authorities to
redress a perceived humiliation from the principal objective, Father Jose Burgos, a rising star
who, by dint of intellectual gifts and scholastic achievement, threatened the established order.

During the Spanish colonial period, rigid class dinstinctions were effectively observed between
Peninsular Spaniards, those born in Spain or 'Peninsulares,' those born in the colony of
Peninsular parents, or 'Insulares,' those born in the Philippines of mixed Spanish blood or
Spanish Mestizos, Chinese and Chinese Mestizos, and, finally, Indios (Natives). Father Burgos
was Spanish Mestizo, a Doctor of Philosophy whose prominence extended even in Spain, such
that when the new Governor and Captain-General Carlos Maria de la Torre arrived from Spain to
assume his duties, he invited Father Burgos to sit beside him in his carriage during the inaugural
procession, a place traditionally reserved for the Archbishop and who, as expected, was a
Peninsular Spaniard. The arrival of the liberal governor de la Torre was not welcomed by the
ruling minority of friars, regular priests who belonged to an order (Dominicans, Augustinians,
Recollects, Franciscans) and their minions in civil government, but mistakenly embraced by the
secular priests, majority of these Mestizos and natives or Indios assigned to parishes and far-
flung communities, who believed the reforms and the equality they sought with Peninsular
Spaniards were at hand. In less than two years de la Torre was replaced by Izquierdo who turned
out to be a pliant tool of the friars.

The so-called Cavite Mutiny of workers in the arsenal in the naval shipyard over pay reduction
owing to increased taxation produced a willing witness to implicate the three priests, who were
summarily tried and sentenced to death by 'garrote.' Father Gómez, the oldest, went to his death
heroically. Father Zamora, the youngest, guileless and totally befuddled, died with a whimper.
Father Burgos, hoping for a reprieve which never came and scanning the distance till the very
last moment, met his death soaked in his own tears. Significantly, in the archives of Spain, there
is no record of how Izquierdo, himself a liberal, could have been influenced to authorize these
executions. The aftermath of the witchhunt produced scores of suspects most of whom were
exiled to Guam in the Marianas, who, except a few who managed to escape to other ports like
Hong Kong, died there in penury. It was a period when a pall of hopelessness enveloped the
country, steeling the resolve and patriotism of a sentient minority, giving rise to a new generation
of heroes of whom the Rizal family was to become the standard bearer.

La Solidaridad
From WikiPilipinas: The Hip 'n Free Philippine Encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Staff of La Solidaridad

La Solidaridad was the name of the all-Filipino organization established by the illustrados of
Barcelona on December 13, 1888, which sought to create Filipino representation in the Spanish
Cortes. It was also the name of the official publication of the organization.

Contents
[hide]
 1 The Organization
 2 The Publication
 3 References
 4 External Links

 5 Citation

[edit] The Organization

Galicano Apacible was the first president of the La Solidaridad. With him were Graciano
Lopez-Jaena as vice-president, Mariano Ponce as treasurer, and Jose Rizal, who was then in
London, as Honorary President. Apacible did not remain long enough as president since could
not hold the bickering reformists together anymore. What the organization needed were people
like Rizal and Marcelo H. del Pilar who could reunite the sentiments of the Filipinos in Spain.

La Solidaridad was viewed as a rival organization for Miguel Morayta's Spanish Orient Lodge of
Freemasonry. Later, the two organizations collaborated in their petition to the Minister of
Colonies. Their petition were as follows:

 to have representation in the Spanish Cortes

 to abolish the censorship of the press
  to prohibit the practice of deportation of citizens through administrative orders

[edit] The Publication

La Solidaridad publication

Soon enough, on February 15, 1889, through Jaena, the La Solidaridad newspaper was created.
It served as the principal organ of the Propaganda Movement for over five years, with its last issue
released on November 15, 1895. To quote the editorial in the the first issue of La Solidaridad:

Our aspirations are modest, very modest. Our program, aside from being simple, is
“ clear: to combat reaction, to stop all retrogressive steps, to extol and adopt liberal
ideas, to defend progress; in a word, to be a propagandist, above all, of democratic
ideas in order to make these supreme in all nations here and across the seas.

The aims, therefore, of La Solidaridad are described as to collect, to gather, libertarian

ideas which are manifested daily in the field of politics, science, art, literature,
commerce, agriculture and industry.

We shall also discuss all problems relating to the general interest of the nation and seek
solutions to those problems in high-level and democratic manner.[1] ”
The Solidaridad became successful through the contributions of Filipino writers in Barcelona,
namely:

1. Marcelo H. del Pilar (pseudonym: Plaridel)

2. Jose Rizal (pseudonym: Laong Laan)
3. Mariano Ponce (pseudonym: Naning, Kalipulako, Tikbalang)
4. Antonio Luna (pseudonym: Taga-Ilog)
5. Jose Ma. Panganiban (pseudonym: Jomapa)
 6. Pedro Paterno
7. Antonio Ma. Regidor
8. Isabelo de los Reyes
9. Eduardo de Lete
10. Jose Alejandrino

[edit] References
1. ↑ Agoncillo, Teodoro A. History of the Filipino People. Quezon City: Malaya Books,
1969.

 Sentenaryo '98: La Solidaridad. (accessed on 14 February 2008).

 Constantino, Renato. A Past Revisited. Quezon City: Tala Publications, 1975.
 Zaide, Sonia M. and Gregorio F. Zaide. The Philippines: A unique Nation. Manila: All-
Nations Publishing, 1999.

[edit] External Links

 López Jaena, Graciano. "La Solidaridad: Our purposes." In Graciano López Jaena:
Speeches, articles and letters. Translated and annotated by Encarnación Alzona. Manila,
Philippines: National Historical Institute, 1994. Pp. 220-22.
 Lopez Jaena, Graciano. "Fray Botod: A sketch." In Graciano Lopez Jaena: Speeches,
articles and letters. Translated and annotated by Encarnacion Alzona. Manila: National
Historical Institute, 1994. pp. 195-219.

La Liga Filipina
From WikiPilipinas: The Hip 'n Free Philippine Encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

The cover page of the constitution of La Liga Filipina.

La Liga Filipina was a civic organization established by Jose Rizal in 1892 while the
Philippines was under Spanish colonial rule. Its aims were to unite the country, to protect and
assist all its members, to fight violence and injustice, to support education and to study and
implement reforms.

[edit] History
A civic society called La Propaganda was established, composed mostly of middle class
Filipinos. These members contributed money to pay for the expenses of Filipino reformers in
Spain who were working to obtain political reforms in the Philippines. However, the funds of the
organization were not properly handled, resulting in the dissolution of the society.

When this happened, Rizal stepped into the picture and proposed the establishment of another
civic society which he called La Liga Filipina. Rizal established and inaugurated the society at a
house in Tondo in 1892. Rizal wrote the constitution of the organization with the help of Jose
Maria Basa. It used the motto Unus Instar Omnium or "One Like Another" in English. The
league was supposed to be an organization for Filipinos where they can be an aid to everyone by
giving scholarship funds and legal aid, loaning capital and putting up cooperatives. Members
were each to pay ten centavos as monthly dues. Each of the members was given the liberty to
choose a name to symbolize himself. Among its members were Deodato Arellano, Andres
Bonifacio and Apolinario Mabini. This vision was innocent and did not veer to any form of
revolt, but the Spanish were alarmed and ordered to arrest Rizal four days after the Liga was
organized.

When Rizal was exiled to Dapitan the Liga became inactive, but through the efforts of Domingo
Franco and Andres Bonifacio it was reorganized, and Apolinario Mabini became the secretary of
the Supreme Council. Mabini then suggested to declare support for the La Solidaridad and its
advocacies.

The Liga was active at first but a few months later found that most of the councils organized by
Bonifacio were no longer sending funds to propagandists in Madrid because they had become
convinced that peaceful agitation for reforms would not bring them to freedom. They were afraid
that the members might be captured and, not wanting to involve themselves in something that
would eventually bring them to the knowledge of the Spaniards, the leaders of the organization
decided to dissolve. They were separated into two groups: the Cuerpo de Compromisarios,
which was composed of the conservatives who pledged to continue their support for the La
Solidaridad and aim for a silent revolt, and the group of radicals led by Bonifacio who devoted
themselves to the Katipunan.

The movement asked for reforms from the government of Spain but to no avail. Many of the
reformists showed their patriotism although they still failed to maintain unity in their pursuit to
fight against the colonizers. This may be attributed to the fact that most of these reformists were
from the middle class and needed to be cautious to safeguard their wealth and interests. Apart
from lack of funds, personal differences hindered the success of the movement.

