‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺻﺪي ﻣﺮ ح ورﻗﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺮ ﺿﻴﺎت وﻋﻠﻮم اﳌﺎدة‬

‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﺮ ﺿﻴﺎت‬
‫ﻣﺎﺳﱰأﻛﺎدﳝﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺮع‪ :‬ر ﺿﻴﺎت‬
‫اﺧﺘﺼﺎص‪ :‬ﲢﻠﻴﻞ داﱄ‬

‫ﻣﻦ إﻋﺪاد اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪ :‬ﺿﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﺠﺎﱐ‬

‫اﳌﻮﺿﻮع‬

‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﻃﺮق ﺣﻞ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ‬

‫اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻗﺸﺖ ﻳﻮم ‪ 29‬ﻣﺎي ‪ 2017‬ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮف ﳉﻨﺔ اﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬

‫أﺳﺘﺎذ ﳏﺎﺿﺮ‪.‬ب‪ .‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺻﺪي ﻣﺮ ح ورﻗﻠﺔ رﺋﻴﺴﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬

‫أﺳﺘﺎذ ﳏﺎﺿﺮ‪.‬أ‪ .‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺻﺪي ﻣﺮ ح ورﻗﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻌﻴﺪ ﳏﻤﺪ اﻟﺴﻌﻴﺪ‬
‫أﺳﺘﺎذ ﳏﺎﺿﺮ‪.‬أ‪ .‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺻﺪي ﻣﺮ ح ورﻗﻠﺔ ﻣﺸﺮﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﰲ ﻋﻤﺎرﻩ‬
 ‫إﻫﺪاء‬
‫إﱃ اﻟﱵ ﺟﻌﻞ ﷲ اﳉﻨﺔ ﲢﺖ ﻗﺪﻣﻴﻬﺎ وإﱃ ﻣﻦ رﻋﺘﲏ ﺑﻌﻄﻔﻬﺎ وﻏﻤﺮﺗﲏ ﲝﺒﻬﺎ ‪ ,‬إﱃ ﻣﻦ ﳌﺖ ﻷﳌﻲ‬
‫وﻓﺮﺣﺖ ﻟﻔﺮﺣﻲ إﱃ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﺠﺰ اﻟﻠﺴﺎن ﻋﻦ وﺻﻒ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻠﻬﺎ ‪ ,‬إﱃ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﱵ ﲢﻦ اﻟﻌﲔ وﺗﺒﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺮؤﻳﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ,‬إﱃ أﻋﺰ وأﻏﻠﻰ ﺷﻲء أﻣﻠﻜﻪ ﰲ اﻟﻮﺟﻮد‪.‬‬

‫أﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺼﺤﺔ واﻟﻌﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ ﷲ وأﻃﺎل ﰲ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ وأﻣﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫إﱃ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻬﺪ ﱄ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﱃ ﻫﺬا اﳌﺴﺘﻮى ‪ ,‬إﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ راﺣﱵ ﺻﻐﲑا‬
‫وﺣﺮص ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ ﻛﺒﲑا ‪ ,‬إﱃ اﻟﺬي ﱂ ﻳﺒﺨﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ ﺑﺸﻲء ﻳﻮﻣﺎ ‪ ,‬إﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﻗﺐ ﳒﺎﺣﺎﰐ‪.‬‬

‫أﰊ‬
‫ﻟﺼﺤﺔ واﻟﻌﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬‫ﺣﻔﻈﻪ ﷲ وأﻃﺎل ﰲ ﻋﻤﺮﻩ وأﻣﺪﻩ‬
‫إﱃ ﻛﻞ إﺧﻮﰐ وأﺧﻮاﰐ وإﱃ ﲨﻴﻊ اﻷﻗﺎرب‪.‬‬
‫إﱃ ﻛﻞ أﺻﺤﺎﰊ و أﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻲ وﺧﺎﺻﺔ رﻓﻘﺎء اﻟﺪرب ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻴﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫زوﺑﲑ ‪ -‬أﺳﺎﻣﺔ‪ -‬ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ‪-‬ﻋﻠﻲ‪-‬‬
‫إﱃ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﲏ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ أو ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ح ورﻗﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وإﱃ ﻛﻞ أﺳﺎﺗﺬة وﻃﻠﺒﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺻﺪي ﻣﺮ‬

‫‪i‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻜﺮ وﻋﺮﻓﺎن‬
‫اﻟﻠﻬﻢ ﻟﻚ اﳊﻤﺪ ﲪﺪا ﻛﺜﲑا ﻃﻴﺒﺎ ﻣﺒﺎرﻛﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ‪ ,‬ﻣﻞء اﻟﺴﻤﻮات وﻣﻞء اﻷرض ‪ ,‬وﻣﻞء ﻣﺎ ﺷﺌﺖ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺷﻲء ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ ,‬أﻫﻞ اﻟﺜﻨﺎء وا ﺪ ‪ ,‬أﺣﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎل اﻟﻌﺒﺪ ‪ ,‬وﻛﻠﻨﺎ ﻟﻚ ﻋﺒﺪ ‪ ,‬أﺷﻜﺮك رﰊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻌﻤﻚ‬
‫اﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪ ‪ ,‬وآﻻﺋﻚ اﻟﱵ ﻻ ﲢﺪ ‪ ,‬أﲪﺪك رﰊ وأﺷﻜﺮك ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﻳﺴﺮت ﱄ إﲤﺎم ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺟﻪ اﻟﺬي أرﺟﻮ أن ﺗﺮﺿﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻋﲏ‪.‬‬
‫ﰒ أﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻟﺸﻜﺮ إﱃ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻬﺪ ﱄ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ أﺳﺘﺎذي وﻣﺸﺮﰲ اﻟﻔﺎﺿﻞ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎرﻩ ﻗﺮﰲ‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﻟﻪ اﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﺎ ‪ -‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ‪ -‬ﰲ اﳌﺬﻛﺮة ﻣﻨﺬ أن ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﳎﺮد ﻓﻜﺮة ﺗﺮاود أذﻫﺎﻧﻨﺎ إﱃ أن‬
‫ﺻﺎرت ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎ ﰒ رﺳﺎﻟﺔ‪ ,‬ﻓﻠﻪ ﻣﲏ ﻛﻞ اﻟﺸﻜﺮ واﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ واﻟﻌﺮﻓﺎن‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ أﻗﺪم ﺷﻜﺮي ﰲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻴﻮم إﱃ أﺳﺎﺗﺬﰐ اﳌﻮﻗﺮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﳉﻨﺔ اﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ر ﺳﺘﺎ ﰲ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ ﻋﺴﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ وﻋﻀﻮا ﰲ اﻷﺳﺘﺎذ اﻟﺴﻌﻴﺪ ﳏﻤﺪ اﻟﺴﻌﻴﺪ ﻟﺘﻔﻀﻠﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻘﺒﻮل ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ‪,‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﻢ أﻫﻞ ﻟﺴﺪ ﺧﻠﻠﻬﺎ وﺗﻘﻮﱘ ﻣﻌﻮﺟﻬﺎ و ﺬﻳﺐ ﻧﺘﻮآ ﺎ واﻹ ﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮاﻃﻦ اﻟﻘﺼﻮر ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﺋﻼ ﷲ اﻟﻜﺮﱘ أن ﻳﺜﻴﺒﻬﻢ ﻋﲏ ﺧﲑا‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﻴﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫وأﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻟﺸﻜﺮ اﳉﺰﻳﻞ إﱃ ﲨﻴﻊ أﺳﺎﺗﺬﰐ اﻟﻔﻀﻼء ﰲ ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﺮ‬

‫‪ii‬‬
 ‫اﶈﺘﻮ ت‬
‫‪i‬‬ ‫إﻫﺪاء‬
‫‪ii‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﺮ وﻋﺮﻓﺎن‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫اﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪:1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬ﻣﺪﺧﻞ إﱃ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ 1.1‬اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ‪. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪ 2.1‬ﺑﻌﺾ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ اﳌﺸﻬﻮرة ‪. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪ 3.1‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ‪. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪ 1.3.1‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ وﺟﻮد اﳊﻞ ﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ‪. . . . . . . . . . . .‬‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪ 2‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﻃﺮاﺋﻖ ﺣﻞ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ‬

‫‪ 1.2‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‬‬
‫‪ 1.1.2‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﳊﺴﺎب اﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ‪6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‬‬
‫‪ 2.1.2‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ إﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ‪8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‬‬
‫‪ 3.1.2‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ)‪10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Adomian‬‬
‫‪ 4.1.2‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﻴﻜﺎرد ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ اﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ ‪12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‬‬
‫‪ 2.2‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ اﳌﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ‪14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‬‬
‫‪ 1.2.2‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﳊﺴﺎب اﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ‪15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‬‬
‫‪ 3.2‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻷول ‪17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‬‬
‫‪ 1.3.2‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ إﱃ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ ‪17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‬‬
‫‪ 2.3.2‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻩ اﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ) ‪19 . . ( The Homotopy Perturbation Method‬‬
‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪ 3‬ﲨﻞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ 1.3‬ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺘﲔ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺘﲔ ﻏﲑ ﺧﻄﻴﺘﲔ ﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ ‪22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‬‬
‫‪ 1.1.3‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﳊﺴﺎب اﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ‪22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .‬‬

‫‪iii‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ)‪25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Adomian‬‬ ‫‪2.1.3‬‬
‫‪28‬‬ ‫اﳋﺎﲤﺔ‬
‫‪29‬‬ ‫اﳌﺼﺎدر‬

