THE HAMMARLUND SHORT WAVE MANUAL SIXTH EDITION CONTENTS Introduction. . . ‘Two Tube Receiver. x 45 QST-Two Tube Superhet 4 : w Vee a Aine és 6-7 ‘Two Tube Preselector Three Tube Regenerator Recei One er Power Supply ¢ Transmitter Short Wave Components. 815-Dual Beam Transmitter ‘Two Tube Transmitter (812 tube) ECO Trans Medium Power Modulator...............0s0eeeeseveees ter of Modern Design Antennas (receiving and transmitting). Transmitting Power Supplies PUBLISHED BY THE HAMMARLUND MFG. CO. Inc. 424 W. 33rd STREET, NEW YORK CITY Printed in United States of Americe Form SWM 6102 The HAMMARLUND INTRODUCTION MATEUR RADIO is truly an Ameri- can hobby, and has proved time after time to be of great public value. Tn times ‘of emergency, amateur stations have car- ried ation long after general public and private facilities had failed Floods, hurricanes, etc. have all provided eveasions for amateur radio to perform great public services. ‘This book contains construetional arti- t with which to ing hobby. Be- cles of simple equipm get started in this fase fore transmitting equipment is used it is ary to obtain a government license ‘The penalty for illegal operation is heavy and since a license is relatively easy to there is no exeuse for “boot leg- gers” us they are called by amatenrs. The beginner will need to study other books. ‘Those to be recommended are published hy the A.R.RL. (American Radio Relay League), an organization composed en- tirely of amateurs. Now more than ever before a great operators are in demand. While there are some 50,000 “ham” operators all are not able to serve, and new ones © continually needed to keep pace with ‘our defense program. ‘Training in ama- teur radio is perhaps the greatest asset a prospective commercial or government ‘operator ean have. ‘Amateur radio of course holds other at- wractions; e.g. amateurs communicate with expeditions and provide regular sched - ules for members to communicate with folks at home, Also varions groups of amateurs have established relay chains and receive and tranemit bundreds of mes- sages each week. Others belong to the 4 typical Army Amateur Net sta- tion, WALMC- WANG. This sta- tion was also used to receive mes- sages from mem- bers of the Byrd Exped Army-Amateur organization which is affili- ated with the United States Signal Corps. ‘There are hundreds of other interesting angles to amateur radio and first among these, is building and experimenting with your own transmitters and receivers. While many “hams” use factory made transmit- ters and receivers, the majority build and develop their own equipment from parts available through authorized amateur sup- ply dealers. ‘The budding amateur usually starts off with building a simple receiver. These simple receiving sets are really fine performers and it is not too many years ago when they were used in nearly every “ham” station. Their performance of course, cannot be compared with that of modern communications receivers, but never-the-less they do get signals from all parts of the world under fayorable con-SHORT WAVE MANUAL 3 Famous “Super- Pro” receiver well known to ama- teurs and com- mercial oper- ators. Keceivers such as this one are used exelu- ely ployed on the Byrd Expedition to the Antare ditions. Interference is the great bug-a- boo, with the simple regenerators. Super- heterodyne receivers on the ol operate on the principle whe is independent of the oper: to which the receiver i generative recs t have all cirenits tuned to the signal frequency and conse- quently the selectivity varies considerably. An ideal receiver would be one ha ing frequency ned. Il re- ide range, The Hammarlund "Super- is an excellent example of such a re- It has a band width from nearly to better than 100 This permits reception of high quality music under suitable condition: id also makes Mrs. Clay Bailey, wife of the chief radio officerof the Byrd Expedition, listening tobroad- casts eminat from the Se Pole. The ri isan “HQ which might be requ short wave reception in crowded amateur and broadcast bands, a high degree of selectivity is more to be preferred, tha the wide band ty there is great variable feature. 120-X" h of selec from 100 cy ke. Thi in practically all short wave broadeast and he Hammarlund a variable rai to over of whether it is a simple regen= a complicated communications type receiver, the operator im: great many hours at the e erator4 The HAMMARLUND Rear and bottom views showing placement of parts and wiring. The “Metal Tube Two” HIE "Metal Tube-Two" receiver is for the more advanced short wave experi- menter. Two of the newer metal tubes are employed. One is a 6J7 regenerative de- tector and the other, a 6C5 triode, i resistance coupled audio ampli is provides about the u rt wave receivers. It is esp y ‘cand will produce extremely loud signals. Loud enough, in fact, to operate a small speaker, This receiver is designed to operate from the power supply described in an- other part of thie book. Two-hundred-fifty volts are required for the B-supply and 6.3 volts A.C, for the heaters. combinati As in other receivers previously de. scribed. we also employ standard Ham- marlund SWK plug-in coils in this one. In simple receivers the plug-in coil method is unquestionably the most satisfactory, because there is no danger of dead spots due to absorption caused by unused wind- ings. Here too, we have also employed the band-spread system shown in the other receivers. ‘The tickler is connected in the plate circuit for obtaining regeneration. In the diagram, the tickler is shown at the top of the Je actually it is wonnd at the bottom of the coil form. However, the connections remain identical. It is drawn at the top merely as a convenience. In wrder to climinate feed back in the audio stage, and to keep all traces of RP. out of the grid circuit of the au amplifier, a filter consisting of a 2.1 mh. R.F. choke and two .0005 mf, condensers, employed in the B-plus side of the tickler circuit. Regeneration is controlled by varying the voltage applied to the screen grid of the 6J7 regenerative pentode detector. The 50,000 ohm potentiometer and the 100,000 ohm resistor. are connected in series across the B-supply, that is, be- tween the B- and Ba ii to obtain the correct voltage for the sereen grid. The adjustment of this regeneration control is covered in other parts of this Manual and need not be discussed here. ‘The 30 mmf. trimmer, connected in series with the antenna, serves for vary- ing the antenna coupling. Once set for the highest frequeney coil, this condenser no further adjustment unless an weak signal is encountered. Closing the condenser plates (increasing ipacity), will inerease the sensitivity and thus bring up the strength of the weak signal. However, as the capacity of this condenser is increased, the set automati- cally tunes broader. ‘There is an optimum adjustment; one which provides sufficient signal strength without interference from stations transmitting on adjacent channels.SHORT WAVE MANUAL 5 roe ) Drilling dimensions for chassis. The dia an additional pentode power ampli This amplifier, when added to the w receiver will proviite full speaker volume on all popular short wave stations. ‘The 006 wif condenser connected between the plate of the 6C5 and the Baninus hould be connected between the plate of the 6F6 and B-uiaus when the addi tional audio stage is employed. The parts list does not contain the items employe in the additi chassis on which the original ree built is not large enough for the amplifier. We suggest « 10” chassis—one extending 2” farther to the right. The drilling of the 8" portion will, of course, remain the same. The panel sh be correspondingly larger. receiver has been found to operate na from 40 to 75 feet long. Consisting of a single wire, the antenna should be 1 punted in the clear nd away from all trees, metal roofs, ete. A receiver is only as good as the antenna with which it is used. Use a good antenna system and you will be well repaid. © be will find this the ideal set with which to start. Even today thou sands are in use by Har: PARTS HAMMARLU D 40-M Band serting cond. 0-S Band-spread cond. antenna trimmer 130 mmé) CORNELL DUBILIER 1—100 munf, mica condeaser 2500 mmf. mica condcasers 1.006 mi. mica condenser I—.1 mé paper condenser 1 mf. paper condensers LRC 12 meg. 1/2 watt Resistors 21/4 meg. 1/2 watt Resistors 1=2,000 ohm 1 watt Resistor =100,000 osm 1 watt Resistor 1~50,000 ohm potentiometer M 1-8 x 5x2" Chassis 1-8 x 6 x 1/16" Panel faluminum} Terminal stzips, screws, ete 2—Kaobs 1—Dial RCA. 1—6]7 metal tube 1—6€5 metal mube Wiring diagram for “Metal Tube Two”6 The HAMMARLUND This two-tube Superhet is modeled after one pre- riously describedin “OST” magazine. Many budding amutours will do start out with this of receiver. il to type QST 2-Tube Superhet THILE this receiver operates on the superheterodyne principle, the be- ginner will probably get of the circuit by conside regenerative type t er the detector 1. The ¢ the fact that the fred must be ed to coim queney of the desired sign itan Ina tuned call signals operating on one frequency » the detector could imum stabi and sensitivity. The obvious solutic to be to convert the frequency I to that of the regei r which is fixed tuned; that is exactly what is done stage operates al n this receiver. A conve The rege aly the sam except that its frequency re wivers. ins fixed d for maxin ¢ thi as been adjus The sa except th usually exists bet of the second de By which to operate happens in 1 TF amplifier he ri this receiver, it is possible to re teomings of the usual simple heterodyx having preselection. $ interference from images will be prese but it is obvious that this receiver should be regenerator. termediate frequency in this par ase is approxin 1600 ke. The converter system consists of a 6K in the de ‘The second de- a twin triode 6C8G. punted is 514 x 9} c combined The chassis on which xi he pace for all parts photographs clearly illustrate the position of the tubes, coils and condensers. Use of twa tube ut feSHORT WAVE MANUAL z tal chassis in this receiver together with the superheterodyne type of circuit completely eliminates hand eapacity ef- fects. This alone is quite an advantage over the ust enerator. The second de- tector tube cireuit is wound on a clear plastic form diameter and consists rns 30 double silk, covered wound in the grid coil 1.5, and 18 turns close-wound for the tiekler L6. The spacing between the coils is approximately 1/16 of an inch. Winding data for the con coils is given in the accompaning table. Results obt ed with this rece depend largely on the performance of the regenerative second detector. Adjustment of the feed-back condenser is important for code reception. It should be adjusted to the point where the detector oscillates and for reception of modulated signals it should be adjusted to the point just before the detector gocs into oscillation. Tt will be found that this control will need no atten- tion after it is properly adjusted and that is one of the great advantages of this type of receive erative re- ist the re- Tn the usual reg y to read} gencration control when tuning, Then too, dead spots caused by the antenna are en- tirely absent in the receiver. Coil Data Coll Grid Winding (Ly and La A '6 turns No. 29 enamelled B 32 turns No. 22 enamelled © 48 turns Ne. 2 enamelled 1D 12 turns No. 29 enamelled E 10 turns No. 22 enamelled Antenna (La) of Ticker (La) A 10 turns No. 24 enamellod B 8 turns No. 24 enameled © 7 turns No. 24 enamelied D7 turna No. 24 enamelled E 8 turns No. 24 enamelled All coils wound on 1vsnincit diameter, forms (Hammarlund SWF-4).. Grid windings on coils BE, ine. spaced ta occupy a length of 14 inches: grid wind: Wiring diagram 2 tube Superhetero- ve, Bach tube does the work of two tubes. Aetually, four tube performance is obtained. Bottom view showing placement of parts. ing on coll A close-wound. Antennactickor coils all Gose-nound, soaged 4 inch from botiom of grid Frequency Ranga Coll at Li-La Coil at La-L« 1700 t0 3200 ke, A 5 ‘3000 to 5700 ke. 8 c £400 to 10,000 ke. © o $500 to 141500 ke. E D PARTS LIST .2s Ce—100-mmfd, variable {Hammar- ‘SM-100) Ceci 5-mmid. variable (Hammarlund SM-15/ Co=250-mmid, Type 5-RP Co—0.01 mold. paper G=0,005 mfd. mica. Ce—Ca 100 mafd. mica Ri—$0,000 ohms, 1 /2-wate Ro—1 megohm, 1/2 watt RFC—2.5-mb. rf choke Ti—Andio transformer, interstage wpe, 3:1 eatio (Thordacson T13A34/ Li, Las ine.—See coil table Lims5 turns No. 30 d.s.c, close-wound ‘oa 3/4-inch diameter form; inductance 40 microhenry Ls—18 turns No, 30 d.s.¢ close-wound, on same form as Li; see Figure 2 S—S.p.sit togsle switch silvered mica (DubilierThe HAMMARLUND Front and rear views of the “Two Stage Pre-Selector.”” Ideal unit for re~ ducing noise and images. » =) This unit will improve any superheterodyne Two Stage Pre-Selector HIE, pre-selector is a worthwhile addi perheterodyne, part too much se work any si not hay well with present super! having no R.P. ahead of the first detector. Eve those already having one stage of R.F. ean be improved by the use of this u crease the sensitivity your present superheterodyne, but it also goes a long way toward eliminating images—that is, two-spot 2. Noise is also reduced somewhat due to the overall inerease in sensitivity and selectivity of the receiver A power supply for operating this pre- amplifier is not included in the unit Inasmuch as it is to be used with some tort of receiver, the power can be taken directly from the receiver power supply. From 180 to 250 yolts are required fo 6.3 volts for the rs. If your present receiver employs 2.5 volt tubes, such as the nd 56's, then it will be necessary to employ two type 58 pentodes in place of the 6K7 metal tubes shown the diagram, If the glass tubes are Used, it is necessary to shield them in order to prevent fee the plate supply an heat hack. In this regard, the metal tubes are superior because of their thorough shieldi It will be noticed that the which are SWK-6, coils, a two plug- 3-winding ed with Do not in coils, Hammarlund Hammarlund attempt to operate t fier with these shields because it just won't work. Also it will be noticed that the dual 140 mmf. pser has a shield plate be- tween the two stators, This must also be grounded iminate feed- hack. Band spread is nc simple reason that ot a R. F. stages tune rather broad as com- pared to the tuning control. of the re- Tn the first Ry By staye—athat is, the one nearest the avtes interwound winding is eruple: ming. Here we have a LO. nimf. con eted across thew with one side grounded. The) groatided. side is that nearest the grounded side of the order to ployed for the Bottom view showing the wiring.SHORT WAVE MANUAL 9 cay eis Drilling dimensions for the chassis. larger winding. The small coil at the bottom of the form, usually termed the Jer, is used as the antenna couplin ins unused in th coil. This coil nd wil serves as the plate coupling coil and the large winding as the grid coil for th amplifier tube. This also is tuned with a 140 mm lenser. With proper adjustment, of the 100 mmf. padding will track very second condenser, the two. nicely ‘There are many arrangements which ean he used for coupling the pre-selector to the receiver proper. However, the own is the simplest and is entirely satisfactory. Merely connect the output terminal of the converter to post of your receiver. Th of he connected to the re connection is already made through the verter need not eiver because thi ° side power supply. Tn wi all leads should be short Long leads this type The longest le the second coil to the plate of the first OK7. Tt will be noticed that this lead shielded in order to reduce feedback Do not employ. or¢ ‘ded wire. ‘This lead should be made with hook-up wire having heavy insulation, and a short Jength of braided shielding a high gain amplifier of be placed over the wir between the shielded wire is too great, onsiderable sen: y will he lost. The converter has a volume control of own whieh should be operated independ- ent of the receiver. ‘The correct setting for the volume control can only be learned by expe PARTS LIST HAMMARLUND 1—MCD-140. kang condenser —MC-100-M trimmer condenser HX RF. cho sockets 28-6 sockets 2—€5 coil shields 2=SWK-6 G-prone coil sets 17-270 M. CORNELL DUDBILIER (Condensers) 6-1 mf. paper 1500 mm mica LBC {Resisiors) 2—300 ohm 1/2 wa 2—100,000 obi 1/2 ware 150,000 abn 1 wae 110,000 ohm potentiometer MISC 18 x 10x 2” chassis B 5107 banel (aluminum) ‘nobs Binding post strips, screws, ete RGA 7 Mecal cubes —6 Wiring diagram and values of “Two Stage Pre-selector.”10 The HAMMARLUND Three Tube Regenerator Three tube receiver for the beginner. IHIS simple three tube receiver em- ploys an untuned RF stage. The pur- pose of this RF stage is to reduce detuning nally eansed when the antenna rectly coupled to a regenerative de- or grid cirenit. ‘The RF tube operat- ing with relatively fixed characteristics provides a unife load for the detec: eireuit and also isolates it from the a tenna Radiation from the oscillating detector is also reduced. An oscillating detector coupled directly to. an antenna works much, the same as a transmitter and will inter- fere with other receivers tuned to the same signal. ‘The addition of the RF stage how- ever, prevents such radiation. Regenera- tion is also less difficult to control when the antenna is not coupled directly to the detector. This is due to the relatively constant load, as pointed out previously, which exists with the additional coupling stage. Dead spots usually caused by resonant characteristies of the ani a also do not appear in this receiver, ‘The regeneration control is not at all eritieal and a adjustment will suffice over a relatively wide band of frequenci Standard 3-winding Hammarlund coile are used in th or plate coil for the RF tube is interwound with the detector grid coil. The usual plate tickler, or feedback coil, is connected in the cathode cireuit. The normal tickler winding with which these coils are wound is too large for use in a cathode feedback oscillator and therefore, requires pruning. We have fa ly} the original number of turns works out satis- factorily. Additional experimenting may | receivers. are employed be- sss make the wiring job imenter has ‘The audio InsideSHORT WAVE MANUAL PARTS LIST eee CHX chokes jet 17-270 meter coils, SWK-6 1—30 mmf. var. cond. HEA-50-B 1100 mmf, var. comd, HEA-100-A 1=6 prong socket, $6 3—8 prong socker, S.A ‘CORNELL DUBILIER per cond. 500 mica cond. 1.0001 mf. miea cond, Lc 100 ohm 1/2 resistor (00,000 1/2 Fe mex. 1/2 resisi 1/4 meg. 1/2 000 142 resistor 000 1/2 10W resistor 000 ‘ohm pot, DO ohm resisior. PARMETAL x 27 chassis 17x 1 cabinet to march RCA 1—6C5 tube 1—6SK7 tube 16537 abe MISC. |—pilor light assembly stage is a triode lex sufficient volume for earphones. A pentode might have been used but the increase in volume would not have been suf erate a epeaker and for earphone operation there would have been no particular advantage. Power for this receiver may he obtained from the supply dese d 13. Any good power supply however. livering in the neighborhood of 200 to 250 volts, will serve nicely Operation of the reeciver is much like other regenerative receivers. In addition to the regeneration control there is also an RF gain control. ally this should be termed an attenuator for there is m «don pages 12 a Be vara Sead Bottom view showing resistors and condensers. in the untuned RF stage used in this re- Thi of strong control reduees the strength ignals which would overload the regenerative detector. tive detector works best w weak signals, this control i worthwhile. Some very such as local broadcasting st interference in thi is advi 1 this In addition to controls already n tioned, there are two tuning condensers One is termed “main tuning” and the other “band spread”. The main tm control adjusts the receiver to the approx- imate frequency or band of frequencies where recepti n is desired, Vine tuning is Eo eesti Wiring diagram for 3-tube set12 The HAMMARLUND Receiver Power- Supply Tuo views show ing the constru: tion of thereceiver power-supply. aval eats HIE several short ly deseribed require a s power-supply. While the power-supply 3 the receiver may be incorporated in one it, it is to the advantage of the experi fe the power-supply separate. ‘This permits its use with other appara ‘This power-supply is constructed of good parts with ratings sufficient to work with the receivers in this book and still main tain a wide range of safety. Lf the exper menter desires to build larger receivers, that is, receivers having considerably more tubes than those illustrated in this book, it is advisable to use components of higher s. For instance, the power trans: former in this particular power-supply, while delivering sufficient voltage at 70 milliamperes, will handle up to three or four tubes. In case larger receivers are to be used with it, we recommend that the transfurmer have a rating of at least 100 milliamperes. The filter choke coils of this power-supply are rated at 80 ma. These also should be increased to approx mately 100 ma., if the larger sets are con- templated, No other es in the power supply need be changed rent capacity crease its c Another point whieh should he considered is the type tubes which may at some time or other be used during experimenting. Our d shows a single 6.3 yolt filament ng. Tf at anytime y to 234 volt tul ne other experimental se suggest that the power-supply be equipped with a 218 volt winding as well as the 6.3 volt winding. Such transfo readily available. For co inch cha ienee, we s constructed All four sides are On, ted the terminal have used a Sx8x2 of 1/16" 2 bent down in order to mal of these sides is inc strip containi connections. On the of the on-off toggle switeh. ' ‘of these items can be learned from photograph. The output voltage of the power-supply is very important. In th rane, the output voltage is 300 under normal Joad. Choke input is employed. If ¢o1 denser input wer ed, the voltage would he entirely too high. If condenser input is desired, for any particular reason, the high volt hould be aroun ror vollazeSHORT WA VjE MANUAL 13 divider connected across the output minals of the filter consists of a 20,000 ohm 50 watt resistor. As can be seen in the di © tap is provided voltages are required. This tap should be adjusted under load with the aid of a voltmeter in order to obtain proper voltage. If more than one inter- mediate voltage is required, ad taps may be placed on the volt al divider, However, bear in mind that the resistor shown is only rated at 50 watts and that there is an idle current of approximately 5 milliamperes already flowing through with no load. This means that the total additional load which the resistor will stand is 35 ma. If greater curr requirements are necessary a resistor w a higher rating should ed. One tely 75 to 100 watts would serve, depending upon the current d During tests, this power-supply in junction with the re ivers previously i lustrated, was what might be considered hum-free. If trouble » tunable hums, that ums appearing some places on the dial in the receiver nid not rs, they may be el by connecting .001 Wiring diagram and parts values Sor power-supply. Drilling specifica- tions for power- supply chassis. tween each plate of the rectifier and one side of the filament. Juggling these eon s may be necessary in order to completely eliminate tunable hums. Also, outside line noises ean be reduced con- a .1 mf. con- side of the 110 volt Use a high grade siderably by conn denser between oni primary and B-minus. 400 V. paper condenser. PARTS LIST STANCOR 1—Power transformer—P 948 2—Filter chokes—C-1420 AEROVO? 3-8 mf, electrolytic condensers (300 V? LRC 120,000 ohm voltage divider with one slider RGA. L—Type 80 rectifier MISC 13" x 8” x 2" chassis, {1/16" aluminum} 1—Toxsle switch14 The HAMMARLUND This one tube trans- mitter is ideal for th beginner. It is effective and amateurs have worked stationsall over the world with this type transmitter. 1-TUBE BEGINNER’S TRANSMITTER NE need not have a lot of money to get started in amateur radio. “All that is necessary is a conscientious desire to be a Ham and the ab hands. We assume the reader already has kind of receiver suitable for opera- tion in the amateur bands, Many simple receivers are described in this, and other sader trans- © or will mpts to use a magazines. We also assume the (if he contemplates building thi mitter) aleeady has a lice ‘cbtain one before he att transmitter. The simplest form of trans- mitter is the one tube tri-tet which is stal controlled and operates on two bands with a single crystal, ‘There is nothing home-made about this transmitter. Every part is available through your favor- ite Tam parts dealer. A few of the parts could be made at home but if you are a newcomer, it's safe to bet you don’t have a lot of junk or paraphernalia from which you would be able to n we were to provide suffi ake the parts if 1 information Besides, fairly low p are superior ndard parts are available at and, needless to say, they ny even the most experi- x 2” steel unit with black crackle finish. A wood hase could be used here, but the few cents saved ssould be of little importance. ‘The tube is a 61.6 metal type, not the glass variety In the cathode, we find a standard single circuit tuning unit which is intended to ‘tune to 10 meters. We have connected an additional fixed condenser across it, 80 that it will tune in freqneney and enable the eryst jute. Tn the plate circuit, we have standard plug-in coils ning condensers. This cir may be tuned to either the erystal fre- quency which is between 3500 ke. and 3650 ke.s or to the second harmonic which falls between 7000 and 7300 ke. (the 40 meter bund), When the plate, or output cirenit is tomed to the erystal frequency, the cathode coil should he shorteireuited by the switch marked “SX”. Under someSHORT WAVE MANUAL 15 lis, use a doublet with ir feeders. If a good grade of twisted pair is used, this antenna performs excellently and is very simple. Tt will, however, only work on one band. The single wire fed Hertz will work on 80 and 40 meters with fair success, but is slightly more complicated. In cither ease, after the ant ected, the plate circu should be retuned for the lowest plate rent. If this value is fou inerease the best all-around ed p end. In this case, use wire with good i sulat In the ease of the Herts a -ased coupling is accomplished by moving the tap nearer the plate end of Bottom view showing the placements the output coil. of parts. tenna, PARTS LIST using a tube with he HAMMARLUND cond 5 ternal shielding, the eathode circuit could be left operating. We mention this so that the reader will not be confused b; 1—ETU-40 tuning unit tion in other articles where th aa aeraninn any left in operation, With the 6L6, however, 1 “ pes pocket this cirenit should he shorted to. protect eee ee put circuit is LR 1400 ohm 20 watt resistor 10,000 om | wate f 1=20,000 ohm 2 watt resistor ee 13.5 me. crystal RCA. the crystal when the 50 volts or less, or com large resistor, 10,000. ohms series with the Beplus to the pli late condenser at mid- iene and adjust the eathod a PARMETAL plate ou 1-7" x22" black chassis — e condenser for m CORNELL DUBILIER indicates resonaneé 10001 mg. mica condenser, mi paper condensers ply the jal plate 005” 500 V. inica condensers eet the antenn: current. voltage and ¢ There are few parts in thit ple transmitter and the beginner should have little difficulty in get- ting it working im- Coan vaittTs16 The Parts for building receivers and transmitters in this book, are here listed. “MC” MIDGET CONDENSERS Teal varies for ulimsort are stort wave, nig, il ation Al folded spc ena fonlacl Celis vated widred rs pinta Shaft CAPACITY. 20 mma. 35 uf 50 mraf. 20 at 50 ama. 50 mraf 100 aif. 100 maf. 140 mora 190 ania. MG-100-M Meus, MC140.M MC-200-M, MC-350 M “MCD” SPL CONDEN these incor peat ‘every reinent erative te highest quality. Spec Bcations identical ta single types except that sbi 1s located between stator Overall lent behind panel—385". Strong Tsolantite bases Single bole panel CODE CAPACITY we per set MED-50.5 per sect MCD-100-8 er sect MCD-100-M 4100 mmf. per see! MCD-140-M 140 tan! per soot MCD 40S per sce “M"—Midlia Straight Line “MCDS” DOUBLE SPACED CONDENSERS: x. 31 mmf, per scot 31 mmf, per sect. SMX" Midline Plates Straight Line’ Cap. Plates For tuning or trimming om high frequencies, Cadmium plated sol- dered brass plates. Isolantite Base mounting, single hole. panel mount, ar panel mognting with bushings site 1/82" Nigik x “HE” MICRO 17.5 mut, 35 mmf, 30 maint 109 taint 10 mink 30 ram, "Double Spaced CONDENSERS HAMMARLUND HAMMARLUND HAMMARLUND MANUFACTURING CO., Inc., 424-438 West 33rd§Stre ympact dual—ideal as a frequency tuning con denser, for tuning low-pow. fered short save and un Short wave transmit etc, Heavy Teolantilte base equipped with new Ham mtarlnd split eae bearing and individual nofseless wiping contact for each section, IRplor contacts yatiuble to several positions for shortest lea ivean nections, “Tise 140 moma. size ix 115" high x 334° long sult Hered brass plates ust a 2 Debind panel Cadmiuia plated CAPACITY Sdn, per sect 100-mamf! por sect 140 faint por sect 28.9 uunf, ver sectees Donhle-Spaced =HDE-59 TIPD-109 HED 110, “HDS DGET CONDENSERS ng ond transmitting, for short wave thning, regeneri= tiou, antenria coupling, etc isi natural: bakelito insu on-eorrosive slnmninutn plates Phosphor browne: plate af fords proper t smooth 9/6" wre x 1347 hie Udi pote sn 110" ty 6? : , inconstruction. Tinned soldered Tugs on the front end are suvplied to simplify wing. Plates of straight line capacity types. cope SNS ENras 5X30 Sar i00 Exot MEN SSM50N 30 rm. *Double Spaced Transmitting Types P-53” COM FORMS AND KITS ‘Outstanding forme using new low loss insula tion materisl—P-53, Natueal coloring el nating losses, Groove-ribbed for air spaced windings. lange grips, meter, indexes Monlded threaded shelf inform. 134" diameter and 224" lang exclusive of prongs. Kila with wound. coils for MC-L30-MI condenser also CAPACITY Li 150 raf 110 ram, $5 umf eT ff a HT i A 1 efit (4 prongs, coil form only 5 (h prings, coil form oul) prongs, xl form 0 40 coil (wound eoil, { prongs, 10.20 met 41 coil Ground coil, ¢ Prongs. 17-41 meters 42 coil (wound coil 4 30°75 meters) $4 coil (wou BCC (wound coll, prong No. 60 coil (wound coil, § pron No: 6 call (wound eoil. 6 pro No. 52 Gal (nous! coil ters) 10-20 meters) 1A meters) SHORT WAVE MANUAL 17 Sag Gs ras New York No. 88 coil (sound coll, sie-prongs, 66-150 met ITE SOCKET Standard socket at left. Lowes ipinen, | Constant resistivity sipped prong i shi: Gilde grote. Rast-proof” side Ginred ‘top wel or base ripping contacts Sad sides, Sab own Avorn Saeket at right. Tl ett He con wilh "Heavy “alanis polished ite.” Fine adjusting sere. Po five licking me D orizontal adjustment. igh «1'13/16" deep, to 10 mmf) “They are adj so thit they. will cover the enti hen used will the usual OLE or tithe. "The FCO-100 is used ron coupled orcillator. describ Where ia this book. Tt is designed. for taximim stability and should be ased iuveaujuuetion wilh the ETU-80. "When 110 tom. Wining condenser i weed, the fntize SO'moter hand tn bw covered ‘The permeability tune ooil PEC-40 covors only the 40 meter band: snd is designed particalarly for the type of transmitter ribet on page 22. ge PRICE All prices shown are list prices, and subject to change without notice. “CHX” R Invaluable item where in size and I IDGET CHOKES ie a8 prea is iin weight Chat it com supported by own leads, Five impregnated tn erst wound pies 14°. Tmpregnated. Isolant ore insuring riguediess aud stability. Ind 2: fake D.C. seoe"¥6 ohms, Dist. cap—t mm Chreent, carrying cap—t38 mil Length across caps 104", Diameter 14", cope List 1H He c c “FFB” INSULATED ROTOR CONDENSERS =a This new ling of transmitting eoad parts considerably from the asval design, The end plates sre kolanlite snd ti rotor is 100%; insulated from the mounting brackets. Als trol shaft is conuplctely insulated from the rotor per bigh voltage to be applied directly to the rotor without danger of electrinal shock. The length, of te eoudenser varies. with Capacity, ‘The 347 shaft is 159” long and the end platos are T'1S/18" square. copl HEBD-50- HEBD -100-C HERD 35, HEBD. HPRD-100-E, HER.304 90" HEB. 103-C 050° HEI-150- 030" HEB-1OUE on aes SHEA” VARIABLE Sy CONDEN! CAPACITY PER SECTION 0 ‘The HPA condewer js availabe in both the single and du types The plate sparing ane type “8 Hae .030" plate spcing.. These are naggediy built with Cigar t ite end panel. Heth singles and duals