PSY 315 Week 1 Discussion Question 1

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What are the differences between quantitative and qualitative data?

What are some examples of each?
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PSY 315 Week 1 Discussion Question 2

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What are descriptive statistics, and how might you use descriptive
statistics in your personal life?
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PSY 315 Week 1 Individual Assignment Research,

Statistics, and Psychology Paper
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1. Individual Assignment: Research, Statistics, and Psychology

Paper
Resources: Assigned readings, ERRs, the Internet, and other
sources
Prepare a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you examine the role
of research and statistics in the field of psychology.
Address the following items thoroughly:

o Define research and the scientific method (include an

explanation of all five steps).
o Compare and contrast the characteristics of primary and
secondary data.
o Explain the role of statistics in research. (Keep the focus within
the field of psychology).

Format your paper according to APA standards.

Complete the Certificate of Originality Report and submit to the
Assignments link as an attachment along with this assignment.
==============================================

PSY 315 Week 1 Practice Problem Worksheet (Version 7)

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Provide a response to the following questions. Written responses

should be at least 30 to 45 words each.

1. Explain and provide an example for each of the following

types of variables:

a. Nominal:

b. Ordinal:

c. Interval:

d. Ratio scale:

e. Continuous:

f. Discrete:
g. Quantitative:

h. Qualitative:

2. The following are the speeds of 40 cars clocked by radar on

a particular road in a 35 miles-per-hour zone on an afternoon:

30, 36, 42, 36, 30, 52, 36, 34, 36, 33, 30, 32, 35, 32, 37, 34, 36, 31,
35, 20
24, 46, 23, 31, 32, 45, 34, 37, 28, 40, 34, 38, 40, 52, 31, 33, 15, 27,
36, 40

Create a frequency table and a histogram. Then, describe the

general shape of the distribution.

3. Raskauskas and Stoltz (2007) asked a group of 84

adolescents about their involvement in traditional and electronic
bullying. The researchers defined electronic bullying as “…a means
of bullying in which peers use electronics (such as text messages,
emails, and defaming Web sites) to taunt, threaten, harass, and/or
intimidate a peer” (p. 565). The table below is a frequency table
showing the adolescents’ reported incidence of being victims or
perpetrators of traditional and electronic bullying.
a. Using the table below as an example, explain the idea of a
frequency table to a person who has never taken a course in
statistics.

b. Explain the general meaning of the pattern of results.

4. Describe whether each of the following data words best

describes descriptive statistics or inferential statistics. Explain your
reasoning.

a. Describe:

b. Infer:

c. Summarize:

5. Compare the three types of research methods and statistics.

6. Regarding gun ownership in the United States, data from

Gallup polls over a 40-year period show how gun ownership in the
United States has changed. The results are described below, with the
percentage of Americans who own guns given in each of the 5
decades.

a. Are the percentages reported above an example of

descriptive statistics or inferential statistics? Why?

b. Based on the table, how would you describe the changes in

gun ownership in the United States over the 40 years shown?

7. Refer to the Simpson-Southward et al. (2016) article from

this week’s electronic readings. Was this an example of inferential
statistics and research or descriptive statistics and research? Justify
your response.

==============================================

PSY 315 Week 1 Practice Problems Worksheet

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Resource:Statisticsfor Psychology

Complete the Week One Practice Problems Worksheet.

Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.

Note. Computation methods may include the use of Microsoft®

Excel®, SPSS™, Lotus®, SAS®, Minitab®, or by-hand
computation.
Chapter 1

12. Explain and give an example for each of the following types of
variables:

a. Equal interval:

b. Rank-order:

c. Nominal:

d. Ratio scale:
e. Continuous:

f. Discrete:

15. Following are the speeds of 40 cars clocked by radar on a

particular road in a 35-mph zone on a particular afternoon:

30, 36, 42, 36, 30, 52, 36, 34, 36, 33, 30, 32, 35, 32, 37, 34, 36, 31,
35, 20
24, 46, 23, 31, 32, 45, 34, 37, 28, 40, 34, 38, 40, 52, 31, 33, 15, 27,
36, 40

Make a frequency table and a histogram, then describe the general

shape of the distribution.

21. Raskauskas and Stoltz (2007) asked a group of 84 adolescents

about their involvement in traditional and electronic bullying. The
researchers defined electronic bullying as “…a means of bullying in
which peers use electronics {such as text messages, emails, and
defaming Web sites} to taunt, threaten, harass, and/or intimidate a
peer” (p.565). The table below is a frequency table showing the
adolescents’ reported incidence of being victims or perpetrators or
traditional and electronic bullying.

a. Using this table as an example, explain the idea of a

frequency table to a person who has never had a course in statistics.

b. Explain the general meaning of the pattern of results.