‫‪iv‬‬
 ‫اﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫إن ﻇﻬﻮر ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن ﳊﺎﺟﺔ اﻟﺮ ﺿﻴﺎﺗﻴﲔ إﱃ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ اﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﰲ اﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺮ ﺿﻴﺔ وﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬
‫اﻻﻫﺘﺰازات ﰲ اﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﺎن أول ﻣﻦ أﻟﻒ ﰲ ﻫﺬا ا ﺎل ﻓﻴﺘﻮ ﻓﻮﻟﺘﲑا ‪ Vito Volterra‬ﰲ أواﺧﺮ اﻟﻘﺮن ‪19‬م‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ وﺿﻊ اﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﳊﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ذﻟﻚ ﳑﺎ ﻣﻬﺪ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ ‪ Fredholm‬ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1900‬م ﻹﻋﻄﺎء ﺣﻞ ﳍﺬﻩ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت وﻓﺘﺢ واﺳﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬا ا ﺎل ﺣﻴﺚ ﻇﻬﺮت ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ أﻧﻮاع ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟﻐﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺬا ﺳﻨﺤﺎول ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ اﳌﺬﻛﺮة إﻋﻄﺎء ﺑﻌﺾ اﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ وﻃﺮق اﳊﻞ اﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ وﺳﻨﺒﺘﻌﺪ ﻗﺪر‬
‫اﻹﻣﻜﺎن ﻋﻦ اﳉﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﻨﻈﺮي اﻟﺒﺤﺖ وﻧﻜﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ دون أن ﳔﻞ ﻟﺪﻗﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن اﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ‬
‫اﳌﺄﺧﺬ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﻘﺪم ﰲ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول ﻟﻔﺘﻪ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ إﱃ أن ﻧﺘﺪرج إﱃ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ)ﺻﻠﺐ ﲝﺜﻨﺎ( أﻣﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ وﻫﻮ اﻷﻫﻢ ﺳﻮف ﻧﺘﻄﺮق إﱃ ﻃﺮق ﺣﻞ‬
‫ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﻔﻴﻬﺎ اﻷول و اﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﳌﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ وﻏﲑ اﳌﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‪ ,‬أﻣﺎ ﰲ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺳﻨﺘﻄﺮق إﱃ ﲨﻞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ وﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ إﳚﺎد ﺣﻠﻮﳍﺎ‪.‬‬
‫إن اﻟﺸﻲء اﳉﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺬي ﻗﺪ ﻧﻀﻴﻔﻪ ﰲ ﲝﺜﻨﺎ ﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ وذﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ وﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺣﻠﻮﳍﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﳍﺬا اﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻌﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻨﻮﻩ ﻫﻨﺎ ن اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻃﺮق ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺄﻟﻮﻓﺔ أﻣﺎ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﻧﺴﻖ واﺣﺪ ﻟﻠﺤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫وﰲ اﻷﺧﲑ ﻧﺮﺟﻮ أن ﻧﻜﻮن ﻗﺪ وﻓﻘﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻫﺬا اﳌﻮﺿﻮع اﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ واﻟﺬي ﻳﻜﺘﺴﻲ أﳘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ اﳌﻴﺎدﻳﻦ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ اﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ)اﻻﻫﺘﺰازات( و اﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺮي‪ ،‬واﳊﻘﻮل ذات اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺮ ﺿﻴﺔ‪..،‬اﱁ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻞ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻔﻴﺪة ﻟﻠﻄﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳍﻢ اﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﻫﺬا ا ﺎل‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪1‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ إﱃ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ‬
‫ﲤﻬﻴﺪ‬
‫ﰲ أﺣﻴﺎن ﻛﺜﲑة ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻨﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻴﺰ ﺋﻴﺔ أن ﻣﻔﺘﺎح ﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺣﻞ ﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪1.1‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪1.1‬‬
‫اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ا ﻬﻮل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ داﻟﺔ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺮﻣﺰ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪ u, φ‬أو ﺣﺮف آﺧﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ا ﻬﻮﻟﺔ داﺧﻞ رﻣﺰ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ وﻗﺪ ﺗﻀﺎف إﱃ ﺧﺎرﺟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﺣﻼ ﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ )‪ (E‬ﰲ ﳎﺎل ‪ I‬ﻛﻞ داﻟﺔ ‪ u‬ﲢﻘﻖ )‪ (E‬ﰲ ‪.I‬‬
‫وﺗﻜﻮن ﰲ ﺻﻮر ﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫b‬‬
‫= )‪f (x‬‬ ‫‪k(x, t)F (u(t))dt‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫أو‬
‫‪∫b‬‬
‫‪u(x) = f (x) + λ k(x, t)F (u(t))dt‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫ﺑﺖ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈذا ﻛﺎن ‪) b = x‬ﻣﺘﻐﲑ( ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﻮﻟﺘﲑا اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ أﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎن‬
‫ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ وﻫﻲ ﳏﻞ دراﺳﺘﻨﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺎت‬
‫‪ u .1‬ﻫﻲ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ا ﻬﻮﻟﺔ واﻟﱵ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ .2.1‬ﺑﻌﺾ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ اﳌﺸﻬﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪.1‬‬

‫‪ f .2‬ﻫﻲ داﻟﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ا ﺎل ]‪ [a, b‬وﻫﻲ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﻧﻔﺲ دور داﻟﺔ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﰲ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ k .3‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻧﻮاة اﳊﺎﻟﺔ وﻫﻲ داﻟﺔ ذات ﻣﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﳌﺮﺑﻊ ]‪.D = [a, b] × [a, b‬‬
‫‪ λ .4‬ﺑﺖ وﻳﺴﻤﻰ وﺳﻴﻂ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ F .5‬داﻟﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﰲ )‪u(t‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﲰﻴﺖ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﻐﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻷن اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ا ﻬﻮﻟﺔ ‪ u‬ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻣﻦ داﻟﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ‪. F‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‪:‬‬
‫‪∫b‬‬
‫= )‪F (t) = exp(t) → f (x‬‬ ‫‪k(x, t) exp(u(t))dt‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺾ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ اﳌﺸﻬﻮرة‬ ‫‪2.1‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪة أﺷﻜﺎل ﻣﻦ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ أﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺮﻳﺸﺘﲔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪2.2‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺮﻳﺸﺘﲔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫∫‬
‫∗‪µu(x) = f (x) + λ k(x, t)F (t, u(t))dt, D ∈ Rn , n ∈ N‬‬
‫‪D‬‬

‫وﳕﻴﺰ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪µ = 0:1‬‬
‫‪∫x‬‬
‫‪µ = 0 → −f (x) = λ‬‬ ‫‪k(x, t)F (t, u(t))dt‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫وﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻷﺧﲑة ﲟﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺮﻳﺸﺘﲔ‪-‬ﻓﻮﻟﺘﲑا اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻷول‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪µ = 1:2‬‬
‫‪∫x‬‬
‫‪µ = 1 → u(x) = f (x) + λ k(x, t)F (t, u(t))dt‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫وﻫﻲ أﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺮﻳﺸﺘﲔ‪-‬ﻓﻮﻟﺘﲑا اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﺪ أ ﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪.‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫‪ .2.1‬ﺑﻌﺾ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ اﳌﺸﻬﻮرة‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪.1‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ‪-‬ﻓﻮﻟﺘﲑا اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪2.3‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ‪-‬ﻓﻮﻟﺘﲑا اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة‪:‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪∫t‬‬
‫¯‬ ‫¯‬ ‫¯‬
‫)‪µu(x̄, t) + λ k(x̄ − ξ, ȳ − s̄)F (t, u(ξ, s̄))dξds̄ + λ G(t, T )u(x̄, ȳ, T )dT = f (x̄, ȳ, t‬‬
‫‪Ω‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫) ‪x̄ = (x1 , x2 , x3 , ..., xn ), t̄ = (t1 , t2 , t3 , ..., tn‬‬

‫ﻣﻊ ‪ Ω‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﲎ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻳﻮرﺷﻮن‪-‬ﻓﻮﻟﺘﲑا اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪2.4‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻳﻮرﺷﻮن‪-‬ﻓﻮﻟﺘﲑا اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫x‬‬
‫∞‪µu(x) = f (x) + λ k(x, t, u(t))dt, 0 6 x 6 T < +‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫وﳕﻴﺰ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺛﻼث ﺣﺎﻻت ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪µ = 0:1‬‬
‫‪∫x‬‬
‫‪µ = 0 → −f (x) = λ k(x, t, u(t))dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫وﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻳﻮرﺷﻮن‪-‬ﻓﻮﻟﺘﲑا اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻷول‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪µ = cet ̸= 0:2‬‬
‫‪∫x‬‬
‫‪µ = cet ̸= 0 → u(x) = f (x) + λ‬‬ ‫‪k(x, t, u(t))dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫وﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻳﻮرﺷﻮن‪-‬ﻓﻮﻟﺘﲑا اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪µ = µ(x):3‬‬
‫‪∫x‬‬
‫‪µ = µ(x) → µ(x)u(x) = f (x) + λ k(x, t, u(t))dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫وﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻳﻮرﺷﻮن‪-‬ﻓﻮﻟﺘﲑا اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪.‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫‪ .3.1‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪.1‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺎذة ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪2.5‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻛﻮﺷﻲ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﺎذة ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫∫‬
‫)‪u(t‬‬
‫)‪a(x)u(x) + b(x‬‬ ‫‪dt +‬‬ ‫)‪F (x, t, u(t))dt = f (x‬‬
‫‪t−x‬‬
‫‪Γ‬‬ ‫‪Γ‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ‪ b , a‬و ‪ f‬دوال ﻣﻌﻄﺎة ﰲ ‪ x‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ‪ u‬داﻟﺔ ﳎﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪3.1‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪3.6‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫b‬‬
‫‪u(x) = f (x) + λ‬‬ ‫‪k(x, t)F (u(t))dt‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫وﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ وﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ أﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ f = 0‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪∫b‬‬
‫*اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ‪ f (x) = k(x, t)F (u(t))dt‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻷول‪.‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ وﺟﻮد اﳊﻞ ﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪1.3.1‬‬