le hole panel menting snd ean also be base mounted The HEAD has 15/8" Rolontite pancls with w 9/107 shaft ihe tame as the HEH tyne convene securely soldered snd the entre ac preserve the fash18 The HAMMARLUND 2-Tube 815 Transmitter TER passing through the beginner stage, the new “ham” usually requires greater flexibility and inereased power not found in the first transmitter. Operation on several of the amateur bands is desired orn off and this ter must be of of theree bility s. The 815, for example, is a power tube which will pro- after the moreelaborated vide 50 watts output and can be driven with any small receiving tube. The oscillator in Drill this transmitter is a 6P6 cd “tritet” circuit to allow frec plying independent of the " furnish excitation on 3 ama teur bands with one erystal ‘The cathode cirenit consists of an ETU- 40 tuning unit, in addition a 100mmf fi condenser is externally conne: the coil, Adjustment of the variabl the tuning unit isnot at all crit Plug-in coils are used for coupling the two stages. The untuned primary is | cated between the gird coils and the tuning ondenser for the grid coil is mounted in- side the coil form. As a safety measure, this coil is shielded to prevent The 815 amplifier tube being drive requires adjustment of the spacing n the coils in order to obtain proper t. Approximately 4 oflicient excitation. With the fully insulated plate condenser, the plate voltage can be applied directly to the rotor without danger of the operator being shocked when making adjustments. This assumes, of course, that the operator only touches ad- justing knob. Keying can be done in either the oscillator or When the oseilla should be made whi plifier cathode circuits. on is keyed, adjustments ning to the signalSHORT WAVE MANUAL 19 in a monitor so that the keying will be clean. Meters can be connected in all cie- its, however, a simple a ieal method is shown in the diagram. Here we find a 100 ohm resistor connected in each cirenit to be metered and a rot switch connects the meter to the desired ple power supply and modu. found on pages 26 and 30. Coil Data, L1 Band Plate Total grid 6 8 7 8 a 35 Coil Data, L2 14 me. 14 T. No. 16 24 T. No. 16 40 TN all 234° tong, 19 Bottom view shou ing placement o parts. This mitteriseasy tobuild and operate. trans- z 100 OHMS aie Pa 4 D4 cere PARTS LIST HAMMARLUND 1-PTU-40 ning unie 1—HEBD-100-C Var, Cond, 1—APC-75 midgercond. 1—CH. 2—8-prong Sockets, 8-8 1—CS. 1=5-prong Socket, $-3 TR. € 200 ohms 1/2 w. 1— 6,000 ohms 25 w. 120,000 shims “we 3 “Noo ohms “3 1—20,000 ohms 10%. _1—20,000 ohms 25 w CORNELL DUBILIER 4—.01 mt. paper cond. 600 V 120001 mi. mica Rec. wpe —008 if. mica, 1000 Vt CENTRALAB. 1Rorary switch No. 2505 PARMETAL 1a7" x 18x 2” chassis BARKER AND WILLIAMSON 1—80-BYI coil BLY coil 1—40-BVE coil rase assembly Ceystal socket RE Choke ‘Coil forms 250 RF choke Coil Shield “BY RGA, 1-815 tube 6V6 tube BLILEY Variable crystal20 The HAMMARLUND Efficient 2-Tube Transmitter ILE newcomer to ham radio who chooses ld his own transmitter rather than purchase a ready-made one, usually starts off with something simple. Though, all too often the beginner, in his haste to get on the air, puts together a hay transmitter with rather disappoint sults, Assuming the beginner is going operate on two bands (80-10 meters) and the desired power output is in the neigh- borhood of 100 watts, we believe this outfit is just about ideal, Such a rig can be built cheaply and need not be complicated. “over our manufacturer's tube the standpoint of econom; tube only requires some 5 or 6 watts driving power for around 100 watts output, a single 807 crystal oscillator should do the trick nicely. Using the 807 a tritet oscillator-doubler circuit permits full output on two bands with one erystal. This transmitter works on 80 and 10 meters with no provision for adding other bands. Although 20-meter operation can be had with some sacrifice in output, if the final is used as a doubler. Tn this ease, the tube ld not be loaded as heavily as when ted as a straight amplifie ‘The entire RF. portion of this trans- miter is mounted on 7!4” x 13” x 215" steel chassis wh given a coat of gray lacquer after all drilling was completed. ‘This treatment provides a much neater appearance and eliminates finger stains which would appear on the unpainted chassi ‘The cathode circuit of the 807 employs a 40-meter shielded coil and condenser as~ sembly. ‘This unit does not have sufficient range t order to per crystal operati ‘Therefore, it is necessary to add a small fixed eapacitor of 100 mmf. In the plate circuit of the oscillator, we have a plug-in coil because here we change from 80 to 40 meters when doubl The 812 amplifier is extremely simple and uses the split coil and condenser ar- rangement in order to obtain neutralizing voltage. Both stages use a new type of variable condenser having an insulated In wiring the transmitter, ordinary #16 chack wireis used and enough terminal strips are employed to make a neat and wiring job. ‘The wiring diagram data, should complete the ructional information. Getting the on the air is just about as le as building it. Apply voltages to st the cathode con- tof the B07. Then, adjust the plate e nser of this same stage for the minimum plate current. Neutralizing is next. With fila- ment voltages applied to the 812 but with no plate voltage, open the neutralizing con- sim) the oscillator a denser for maxinSHORT WAVE MANUAL 21 denser all the way. ‘Then, with the m switched to the amplifier grid circuit, ro tate the plate condenser and a decided rent will be noticed er back and forth, © spacing of the ‘The fluctuation rent will Hy econ nd smaller until it disappears. As plates become rid current vill the neutral closer, th ng condenst fluctuation of then reappear. Correct neutralization that point at which no fluctuation in grid current is noticed as the amplifier plate cirenit is tuned through reson While doing this job, it is well to note the point of resonance, or rather the point where the change in grid current occurs, and before the plate voltage is applied to the 812 the plate condenser should be set as near sas possible to this point. Then, when the plate current is applied, readjust the plate condenser for minim ‘The last and final oper pect wg the antenna to the link coil and in- COIL DATA B0-motor ooo. plato: 37 turne No. 26 bare wire 4g0-moter osc. plate: 17 turns No. 22 bare wire, Both coils wound on 4-proung Mammarlund forms dias and spaced toa length of 112" PARTS LIST HAMMARLUND 1—ETU-40 tuning unit 1—HEB-50-C (single? condenser HEBD-100-C (split stator) condenser S-5 Isolantite socket, 5 prong, S-4 Isolantite socket, 4 prong 1-XS-2 ceystal socket 1—CH.250 RE choke 2—CHK RF choke 1—N-10 neutralizing condenser 2=2:1/2" “stand-olt insulatoes, SOS.250 I=PTS power wbe shield 1—No. 43 plug is-coil for 80 meters I=No. 42 plug-in.coil for 40 meters 1 current Bottom view of two-tube transmitter. ¢ the coupling until the tube draws proper plate current. With 1,000 volts applied to the tube, the plate current should be between 100 125° milli- peres. For highest efficiency, the grid current should be in the neighborhood of 25 milliamperes. BLILEY 1—LD.2 crystal (86 meter band) LR. 1400 ohm wire wound resistor {type AB} 1=2,500 ohm wire wound resistor feype AB} 120,000 ohm wire wound resistor feype AB} 1—30,000 ohm metallized resistor{2 watt} 4100 ohm metallized resistors (2 wate} ‘TRIPLETT 10-150 milliammeter CORNELL DUBILIER 1+73 mmf. mica cond. frec, woe? 1.9001 mmf. mica cond. 11,000 V) 12008 mmf. mica cond._75,000 V) 6—01 mmf. paper cond. £600 V, Dwar tiger! CENTRALAB 1No. 2505 $:pole 5-position Isol. switch GENERAL ELECTRIC I-GL-807 ube 1—GL-812 tube BARKER-WILLIAMSON 1—BVL Coil base assembly 1—80 BYL 80-merer coil 1—40 BVL 40-meter cou! mplete wiring d gram less power sup. ply. Note the simple method employed to switch the meter to various cireuits22 The HAMMARLUND The performance of an e.c.o. is at least as much the con- = Here’s combines. circuit novelty or two with interesting constructional features. It has had a thorough “air test” and came through with flying colors. Acompact and businesslike instru- ment having output on 80, 40, and 20 meters. Complete, including power supply, it measures only 8 by 16 by & inches. A Transmitter Frequency Control Unit with Three-Band Output A Self-Contained Cabinet-Type Exciter or Low-Power Transmitter BY G. W. SHUART,* W2AMN HE variable-frequency oscillator, while not new by any means, has really only begun to come into its own within the last ear or two. We shudder to think of the amateur bands eventually cluttered up with thousands of e. “3 or v.