22. Kärnä and colleagues (2013) tested the effects of a new

antibullying program, called KiVa, among students in grades 1–3
and grades 7–9 in 147 schools in Finland. The schools were
randomly assigned to receive the new antibullying program or no
program. At the beginning, middle, and end of the school year, all
of the students completed a number of questionnaires, which
included the following two questions: “How often have you been
bullied at school in the last couple of months?” and “How often
have you bullied others at school in the last couple of months?” The
table below is a frequency table that shows students’ responses to
these two questions at the end of the school year (referred to as
“Wave 3” in the title of the table). Note that the table shows the
results combined for all of the students in the study. In the table,
“victimization” refers to students’ reports of being bullied and
“bullying” is students’ reports of bullying other students.
a. Using this table as an example, explain the idea of a
frequency table to a person who has never had a course in statistics.

b. Explain the general meaning of the pattern of results. (You

may be interested to know that the KiVa program successfully
reduced victimization and bullying among students in grades 1–3
but the results were mixed with regards to the effectiveness of the
program among those in grades 7–9.).
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PSY 315 Week 2 Discussion Question 1

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The median home price in your area has increased in the last 10
years, how does this differ from the mean home price in your area?
How does this illustrate what the mean and median are?
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PSY 315 Week 2 Discussion Question 2

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How effective are the pie charts that often accompany a newspaper
article in explaining the statistics being used in the article? Can you
find an example of a pie chart?
==============================================

PSY 315 Week 2 Learning team assignment Descriptive

and Inferential Statistics Paper andTeam Charter

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1. Learning Team Assignment:Descriptive and Inferential

Statistics Paper & Team Charter: see Rubric in the Course
MaterialsForum, Also post the team charter to the Assignments
section with the completed assignment.

Resources: Assigned readings, ERRs, the Internet, and other

sources
Prepare a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you examine the
differences between descriptive and inferential statistics.
Address the following items:
o Describe the functions of statistics.
o Define descriptive and inferential statistics.
o Provideat least one example of the relationship between
descriptive and inferential statistics.

Format your paper according to APA standards.

Complete the Certificate of Originality Report and submit to the
Assignments link as an attachment along with this assignment.
==============================================

PSY 315 Week 2 Learning team assignment Descriptive

and Inferential Statistics Presentation (New)

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Resource: Assigned journal article

Create a 7- to 10-slide presentation with speaker notes examining
the differences between descriptive and inferential statistics used in
the journal article you were assigned.
Address the following items as they apply to the article:
Describe the functions of statistics.
Define descriptive and inferential statistics.Provide at least one
example of the relationship between descriptive and inferential
statistics.
Format your presentation consistent with APA guidelines.

Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.

==============================================

PSY 315 Week 2 Practice Problems Worksheet

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Resource:Statisticsfor Psychology
Complete the Week Two Practice Problems Worksheet.
Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
Note. Computation methods may include the use of Microsoft®
Excel®, SPSS™, Lotus®, SAS®, Minitab®, or by-hand
computation.

Chapter 2
12. For the following scores, find the mean, median, sum of
squared deviations, variance, and standard deviation:

1,112; 1,245; 1,361; 1,372; 1,472

16. A psychologist interested in political behavior measured the

square footage of the desks in the official office for four U.S.
governors and of four chief executive officers (CEOs) of major U.S.
corporations. The figures for the governors were 44, 36, 52, and 40
square feet. The figures for the CEOs were 32, 60, 48, 36 square
feet.

Figure the means and standard deviations for the governors and
CEOs.
Explain, to a person who has never had a course in statistics, what
you have done.
Note the waus in which the means and standard deviations differ,
and speculate on the possible meaning of these differences,
presuming that they are representative of U.S. governors and large
corporations’ CEOs in general.

21. Radel and colleagues (2011) conducted a study of how feeling

overly controlled makes you desire—even unconsciously—more
freedom. In their study, 52 Canadian undergraduates played a video
game in a laboratory and were randomly assigned to either:
a. anautomony deprivation condition, in which they were told to
follow instructions precisely, constantly given instructions over a
loudspeaker, and carefully observed on everything they did.
b. a neutral condition, which was much more laid back.