‫ﳝﻜﻦ إﻋﺎدة ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻛﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫b‬‬
‫‪u(x) = f (x) + λ G(x, t, u(t))dt‬‬ ‫)‪(1.1‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫إذا ﻛﺎن‪:‬‬
‫‪ f .1‬داﻟﺔ ﳏﺪودة ﻋﻠﻰ ا ﺎل ]‪ [a, b‬أي‪∃ R > 0, ∀ x ∈ [a, b] →|f (x)| < R :‬‬

‫‪ G .2‬داﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ و ﳏﺪودة ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ ﻛﻞ ‪ a ≤ x, t ≤ b‬أي‪∃ K > 0, ∀ x, t ∈ [a, b ]→|G(x, t, u(t))| < K :‬‬

‫‪ .3‬اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ‪ G‬ﲢﻘﻖ ﺷﺮط ﻟﺒﺸﻴﺘﺰ ﺑﺜﺎﺑﺖ ‪ M‬أي‪:‬‬

‫| ‪|G(x, t, z2 ) − G(x, t, z1 )| < M |z2 − z1‬‬

‫ﰲ ا ﺎل ] ‪.[a, b‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈن اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (1.1‬ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ ﺣﻼ‬

‫اﻟﱪﻫﺎن‪:‬‬
‫أﻧﻈﺮ إﱃ ]‪[2‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪2‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﻃﺮاﺋﻖ ﺣﻞ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ‬
‫اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫‪1.2‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﻔﺘﺘﺢ دراﺳﺘﻨﺎ ﲟﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ واﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫b‬‬
‫‪u(x) = f (x) + λ‬‬ ‫‪k(x, t)F (u(t))dt‬‬ ‫)‪(1.2‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫‪F‬‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ ‪ k‬و ‪ f‬دوال ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻄﺎﻩ و ‪ λ‬وﺳﻴﻂ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪ ,‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ‪ u‬ﻫﻲ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ا ﻬﻮﻟﺔ واﻟﱵ ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ واﻟﺪاﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻲ داﻟﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ‪ ,‬وﺳﻨﻮﻇﻒ ﻫﻨﺎ أرﺑﻌﺔ ﻃﺮق ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺣﻞ ﻫﻜﺬا ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت‪ ,‬ﻧﺒﺘﺪئ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﳊﺴﺎب اﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﰒ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ إﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ وﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﳕﺮ إﱃ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ )‪ (Adomian‬وﳔﺘﻢ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﻴﻜﺎرد ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫اﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1.1.2‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﳊﺴﺎب اﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﱵ ﲤﻠﻚ أﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﻠﺔ أي أن ﻧﻮا ﺎ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫∑‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫= )‪k(x, t‬‬ ‫)‪gi (x)hi (t‬‬ ‫)‪(2.2‬‬
‫‪i=1‬‬

‫وﻛﺄﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻷﻧﻮﻳﺔ اﳌﻨﺤﻠﺔ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪x − t, x3 − t3 , xt4 + x4 t......‬‬
‫ﺳﻨﻘﺪم اﻵن ﺷﺮﺣﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺰا ﳍﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
‫‪ .1.2‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪.2‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﺮح‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ )‪(1.2‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ )‪ (2.2‬ﰲ )‪ (1.2‬ﳒﺪ‬
‫∑( ‪∫b‬‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫)‬
‫‪u(x) = f (x) + λ‬‬ ‫‪gi (x)hi (t) F (u(t))dt‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪i=1‬‬

‫‪∫b‬‬
‫‪u(x) = f (x) + λ‬‬ ‫‪[g1 (x)h1 (t) + g2 (x)h2 (t) + g3 (x)h3 (t) + ... + gn (x)hn (t)] F (u(t))dt‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫‪∫b‬‬ ‫‪∫b‬‬ ‫‪∫b‬‬ ‫‪∫b‬‬

‫‪u(x) = f (x)+λg1 (x) h1 (t)F (u(t))dt+λg2 (x) h2 (t)F (u(t))dt+λg3 (x) h3 (t)F (u(t))dt+...+λgn (x) hn (t)F (u(t))dt‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬

‫ﻧﻀﻊ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫b‬‬ ‫‪∫b‬‬ ‫‪∫b‬‬ ‫‪∫b‬‬
‫= ‪c1‬‬ ‫= ‪h1 (t)F (u(t))dt, c2‬‬ ‫= ‪h2 (t)F (u(t))dt, c3‬‬ ‫= ‪h3 (t)F (u(t))dt, ..., cn‬‬ ‫‪hn (t)F (u(t))dt‬‬ ‫)‪(3.2‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬

‫ﻟﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫)‪u(x) = f (x) + λc1 g1 (x) + λc2 g2 (x) + λc3 g3 (x) + ... + λcn gn (x‬‬ ‫)‪(4.2‬‬
‫ﻧﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻼت ‪ c1 , c2 , c3 ...cn‬ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ )‪ (4.2‬ﰲ )‪ (3.2‬ﰒ ﻧﻌﻮض ﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ اﶈﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ )‪(4.2‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﺠﺪ أﺧﲑا اﳊﻞ ‪.u‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫ﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﳊﺴﺎب اﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺣﻞ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫√ ‪∫1‬‬
‫‪u(x) = 1 + λ‬‬ ‫‪u(t)dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫اﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻧﻀﻊ‪/:‬‬
‫√ ‪∫1‬‬
‫=‪c‬‬ ‫‪u(t) dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪u(x) = 1 + λc‬‬
‫‪∫1‬‬
‫√‬
‫=‪c‬‬ ‫‪1 + λc dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫√‬
‫=‪c‬‬ ‫‪1 + λc‬‬

‫‪7‬‬
‫‪ .1.2‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪.2‬‬

‫ﺑﱰﺑﻴﻊ اﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪c = 1 + λc‬‬
‫‪c − λc − 1 = 0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫)‪∆ = λ2 − 4(1)(−1‬‬
‫√‬ ‫√‬
‫‪∆ = λ2 + 4 > 0, ∆ = λ2 + 4‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫√‬ ‫(‬ ‫√‬ ‫)‬ ‫√‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪λ − λ2 + 4‬‬ ‫‪λ − λ2 + 4‬‬ ‫)‪2 + λ(λ − λ2 + 4‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫= ‪c1‬‬ ‫‪→u1 (x) = 1 + λ‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫√‬ ‫(‬ ‫√‬ ‫)‬ ‫√‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪λ+ λ +4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪λ+ λ +4‬‬ ‫)‪2 + λ(λ + λ2 + 4‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫= ‪c2‬‬ ‫‪→u2 (x) = 1 + λ‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫{‬ ‫√‬ ‫√‬ ‫}‬
‫)‪2 + λ(λ − λ2 + 4) 2 + λ(λ + λ2 + 4‬‬
‫=‪S‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ إﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪2.1.2‬‬

‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ )‪(1.2‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺮض أن اﳊﻞ ‪ u‬ﻳﻜﺘﺐ وﻓﻖ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ أي‪:‬‬
‫∑‬
‫= )‪u(x‬‬ ‫‪an xn‬‬ ‫)‪(5.2‬‬
‫‪n≥0‬‬

‫ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ اﻟﻔﺮض )‪ (5.2‬ﰲ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (1.2‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫∑‬ ‫‪∫b‬‬ ‫∑‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫( ‪an x = T (f (x)) + λ k(x, t)F‬‬ ‫‪an tn )dt‬‬
‫‪n≥0‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪n≥0‬‬

‫‪f‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‪ T (f ) :‬ﻳﺮﻣﺰ إﱃ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺗﻴﻠﻮر ﻟﻠﺪاﻟﺔ‬

‫و ﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫b‬‬
‫‪a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + ... = T (f (x)) + λ k(x, t)F (a0 + a1 t + a2 t2 + ...)dt‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫‪u‬‬ ‫وﺑﻌﺪ اﳌﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ واﻟﺘﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﰒ اﳌﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﳒﺪ اﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼت ‪ a0 , a1 , a2 , ...‬ﰒ ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﻀﻬﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻔﺮض )‪ (5.2‬ﻟﻨﺠﺪ اﳊﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺸﻮر وﻓﻖ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫ﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺴﻼﺳﻞ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺣﻞ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪2357 892‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= )‪u(x‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪x − x2 − x3 +‬‬ ‫‪(x − t)u3 (t)dt‬‬
‫‪2310 945‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪8‬‬
‫ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬.1.2 .2 ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬

/:‫اﳊﻞ‬
:‫ﻧﻔﺮض أن‬
∑
u(x) = an xn = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + ..
n≥0