£o.'s dart- w back and forth ike a bunch of sizzlers in an aerial fireworks display; while the . is a swell piece of apparatus, it re- some careful and prudent use. Un- doubtedly, before the evil of these instru ments plenty will be written to overcome the problem. In the e we have found in the v.fo. 1g that can never be replaced by sirument. ‘The particular Inside the oscillator tuned circuit assembly The stiff wires at the corners serve both supports and terminals. v.fio. to he described is an e.c.0. It seems that the type of eircuit used is not so im- portant as the physical arrangement and general mechanical design. Before we get ‘into the details of construction, let's see what makes this v.f.o. different from others. In its design, a definite effort was made Id and operate. to keep it simple to by Only one control is operat tse and output is available 0 —80, 40 and 20—by changit output coil, Although plug-i used, band-switehing could be employed without difficulty. Also, the tuned cireuit could be arranged to cover two bands with ‘one coil so that only two coils would be necessary for complete coverage. ‘The entire design of this unit is sim- plified by the use of only a single tuning condenser. Usually three-gang condensers are employed in this type of instrument. The Oscillator ‘The electron-coupled oscillator op- erates in the 160-meter band and covers 1750 to 2000 ke. The tuned circuit is a self-contained unit and includes everything ut the main frequency-changing condenser. The mechanical arrangement of this unit provides excellent stability and free-SHORT WAVE MANUAL 23. 0. doesn’t have to be ‘operated on sponge rubber pads. Asa matter of actual fact, there is only slight mod- ulation, and that from tube element vibration, when the instrument is subjected to . As shown mechanical shoc in the photograph four verti- ars hold the entire oscillator assembly together, and these also serve as ter- inals for external conneo- tions. One goes directly to eal On the extreme right can be seen the permeability tuned coil which pro- vides excitation for the output stage on 80, 40 and 20 meters. This coil is mounted under the chassis so there will be no coupling between it and the the grid of the 6SJ7 tube, a second to thecathode, one to the B-negative and the last to the tuning condenser. Keying in the oscillator circuit is ae- complished by breaking the negative lead, A simple filter consisting of a small r.f. choke and a 0.005-ufd. silvered mica con- output ciren 0 1-d. paper. S-untd. compensator ‘frie Ceramicon NOSO). a. friable (Ham. ‘marlund MC-140-5). Go — 100-4a,silvered mica. G. Co—$00-wisld. silvered mica. C)—"100-aisid, variable (Ham: ‘marlund MC-100 $8). 0.001-1- mica. -tuld. silvered mica. unkd, air trimmer, ‘electrolytic, 450- —32:fd. electrolytic, 450- volt, Ri — 20,000 ohms, }é-waet, Ramet YUMPERS I REOULATOR TUSES Rs — $0,000 ohms, L-ware Rs — 20,000 ohms, L-wart. Ry — 20 ohms, L-watt, '30 turns No. 24 coamelled, lose-wouad, on. 7ainch fimeter form, ‘Cathode tap 10 turgs irom bot tom. (ln Hammarland ECO-160 unity —60 turns No, 24 enam., close-wound, on 7s-inch diameter form. {L: and Cis in Hammarlund ETU'80 unit) Ls —17-h., 36 turns No. 28, closé-wound, on inch form, 7 Me-18 tyros No. 20, length 1 in. diam. 113 invlink 6 earns. 14'Me,"—9 turay No. 1 Tengih 1 icin diam. 113 Inalink turns Ls — 15 heneys, 150-ma. ¥,— 300 volts dic. at 100 ma, with fectifier and. 6.32 sg: — spall Mfament windings. 1s = Spt, lowsenpaciy (pe: $: — Sips. torele 3) —Dipadle tonele24 The HAMMARLUND denser removes all traces of rf. and permits clean keying The voltages to the plate and screen grid of the 6SJ7 are regulated, the sereen by a VR-105 and the plate by a VR-150. The screen voltage, being more critical, has compound regulation and consequently a high degree of voltage stability is obtained. The 6317 proved to be the best tube for the purpose since very little output was required. In this particular case necting the sereen and suppressor to- gether proved beneficial. ‘The output of the oscillator is tuned to 3550 ke. with a fixed tank circ Unless the entire unit is to be operated on the high-frequency portion of the 80-meter caw. band, or the 75-meter “phone band, this cireuit will re no adjustment, Tuning it to 3550 ke. permits operation over a very wide portion f the caw. band and all of the 40- and 20-meter bands. Buffer Multiplier The second tube in the line-up i operated as 2 fixed-tune ampli Iis plate circuit is resonated to 7050 ke, with 9 permeability-tuned coil. Once set, this coil requires no adjustment regardless of the output frequency. Tt may seem unusual to tune this circuit to 7050 ke. and expect the ainplifier which follows to operate in the $.5-Me. band, bot that is exactly what happens. The 807 can be operated on the 80-meter band with efficiency as great as. if not greater than, that obtained when it is operated on the 20-meter band as a doubler, Sullicient rf. excitation gets by Ly to make the amplifies wark efficiently over the complete 80-meter ‘The 807, of course. is a straight fier on 7 Me. Output Stage ‘The output of the 807 is re stant ever any one band and is approxi- ly the same on all three. A careful check of the 807 geid enrrent showed that ample excitation was present at any fre- Fig. 2—Drift characteristic of queney in the 40. or 20-meter bands and over two-thirds of the 80-meter cw. band. For maximum output in the high-fre- quency portion of the 80-meter ew. band, or the ‘phone band, it is nec to make a slight adjustment of the oscillator ont- put cireuit. ‘The amplifier plate circuit when loaded he normal 60 ma. by an antenna or another amplifier requires no adjustment over an extremely wide range of frequency, although a separate control is available on the panel to touch up this cireuit when ne- cessary. ‘The plate current of the 807 is a fairly good indication of how the rest of fit is working. A 0-100 milliam- is connected permanently in this cireuit. to Ls, the permeabil coil, we would like to point out that s! changes in value might disrupt the oper tion of the entire unit. For example, in built up experimentally it was desired to increase the excitation for the 807. On the assumption that the grid leak, R,, was absorbing some of the output of the 6SK7, an rf. choke was placed in series with the leal ‘The excitation went up on 40 and 20 meters, but the ei longer passed sufficient rf. at give satisfactory operation. Removing the oscillator unit, measured froma cold ‘start. Frequency 3.5 Me. 