After this activity, they were asked to do a “lexical decision task” (a

standard approach for measuring unconscious responses) in which
they were shown a series of words and nonwords in random order
and had to press “C” if it was a real word or “N” if not. Half of the
real words were related to autonomy (e.g., freedom, choice) and half
were neutral (e.g., whisper, hammer). The key focus of the study
was on how long it took people to press the button *(“response
latency”) for each kind of real word, averaged over the many words
of each type. The table below shows the mean and standard
deviation across the participants of these four categories of results.
Thus, for example, 782 milliseconds (thousandths of a second) is
the average time it took participants in the autonomy-deprived
condition to respond to the autonomy-related words, and 211 is the
standard deviation across the 26 participants’ average response time
in that condition. Explain the numbers in this table to a person who
has never had a course in statistics. (Be sure to explain some
specific numbers, as well as the general principle of the mean and
standard deviation.) For your interest, the pattern of results shown
here supported the researchers’ hypothesis: “Relative to a neutral
instructional climate, a controlling climate thwarting the need for
autonomy…enhanced accessibility for autonomy-related words.”
(p.924).

Chapter 3
14. On a standard measure of hearing ability, the mean is 300 and
the standard deviation is 20. Give the raw scores for persons whose
Z scores for persons who score 340, 310, and 260. Give the raw
scores for persons whose Z scores on this test are 2.4, 1.5, and -4.5.

16. The amount of time it takes to recover physiologically from a

certain kind of sudden noise is found to be normally distributed with
a mean of 80 seconds and a standard deviation of 10 seconds. Using
the 50%–34%–14% figures, approximately what percentage of
scores (on time to recover) will be:

Above 100?
Below 100?
Above 90?
Below 90?
Above 80?
Below 80?
Above 70?
Below 70?
Above 60?
Below 60?

18. Suppose that the scores of architects on a particular creativity

test are normally distributed. Using a normal curve table, what
percentage of architects have Z scores:
Above .10?
Below .10?
Above .20?
Below .20?
Above 1.10?
Below 1.10?
Above -.10?
Below -.10?

21. Suppose that you are designing an instrument panel for a large
industrial machine. The machine requires the person using it to
reach 2 feet from a particular position. The reach from this position
for adult women is known to have a mean of 2.8 feet with a standard
deviation of .5. The reach for adult men is known to have a mean of
3.1 feet with a standard deviation of .6. Both women’s and men’s
reach from this position is normally distributed. If this design is
implemented:

What percentage of women will not be able to work on this

instrument panel?
What percentage of men will not be able to work on this instrument
panel?
Explain your answers to a person who has never had a course in
statistics.
24. Suppose that you were going to conduct a survey of visitors to
your campus. You want the survey to be as representative as
possible.

How would you select the people to survey?

Why would that be your best method?
==============================================

PSY 315 Week 3 Discussion Question 1

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What are some terms related to hypothesis testing with which you
are already familiar? What are the five steps of hypothesis testing?
Why do the null and alternative hypotheses have to be mutually
exclusive?
==============================================

PSY 315 Week 3 Discussion Question 2

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What is the difference between null and alternative hypotheses

statements in one-tailed and two-tailed tests? What are
significance/alpha levels and how does using a one versus a two
tailed test affect significance levels?
==============================================

PSY 315 Week 3 Inferential Research and Statistics

Project Part 1 (PTSD)

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Select one of the following scenarios based on your particular field

of interest in psychology:

Industrial/Organizational Psychology:

A few months ago, the upper management at a large corporation

decided they wanted to make major changes in the organization.
Leadership is concerned that employees may be resistant to the
change, and they want to find out if there is a change management
method that would help employees accept change more effectively
and keep employee satisfaction high. Two methods they have
considered are the ADKAR Framework and the Prosci Change
Management Methodology. The company wants to implement a
small change in two departments before they make any major
organization changes and would like to test the methods. The
corporation uses the Devine Company to measure employee
satisfaction with an anonymous survey.

Applied Psychology:

A large medical facility is experiencing too many missed

appointments in its primary and specialty care clinics. The facility
has noticed that not all patients respond well to reminder calls
regarding follow-up appointments. Some patients do not answer
calls and do not seem to respond to voice mail requesting they call
the facility. The result is that many follow up appointments are
missed. Management has read articles that people respond very well
to text messages and would like to see which method provides the
least amount of missed appointments. Missed appointments are
tracked in the facility database on a monthly basis.

General Psychology:

Clinicians at a small clinic have been introduced to a new method to

treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in their clients for
veterans. Research indicates that virtual reality (VR) is a highly
effective treatment option for patients with PTSD. Currently, the
clinic uses only cognitive processing therapy (CPT) with their
patients suffering from PTSD. The clinicians would like to find out
whether VR therapy has different results from CPT therapy. The
measure used by the clinic to measure PTSD symptoms is the
Combat Exposure Scale. Both therapies need to be applied for a
minimum of 12 weeks to be effective.