2357 892 1 ∫1 [ ]3
a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + .. = + x − x2 − x3 + (x − t) a0 + a1 t + a2 t2 + a3 t3 + ... dt
2310 945 18 0
2357 892 1 ∫
1 [ ]
a0 +a1 x+a2 x2 +a3 x3 .. = + x−x2 −x3 + (x−t) a30 + 3a20 a1 t + (3a0 a21 + 3a20 a2 )t2 + (a31 + 6a1 a2 a0 + 3a3 a20 )t3 d
2310 945 18 0
2357 892 1 ∫1 [ 3 ]
a0 +a1 x+a2 x2 +a3 x3 .. = + x−x2 −x3 + x a0 + 3a20 a1 t + (3a0 a21 + 3a20 a2 )t2 + (a31 + 6a1 a2 a0 + 3a3 a20 )t3 dt
2310 945 18 0
1 ∫1 [ 3 ]
− a0 t + 3a20 a1 t2 + (3a0 a21 + 3a20 a2 )t3 + (a31 + 6a1 a2 a0 + 3a3 a20 )t4 dt
18 0 [ ]
2 3 2357 892 1 3 3 2 2 2 1 3 3 3 2
a0 + a1 x + a2 x + a3 x .. = + x + x a0 + a0 a1 + a0 a1 + a0 a2 + a1 + a1 a2 a0 + a3 a0
2310 [945 18 2 4 2 ] 4
1 1 3 3 3 1 6 3
− a + a20 a1 + a0 a21 + a20 a2 + a31 + a1 a2 a0 + a3 a20 − x2 − x3
18 2 0 4 4 5 5 5
[ ]
2357 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 3
a0 +a1 x+a2 x +a3 x .. = − a − a a1 − a0 a1 − a0 a2 − a1 − a1 a2 a0 − a3 a0
3 2 2 2 3 2

[ 2310 36 0 18 0 24 24 90 15 ] 30
892 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 1 1
+ + a + a a1 + a0 a1 + a0 a2 + a1 + a1 a2 a0 + a3 a0 x − x2 − x3
2 2
945 18 0 12 0 18 18 72 12 24
:‫ﳌﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﳒﺪ‬

 2310 −
a0 = 2357 − − − − − −
1 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 2

 36 a0 18 a0 a1 24 a0 a1 24 a0 a2 90 a1 15 a1 a2 a0 30 a3 a0





 a1 = 892 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 2

 945 + 18 a0 + 12 a0 a1 + 18 a0 a1 + 18 a0 a2 + 72 a1 + 12 a1 a2 a0 + 24 a3 a0


a2 = −1







 a3 = −1





an = 0, ∀n > 4

:‫اﳉﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﳒﺪ‬


‫ ﰲ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺘﲔ اﻷوﱃ واﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬a3 = −1 ‫ و‬a2 = −1 ‫ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻤﱵ‬
 a0 = 2357
2310 − 1 3
36 a0 − 1 2
18 a0 a1 − 1 2
24 a0 a1 + 1 2
24 a0 − 1 3
90 a1 + 1
15 a1 a0 + 1 2
30 a0


a1 = 892
945 + 1 3
18 a0 + 1 2
12 a0 a1 + 1 2
18 a0 a1 − 1 2
18 a0 a2 + 1 3
72 a1 − 1
12 a1 a0 − 1 2
24 a0
‫وﲝﻞ اﳉﻤﻠﺔ اﻷﺧﲑة ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
a0 = a1 = 1
:‫اﳋﻼﺻﺔ‬
a0 = a1 = 1, a2 = a3 = −1, an = 0, ∀n > 4

u(x) = 1 + x − x2 − x3 ‫ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ اﳌﻌﻄﺎة ﻫﻮ‬u ‫واﳊﻞ‬

{ }
S = 1 + x − x2 − x3

9
‫‪ .1.2‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪.2‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ)‪(Adomian‬‬ ‫‪3.1.2‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ )‪(1.2‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺮض أن‪:‬‬
‫∑‬ ‫∑‬
‫= )‪u(x‬‬ ‫)‪un (x‬‬ ‫= ))‪F (u(t‬‬ ‫)‪An (t‬‬ ‫)‪(6.2‬‬
‫‪n≥0‬‬ ‫‪n≥0‬‬

‫‪[ ( n‬‬ ‫])‬ ‫ﲝﻴﺚ‪:‬‬

‫‪1 dn‬‬ ‫∑‬
‫= )‪An (t‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬
‫)‪λ ui (t‬‬ ‫‪n∈N‬‬
‫‪n! dλn‬‬ ‫‪i=0‬‬ ‫‪λ=0‬‬

‫ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ )‪ (6.2‬ﰲ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (1.2‬ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫∑‬ ‫‪∫b‬‬ ‫∑‬
‫)‪un (x) = f (x) + λ k(x, t‬‬ ‫‪An (t)dt‬‬
‫‪n≥0‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪n≥0‬‬

‫واﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫))‪(un (x‬‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻌﺘﱪ اﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﱰاﺟﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪u0 (x) = f (x‬‬
‫= ))‪(un (x‬‬ ‫‪∫b‬‬
‫‪ un+1 (x) = λ k(x, t)An (t)dt‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫‪u‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺴﺎب اﳊﺪود اﻷوﱃ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﱰاﺟﻌﻴﺔ ))‪ (un (x‬وﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﻬﺎ ﰲ )‪ (6.2‬ﳒﺪ اﳊﻞ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫ﺣﻞ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ )‪: (Adomian‬‬
‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪u(x) = 4 + λ‬‬ ‫‪tu2 (t)dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫اﳊﻞ‪/:‬‬
‫∑‬ ‫∑‬
‫ﻧﻔﺮض أن‪:‬‬
‫= )‪u(x‬‬ ‫)‪un (x‬‬ ‫= )‪u2 (t‬‬ ‫)‪An (t‬‬
‫‪n≥0‬‬ ‫‪n≥0‬‬

‫(‪‬‬ ‫‪)2 ‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ أن‬
‫‪1 dn‬‬ ‫∑‬‫‪n‬‬
‫= )‪An (t‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪λi ui (t) ‬‬
‫‪n! dλn‬‬ ‫‪i=0‬‬
‫‪λ=0‬‬

‫ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ اﻟﻔﺮض ﰲ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ اﳌﻌﻄﺎة ﳒﺪ‪:‬‬

‫∑‬ ‫∑ ‪∫1‬‬
‫‪un (x) = 4 + λ‬‬ ‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪An (t)dt‬‬
‫‪n≥0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪n≥0‬‬

‫‪10‬‬
‫ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬.1.2 .2 ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬


:‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬
 u0 (x) = 4
(un (x)) = ∫
1
 un+1 (x) = λ tAn (t)dt
0

∫1
u1 (x) = λ tA0 (t)dt , A0 (t) = u20 (t)
0

∫1
u1 (x) = λ tu20 (t)dt
0

∫1
u1 (x) = λ t(4)2 dt
0

∫1
u1 (x) = λ 16tdt
0

u1 (x) = 8λ
∫1
u2 (x) = λ tA1 (t)dt , A1 (t) = 2u0 (t)u1 (t)
0

∫1
u2 (x) = λ t(2u0 (t)u1 (t))dt
0

∫1
u2 (x) = λ t(2 × 4 × 8λ)dt
0

∫1
u2 (x) = λ 64λt
0

u2 (x) = 32λ2
∫1
u3 (x) = λ tA2 (t)dt , A2 (t) = 2u0 (t)u2 (t) + u21 (t)
0

∫1
u3 (x) = λ t(2u0 (t)u2 (t) + u21 (t))dt
0

∫1
u3 (x) = λ t(2 × 4 × 32λ2 + 64λ2 )dt
0

∫1
u3 (x) = λ 320λ2 t
0

11
‫‪ .1.2‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪.2‬‬

‫‪u3 (x) = 160λ3‬‬

‫‪∫1‬‬
‫)‪u4 (x) = λ tA3 (t)dt , A3 (t) = 2u0 (t)u3 (t) + 2u1 (t)u2 (t‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪u4 (x) = λ t(2u0 (t)u3 (t) + 2u1 (t)u2 (t))dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪u4 (x) = λ t(2(4)(160λ3 ) + 2(8λ)(32λ2 ))dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪u4 (x) = λ 1792λ3 t‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪u4 (x) = 896λ4‬‬

‫اﳋﻼﺻﺔ‪/:‬‬
‫اﳊﻞ ﻫﻮ‪:‬‬
‫‪u(x) = 4 + 8λ + 32λ2 + 160λ3 + 896λ4 + ...‬‬
‫{‬
‫} ‪S = 4 + 8λ + 32λ2 + 160λ3 + 896λ4 + ...‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﻴﻜﺎرد ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ اﳌﺘﻌﺎﻗﺐ‬ ‫‪4.1.2‬‬

‫ﰲ أﺣﻴﺎن ﻛﺜﲑة ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻠﻨﺎ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻌﺬر ﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ,‬ﻟﺬا ﻗﺪ ﻧﻠﺠﺄ إﱃ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻜﺮارﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻨﺎ اﳊﻞ ‪ u‬إن وﺟﺪ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﺮح اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ )‪(1.2‬‬
‫ﳔﺘﺎر ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﺑﺘﺪاﺋﻴﺔ )‪ u0 (x‬وﻧﻌﺘﱪﻫﺎ ﻛﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ أوﱄ ﻟﻨﺠﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫b‬‬
‫‪u1 (x) = f (x) + λ‬‬ ‫‪k(x, t)F (u0 (t))dt‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫‪ u1‬ﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ اﻷول ﻟ ـ ‪ u‬وﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻧﻌﻮض ﺑ ـ ‪ u1‬ﰲ اﻟﻄﺮف اﻷﳝﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (1.2‬ﻓﻨﺠﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫b‬‬
‫‪u2 (x) = f (x) + λ‬‬ ‫‪k(x, t)F (u1 (t))dt‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫‪n+1‬‬ ‫وﻫﻜﺬا دواﻟﻴﻚ إﱃ أن ﳒﺪ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﱰاﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ‬