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 80 100 TIME- MINUTES.SHORT WAVE MANUAL 25 the choke permitted normal operation. On 7 Me. a tendency of the 807 to oscil- late with the key open in oscillator keying was overcome by connecting a 20-ohm re- sistor in series with the sereen, Although not shown in the photograph, additional terminal strips have been made available to provide external grid bias— we believe this is a worthwhile addition, as it prevents oscillation in the amplifier when. the oscillator is keyed—and to connect an external 600-volt plate supply for the 807 in cases where higher output is required. While there may be no particular ad- vantage in the key change-over arrange- ment, it was installed in this unit for test purposes so that the key could be switched from oscillator to amplifier under any par- ticular set of conditions to determine whether or not keying of the oscillator was satisfactory at all times. Frequency Drift In an effort to make this unit compact, the power supply and all other equipment was built on the one chassis. Naturally, some particular conditions existed that may not exist in some other arrangement. For example, every experimental unit built up proved to have ample stability and low frequency drift, although there was occasionally hum modulation in the carrier and in some cases the keying was not clean, In all cases, it was found ne- cessary to by-pass the oscillator heater right at the tube to clear up hum modula- tion a1 ing between the input and output circuits. With the addition of this condenser, complete isolation was achieved. ‘The output cireuit can be tuned through resonance, loaded or unloaded, and there is absolutely no change in the oscillator frequency. The frequency drift encountered in this particular unit was mostly caused by the heat radiated by the power transformer and rectifier tube. If the power supply were not contained in the eabinet, no drift compensation would be required, although the addition of drift compensation ean be an asset in any case. We found that with @ 35uufd, compensator the overall drift of the complete unit shown in the photograph was quite low. ‘The accompanying curve gives the result of a careful laboratory check. It would be possible to use more compensation, but it was not deemed de- sirable hecause of the danger of overcom- pensation and a reversal of drift some time during operation. We are of the 0 that to bave a known drift in a known di- rection ix about the safest bet General [is surprising how much more effeetive low power becomes when the frequency ean be varied at will. We have used this outfit just as shown with no additio amplification for a period of about four ufonths at W2AMN. During that time practically the entire U.S. was worked and the performance was really remarkable. Of course it doesn’t pay to eall CQ with this soct of rig: our practice was to wait for a CQ, adjust the frequency of the os- cillator to coincide with that of the other station, and then call when the CQ was finished. Contacts were numerous and operation appeared to be just as satisfac tory as with any 200- or 300-watt rig we ever operated. All this took place in the 40-meter band, which is pretty crowded. Normally, the amplifier is keyed. This permits the “quiet” switch, St, to be used for frequency setting. ‘The oseillator ean be turned on and the signal checked im the er without radiation from the trans- Thus a lot of unnec sary disturbance is prevented. Every v.fo. should have some arrangement by which the oscillator can be turned on and operated independently of the output am- plifier so it will not cause interference dur- ing adjustments. Finding a place for the “quiet” switch seemed, at first, to be quite a problem. However, a low-capacity switch connected between the cathode and the negative return of the tuned cireuit killed the oscillator"and permitted every- thing else to remain the same in the cireuit insofar as current and tube temperature were concerned. One word of warni the leads to this switch should be very short because if there is appreciable indue- tance in the switch cireuit the oscillator will operate even though the switch is closed. If the mechanical layout demands that the oscillator tuning unit be mounted a considerable distance from the panel the switch should be operated by an extension shaft. No effort was made to calibrate the os- cillator sinee it was operated in conjunction with a calibrated receiver. However, we would suggest calibrating it and providing some means of checking it periodically. Our tests have shown that a unit of this type. if carefully designed and constructed, will remain in calibra indefinitely, but as a matter of precaution, even though its calibration can be relied upon the oscillator frequency should be checked in the re- ceiver before transmission is attempted, This article is reprinted in part from June 1941 QST.26 The HAMMARLUND Medium Power Modulator MATEURS interested in phone opera- tion will find this an ideal compact modulator unit. Although it has medium power output, when used together with efficient transmitter, its range should almost unlimited. Tt will work with either the 12 transmitter or the 815 trans- miter already described available output of this in the neighborhoo ‘Natur. ally at this level, some distortion will be experienced, although th satisfactory for amateur ust ion, and we trust that the reader will not be horrified to learn that this am- plifier has distortion: all amplifiers have distortion at certain levels and those th sound excellent over the ait, probably have more distortion than exists in this amplifier. Distortionless output can be obtained at levels up to 30 watts. « Pu Jamentally, the audio power re- -d to modulate an RF amplifier, should be equal to half the DC input of the RF amplifier. Twenty five watts of audio power will completely modulate 50 watts input. On the other hand, very satisfa tory radi ob- tained with as little as 25 or 30% audio power. Therefore, it is reasonable to as- sume that this amplifier ean be used with imputs of 150 watts. ‘The 815 dual beam power tube, w selected for this amplifier because of its economy and relatively high output at low yo The o T494 is adjusted for a 4500 ohm output load, however, this can be changed to mect almost any load conditions, provid total power in the load circuit is in with our pr » to DC power input. The speech amplifier and driver is about the simplest form available and is designed to work with a crystal or other high impedance low level microphone. Tn the speech ampli- fier cir have a 6SJ7 driving a dual triode connected in a phase inver turn drives a pair of 6C used to drive the 815 output of treme eare has been taken to main: plete isolation in the various high ‘The builder should be red to adhere closely to the values sp in order to av A departure some of these values of condensers or resistors in some of the filters, might result in feed-back instal ‘The power supply section of this fier employs a transformer with a bias tap on the high voltage winding: this supplies negative grid voltage for the out- put tube. Another method for obtaining this voltage would be to use separate dry hatteries, however, the method used in this amplifier is more economical in the long run. ‘Two rectifiers and two filter sys. ‘The 83 mercury vapor the I supply and 82 is used for the “C° It should be noted that load resistor in the C supply is extremely low. A 1000 obi load resistor is employed to permit good regulation and reduce voltage drop appear tems are required fier tube is used ret voltage supplySHORT WAVE MANUAL views show the general me: hanical lay-out of the modulator unit. across the resistor duri flows. periods when his entire unit is built on a 17" 13" x2” 844" x 19" panel. Tt ean be rack mounted or enclosed in a standard cabinet. phone jack, gain control, plat meter and pri ated pilot light, brought out at the rear of the cha: The panel contains the micro- urrent ary switch with its The output terminals are PARTS LIST PARMETAL Parmetal Chassis, 17. x 13x 3" 1—Black Parmecal Panel, 19 x 8 and 3/4” 1 Patt Side Brackets {Parmetal) KENYON TRANSFORMER: T-494 Output «raas. 11-507 Choke 1—T-154 Choke 17-183 Choke 17-255 Input trans, 16 Power trans. TUBES RESE ‘OR: 1/2 wast metalized 1/2 watt metalized L=IRC 3 mes. LOIRE I mes: 1000 ohm 1/2 watt metalized 250,000 ohms 1/2 wart metalized 50,000 ohms 1/2 watt metalized 3000 ohms 1/2 watt metalized ITIRE 20,000 ohm 1/2 watt metalized KC $00,000 ohms 1/2 wate metalized 1—Ward Leonard 507-249 1000 ohm. 25 watt VAR Ward Leonard 507-749 25,000 obm 100 watt VAR. Ward Leonard 507-139 10,000 ohm 50 wart VAR Mallory-¥ 360,000 MP Carbon Con CONDENSERS Cornell-Dub TLA 6040 4 mfds 600 V ‘—Corpell:Dub KR-288 8.8 mids 230 V Cornell-Dub EP $081 8 mids 450 V ‘Cornell-Dub BR 252 25 mids 25 V ell-Dub BR 102 10 mids 25 V ub DT 651 .o1 mfds 600 ub DT 4PL'.1 mids 400 V ELLANEOUS 5—Ampheool sockets 6 prong 2—Amphenol sockets 4 prong lot assembly for 6 watt-110,V bulbs ‘Amphenol CL-PCLM closed ekt, input recep. 