Optimisation results and potentialfinancial profit of these two BES systems are

compared and discussed in detail

The accelerated growth of the energy economy is still highly dependent on finite
fossil fuel reserves.
Modern power systems could not exist without the many forms of electricity storage
that can be integrated at different levels of the power chain. This
work contains a review of the most important applications in which storage provides
electricity-market opportunities along with
other benefits such as arbitrage, balancing and reserve power sources, voltage and
frequency control, investment deferral,
cost management and load shaping and levelling. Using a 5 function normalization
technique a comparative assessment
of 19 electrical energy storage (EES) technologies, based on their technical and
operational characteristics, is carried out
and the technology-application pairs identified across the power chain are
presented. In terms of safety and simplicity, Pbacid and Li-ion systems are viable
options for small-scale residential applications, while advanced Pb-acid and
molten-salt batteries are suited to medium-to-large scale applications including
commercial and industrial consumers.
The integration of renewable energy sources and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs)
into the existing low-voltage (LV) distribution
network at a high penetration level can cause reverse powerflow, increased overall
energy demand, network congestion, voltage rise/dip, transformer overloading and
other operational issues.
Battery energy storage (BES) is known to be a promising method for peak shaving and
to provide network ancillary services. Two types of BES implementations aiming at
distinctive charging and discharging targets without communication infrastructure
or control centre are proposed and simulated.
For this study, these potentially negative impacts caused by increasing penetration
of distributed energy resources and PEVs are stochastically quantified based on a
real practical 400 V distribution network as a case study.
In addition to their expected use in the transportation sector in the coming years,
regenerative fuel cells and flow batteries have intriguing
potential to offer in stationary applications once they are mature for
commercialization. For large-scale/energy-management
applications, pumped hydro is the most reliable energy storage option (over
compressed-air alternatives) whereas flywheels,
supercapacitors and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) are still
focused on power-based applications. As
different parts in the power system involve different stakeholders and services,
each technology with its own benefits and
weaknesses requires research and development in order to emerge over others and
contribute to more effective energy
production in the future.