‫‪∫b‬‬
‫‪un+1 (x) = f (x) + λ k(x, t)F (un (t))dt‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫‪u1 , u2 , u3 , ..., un‬‬ ‫و ﻜﺬا ﻧﻜﻮن ﻗﺪ ﲢﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ دوال ﻣﻦ اﳊﻠﻮل اﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬.1.2 .2 ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
:‫إﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﻴﻜﺎرد ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ اﳌﺘﺘﺎﱄ ﰲ ﺣﻞ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
∫1
1 1
u(x) = xe − x
(3 + e2 )x + xtu2 (t)dt
288 36
0

/:‫اﳊﻞ‬

:‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬
 u0 (x) = 1
(un (x)) = ∫1
 un+1 (x) = xex − 1
288 (3 + e2 )x + 1
36 xtu2n (t)dt
0

(un (x)) ‫ﳓﺴﺐ اﳊﺪود اﻷوﱃ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﱰاﺟﻌﻴﺔ‬

∫1
1 1
u1 (x) = xe − x
(3 + e2 )x + xtu20 (t)dt
288 36
0

∫1
1 1
u1 (x) = xe −x
(3 + e2 )x + xtdt
288 36
0

1 1
u1 (x) = xex − (3 + e2 )x + x
288 72

u1 (x) = xex − 0.022184222x

∫1
1 1
u2 (x) = xe − x
(3 + e2 )x + xtu21 (t)dt
288 36
0

∫1
1 1
u2 (x) = xe −x
(3 + e2 )x + xt(tet − 0.022184222t)2 dt
288 36
0

∫1
1 1
u2 (x) = xe − x
(3 + e )x + x t(t2 e2t − 0.044368444t2 et + 0.000492139t2 )dt
2
288 36
0

∫1
1 1
u2 (x) = xe −x
(3 + e )x + x (t3 e2t − 0.044368444t3 et + 0.000493139t3 )dt
2
288 36
0

[ ]1
1 1 1 3 3 3
u2 (x) = xex − (3+e2 )x+ x ( t3 − t2 + t − )e2t − 0.044368444(t3 − 3t2 + 6t − 6)et + 0.000123284t4
288 36 2 4 4 8 0

[ ]
1 1 1 3
u2 (x) = xex − (3 + e2 )x + x e2 − 0.044368444(−2)e + 0.000123284 + − 0.266210664
288 36 8 8

13
‫‪ .2.2‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ اﳌﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪.2‬‬

‫‪u2 (x) = xex − 0.000690986x‬‬

‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪u3 (x) = xe −‬‬‫‪x‬‬
‫‪(3 + e2 )x +‬‬ ‫‪xtu22 (t)dt‬‬
‫‪288‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪u3 (x) = xex −‬‬ ‫‪(3 + e2 )x +‬‬ ‫‪xt(tet − 0.000690986t)2 dt‬‬
‫‪288‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪u3 (x) = xex −‬‬ ‫‪(3 + e2 )x + x‬‬ ‫‪t(t2 e2t − 0.001381972t2 et + 0.000000477t2 )dt‬‬
‫‪288‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪u3 (x) = xe −‬‬‫‪x‬‬
‫‪(3 + e )x + x (t3 e2t − 0.001381972t3 et + 0.000000477t3 )dt‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪288‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫[‬ ‫‪]1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪u3 (x) = xex −‬‬ ‫‪(3+e2 )x+ x ( t3 − t2 + t − )e2t − 0.001381972(t3 − 3t2 + 6t − 6)et + 0.000000119t4‬‬
‫‪288‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫[‬ ‫]‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1 2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪u3 (x) = xe −‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪(3 + e )x + x e + 2(0.001381972)e + 0.000000119 + − 0.008291832‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪288‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫‪u3 (x) = xex − 0.000062736x‬‬

‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫وﻣﻨﻪ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ‪:‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪u(x) = lim un+1 (x) = xe‬‬
‫} ‪S = {xex‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ اﳌﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬ ‫‪2.2‬‬

‫ﺧﺬ ‪ f ≡ 0‬ﰲ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (1.2‬ﳒﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫b‬‬
‫‪f ≡ 0→u(x) = 0 + λ k(x, t)F (u(t))dt‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫‪∫b‬‬
‫‪u(x) = λ k(x, t)F (u(t))dt‬‬ ‫)‪(7.2‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (7.2‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ اﳌﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ‪ ,‬وﳊﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت ﺳﻮف ﻧﻜﺘﻔﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ وﺣﻴﺪة ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﳊﺴﺎب اﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫‪ .2.2‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ اﳌﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪.2‬‬

‫‪ 1.2.2‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﳊﺴﺎب اﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ أﺳﻠﻔﻨﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﺗﻮﻇﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﱵ ﲤﻠﻚ أﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻨﻮاة ‪ k‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻨﺤﻠﺔ إذا ﻛﺘﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫∑‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫= )‪k(x, t‬‬ ‫)‪gi (x)hi (t‬‬ ‫)‪(8.2‬‬
‫‪i=1‬‬

‫ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ) ‪(7.2‬‬

‫ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ )‪ ( 8.2‬ﰲ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ) ‪ (7.2‬ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫b‬‬
‫‪u(x) = λ‬‬ ‫‪[g1 (x)h1 (t) + g2 (x)h2 (t) + g3 (x)h3 (t) + ... + gn (x)hn (t) ]F (u(t))dt‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫‪∫b‬‬ ‫‪∫b‬‬ ‫‪∫b‬‬ ‫‪∫b‬‬

‫‪u(x) = λg1 (x) h1 (t)F (u(t))dt+λg2 (x) h2 (t)F (u(t))dt+λg3 (x) h3 (t)F (u(t))dt+...+λgn (x) hn (t)F (u(t))dt‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬

‫ﻧﻀﻊ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫b‬‬ ‫‪∫b‬‬ ‫‪∫b‬‬ ‫‪∫b‬‬
‫= ‪c1‬‬ ‫= ‪h1 (t)F (u(t))dt, c2‬‬ ‫= ‪h2 (t)F (u(t))dt, c3‬‬ ‫= ‪h3 (t)F (u(t))dt, ..., cn‬‬ ‫‪hn (t)F (u(t))dt‬‬ ‫)‪(9.2‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬

‫ﻟﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫)‪u(x) = λc1 g1 (x) + λc2 g2 (x) + λc3 g3 (x) + ... + λcn gn (x‬‬ ‫)‪(10.2‬‬
‫ﻧﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻼت ‪ c1 , c2 , c3 ...cn‬ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ )‪ (10.2‬ﰲ )‪ (9.2‬ﰒ ﻧﻌﻮض ﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ اﶈﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ )‪(10.2‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﺠﺪ أﺧﲑا اﳊﻞ‪.u‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫ﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﳊﺴﺎب اﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺣﻞ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪u(x) = λ ex−2t u3 (t)dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫اﳊﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪u(x) = λex‬‬ ‫‪e−2t u3 (t)dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫ﻧﻀﻊ‪/:‬‬
‫‪∫1‬‬
‫=‪c‬‬ ‫‪e−2t u3 (t)dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪15‬‬
‫‪ .3.2‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪.2‬‬

‫‪u(x) = λcex‬‬

‫‪∫1‬‬
‫=‪c‬‬ ‫‪e−2t (λcet )3 dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪∫1‬‬
‫=‪c‬‬ ‫‪e−2t (λ3 c3 e3t )dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪3 3‬‬
‫‪c=λ c‬‬ ‫‪et dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪[ ]1‬‬
‫‪c = λ3 c3 et 0‬‬

‫)‪c = λ3 c3 (e − 1‬‬
‫‪c ̸= 0‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪= λ3 (e − 1‬‬
‫‪c2‬‬
‫ﳌﺎ ‪ λ ̸= 0‬ﻳﻜﻮن‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪c = 3‬‬
‫)‪λ (e − 1‬‬
‫إذا ﻛﺎن ‪ λ < 0‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﻠﻮل‬
‫√‬ ‫إذا ﻛﺎن ‪λ > 0‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪c=±‬‬
‫‪λ3 (e‬‬ ‫)‪− 1‬‬

‫√‬ ‫وﻣﻨﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪u(x) = ±λ‬‬ ‫‪ex‬‬
‫‪λ3 (e‬‬ ‫)‪− 1‬‬
‫√‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪u(x) = ±‬‬ ‫‪ex‬‬
‫)‪λ(e − 1‬‬
‫√ {‬ ‫√‬ ‫}‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪S= −‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪e ,‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫)‪λ(e − 1‬‬ ‫)‪λ(e − 1‬‬

‫‪16‬‬
‫‪ .3.2‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪.2‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻷول‬ ‫‪3.2‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪3.7‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻷول ﻛﻞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫b‬‬
‫= )‪f (x‬‬ ‫‪k(x, t)F (u(t))dt‬‬ ‫)‪(11.2‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫أي أن اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ا ﻬﻮﻟﺔ ‪ u‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة داﺧﻞ رﻣﺰ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ وﺗﺴﻤﻰ أﻳﻀﺎ ﲟﻌﺎدﻻت ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺆول إﱃ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ )‪ (11.2‬ﲢﻮل إﱃ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﳒﺮي اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‪:‬‬
‫)‪F (u(t)) = v(t‬‬

‫ﻟﻨﺠﺪ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫b‬‬
‫= )‪f (x‬‬ ‫‪k(x, t)v(t)dt‬‬ ‫)‪(12.2‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫وﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﻴﺔ ﰲ ‪ v‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻷول ﳊﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﻮﻇﻒ إﺣﺪى ﻃﺮق ﺣﻞ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻷول وﺳﻨﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻋﺎدة ﻋﺮض ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ ﻓﻘﻂ وﻟﻺﻃﻼع ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮق أﺧﺮى أﻧﻈﺮ إﱃ ]‪.[6‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ إﱃ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪1.3.2‬‬

‫اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (12.2‬ﲢﻮل إﱃ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﰲ ‪ vµ‬ﻛﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫b‬‬
‫‪µvµ (x) = f (x) −‬‬ ‫‪k(x, t)vµ (t)dt‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫‪∫b‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪µ ̸= 0→vµ (x) = f (x) −‬‬ ‫‪k(x, t)vµ (t)dt‬‬
‫‪µ‬‬ ‫‪µ‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫ﲝﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ اﻷﺧﲑة ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ vµ (x‬ﰒ ﺧﺬ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻟ ـ )‪ vµ (x‬ﳌﺎ ‪ µ‬ﺗﺆول إﱃ اﻟﺼﻔﺮ ﳒﺪ اﳊﻞ ‪ v‬و ﻟﺮﺟﻮع ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮل‬
‫اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﳒﺪ اﳊﻞ ‪.u‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫ﺣﻞ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ إﱃ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻨﻈﺎﻣﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪2x‬‬
‫‪e‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪e2x−3t u3 (t)dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪17‬‬
‫‪ .3.2‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪.2‬‬

‫اﳊﻞ‬
‫ﳒﺮي اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‪:‬‬
‫)‪u3 (t) = v(t‬‬

‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪2x‬‬
‫‪e‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪e2x−3t v(t)dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫وﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻷول ﰲ ‪ v‬واﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﳌﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪vµ (x) = e2x −‬‬ ‫‪e2x−3t vµ (t)dt‬‬
‫‪µ‬‬ ‫‪µ‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪vµ (x) = e2x − e2x‬‬ ‫‪e−3t vµ (t)dt‬‬
‫‪µ‬‬ ‫‪µ‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﳊﺴﺎب اﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﳒﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﻮﺿﻊ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫1‬‬
‫=‪c‬‬ ‫‪e−3t vµ (t)dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪1 2x 1 2x‬‬
‫= )‪vµ (x‬‬ ‫‪e − e c‬‬
‫‪µ‬‬ ‫‪µ‬‬
‫‪1 2x‬‬
‫= )‪vµ (x‬‬ ‫)‪e (1 − c‬‬
‫‪µ‬‬
‫‪∫1‬‬ ‫[‬ ‫]‬
‫‪−3t‬‬ ‫‪1 2t‬‬
‫=‪c‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪e (1 − c) dt‬‬
‫‪µ‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪1−c‬‬
‫=‪c‬‬ ‫‪e−t dt‬‬
‫‪µ‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪c − 1 [ −t ]1‬‬
‫=‪c‬‬ ‫‪e 0‬‬
‫‪µ‬‬
‫‪c − 1 [ −1‬‬ ‫]‬
‫=‪c‬‬ ‫‪e −1‬‬
‫‪µ‬‬

‫)‪µc = (c − 1)(e−1 − 1‬‬

‫‪µc = c(e−1 − 1) + 1 − e−1‬‬

‫‪µc − c(e−1 − 1) = 1 − e−1‬‬

‫‪c(µ − e−1 + 1) = 1 − e−1‬‬

‫‪18‬‬
‫‪ .3.2‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪.2‬‬

‫‪1 − e−1‬‬
‫=‪c‬‬
‫‪µ − e−1 + 1‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪e−1 − 1‬‬
‫‪vµ (x) = e2x 1 +‬‬
‫‪µ‬‬ ‫‪µ − e−1 + 1‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪1 2x µ − e−1 + 1 + e−1 − 1‬‬
‫‪vµ (x) = e‬‬
‫‪µ‬‬ ‫‪µ − e−1 + 1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= )‪vµ (x‬‬ ‫‪e2x‬‬
‫‪µ−‬‬ ‫‪e−1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬

‫)‪v(x) = lim vµ (x‬‬

‫‪µ→0‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫= )‪v(x‬‬ ‫‪e2x‬‬
‫‪1 − e−1‬‬
‫و ﻟﺮﺟﻮع ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮل اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﳒﺪ اﳊﻞ ‪ u‬ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ اﳌﻌﻄﺎة‪:‬‬
‫)‪u3 (x) = v(x‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫= )‪u3 (x‬‬ ‫‪e2x‬‬
‫‪1 − e−1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫= )‪u(x‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪e3x‬‬
‫‪(1 −‬‬ ‫‪e−1 ) 3‬‬
‫{‬ ‫}‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫=‪S‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪3x‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪(1 − e−1 ) 3‬‬

‫) ‪( The Homotopy Perturbation Method‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻩ اﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ‬ ‫‪2.3.2‬‬

‫ﳊﻞ اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (12.2‬ﻧﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﱰاﺟﻌﻴﺔ ))‪ (vn (x‬واﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪v0 (x) = 0, v1 (x) = f (x‬‬
‫= ))‪(vn (x‬‬ ‫‪∫b‬‬
‫‪ vn+1 (x) = vn (x) − k(x, t)vn (t)dt‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫وﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ ﳓﻮ اﳊﻞ ‪ v‬ﲢﺖ ﻇﻞ اﻟﺸﺮط‬

‫‬ ‫‬
‫‬ ‫‪∫b‬‬ ‫‬
‫‬ ‫‬
‫‪1 −‬‬ ‫‪k(t, t)dt < 1‬‬
‫‬
‫‬ ‫‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ إﳚﺎد ‪ v‬و ﻟﺮﺟﻮع ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮل اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﳒﺪ اﳊﻞ اﳌﻄﻠﻮب ‪.u‬‬

‫‪19‬‬
‫‪ .3.2‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪.2‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫ﺣﻮل اﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ إﱃ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﰒ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻮﻩ اﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ‪:‬‬
‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪2x‬‬
‫‪e‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪e2x−3t u3 (t)dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫ﳒﺮي اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫)‪u (t) = v(t‬‬

‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪2x‬‬
‫‪e‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪e2x−3t v(t)dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫وﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻷول ﰲ ‪ v‬ﳊﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﻀﻊ‪:‬‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪v0 (x) = 0, v1 (x) = e2x‬‬
‫= ))‪(vn (x‬‬ ‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪ vn+1 (x) = vn (x) − e2x−3t vn (t)dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪v2 (x) = v1 (x) −‬‬ ‫‪e2x−3t v1 (t)dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪v2 (x) = e‬‬ ‫‪2x‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪e2x−3t e2t dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪v2 (x) = e‬‬ ‫‪2x‬‬
‫‪−e‬‬ ‫‪2x‬‬
‫‪e−t dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫[‬ ‫‪]1‬‬
‫‪v2 (x) = e2x (1 + e−t‬‬ ‫)‪0‬‬

‫)‪v2 (x) = e2x (1 + e−1 − 1‬‬

‫‪v2 (x) = e2x−1‬‬

‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪v3 (x) = v2 (x) −‬‬ ‫‪e2x−3t v2 (t)dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪v3 (x) = e‬‬ ‫‪2x−1‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪e2x−3t e2t−1 dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪∫1‬‬
‫‪v3 (x) = e‬‬ ‫‪2x−1‬‬
‫‪−e‬‬ ‫‪2x−1‬‬
‫‪e−t dt‬‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪20‬‬
‫ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻷول‬.3.2 .2 ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬

[ ]
v3 (x) = e2x−1 (1 + e−t 10 )

v3 (x) = e2x−1 (1 + e−1 − 1)

v3 (x) = e2x−2

∫1
v4 (x) = v3 (x) − e2x−3t v3 (t)dt
0

∫1
v4 (x) = e2x−2 − e2x−3t e2t−2 dt
0

∫1
v4 (x) = e 2x−2
−e 2x−2
e−t dt
0
[ ]
v4 (x) = e2x−2 (1 + e−t 10 )

v4 (x) = e2x−2 (1 + e−1 − 1)

v4 (x) = e2x−3

[
:‫وﻣﻨﻪ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬
v(x) = e 2x
1 + e−1 + e−2 + e−3 + ... ]
1
v(x) = e2x
1 − e−1
1 2x+1
v(x) = e
e−1
:‫ﻟﻌﻮدة ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻬﻮل اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﳒﺪ‬
1 2x+1
u3 (x) = e
e−1
2 1
e 3 x+ 3
u(x) = 1
(e − 1) 3
{ 2 1 }
e 3 x+ 3
S= 1
(e − 1) 3

21
 ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ ‪3‬‬
‫ﲨﻞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ‬
‫اﳋﻄﻴﺔ‬
‫ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺘﲔ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺘﲔ ﻏﲑ ﺧﻄﻴﺘﲔ ﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ‬ ‫‪1.3‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪1.8‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺘﲔ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺘﲔ ﻏﲑ ﺧﻄﻴﺘﲔ ﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ ﻛﻞ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫[ ‪∫b‬‬ ‫]‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ u(x) = f1 (x) +‬‬ ‫‪k1 (x, t)F1 (u(t)) + k̃1 (x, t)F̃1 (v(t)) dt‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫∫‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫[ ‪b‬‬ ‫]‬ ‫)‪(1.3‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ v(x) = f2 (x) +‬‬ ‫‪k2 (x, t)F2 (u(t)) + k̃2 (x, t)F̃2 (v(t)) dt‬‬
‫‪a‬‬

