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ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ
ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ
ﺘﻠﻌﺏ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻔﻬـﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔـﺎﻫﻴﻡ
ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ.
ﻴﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﻭﺘﻔﺎﺩﻴﺎ ﻝﻜـل ﺍﻝﺘﺒـﺎﺱ ﻭﻨﻅـﺭﺍ ﻝﻅﻬـﻭﺭ ﺒﻌـﺽ
ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻨﻠﺨﺼﻬﺎ ﻜﻤـﺎ
ﻴﻠﻲ:
.1ﺘﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺘﺤﺩﻴــﺩﺍ ﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ،ﺃﻱ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴـﺘﻁﻴﻊ
ﺃﻥ ﻨﺤﺩﺩ ﻭﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻏﻤﻭﺽ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺌﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ aﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻻ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ E
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺤﻜﻡ ﻭﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻏﻤﻭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﺩﻕ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻘﻀﻴﺘﻴﻥ
a ∈ Eﺃﻭ a ∉ E
) ( ∀x )( x ∈ E ⇒ x ∈ Fﻭﻨﻜﺘﺏ E ⊂ F
ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ
ﻝﺘﻜﻥ Eﻭ Fﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻨﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ Eﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ Fﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺎﻓﺅ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ :
ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻝﻴﺔ
ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ
.1ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ E ⊂ E
ﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ :ﻝﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ﺨﺎﻝﻴﺘﻴﻥ φ1ﻭ φ2ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺤﺴـﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ 2ﻝـﺩﻴﻨﺎ φ1 ⊂ φ2
φ2 ⊂ φ1ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ 3ﻓﺈﻥ φ1 = φ2
ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ:
{
E I F = x / x ∈E ∧ x ∈F }
ﺍﻻﺘﺤﺎﺩ
{
E U F = x / x ∈E ∨ x ∈F }
ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ
{
E − F = x / x ∈E ∧ x ∉F }
ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﻱ
( ( )
E ∆F = E U F − E I F )
ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ
A I φ = φ , A Uφ = A , A I A = A , A U A = A .1
.2ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺩﻴل
. A IB = B IA ,A UB = B UA
.3ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ
. ) ( A IB ) IC = A I ( B IC ) , ( A UB ) UC = A U ( B UC
.4ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ
) (i ) A I ( B UC ) = ( A IB ) U ( A IC
) (ii ) A U ( B IC ) = ( A UB ) I ( A UC
ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ : 2ﻨﺴﻤﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ، Eﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ، Eﻭﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺒــ
) P (E
ﻭ A ∈P E ⇔ A ⊂ E .
) ( ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ } P ( E ) = {A / A ⊂ E
ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ :ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ φ ∈ P E , E ∈ P E
) ( ) (
ﻫﻭ . 2n Eﻫﻭ nﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ) P ( E ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ
C E A = {x / x ∈E ∧ x ∉A } = E − A
ﺨﻭﺍﺹ
} E × F = {( a, b ) / a ∈ E , b ∈ F
ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺹ
.3ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ Eﻫﻭ mﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ Fﻫﻭ nﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ E × Fﻫﻭ m .n
ﻝﺘﻜﻥ Eﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭ } ) {Ai ,i ∈ Iﺤﻴﺙ Iﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﺩﻝﺔ( ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ . E
E = U Ai .1
i ∈I
Ai I A j = φ , i ≠ j
ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ
{ }
.1ﻝﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ . E = 1, 2,3
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺌﻠﺔ }} {{1 } , {2 } , {3ﺘﺸﻜل ﺘﺠﺯﺌﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ E
{
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺌﻠﺔ } {1 } , {2,3ﺘﺸﻜل ﺘﺠﺯﺌﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ E }
= .E .2ﻝﺘﻜﻥ
ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻁﻴﺔ
E ⊂ U Bi
i ∈I
ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ :
{ }
.1ﻝﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ E = 1, 2,3
{
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺌﻠﺔ } {1 } , {2, −1 } , {3 ,4,5ﺘﺸﻜل ﺘﻐﻁﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ E }
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺌﻠﺔ }} {{1,2 } , {4, −1 } , {3 ,4,7ﺘﺸﻜل ﺘﻐﻁﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ E
=E .2ﻝﺘﻜﻥ
ﺘﺸﻜل ﺘﻐﻁﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ E {B n ∈ = −n , n , n } ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺌﻠﺔ