Discussion

In the experiment a jet of water was used to strike a solid surface which is a
target vane of different shapes, shapes that were used in this experiment are conical
shaped target vanes and semi-spherical target vanes, the reaction force was determined
from the different types of target vanes used. No splashing was to occur or rebounds of
the water so that the exit angle is parallel to the exit angle of the target. The calculations
includes the exit velocity, impact velocity, theoretical force and experimental force with
the given formulas respectively, calculations performed and the shaped of the water
flowing in the jet apparatus was observed. When velocity is high, the flow rate of the
water will getting higher. When the weight of load is high, the distance between 120
conical vanes and semi-hemispherical vanes will be getting closer and thus the rate of the
water flow will be increase. From the result, the forces generated by the nozzles to
withstand the weight are 3.263N and 1.513N for semi-spherical and 120 o conical cone
respectively. We assumed that the semi-spherical vane (3.263N) should be has flower

From the results, we assumed the errors occurred during the experiment. Then, some of
precautions should be taken, for example :
a) Avoid shaking the water bench, so that the water level is set to a balanced position.
b) Adjust the adjusting nut above the spring correctly, make sure the nut is clean and in
fine condition.
c) Prevent the zero error or systematic error during the experiment i.e make sure the
weight at correct position.

With the measurement taken, it can lower to the minimum error and get accurate reading,
to avoid the great differences of gradient of slope value. However, in this experiment we
have success to prove that when the greater surface area of vane plate, the larger the
forces that can withstand by the plate.

For the hemisphere target it was observed that the flow rate was the lowest when
using a 300g weight, while the exit velocity and impact velocity are 9.107 m/s and 9.129
m/s respectively, the experimental force calculated was 3.264N while the theoretical force
was found to be 2.493N. The difference of the forces are 0.771N. The percentage error
for this was calculated to be 10.9% which is considerably low compared to the 100g
weight which had a percentage error of 216.5% due to some errors in the experiment.
Example of errors is the setting of pointer not being at the datum point or not correctly set
due to parallax error and the equipment consists of some rusting that may affect the result
of the experiment. Bubbles in water could also cause the percentage error to be high.
The flow rate for the 120o conical target was observed to be the highest
compared to the hemisphere target vane which is 2.439*10-4 m3/s while the exit velocity
is 12.425 m/s and the impact velocity is 12.409 m/s for the 200g weight. The
experimental force is found to be 1.513 N while the theoretical force is 1.962 N.
Percentage error for the conical target vane is 22.9% with a 200g weight. The percentage
error for the 100g and 50g was at 45.7% and 174.9% respectively. Both target showed
high percentage error for their 1st weight readings due to some errors which was
mentioned earlier in the discussion section above. For the 2 nd and 3rd readings of
respective weights both relatively showed a much lower percentage error. This can be due
to the apparatus being not operated frequently or the human error which was made during
the recording of the readings.

Fluid Mechanics,2nd Edition,2002, Kundu and Cohen

http://site.iugaza.edu.ps/mymousa/files/Experiment-3-hydraulics-lab-.pdf

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/orifice-nozzle-venturi-d_590.html