‫ﲝﻴﺚ‪/:‬‬
‫‪ f2 , f1 (−‬دوال ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﰲ ‪ x‬ﻣﻌﻄﺎة‬
‫‪ k̃2 , k2 , k̃1 , k1 (−‬دوال ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻄﺎة ذات ﻣﺘﻐﲑﻳﻦ وﻫﻲ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ أﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺘﲔ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺘﲔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﲔ‬
‫‪ F̃2 , F2 , F̃1 , F1 (−‬دوال ﻏﲑ ﺧﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﺪاﻟﺘﲔ ا ﻬﻮﻟﺘﲔ ‪ u‬و ‪v‬‬

‫وﳊﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ اﳉﻤﻞ ﺳﻮف ﻧﻌﺮض ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ ﳘﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﳊﺴﺎب اﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ )‪(Adomian‬‬
‫‪ 1.1.3‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﳊﺴﺎب اﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻫﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﰲ اﳉﻤﻞ اﻟﱵ ﲢﻮي ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ أﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﻠﺔ‬
‫أي‪:‬‬
‫{‬ ‫‪∑n‬‬ ‫‪∑n‬‬
‫)‪k1 (x, t) = i=1 gi (x)hi (t‬‬
‫‪∑n‬‬
‫)‪k2 (x, t) = i=1 ri (x)si (t‬‬
‫)‪k̃1 (x, t) = i=1 g̃i (x)h̃i (t‬‬
‫‪∑n‬‬
‫)‪k̃2 (x, t) = i=1 r̃i (x)s̃i (t‬‬
‫)‪(2.3‬‬

‫‪22‬‬
 ‫ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺘﲔ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺘﲔ ﻏﲑ ﺧﻄﻴﺘﲔ ﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ‬.1.3 .3 ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬

(1.3) ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ اﳉﻤﻠﺔ‬

(1.3) ‫( ﰲ‬2.3 )‫ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬
:‫ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

 ∫b [∑n ∑n ]

 u(x) = f1 (x) + i=1 gi (x)hi (t)F1 (u(t)) +
˜
i=1 g̃i (x)h̃i (t)F1 (v(t)) dt


a
∫b [∑n ∑n ] (3.3)

 v(x) = f2 (x) + r (x)s (t)F (u(t)) + r̃ (x)s̃ (t) ˜2 (v(t)) dt
F
i=1 i i 2 i=1 i i
a

:‫أي‬

(4.3)
 ∫b [ ]

 u(x) = f1 (x) + [g1 (x)h1 (t) + ... + gn (x)hn (t)]F1 (u(t)) + [g̃1 (x)h̃1 (t) + ... + g̃n (x)h̃n (t)]F˜1 (v(t)) dt
a

 ∫b [ ]
 v(x) = f2 (x) + [r1 (x)s1 (t) + ... + rn (x)sn (t)]F2 (u(t)) + [r̃1 (x)s̃1 (t) + ... + r̃n (x)s̃n (t)]F˜2 (v(t)) dt
a


(5.3)
 ∫b ∫b ∫b ∫b

 u(x) = f1 (x) + g1 (x) h1 (t)F1 (u(t))dt + ..gn (x) hn (t)F1 (u(t))dt + g̃1 (x) h̃1 (t)F˜1 (v(t))dt + ..g̃n (x) h̃n (t)F˜1 (v(t))dt
a a a a

 ∫b ∫b ∫b ∫b
 v(x) = f2 (x) + r1 (x) s1 (t)F2 (u(t))dt + ..rn (x) sn (t)F2 (u(t))dt + r̃1 (x) s̃1 (t)F˜2 (v(t))dt + ..r̃n (x) s̃n (t)F˜2 (v(t))dt
a a a a

/:‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬

(6.3)
 ∫b ∫b ∫b ∫b

 α1 = h1 (t)F1 (u(t))dt, ..αn = hn (t)F1 (u(t))dt; β1 = h̃1 (t)F̃1 (v(t))dt, ..βn = h̃n (t)F̃1 (v(t))dt.
a a a a

 ∫b ∫b ∫b ∫b
 γ1 = s1 (t)F2 (u(t))dt, ..γn = sn (t)F2 (u(t))dt; δ1 = s̃1 (t)F̃2 (v(t))dt, ..δn = s̃n (t)F̃2 (v(t))dt
a a a a

/:‫ﻟﻨﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
{
u(x) = f1 (x) + α1 g1 (x) + .. + αn gn (x) + β1 g̃1 (x) + .. + βn g̃n (x)
v(x) = f2 (x) + γ1 r1 (x) + .. + γn rn (x) + δ1 r̃1 (x) + .. + δn r̃n (x)
(7.3)
:‫( ﻟﻨﺠﺪ‬6.3) ‫( ﰲ‬7.3) ‫ﻧﻌﻮض‬

 ∫b

 αi = hi (t)F1 (f1 (t) + α1 g1 (t) + .. + αn gn (t) + β1 g̃1 (t) + .. + βn g̃n (t))dt; 1 6 i 6 n



 a

 ∫b


 βi = h̃i (t)F˜1 (f2 (t) + γ1 r1 (t) + .. + γn rn (t) + δ1 r̃1 (t) + .. + δn r̃n (t))dt; 1 6 i 6 n
 ∫b
a (8.3)

 γi = si (t)F2 (f1 (t) + α1 g1 (t) + .. + αn gn (t) + β1 g̃1 (t) + .. + βn g̃n (t))dt; 1 6 i 6 n



 a

 ∫b


 δi = s̃i (t)F˜2 (f2 (t) + γ1 r1 (t) + .. + γn rn (t) + δ1 r̃1 (t) + .. + δn r̃n (t))dt; 1 6 i 6 n
a

(1.3) ‫( ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﳌﻌﻄﺎة‬u, v) ‫( ﳒﺪ اﳊﻞ‬7.3) ‫ ﰒ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﻬﺎ ﰲ‬αi , βi , γi , δi ; 1 6 i 6 n ‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﳚﺎد‬

23
‫ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺘﲔ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺘﲔ ﻏﲑ ﺧﻄﻴﺘﲔ ﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ‬.1.3 .3 ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
:‫ﺣﻞ ﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﳊﺴﺎب اﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ اﳉﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬


 4 ∫1

 u(x) = x −
+ t(u2 (t) + v 2 (t))dt
7 −1

 4 ∫1

 v(x) = x + x + 7 + t(u (t) − v (t))dt
2 3 2 2
−1

 /:‫اﳊﻞ‬

 4 ∫1 ∫1

 u(x) = x − + tu2 (t)dt + tv 2 (t)dt
7 −1 −1

 4 ∫1 2 ∫1 2

 v(x) = x + x + 7 + tu (t)dt − tv (t)dt
2 3
−1 −1


/:‫ﻧﻀﻊ‬

 ∫1 2

 α = tu (t)dt
−1

 ∫1 2

 β = tv (t)dt
−1

:‫ﳓﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬


 4
u(x) = x −
+α+β

7
4 (9.3)
 v(x) = x2 + x3 + + α − β
7
 :‫وﻣﻨﻪ‬

 ∫1
4

 α = t(t + α + β − )2 dt
−1 7

 ∫
1 4 2

 β = t(t + t + α − β + 7 ) dt
3 2
−1


 ∫1 4 4

 t[t2 + (α + β − )2 + 2t(α + β −
α= )]dt
−1 7 7

 ∫
1 4 2 4

 β = t[t + t + 2t + (α − β + 7 ) + 2(t + t )(α − β +
6 4 5 3 2
)]dt
−1 7


 ∫1 4 ∫1 4 ∫1

 t3 dt + (α + β − )2 tdt + 2(α + β − ) t2 dt
α=
−1 7 −1 7 −1

 ∫
1 ∫1 ∫
1 4 ∫
1 4 ∫1

 β = t dt + t dt + 2 t dt + (α − β + 7 ) tdt + 2(α − β + 7 ) t + t dt
7 5 6 2 4 3
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1


 4 4
α = (α + β − )
3 7
 4 4
 β = + (α − β + )
4
7 5 7


 4
3α = 4(α + β − )
7
 28
 7β = 4 + (α − β + )
4
5 7

24
‫ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺘﲔ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺘﲔ ﻏﲑ ﺧﻄﻴﺘﲔ ﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ‬.1.3 .3 ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬

{
16
α + 4β − =0
7
35β = 20 + 28α − 28β + 16
{
7α + 28β − 16 = 0
28α − 63β + 36 = 0
{
7α + 28β = 16
28α − 63β = −36
4
(α = 0; β = )
7
.‫( ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﳌﻌﻄﺎة‬u(x); v(x)) = (x; x2 + x3 ) ‫( ﳒﺪ اﳊﻞ‬9.3) ‫ اﶈﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ إﱃ‬β ‫ و‬α ‫ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﻗﻤﱵ‬
{ }
S = (x; x2 + x3 )