[edit] Reference
 La Liga Filipina (Accessed on 26 June 2009)
 La Solidaridad (Accessed on 26 June 2009)
 La Liga Filipina (Accessed on 29 June 2009)

Tejeros Convention
From WikiPilipinas: The Hip 'n Free Philippine Encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Philippines

This article is part of the series:

Politics and government of
the Philippines

Government
 Political history · Constitution

Executive
President (list)
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

Vice President (list)

Noli de Castro

Executive Departments
(list)

Congress
14th Congress
2007 – 2010

Senate House
President Speaker
Juan Ponce Enrile Prospero Nograles

Judiciary
Supreme Court

Chief Justice Reynato Puno

Court of Appeals · Sandiganbayan
Court of Tax Appeals · Ombudsman

Elections
Commission on Elections

2007 | 2004 | 2001 | 1998

1995 | 1992 | 1987 | 1986 | All

Political parties
 Lakas-  NP  CAPP
CMD
 LP  PDP-
 KAMPI Laban
 PMP
 NPC  Aksyon

Administrative divisions
Capital Cities
Regions Municipalities
Provinces Barangays

Foreign relations
Government Website
Human rights

· Atlas
Other countries
Politics Portal
view • talk • edit</div>

The Tejeros Convention (also referred to as Tejeros Congress or Tejeros Assembly), held at
Tejeros (now General Trias) in Cavite on 22 March 1897, was the meeting that brought together
the members of both the Magdalo and Magdiwang factions of the Katipunan. This is considered
as the first Presidential and Vice Presidential election in the history of the Philippines.

Contents
[hide]
 1 Purpose
 2 Election and conclusion
 3 References

 4 Citation

[edit] Purpose
In pursuit of forming a revolutionary government, the revolutionaries, headed by Jacinto
Lumbreras, assembled themselves in a friar hacienda. Originally, the assembly was called upon
to bridge the increasing gap between the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions and to discuss
matters concerning the defense of Cavite against the Spaniards. According to Lumbreras, a
Magdiwang, the subjects were not discussed; instead, the assembly turned out to be an election
of leaders for the revolution. This “call” unceremoniously discarded the Supreme Council of the
Katipunan.

[edit] Election and conclusion

Reluctantly, Andres Bonifacio, the Supremo of the Katipunan, presided over the election. To
quote Bonifacio [1]:

I am taking the chair in this meeting to give you fullest opportunity to voice your views
“ and then to vote what shall be done. But one restriction do I impose upon the freedom
of your deliberations. It is that whatever the majority shall decide, that all present will
loyally accept and steadfastly abide by ”
The result of the election was as followed:

Painting depicting a scene between Tirona and Bonifacio in the Tejeros Convention.

Position Name
President Emilio Aguinaldo
Vice-President Mariano Trias
Captain-General Artemio Ricarte
Director of War Emiliano Riego de Dios
Director of the Interior Andres Bonifacio

There was no doubt that Aguinaldo, who was then busy on the military front in Pasong Santol,
won in the said election. The majority of the voters were Caviteños and were on the general's
side. Bonifacio, defeated as President, was elected Director of the Interior which obviously
maneuvered him out of power. It must have been an insult to the Supremo to lose in the election
especially since even the Magdiwang, who were supposed to be his supporters, did not vote for
him for the two highest positions.

Many Caviteño elite were doubtful of his qualification – Bonifacio was neither educated nor a
Caviteño himself. Daniel Tirona protested that Bonifacio's position, Director of Interior, should
be occupied by a person with a lawyer's diploma; thus, he proposed a Caviteño lawyer, Jose del
Rosario, for the position. Bonifacio's pride was affronted ego and he walked out of the assembly,
after proclaiming the result of the convention null and invalid by virtue of his authority as
Supremo. This started the rivalry between Bonifacio and Aguinaldo, and the decline of the
Katipunan as an organization.

[edit] References
1. ↑ Constantino, Renato A. The Philippines: A Past Revisited.Quezon City:Tala Pub.
Services, 1975.

 Guerrero, Amado. Philippine Society and revolution. 5th Edition. Aklat ng Bayan, 2006.
 Ileto, Reynaldo C. Filipinos and their Revolution: Event, Discourse and Historiography.
Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1998.
 Ileto, Reynaldo C. Pasyon and Revolution: Popular Movements in the Philippines, 1840-
1910. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2003.
 Kalaw, Maximo M. The Development of Philippine Politics (1872-1920).
 Kalaw, Teodoro M. Ang Himagsikang Pilipino. Translated from English by Virgilio
Almario. Manila: National Historical Institute, 1989.
 Mabini, Apolinario. The Philippine Revolution Volume II. Translated from the original
Spanish. Manila: NHI, 1969.