SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) IN ARCHITECTURE

PROJECT 2

DAYLIGHTING, ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING &

PSALI ANALYSIS

TUTOR:

MR. AZIM

PREPARED BY:

WEE SUE WEN | 0322633

BUILDING SCIENCE II | BLD61403 | MAR 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Objective

1.2 Introduction to Jalan Besar Community Library

1.3 Lighting strategies in the community library design

1.4 Daylighting strategies in the library design

1.5 Shadow Casting

2.0 LIGHTING ANALYSIS

2.1 List of Formulas

2.2 Community Library Drawings

2.3 Space A -
2.3.1 Daylight factor calculation
2.3.2 Artificial lighting calculation
2.3.3 PSALI
2.4 Space B-
2.4.1 Daylight factor calculation
2.4.2 Artificial lighting calculation
2.4.3 PSALI

3.0 CONCLUSION

4.0 REFERENCES
 1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 OBJECTIVE

The objective of this project is to design spaces that integrate both natural and artificial
lighting. To study and understand the mechanism of artificial lighting in a public building and
based on the task requirement. To formulate daylighting strategies (PSALI) as well as solving
the design problems in relation to sustainability issues.

1.2 INTRODUCTION

The community library at Jalan Besar, Klang was designed to cater to the community where
spaces for variety of activities is provided based on the existing needs. The site is known to be
“old”, as the demographic analysis shows that the people range from adults to senior citizens.
The entire building is designed to capture the inheritance of skills of crafting from the elderly,
whilst attracting the people outside of klang who are interested to pick up the skill as well as
have a chance to exhibit their talent. Nonetheless, these activities could promotes the people
to interact with the local elders.

In the light of this library, it has been designed with a void at the side and an atrium at the
centre of the library throughout the floors and fenestrations throughout the front and back of
the building.
1.3 LIGHTING STRATEGIES

1. By using double skin facade to control the daylight from entering to the building
directly. The design material is perforated steel panels which allow the sunlight to
penetrate into the building but with controlled amount

2. At the back of the building is designed with the programme of library and reading
areas. The facade uses smart folding wire mesh, folding up the facade is to allow
more ventilation and let adequate amount of light into the space.

3. To provide diffused light using the atrium to light up each floor from the center of the
building.

4. One side of the building is detached forming a void to create a green area allowing
daylight to enter from south side of the building and promotes ventilation to the
space near the void.

4
1.5 SHADOW CASTING

8AM

1:30PM

5PM

Back facade is facing the East, hence the library space are located at the area to gain more
daylight. During the evening the sunlight will be shine towards the front of the building,
providing daylighting to the space facing the main road.
2.0 LIGHTING ANALYSIS
2.1 LIST OF FORMULAS
RECOMMENDATION ILLUMINANCE
2.2 COMMUNITY LIBRARY DRAWINGS

MUSEUM

LIBRARY AND
READING AREA

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SPACE A-
MUSEUM

MUSEUM
 Space A - Museum
The Museum is located in first floor of the library, is a room with curtain wall towards the front
of the building. The room is positioned at the front of building away from the entrance of first
floor as it stores a number of artifacts and historical items that need to be secured. Hence the
fenestration is at the smallest wall facing the front to allow lesser light into the space.

DIMENSION OF SPACE

17m

5,1m
Dimension of room (m) L= 17m , W= 5.1m

Total Floor Area (m2) 86.7m²

Height of Ceiling (m) 3.5m

LIGHTING CONTOUR

%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

Lighting contour shows a range of illuminance throughout the room from yellow to dark blue
representing the brightest to the dimmest part of the space. Curtain wall can be seen is
highlighted in yellow as that side is allowing the most daylight into the room. However there
are furnitures highlighted in blue which are blocking some of the daylight.
AVERAGE DAYLIGHT FACTOR

Area of openings Curtain wall (3.5 x 5.1 = 17.85 )

Total surface area of space 2(3.5x5.1) x 2(3.5x17) x 2(17x5.1)

=35.7 + 119 + 173.4
=328.1m²

Glass Transmittance 0.6

Visible Sky Angle from Center of 72

Window

Average Reflectance 0.5

Average Daylight Factor W Tθ

Calculation A x 1-R
= (17.85 / 328.1) x (0.6 x 72 / 1 - 0.5)
= 4.7%

With average daylight factor of 4.7%, it falls under MS1525’s regulations as “tolerable” lighting
for the space. Artificial lighting is still required especially to brighten up the dimmer part of the
room with the entrance that is shown in blue in the lighting contour diagram.