Write a 525- to 750-word paper that addresses the following for your
chosen scenario:

Clearly define the problem or issue you are addressing. Provide a

brief background of any research you have found that might affect
your research hypothesis.

Create a research hypothesis based on the information provided in

each scenario. You will be given a data set with two sets of interval
data (just the numbers, as you must decide what they represent,
such as method A results or method B results). This means you are
going to test one thing against another, such as which method
works best (step 1 of the steps to hypothesis testing). State the null
and research hypotheses. Explain whether these hypotheses require
a one-tailed test or two-tailed test, and explain your rationale.

Describe the sample you will use. Sample size will be 30 for each
group, which will be provided in your data set. Explain what type of
sampling you selected. You may create your own data set if you
want, as it is only hypothetical—you do not need to collect any data.
Do you think you would also collect some descriptive data, such as
gender, age, or shift? Why do you think it makes sense to collect
descriptive data?

Format your paper according to APA guidelines.

Example

You have a hypothesis that two drugs have different effects on

lowering anxiety. You would have anxiety scores for drug A and
anxiety scores for drug B (all after 4 weeks of treatment) to run
inferential analysis after 4 weeks.

Null hypothesis is H0: drug A = drug B

Research hypothesis is H1: drug A ≠ drug B
Dependent variable: Anxiety score changed after treatment.
Independent variable: drug treatment

Because you did not state a direction in your hypotheses (better than
or worse than), this will be a two-tailed test. You are looking for
differences in either direction. You would set your alpha level of .05
and have a sample for each group of 30 people that were volunteers
for the study.
==============================================
PSY 315 Week 3 Practice Problem Worksheet (Version 7)

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On a standard measure of hearing ability, the mean is 300, and

the standard deviation is 20. Provide the Z scores for persons whose
raw scores are 340, 310, and 260. Provide the raw scores for persons
whose Z scores on this test are 2.4, 1.5, and -4.5.

2. Using the unit normal table, find the proportion under the
standard normal curve that lies to the right of each of the following:
a. z = 1.00
b. z = -1.05
c. z=0
d. z = 2.80
e. z = 1.96

3. Suppose the scores of architects on a particular creativity test

are normally distributed. Using a normal curve table (pp. 477–480
of the text), what percentage of architects have Z scores
a. Above .10?
b. Below .10?
c. Above .20?
d. Below .20?
e. Above 1.10?
f. Below 1.10?
g. Above -.10?
h. Below -.10?

4. A statistics instructor wants to measure the effectiveness of his

teaching skills in a class of 102 students (N = 102). He selects
students by waiting at the door to the classroom prior to his lecture
and pulling aside every third student to give him or her a
questionnaire.

Is this sample design an example of random sampling? Explain.

Assuming that all students attend his class that day, how many
students will the instructor select to complete his questionnaire?

5. Suppose you were going to conduct a survey of visitors to your

campus. You want the survey to be as representative as possible.

a. How would you select the people to survey?

b. Why would that be your best method?
==============================================
 PSY 315 Week 3 Practice Problems Worksheet

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Resource:Statistics for Psychology

Complete the Week Three Practice Problems Worksheet.

Click the assignment files tab to submit your assignment.

Note. Methods of computation may include the usage of Microsoft®

Excel®, SPSS™, Lotus®, SAS®, Minitab®, or by-hand
computation.

Chapter 4

List the five steps of hypothesis testing, and explain the procedure
and logic of each.
Based on the information given for the following studies, decide
whether to reject the null hypothesis. Assume that all populations
are normally distributed. For each, give:

a. The Z-score cutoff (or cutoffs) on the comparison distribution

at which the null hypothesis should be rejected.
b. The Z-score on the comparison distribution for the sample
score.
c. Your conclusion.

A researcher predicts that listening to music while solving math

problems will make a particular brain area more active. To test this,
a research participant has her brain scanned while listening to
music and solving math problems, and the brain area of interest has
a percentage signal change of 58. From many previous studies with
this same math problem’s procedure (but not listening to music), it
is known that the signal change in this brain is normally distributed
with a mean of 35 and a standard deviation of 10.

a. Using the .01 level, what should the researcher conclude?

