DIVERGENT

ANDCONDITIONALLY
CONVERGENT
SERIES
WHOSEPRODUCT
IS ABSOLUTELY
CONVERGENT*
BY

FLORIAN CAJOKI

§ 1. Introduction.
It has been shown by Abel that, if the product :
71—«

I(¥»
71=0
+ V«-i + ■•• + M„«o)>
of two conditionally convergent series :

71—0 71— 0

is convergent, it converges to the product of their sums. Tests of the conver-

gence of the product of conditionally convergent series have been worked out
by A. Pringsheim,| A. Voss,J and myself.§ There exist certain conditionally-
convergent series which yield a convergent result when they are raised to a cer-
tain positive integral power, but which yield a divergent result when they are
raised to a higher power. Thus,
71= «3

Z(-l)"+13,
7>=i n

where r = 7/9, is a conditionally convergent series whose fourth power is con-

vergent, but whose fifth power is divergent. || These instances of conditionally

* Presented to the Society April 28, 1900. Received for publication April 28, 1900.
fMathematische Annalen, vol. 21 (1883), p. 327 ; vol. 2(5 (1886), p. 157.
%Mathematische Annalen, vol. 24 (1884), p. 42.
§ American Journal of Mathematics, vol. 15 (1893), p. 339 ; vol. 18 (1896), p. 195 ;
Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, (2) vol. 1 (1895), p. 180.
|| This may be a convenient place to point out a slight and obvious extension of the results
which I have published in the American Journal of Mathematics, vol. 18, p. 201. It
was proved there that the conditionally convergent series :

V(_l)M-lI (0<r5|>).
Sí n
when raised by Cauchy's multiplication rule to a positive integral power g , is convergent whenever
(î — l)/ï <C r ! out the power of the series is divergent, if (q— 1 )¡q > r. The case for which
(q — \)¡q = r was left untouched, but an examination of the formulae appearing in that article
readily yields the result that in this case the series is divergent. Hence the condition for diver-
gency should be written (q — l)jq = r .
25
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 26 F. CAJORI: DIVERGENT AND CONDITIONALLY CONVERGENT [January

convergent series, yielding powers of the series which converge less rapidly the
higher the power and which for a sufficiently high power yield a divergent re-
sult, suggest the following questions : Does the product of two conditionally
convergent series never converge more rapidly than do one or both of the factor-
series ? Can the product of two conditionally convergent series or of a condi-
tionally convergent and a divergent series in no case be absolutely convergent ?
The first doubt of the correctness of a negative reply arose in connection
with the conditionally convergent series :
»=» (_ iy+i
¿=i n

This yields convergent results, no matter to how high a positive integral power it
may be raised.* If the series is squared, the constituents, l/(n — r) (r -\- 1),
which go to make up the nth term of the product, namely,
r=n-l 1 1

£o n — r r + 1 '

are all positive or all negative for that term. Hence the numerical value
of the nth term is the sum of the numerical values of all the products
l/(ra — r)(r + 1) . If the square of the series is indicated by

»1=1

then all the constituents, an_T • l/(r + 1) , which enter into the composition of
the 7¿th term in the cube of the series have all like signs in that term. Simi-
larly for higher powers. Now it has been shown that all the positive integral
powers of the conditionally convergent series :
n=°o (_ 1^"+I

Si n
continue to converge, even though each term of a given power of the series is
numerically the sum of the numerical values of its constituents, and it is evi-
dent that, if the constituents of each term were partly positive and partly neg-
ative, each term would be numerically smaller. Can the signs of the terms of
two conditionally convergent series and the numerical values of its terms be so
chosen that the product of the two series is absolutely convergent ?
In an important article on the multiplication of conditionally convergent
series-j- A. Pringsheim states that he knows no a priori reason why there might
not be special cases in which such a product is absolutely convergent. " Aller-

*American Journal of Mathematics, vol. 18, p. 204.

f Mathematische Annalen, vol. 21, p. 332.

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1901] SERIES WHOSE PRODUCT IS ABSOLUTELY CONVERGENT 27

dings," he continues, " war es mir bisher nicht möglich an irgend einem bestimm-
ten derartigen Falle die unbedingte Convergenz zu constatiren, und es dürfte dies
— wenn es überhaupt solche Fälle giebt, was ja immerhin als fraglich erscheinen
muss — wegen der zusammengesetzten Beschaffenheit der Reihenglieder wv eben
nur sehr schwer gelingen."

§ 2. Two typical examples.

We have succeeded in devising special cases in which an absolutely convergent
series is obtained as the result of multiplying two conditionally convergent series
together, or one conditionally convergent series by a divergent series. The
series obtained by removing the parentheses from the series :
f=n( 1 1 1 1 \
Sl~ ]^\Tp~^~±p^^ +ïp~^\~ïp~^A}'
p="( l l 1 l \
^2= 5(v47TT + 4i?+ 4~ 4^ + 1 "4^ + 4,)'
are both conditionally convergent. Let the four terms obtained in either series,
or the terms in a similar series, for any one positive integral value of p, be
called a " set " of terms. The 4w-th term of the product of Sx and S2 is
p=71
5=71 — 1 /

p-0 \ 4n —4p 4p -f 1 4n —4p —3 4p -f 4

1 1
+ 4w—4p Ap + 1 4w—4p —3 4p ■ >+4J
We see that the sum of each set of constituents for the 4«-th term is identi-
cally zero ; therefore the entire 4n-th term is identically zero.
The (4n -f- l)-th term of the product series is as follows :
111
¡h\én~^áj
4p + 1 é.p + 1 4n —4p 4p + 4
1
4n —4p —3 4p + 1 + 4m—4p 4p -M)
*ë?7 1111
p=0v* -4^4-14^-fl 4n —4p 4p + 4
1
4n —\p — 3 4p + 1 4n — 4p 4pïTï)—'
where n = %n — 1 or %(n — 1) > according as n is even or odd. When n is odd,

_____ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a _ 2?i+ 2 2«,+ 2 ~~2w-l 2w- 1 ~ 2n + 2 2n+2~ ~ 2n-l 2n-l;

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 28 F. CAJORI: DIVERGENT AND CONDITIONALLY CONVERGENT [January

and when n is even,

2/i + l 2n + l'
In the first summation we are adding 4n' -f 4 constituents from one end of the
column or series yielding the (4n + l)-th term of the product ; in the second
summation we are adding 4/j' -f 4 constituents from the other end. In the
middle of the series the sets of constituents will overlap, if n is odd, and will
not touch if n is even. When n is odd, then a represents the sum of the consti-
tuents which have been counted twice ; when n is even, then a stands for the
negative value of the constituent not counted at all. Each of these constituents
is of the degree — 2 with respect to n and as their number is finite, their sum
cannot be of a higher degree with respect to n than the degree — 2.
The (4«,-)- l)-th term, simplified, is
p=n'/ 2 _ 4 \
2Sv47+T (4«-4^ + l)(47i-4p-3)J-a-
For any positive integral value of n the fraction 4/(4re — 4p + l)(4?i — 4p — 3)
has its maximum value when p = n'. Writing n fovp, we obtain a fraction
which is less than 1 /n1. Hence for any value of p,

1 4 11
-<7——-,-
4p + l (4w—4p -f-l)(4/i —4jo—3) 4/>-f 1 n
It is easy to see that
2k 2
2C-< a log (2n),
n=i n

where a is a constant greater than 3/2 log 2 . Hence

547TÏ<alog(2w)'
and
PSi! 1 4 e1 1 1 alog(2re)
¿4^1 (4n-4p + l)(4n-4p-8) < ¿47+1 ñ2 < n1 '
But a number m can be found, such that, when ?i~> m , we have

a log'(2/i) 1
w2 /i (log w)s '

where Ö > 1 . Therefore, for n > m , the (4/i + l)-th term is numerically less
than the nth term of a series known to be absolutely convergent.

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 1901] SERIES WHOSE PRODUCT IS ABSOLUTELY CONVERGENT 29

The (in + 2)-th term of the product-series is

«?/ i_ i i_i
¿¿ \~ An—4p + 4 4p + 1 4n —4p + l 4p + 4
1 _1_ 1_1 \
4/i —4p 4j»-f 1 ~~4w—4/>—3 4p-\-4J
'-7 1_1_ 1_1_
^o\ 4n —4p + 4 4p + 1~ 4n —4p + l 4p + 4

4w —4p 4p + 1 4w—4p —3 4/>Ti)"*'

where »' is defined as before and where

11 11
= 0,
2/1+2 2/1-1 2/1-12/1+2
when w is odd, and
1 1 _1_ _1_
a_ +2/1 + 4-2/1 + 1 2/1+1 2/1 + 4,-'

when n is even. We see that the entire (4n + 2)-th term is identically equal to
zero.
The (4n + 3)-th term of the product-series is

«7 1_1_ 1_1
¿Í\+ 4/i —4p + Í 4/T+Ï —4n —4p + 4 4p + 4
1_1_ 1 1 \
~ 4n —4p + 1 4jp +1 4/1—4/) 4p + 4)
^'/ 1_1 1_1_
+¿ \ 4n —4p + l 4^ + 1 —4n —4p + 4 4p + 4
111
4n —4p-\-\ 4p + 1 4« —4/> 4p + 4

= à V4F+4 (4/1-4i9+4)(4»-4;/)J ~a'

vhere
1 1
2/1 + 2 2/i + 2'
when n is odd, and

1
i o„
2/1+ 1 2/i + 1^2/i +i 4I O™
2w +i 4,4 ^l 2/1+ 1 2/i + 1 '

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 30 F. CAJORI : DIVERGENT AND CONDITIONALLY CONVERGENT [January

when n is even. The reasoning which we applied to the (an + l)-th term will
show that this term, too, when «>m, is numerically less than l/n(logn)e,
0>1.
We have now shown that the 4?i-th term and the three immediately succeed-
ing terms are either identically zero, or, for «. > m, numerically less than
l/n(\ogn)e. Hence the product of the series Sx and S2 converges absolutely.
Again, take ■the conditionally convergent series, obtained by dropping the
parentheses in the series :

T.W_i_- + x_L_ + _i_M

1_ ¿_í \6_>+ 1 6_>+ 2 6_>+ 3 6p + 1 6p + 2 6/j + 3/
and the divergent series, obtained by dropping the parentheses in the series :

vV 1 1 ^L_ _1_ ^L_ _1_\

2= ¿Í V6>"+l + 6> + _ ~ 6p~+3 + 6/>+1 + 6p~+2 ~ 6p~+Sj-

The 6«-th term of their product, viz.,

7= 7.-1/
p=n—\ J ^

5 V 6n-6p
6> +
+ 3 6^
6>4+ 1 +^6w-
fi„ ß„
6> +i O2 ß™
6j>+i o2 +T6w-6> + 1 6^ + 3
1 _j._ _1_ 1 1 1 \
+ QnT—QJ)
+~3"6>TÏ ~"6n - 6j9+ 2 6>+l! ~ 6n - <op+ 1 67+~3/'
is seen to be identically zero.
The (6ra + l)-th term of the product of Tx and T2 is

f.u_-_-_-
¿SV^6n-6p-|-l 6/j + l 6»-6 6^ - 3 ñp + 2 6w- 6p - 4 6^>+ 3
1
6n —6p —5 6/>+ 1 + 6»i
5-ñ-0
—6p —3 5—r-H
6jj + 2 + 6?i—6p —4 6jo+ 3
p=n' /
11 11 11
M + a--_ T7 5-rr + _-5-6 «—7^ +
Qn- 6p + 1 Qp+ 1 6« - 6p - 3 6>-f 2 ' 6_ - 6> - 4 6> + 3
_1_ _1__1_1_1_ 1 \
6n-6p-6 6/>+ l 6ra-6>-3 6> + 2 6rc-6>-4 6j_+ 3/ _a
_ *=%/ 1 -6 \
~ èi\6>+"ï (6n-6> + 1)(6»-6^35)J _a'

where w' is defined as before and where

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1901] SERIES WHOSE PRODUCT IS ABSOLUTELY CONVERGENT 31

1_1_ 1 1_ 1 1 1 1_ 1 1_
a~ 8w 8» —1 3/^Tl 3» 8» —2 3ra^2 + Wn3»-1 + 3/i-l 3w
1 1
~~ 3/1-2 3w —2'

when w is odd, and a = — 1/(3« + l)(3/t + 1), when n is even. By repeating

the reasoning used in previous cases we find that this term, for n > m, is
numerically less than l/zi(log nf, 6 > 1.
The (6»+3)-th, (6» + 4)-th, and (On + 5)-th terms in the product of Tx
and .Z2, when subjected to this course of reasoning, all yield the same conclu-
sion. The (On + 2)-th term is identically zero. Hence the product-series is
absolutely convergent.

§ 3. The general method.

The method by which the above factor-series were constructed is simple. The
harmonic series was modified by adopting some simple law of succession of signs.
To render the series conditionally convergent, make the number of + terms in
a set equal to the number of — terms. If these numbers are unequal, then the
series is divergent. Then add suitable finite numbers to the denominators of
some of the terms in the set, so that, when the product of the two series is
formed, the constituents of any set of the nth term in the product, when added,
yield a fractional sum having denominators whose degree in n is higher by two
than the degree of the numerators. We were able to prove the absolute con-
vergence from the fact that in each complete set of constitutents of the nth term
in the product-series there are as many positive constituents ras there are nega-
tive ones. To secure this even distribution of signs among the constituents for
the sets in every term of the product, it is necessary that in one of the factor-
series the number of + terms in any set be equal to the number of — terms in
that set. This condition is not sufficient, because among the terms in the prod-
uct some might have a preponderance of + constituents and others a prepon-
derance of — constituents. This happens, for instance, when we multiply the
series +-|-1--|-etc. by itself.
In the proper selection of signs the following rule, which we give without
proof, may be of service. Let a, denoting the number of terms in each set- of
the series £wm, be an even number and equal to 2c; also let the first c terms
in each set be + , the remaining terms — . Let the number of terms in each
set of the second series, ^,vm, be o. Then, in order to secure as many + con-
stituents in each set of a term of the product of the two series S«m ar*d Sv ,
as there are negative constituents, it is sufficient that d should be a factor of c,
where d is the smallest value, numerically, satisfying the congruence 6 = d (mod a).

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 32 F. CAJORI: DIVERGENT AND CONDITIONALLY CONVERGENT [January

In explaining the further process of constructing our series we shall start out
with a particular selection of signs, but the process is the same as for any other
selection, similarly made. Let a = 4, 6 = 3, then c = 2 and d = — 1, a
factor of c . Accordingly, the signs of terms in each set of the first series are
+ H-. Let the signs of the b terms in each set of YLv be + -)-.
We have now the two factor-series obtained by dropping the parentheses from
the series on the right hand sides of the formulas :

y^u "r( 1 _-_ *_i_ _\

^"- ieíW.+ ai 4/j4-l4-a2 àp+2 + as 4p + 3+aJ
and
r="( 1 1 1 \
2>»'=g W+Ä + W+i + ß~2
~ äp+ 2+ ßJ '
in which the Greek letters are quantities to be chosen, if possible, so that the
product of the two series shall be absolutely convergent.
For brevity, we shall, in the series SMmi represent by {ua + a] a fraction
l/(ap + a), and, similarly, in the series _j«m i Dy {vb -\- ß} a fraction 1 ¡(bp + ß).
Accordingly we have, dropping the parentheses as before,

Z».SI((% + «i} + {% + 1 + **}- KP + 2 + a3} - {« + 3 + a4})

p=í
and

E«m-E({«3,
p=l
+ r51}+ K + i + /3j-{^ + 2 + ^}).
In the product of __wm an(i __«m7 a set w^l consist of 12 constituents. The
first set in the (12w)-th term will be (since {vX2—9 + ßx} = {v3+ /3,} , and
similarly in other cases)

- {"i2„+ 3 + <} K - 9 + /3J - {«^ + 2 + „;'} {.u - 8 + ß2}

- {ul2n + 1 + a"2} {vX2- 7 + /3J + {uX2n+ <} {_u- 6 + ß[}

(I)
+ í«u.-8 + a;} {«„_ 3 + #} + {Mi2n_4 + «¡} {%- 2 + /3'2'}
+ {«_h-6 + aJ {«.2-1 + #} - {ul2n- 6 + a3} {v12 + /.;"}
+ {•«, - 7 + a2} {.u + 1 + /3'2"}_ {«^ - 8 + a,} {vl2 + 2 + ^"}
Here each of the quantities ßx, ß2, ß3 occurs four times. We have broad-
ened our assumptions by attaching a single accent to each letter the first time
it is repeated and a double and triple accent the second and third time it is re-
peated. Accordingly ßx, ß[, ß'[, ß"x , ß2, ß'2, ß'%, ß"2 , ß3, ß'3, ß'3, ß'3" may
in general represent each a different number. Similarly, the letters a{, a2, a3, a4
receive a single accent the first time they are repeated in a set of constituents
and a double accent the second time they are repeated.

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1901] SERIES WHOSE PRODUCT IS ABSOLUTELY CONVERGENT 33

We shall limit ourselves to the case where, in any term of the product series,
each set, when multiplied by n, yields a product that converges toward zero
when n = co. Accordingly, if the set I be multiplied by n, we get, for
n = œ (supposing the Greek letters to be positive constants, or variables which
approach positive finite limits), the first of the two following equations :

-K-9 + A}-K-8 + /3J-{«u-7 + /9J + K-6 + /S;}

- K-5 + ß2} + {vX2-4 + ß'3} + {„„-8 + ß'i} + K-2 + ß"2}
+ K - 1 + ß'S) - {«12+ ß"ll + {«12+ 1 + ß'il - {«12+ 2 + ßl'} « 0 ,
(II) + {Vu-9 + ßl}-{vX2-8 + ß2} + {vX2-7 + ß3} + {vX2-0 + ß'x}
+ {«12-5 + ß'2] + K-4 + /33}- K-8 + /3';}+ K-2 + #}
— iV„ ■i+^}-K+^'}- , + l + ß"'\-{vX2 + 2 + ß"3 0.
The second equation in II is got from the (12« + l)-th term by the same
procedure. All the even terms between the (12/i)-th and the (12«. + 12)-th
yield the same equation as the (12/i)-th term ; all the odd terms yield the same
equation as the (\2n + l)-th term.
The last set in the (12«)-th term of the product is

- {«i2„ + 2 + /3'3"}{uX2- 8 + «J + {vX2n+ 1 + ß'2} {uX2- 7 + «,}

- {«i2„- 1 + ß"i) {«i2 - 6 + «3} + {«.2,- 1 + ßl) {«12- 5 + «J

+ {«i2„- 2 + /3'2'}{«,2-4 + a'x] + {vX2n- 3 + /3';} {«u_ 3 + <}
(III)
■4 + /3;}{«12-2 + a; -5 + /3;}{«12-l + <}
+ {«12n- 6 + ß[} {u12 - a"x} _ {vX2n- 7 + /33} {«12 + 1 + a'2}

I- {vX2n- 8 + /32} {«12 + 2 + •;} - {vX2n- 9 + /3,} {Ml2+ 3 + <}.

Assuming set III, when multiplied by n, to yield a product which converges
toward zero, when zi = 00, we get the first of the following three equations :
- {«12-8+ai} + {«12-7+a2} - {«12-6 + a3} + {«12-5 + aj

+ {ul2-4 + a[} + {Ml2_8 + a;} + {Ml2_2+a3} - {«u — 1 + <}

+ {uX2 + a"x) - {uX2 + 1 + a"2} - {m12 + 2 + a"3) - {uX2 + 3 + a'4'} = 0,

+ {M12-8+a,} - {ul2-7 + a2} - {Ml2-6 + a3} - {uX2 - 5 + aj

- {«12-4 + 0 +
(IV) 3 + a2}-{Ml2-2 + a3} + {Ml2-l + a¡}
+ {uX2 + a"x\ + {uX2 + 1 + a"2) + {m12 + 2 + <} - {ux2 + 3 + <} = 0 ,

+ [uX2 - 8 + ax] + {w12- 7 + a2} + {m12- 6 + a3} - {«12 - 5 + «J

+ {/i12 - 4 + a;} - {m12- 3 + a;} - {uX2 - 2 + a;} - {uX2 - 1 + «¡}
- {«,2 + <} + {«,2 + 1 + "'2'} - {«,2 + 2 + o'j'} + {uX2 + 3 + a'4'} = 0 .

The second and third equations in IV are derived from the last set in the
(12«+l)-th and (12n + 2)-th term, respectively. The (12zi + 3)-th,
Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 3
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 34 F. CAJORI : DIVERGENT AND CONDITIONALLY CONVERGENT [January

(12/i + 6)-th, and (12n+9)-th terms yield the same equation in IV as the
(12_)-th term; the (I2n + 4)-th, (12n + 7)-th, (12re + 10)-th terms the same
as the (12«4-l)-th term; the (12« + 5)-th, (12_ + 8)-th, (12w+ H)-th the
same as the (12n + 2)-th term.
The equations II, when simplified and by the substitution of vi2 for vXi
made to apply to other sets in the terms of the product, are

i-fo»-8 + £,} + {iV-6 + 0;} + K_ -4 + /33}

+ {«„, - 2 + ft} - {v + ft"} - {vX2p
+ 2 4. /.;"} = o,
00
•_*- 9 + ßx) + {«,2,- 7 + ft} 4- {%, - 5 + ft}
- {«i2,- 3 + ft} - {v12p
- 1 + ft'} - {vl2p+ 1 + ft"} = 0 .
The equations IV, when simplified, uX2 being written for uX2, become

Í {«12, - 7 + «,} + {u1%>- 4 4- „;} _ {Wi2p_ 1 + a'4) - [uX2p+ 2 + a"3} = 0,

(VI) {«12, - 8 + aj - {uX2p- 5 + a A - {uX2p- 2 + a'3] + {ul2p + 1 + a"2} = 0 ,

{«12, - 6 + aa} - {«12, - 8 + «_} - {«„, + <} + {w12p+ 3 + a"4) = 0.

If we aim to assign to the Greek letters constant values, then, in every equa-
tion in V each fraction must admit of being associated singly with another fraction
in that equation which is numerically equal to it, but of opposite sign. This
relation is brought about by the following six equations :

{«12,-9+ #i} = {«„,-3 +ft}, K--6 +ft} = {_„_+ #'},

(VU) H2, 8 + rft} = Ky-2 + ft}, {vl2p-b + ß'2} = {vX2p
+ l + ß"2},
{«i2,- 7 + ft} = {vx2p
- 1 + ft}, {vX2p
- 4 + ft} = {„ + 2 + ft"} .
The same considerations applied to equations VI yield the following six rela-
tions :
{Mi2, - 8 + a,} = {uX2p- 2 + a'A , "12, 5 + ttJ = {«12,
12, + 1 + <} 1

(VIII) "12, 1 + a2} = {uX2p-l+a'i}, {«__

12,
+ a¡ {«,2, + 2 + a"3
Mi2,-6 + a3} = {«_, + <'}> [U 12, '
3 + «2}={«12, + 3 + a';

Applying relations VIII, one may write the series _^w_ thus, the parentheses
being suppressed :

__>«= E({«i2, - 8 + «,} + {uX2p

-l + a2}- {uX2p
- 6 -f «J
,=i
- {«i2, - 5 + o4} + {«,., - 4 + a[} + {M12p_ 3 + a'2]
<IX)
- {Mi2, - 8 + a,} - {m12j)- 7 + a2} + {w12p- 6 + aj

+ {Mi2,-5 + a<\- "12, ■4+<}-K*-8+«;})

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1901] SERIES WHOSE PRODUCT IS ABSOLUTELY CONVERGENT 35

Applying relations VII, one may write the series £«m thus, the parentheses be-
ing suppressed :

2>„^i:(Np-9+0.}
p=i + Kp 8 + /32}-{%,-7 + £3}

(X)
+ {« -6+/3;} + {«i2i-5 + /32}-{«i2î,-4 + /33}
+ {«12,-9 + ßi} + {«„-S + /32}- {vX2p-l + ß3}

+ {vX2p-6 + /3;} + {v-5 + ß'2) - Kp-4 + #}).

Series IX is conditionally convergent ; series X divergent. In both series

any constant positive values may be assigned to the Greek letters. The product
of the two series is absolutely convergent. This may be shown by examining the
12/i-th term and the eleven immediately succeeding terms of the product-series
in the same way as we did the terms in the product of Sx and S2. We shall
here write down the expression for the (12« + l)-th term only, viz.,
p=n'

E(+K»-i%,+i6
1 + {«.2„-i2J,+8
+ «,
+ «;}
■'Up 9 + ^l}-{«12„-12P + 9 + S {«12,-8 + ^2}
«.2p-7+^} +K„-12P+7+ «4] «.2,-6 + /3¡}
+ {«12n-12, + 6 + «3} 12,
■6+ Ä1 + K 12n-12, + 5 + a2 «i2,-4 + /3¡}
[u 12n-12, + 4 + aJ 12, 9 + ßx} + {uX2n_x2p+ 9 + a'2} -8 + /32}
12n-12r-K8 + ai ^12, ' -7 + ^3}-{Wl2„_12;) + 7 + a4}

— f«„ ,•>+' 6 +' a

l 12n—12, 'l2, -5 + ^}-{«i2„_i2? + 5+a2} -4 + /33})
+j>=i
E(+{«: P + 15 + /3, \u i2P-8 + «i}-{«12n-i2P+8 + ^ i2,-7 + «ä}
- {«12„-12, + 7 + ß'i
12,
■6+ «.,}-{« 1271-12, 12p
-5+aJ
- {«12»-12, + 5+^3 "12, -4 + a;} + K2„_I2p+4
■p + ^2] 12,
-3 + «;}
— V
P + Z + ßi}
"12, 8 + aJ + {v12/1-12, + 8 + /33} 12,
-?+«2}

+ {«12„-12, + 7 + ß2 'I2p _ 6 + a3] + {t, 12n-12, + 6 + /3;} 12,

5 + aJ
+ {« 12»-12, £3} ,-4 + a'x}-{v 12n-12, + 4 + ft} I2p
-3 + <})

= -12£{« 12}>
9 A} 12n-12, + 16 + «,) 12n—12, + 4 + «1]
,=1

- 12Z {«12,- 8 + ax}{vX2n_X2p

+ 15 + /3J K„ + 8 + /3J -a,
,=1

where n = \n when n is even, and «' = 1(« + 1) when n is odd, and where
a is used in the same way as before. In this case a consists of one constituent
when n is even, and of eleven constituents when « is odd. By the very same
reasoning as that applied in the series Sx and S2 it follows that the (12« + l)-th

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 36 F. CAJORI : ON THE MULTIPLICATION OF SERIES

term of the product of IX and X, for n > m, has a numerical value less than
l/«.(log n)e, where 0 > 1. The two factor-series IX and X differ from the pairs
8X, S2 and Tx, T2 in this—that (suppressing in each series each parenthesis
which encloses a set) corresponding terms in IX and X need not have the same
numerical values. However, the three pairs of factor-series have in common
one property, to which allusion has not yet been made ; viz., in one of the series
of each pair, the sum of the terms in each set is identically zero, so that the
sum of the series is itself zero.
Colorado College, Colorado Springs.

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