1—Amphenol MC 1 F Mic. connector 16 wate 110 V bulb 1S. BYE Togele switch (3 amps? 3=8 poine dummy tugs —Pinel mount fase holder (3 AG) fecdthee iasclatars (Btrabech) n" Dial plate Medium xrid caps A C Line cord with plug Diagrams of the complete modulator and its power supply.28 The HAMMARLUND Antenna tuning unit which can be used to make up Wiring dia- grams show how itean beused with SL RECEIVING and TRANSMITTING ANTENNAS HILE radio signals can be received on almost any piece of wire, care exercised in building @ good antenna sys- tem will pay dividends, For general broad- cast and short wave reception, a single wire about 75 feet long seems to give best aalta, Bor sevcptend exc sop pastcnler short wave band, the doublet is perhaps the simplest and most generally used; and it is very effective. This latter type is ‘The flat top or main wire of the doublet should be !y wave length long. A convenient formula for calculating this length 468 /freq.(me) For example, a 20 meter antenna (14 me.) should be 33.42 feet long. This is then cut in the center and fitted with a special twisted pair transmission line. In attach- ing this type of lead-in, the two terminals the antenna should be separated from 12 to 16 inches, and the lead-in wires should be spread to form a triangle having all sides tely 16 Make sure the hetter grade material is used for the lead in. Poor quality here will result in inferior performance particularly during damp weather. “Transmitting Antennas” More complicated antennas are usually employed for transmitting, but here too, the simplest perform consistently well and it is advisable for the beginner to avoid the complicated antennas, until he is well up ou his theory. The doublet described above is best suited where break-in or duplex operation is desired. There is less interfer- ence due to the feeders not radiating in or near the operating room. When a similar type antenna is used for receiving and they are separated several wave lengths, fine results will be experienced. Another simple transmitting antenna is one with a single wire feeder. This feeder is connected to the antenna at a point re- moved slightly from the center of the flat top. Care should be taken not to create sharp bends in the lead-in and it should be kept well away from alll trees, metal roofs, ete. The distance from the center of the flat top to the point where the feeder isSHORT WAVE MANUAL 29 14 per cent of the total length of the flat top and is the same for cach of the impor- tant amateur bands. A single wire feeder can be tapped on the plate coil of the trans- miter through a blocking condenser or it can be coupled through a tuning unit. ye was when nearly every amateur used the Zepp antenna. This is also shown in the drawing. In eases where the feeders are an odd number of quarter waves long, the tuning condensers should be connected in series. An even number of quarter wave lengths im the feeding system requires parallel tuning There are many other types of imped- ance matehed antennas, but these require technical knowledge and equipment to get thom operating properly and the beginner Il do well to use the simple forms of an- tennas, at leaet until bis experience fits him for the more complicated systems. The drawings chow a number of methods for connecting antennas and many methods for tuning them, Most of the diagrams are self-explanatory or are covered in the caption. In many locations, cirenmstances_will ate the type of antenna to use. How- ever, there are a few simple rules which can be followed for all locations: First, [fe wavetencTo the antenna should be well in the clear and away from all surrounding objects. Second, it should be as high as possible and third, all connections should be thoroughly sol- dered. Many amateurs prefer #12 solid ‘enameled copper wire. Usually this type of wire is difficult to handle and many kinks will remain in the wire, particularly in cases where masts arc not strong enongh to permit the antenna to be pulled sulliciently tight to remove kinks. Stranded wire consisting of 7 strands of #22 will overcome the trouble with kinks and it is much easier to handle. Each strand should be thoroughly cleaned and soldered where a joint is made. ‘The stranded wire works out particularly well in spaced feeder systems where it is difficulr to main- tain tanitness. PARTS LIST HAMMARLUND 2-150 mmi. conds. HEB-130-C 2—Standoft insulators CENTRALAB Rotary Switch, No. 2505 COIL DATA 30.cusas No. 14 enameled wire 2°lnch diameter, spaced £0. 4 length of 3 inches. es 1 cor ae \\ goto oF ‘TOTAL LENGTH Diagrams of various simple antennas with which the beginner may obtain excellent results. A&B do not require a tuning unit, while the others make use of the unit shown on the opposite page. In figure F, the antenna can be any convenient length, preferably a Y% wave-length or more, but it does not have to be any exact length; the tuning unit will bring about a match.30 The HAMMARLUND TRANS- MITTER POWER SUPPLIES High voltage power supply. pA THF GH there is nothing compli- cated about this high yoltage power supply, it is important that good materials should be employed and care should be exercised in wiri The high voltage transformer has three out-put voltages ranging from 1000 to 1500 volts, which are sufficient to cover the requirements of the ze amplifiers described in this book. Since this power supply feeds the last amplifier in the transmitter, filter- ing is not too important. A single choke of good quality with a 2 mf. filter condenser will provide sufficient smoothing to pro- duce a very clear note. ‘The filament sup- ply in the amplifier with which this power supply will be used, should be contained on the chassis with the rest of the power supply equipment. ‘The switch arrange- ment permits the filaments to be heated before the high voltage is applied. This is quite important because if the high voltage high ve Wiring diagram for a high voltage power sup- ply to be used in trans- mitters requiring a thousand or more volts. were to appear across the tubes before the filaments were heated, it is more than likely they would be completely ruined. PARTS LIST KENYON 1—Rect, filament transformer 1—High voltage plate transtormer ‘np. lament transformer $0,000 ohm, 75 we. CORNELL DUB 1—2mt, dykanol, 2000 ¥. ROA 866 rect. tubes PARMETAL x 13 x chassis MISC. sp. st. sogale switch Plate clips for 866 tubes.SHORT WAVE MANUAL 31 we of low voltage will Top vi power supply. 7 work with all tra ters requiring around 400 volts. Low Voltage Supply HIS power supply can be used with any of the low power transmitters, de- seribed in this booklet, or the low power stages of any high power transmitter. The chassis use dard 7” x 13” x 2" steel unit and provides plenty of space for the various parts, Since most of the parts of a power supply become quite hot during operation, it is important to provide ample ventilation, Do not crowd the parts or mount them in an unventilated container ‘or cabinet. While filtering tant power stages, this supply with its single section filter provides sufficient smoothi to produce a clean, crystal clear note from any good transmitter. Remember! it isn’t always the fault of the power supply when the note sounds bad. Spurious oscillation due to poor design of the transmitter ean do more to spoil a signal than ev poorest filter. ‘The single choke with and output condensers will produce exeel- lent results if not abused by overloading. The transformer contains all windings for filament and high volt Drilling dimensions for the low voltage power supply. Sufficient fil- tering ix obtained with one choke and two con- densers. at to the filter, 2 full load voltage rating denser is just about equal to the 400 volt of the secondary of the transfor condenser input it is advisable ‘a mercury vapor reetifier. The 5/3 gives the best results. One very important part of this power supply is the fuse, by all means include a fuse in every power supply you build, it eosts very little and will pay big dividends. Even ifit only saves a tube in case of overload due to a short circuit, you will be way ahead in dollars and cents. er PARTS LIST HAMMARLUND 1-5-4, 4-prong socket 1 RC 000 ohm, $0 wat esistor ‘AEOROVOX 8 me $00 V- electrolytic coos STANCOR Plast, wagtormer No, 4084 fee Filter choke 20 11, 175.ma. No. C-1410 RCA. 1-523 tube MISC, 1—Togegle switch! PARMETAL 1-7" x 13° 2" chassisOrava y eoDeers Vrsizas® ‘3 “on DES