(Adomian)‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ‬ 2.1.3

(1.3) ‫ﻟﺘﻜﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ اﳉﻤﻠﺔ‬
:‫ﻧﻔﺮض أن‬
{ ∑ ∑ ∑
u(x) = n>0 un (x)
∑
v(x) = n>0 vn (x)
F̃1 (u(t)) = n>0 An (t)
∑
F2 (u(t)) = n>0 Cn (t)
F1 (v(t)) = n>0 Bn (t)
∑
F̃2 (v(t)) = n>0 Dn (t)
(10.3)
:‫ﲝﻴﺚ‬


 An (t) = 1 d
n [ (∑n i
)] 1 dn [ (∑n i
)]
n
F1 i=0 λ ui (t) λ=0 Bn (t) = F̃ 1 i=0 λ v i (t)
n! dλn n! dλnn [
)]
λ=0
 1 d [ (∑n )] 1 d (∑n
 Cn (t) = F2 i
i=0 λ ui (t) λ=0 Dn (t) = F̃ 2 i=0 λ i
v i (t)
n! dλ n n! dλn λ=0

:‫( ﻟﻨﺠﺪ‬1.3) ‫( ﰲ‬10.3) ‫ﻧﻌﻮض‬


 ∑ ∫b [ ∑ ∑ ]

 u
n>0 n (x) = f 1 (x) + k1 (x, t) A
n>0 n (t) + k̃1 (x, t) B
n>0 n (t) dt
 ∑
a
∫b [ ∑ ∑ ] (11.3)

 n>0 vn (x) = f2 (x) + k2 (x, t) n>0 Cn (t) + k̃2 (x, t) n>0 Dn (t) dt
a

:‫( واﳌﻌﺮﻓﺘﲔ ﻛﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ‬vn (x)) ‫( و‬un (x)) ‫وﻟﻨﻌﺘﱪ اﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ اﻟﱰاﺟﻌﻴﺘﲔ‬


 u0 (x) = f1 (x)
∫b
 un+1 (x) = k1 (x, t)An (t) + k̃1 (x, t)Bn (t))dt
a

 v0 (x) = f2 (x)
∫b
 vn+1 (x) = k2 (x, t)Cn (t) + k̃2 (x, t)Dn (t))dt
a

‫( ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ‬u; v) ‫( ﳒﺪ اﳊﻞ‬10.3) ‫( وﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﻀﻬﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻔﺮض‬vn (x)) ‫( و‬un (x)) ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺴﺎب اﳊﺪود ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ اﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ‬
.‫اﳌﻌﻄﺎة‬

25
‫ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺘﲔ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺘﲔ ﻏﲑ ﺧﻄﻴﺘﲔ ﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ‬.1.3 .3 ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
:‫( اﳉﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬Adomian) ‫ﺣﻞ ﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻚ‬


 4 ∫1

 u(x) = x −
+ t(u2 (t) + v 2 (t))dt


7 −1
4 ∫1
(12.3)


 v(x) = x + x + 7 + t(u (t) − v (t))dt
2 3 2 2
−1

/:‫اﳊﻞ‬
:‫ﻧﻔﺮض أن‬
{ ∑+∞
u(x) = n=0 un (x)
∑+∞
v(x) = n=0 vn (x)
(13.3)

:‫وﻟﻴﻜﻦ‬

 ∑
 u2 (t) = +∞ 1 dn [(∑n )2 ]
n=0 An (t) /An (t) =
i
i=0 λ ui (t) n∈N
 ∑ 1 d
n
n! dλn [
(∑n )2 ]
λ=0 (14.3)
 v 2 (t) = +∞
n=0 Bn (t) /Bn (t) =
i
i=0 λ vi (t) n∈N
n! dλn λ=0

:‫( ﳒﺪ‬12.3) ‫( ﰲ‬14.3) ‫( و‬13.3) ‫ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ‬



 ∑+∞ 4 ∫1 ∑+∞ ∑+∞

 n=0 un (x) = x −
+ t( n=0 An (t) + n=0 Bn (t))dt
7 −1

 ∑+∞ 4 ∫1 ∑+∞ ∑+∞


2 3
n=0 vn (x) = x + x + + t( n=0 An (t) − n=0 Bn (t))dt
7 −1

:‫( واﳌﻌﺮﻓﺘﲔ ﻛﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ‬vn (x)) ‫( و‬un (x)) ‫وﻟﻨﻌﺘﱪ اﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ اﻟﱰاﺟﻌﻴﺘﲔ‬


 u0 (x) = x
4 ∫1
 un+1 (x) = − + t(An (t) + Bn (t))dt
7 −1

 v0 (x) = x2 + x3
4 ∫1
 vn+1 (x) = + t(An (t) − Bn (t))dt
7 −1
∫1
4
n = 0→u1 (x) = − + t(A0 (t) + B0 (t))dt
7
−1

∫1
4
u1 (x) = − + t(u20 (t) + v02 (t))dt
7
−1

∫1
4
u1 (x) = − + t(t2 + (t2 + t3 )2 )dt
7
−1

26
‫ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺘﲔ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺘﲔ ﻏﲑ ﺧﻄﻴﺘﲔ ﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ‬.1.3 .3 ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬

∫1
4
u1 (x) = − + t(t2 + t4 + t6 + 2t5 )dt
7
−1

∫1
4
u1 (x) = − + (t3 + t5 + t7 + 2t6 )dt
7
−1

∫1 ∫1 ∫1 ∫1
4
u1 (x) = − + 3
t dt + 5
t dt + 7
t dt + 2 t6 dt
7
−1 −1 −1 −1

∫1
4
u1 (x) = − + 4 t6 dt
7
0
4 4
u1 (x) = − + = 0→∀j > 1 uj (x) = 0 ⇒ u(x) = u0 (x) = x
7 7
∫1
4
n = 0→v1 (x) = + t(A0 (t) − B0 (t))dt
7
−1

∫1
4
v1 (x) = + t(u20 (t) − v02 (t))dt
7
−1

∫1
4
v1 (x) = + t(t2 − (t2 + t3 )2 )dt
7
−1

∫1
4
v1 (x) = + t(t2 − t4 − t6 − 2t5 )dt
7
−1

∫1
4
v1 (x) = + (t3 − t5 − t7 − 2t6 )dt
7
−1

∫1 ∫1 ∫1 ∫1
4
v1 (x) = + t dt −
3
t dt −
5
t dt − 2
7
t6 dt
7
−1 −1 −1 −1

∫1
4
v1 (x) = − 4 t6 dt
7
0
4 4
v1 (x) = − = 0→∀j > 1 vj (x) = 0 ⇒ v(x) = v0 (x) = x2 + x3
7 7
:‫اﳋﻼﺻﺔ‬
(u(x); v(x)) = (x; x2 + x3 )
{ }
S = (x; x2 + x3 )
.‫وﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺲ اﳊﻞ اﶈﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ اﳌﺜﺎل اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﳊﺴﺎب اﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬

27
 ‫اﳋﺎﲤﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺪرج ﳏﺘﻮى ﻫﺬﻩ اﳌﺬﻛﺮة ﰲ ﻋﺮض ﻃﺮق ﺣﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﺘﺠﻠﻰ أﳘﻴﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت ﰲ اﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻔﻴﺰ ﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻻﻫﺘﺰازات وﻋﻠﻢ اﳌﺮوﻧﺔ وﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺮ ﺿﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﻟﻚ اﺧﱰ دراﺳﺔ ﻫﺬا اﳌﻮﺿﻮع وﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ إﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻓﺼﻮل ﰲ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول ﻋﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺷﻜﺎل ﻋﻦ‬
‫اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻄﺮﻗﻨﺎ إﱃ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ وﺟﻮد اﳊﻞ ﳌﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ,‬أﻣﺎ ﰲ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻓﺘﻨﺎوﻟﻨﺎ ﻃﺮق ﺣﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ‪ ,‬وﺧﺘﻤﻨﺎ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ‬
‫ﰲ اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺑﻌﺮض ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺣﻞ ﲨﻞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪.‬‬

‫‪28‬‬
 ‫اﳌﺼﺎدر‬
[1] Abdul-majid wazwaz ,Linear and non- linear integral equtions methods and applications ,Sait
xavier university Chicago .USA. 2011 .

[2] A. Jerri ,Introduction to Integral Equations with Applications ,Wiley ,New York , 1999.
[3] H.T. Davis ,Introduction to Nonlinear Differential and Integral Equations ,Dover Publications
,New York ,1962.
[4] Juren appell espedito de pascale alfonso vignoli ,Non-linear spectral theory , Walter de gruyter
,Berlin ,Now york ,2004.
[5] M.rahaman ,integral equations and their applications ,Dalhousie university ,Canada ,2007.

[6] S.Krasnov ,A.Kisslev ,G.Makarenko ,equations intgrales ,problmes et exercices ; ditions Mir ,Mos-
cou ,1981.

29
 : ‫اﳌﻠﺨﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻤﻦ أﳘﻴﺔ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ دراﺳﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻃﺮق ﺣﻞ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻔﲔ اﻷول‬
.‫واﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬
.‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ ﻃﺮق ﺣﻞ ﲨﻞ اﳌﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﻨﻒ اﻟﺜﺎﱐ‬
‫ﲨﻞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ‬, ‫ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳋﻄﻴﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬
.‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ اﳌﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬, ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻫﻮﱂ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ اﳌﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ‬,

Abstract :
The importance of this work lies some methods of solving the integral equations and the non linear
Fredholm in two kinds, the first and second.
Also, we study the methods of solving the systems of the integral equations and non-liear Fredholm
integral of the second kind.
key words :
non-linear Fredholm integral equations.
systems of nonlinear Fredholm integral equations.
homogeneous nonlinear Fredholm integral equations.
nonhomogeneous nonlinear Fredholm integral equations.