TYPE OF LIGHTING FIXTURE

Type of Lighting Fixture LED Faceted Reflector Downlight

Power (W) 6.6

Color temperature (K) 3000K

Color rendering index 85

Height of ceiling (m) 3.5

Height of working planes (m) 1

Mounted Height (Hm) 3.5 - 1 = 2.5

Standard illumination required according to 200 lux

MS15125 and

Reflectance factor Ceiling (white plastered ceiling) 0.7

Wall (White painted concrete blocks) = 0.5
Floor (carpet floor) = 0.2

Room index, RI (K) RI=L x W

Hm x (L + W)
= 86.7
2.5 (17 + 5.1)
= 1.57

Lumen Method

Luminous flux of lighting, F (lm) 670

Utilization factor, UF 0.57

Maintenance factor, MF 0.8

Number of fitting required, N N= E x A

F x UF x MF
N=200 x 86.7
670 x 0.57 x 0.8
= 55.8
:56 lamps

Maximum Spacing S max = 1.5 x 2.5

= 3.75m
REFLECTED CEILING PLAN - ARRANGEMENT AND SPACING OF LIGHTINGS

1.875m 0.95m

0.34m
Example of lighting in space
PSALI ANALYSIS

The arrangement of lightings in the museum is designed based on PSALI concept which allows
for the balance use of daylighting and artificial lighting in a space. During the day, 9 rows of
lights are switched on 4 alternative and 5 continuously in order to make the dimmer space
brighter. During the night, 10 rows are switched on alternatively, lighting up the space equally
and thereby saving the energy cost of the use of artificial lights.

Lights switched on during daytime

Lights switched on during night time

SPACE B-
LIBRARY

LIBRARY
 Space B - Library
The Library of the building is located at the back of the building facing the back alley of the
site where the fenestration is facing towards the East. This allow more daylight to enter the
space in order to enlighten the space to allow visitors to read.

DIMENSION OF SPACE
12.4m
9.2m

Dimension of room (m) L= 12.4m , W= 9.2m

Total Floor Area (m2) 114.1m²

Height of Ceiling (m) 3.5m

LIGHTING CONTOUR

%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10

Lighting contour shows that more curtain walls can be seen highlighted in yellow compare to
museum’s space, that side is allowing the most daylight into the room. There are furnitures
highlighted in blue which are blocking some of the daylight.
AVERAGE DAYLIGHT FACTOR

Area of openings Curtain wall (12.4 x 3.5 = 43.4 )

Total surface area of space 2(3.5x12.4) x 2(3.5x9.2) x 2(12.4x9.2)

=86.8 + 64.4 + 220.8
=372m²

Glass Transmittance 0.6

Visible Sky Angle from Center of 80

Window

Average Reflectance 0.5

Average Daylight Factor W Tθ

Calculation A x 1-R
= (43.4 / 372) x (0.6 x 80 / 1 - 0.5)
= 11.2

With average daylight factor of 11.2%, it falls under MS1525’s regulations as “intolerable”
lighting for the space. Artificial lightings is still required especially to brighten up the dimmer
part of the room for the visitors to read, that is shown in blue and green in the lighting contour
diagram.

TYPE OF LIGHTING FIXTURE

Type of Lighting Fixture Flat Round Downlight

Power (W) 11

Color temperature (K) 3000K

Color rendering index 80

Type of Luminous Warm white

Height of ceiling (m) 3.5

Height of working planes (m) 1

Mounted Height (Hm) 3.5 - 0.9 = 2.6

Standard illumination required according to 400lux

MS15125 and

Reflectance factor Ceiling (white plastered ceiling) 0.7

Wall (White painted concrete blocks) = 0.5
Floor (carpet floor) = 0.3

Room index, RI (K) RI=L x W

Hm x (L + W)
= 114.1
2.6 (12.4 + 9.2)
= 2.03

Lumen Method

Luminous flux of lighting, F(lm) 1100

Utilization factor, UF 0.65

Maintenance factor, MF 0.8

Number of fitting required, N N= E x A

F x UF x MF
N=400 x 114.1
1100 x 0.65 x 0.8
= 79.8
:80 lamps

Maximum Spacing S max = 1.5 x 2.6

= 3.9m
 CEILING PLAN - ARRANGEMENT AND SPACING OF LIGHTINGS

0.85m
1.95m
0.75m

Example of lighting in space

PSALI analysis

The arrangement of lightings in the library is designed based on PSALI concept which allows
for the balance use of daylighting and artificial lighting in a space. During the day, 4 rows of
lights are switched on to enlighten the dimmer part of the space. During the night, 5 rows are
switched on alternatively, lighting up the space equally and thereby saving the energy cost of
the use of artificial lights.

Lights switched on during daytime

Lights switched on during night time

4.0 References

DN130B LED10S/830 PSU PI6 WH. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/indoor-luminaires/downlights/coreline-downlight/
910500457699_EU/product

DN588B LED6/830 PSU C D100 WH WB GC. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/indoor-luminaires/downlights/luxspace/luxspace-
g4/911401536641_EU/product

MS 1525 2014. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/doc/297929846/MS-1525-2014