Solve this problem explicity using all five steps of hypothesis testing,
and illustrate your answer with a sketch showing the comparison
distribution, the cutoff (or cutoffs), and the score of the sample on
this distribution.

b. Explain your answer to someone who has never had a course

in statistics (but who is familiar with mean, standard deviation, and
Z scores).
==============================================

PSY 315 Week 3 Team Assignment Hypothesis Testing

Lesson Presentation

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Prepare a 7- to 10-slide Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation with

speaker notes, as a lesson to explain the null and alternative
hypothesis and how to use a z-test to test the null hypothesis.

Provide an example to illustrate your lesson.

Include a minimum of 1-2 peer-reviewed resources as references.

Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.

==============================================

PSY 315 Week 4 Discussion Question 1

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What is a t-Test? How is the t-Test different from what we learned

last week? What is the normal distribution and how does it relate to
the t-test? What is an example of a situation in which you would use
a t Test for dependent means?
==============================================

PSY 315 Week 4 Discussion Question 2

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What is the theory underlying the ANOVA? Why is it important?

What are the differences between a two sample t-test and ANOVA
hypothesis testing? What is an example of a research idea that
would need to be analyzed using an ANOVA?
==============================================

PSY 315 Week 4 Inferential Research and Statistics

Project Part 2 (PTSD)

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Analyze the data from Part 1 using Microsoft® Excel® software.

Write a 700- to 875-word paper that includes the following
information:

Describe what method you are using to compare groups.

Copy and paste the output into a Microsoft® Word document, and
also answer the following questions:

What is the significance level of the comparison?

What was the alpha level you identified in Week 3?
What was the means and variance for each variable?
What was the test statistic?
What was the critical value for both the one- and two-tailed test?
Was your test one-tailed or two-tailed?
Were you able to reject the null hypothesis? In other words, did you
prove there was a difference?

Talk about what these results mean in everyday language and in

context to your chosen scenario.
Make a recommendation based on the findings.
Format your paper according to APA guidelines.

Example of Output You Would Use to Answer These Questions

==============================================

PSY 315 Week 4 Learning team assignment Hypothesis

Testing Paper on Psycological reason for Depression

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1. Learning Team Assignment: Hypothesis Testing Paper

Resources: Assigned readings, ERRs, the Internet, and other

sources
Select a research issue, problem, or opportunity in the field of
psychology.
Obtain instructor approval for your research issue, problem, or
opportunity before completing your Hypothesis Testing Paper.
Prepare a 1,050- to 1,750-word paper in which you formulate a
hypothesis based on your selected research issue, problem, or
opportunity. See the rubric in the Course Materials forum.
Address the following:

o Describe your selected research issue, problem, or opportunity.

o Formulate both a numerical and verbal hypothesis statement
concerning your selected research issue, problem, or opportunity.
o Explainhow the five steps of hypothesis testing were carried out
for analyzing your data, and how the five steps of hypothesis testing
may be used to evaluate other solutions for your selected research
issue, problem, or opportunity.

Format your paper according to APA standards.

Complete the Certificate of Originality Report and submit to the
Assignments link as an attachment along with this assignment.

2. Learning Team Assignment: Hypothesis Testing Presentation

Resources: Assigned readings, ERRs, the Internet, and other

sources
Prepare a 10- to 15-slides (not including the title and reference
slides) Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation with presenter notes
illustrating your Hypothesis Testing Paper. (Remember the title and
references slides do not count towards the needed total slide count).
Follow the rubric provided in the Course Materials forum.
==============================================
PSY 315 Week 4 Practice Problem Worksheet (Version 7)

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Two boats, the Prada (Italy) and the Oracle (USA), are
competing for a spot in the upcoming America’s Cup race. They
race over a part of the course several times. The sample times in
minutes for the Prada were as follows: 12.9, 12.5, 11.0, 13.3, 11.2,
11.4, 11.6, 12.3, 14.2, and 11.3. The sample times in minutes for the
Oracle were as follows: 14.1, 14.1, 14.2, 17.4, 15.8, 16.7, 16.1, 13.3,
13.4, 13.6, 10.8, and 19.0. For data analysis, the appropriate test is
the t test: two-sample assuming unequal variances.

The next table shows the results of this independent t test. At the .05
significance level, can you conclude that there is a difference in
their mean times? Explain these results to a person who knows
about the t test for a single sample but who is unfamiliar with the t
test for independent means.

The Willow Run Outlet Mall has two Haggar Outlet Stores, one
located on Peach Street and the other on Plum Street. The two
stores are laid out differently, but both store managers claim their
layout maximizes the amounts customers will purchase on impulse.
A sample of 10 customers at the Peach Street store revealed they
spent the following amounts more than planned: $17.58, $19.73,
$12.61, $17.79, $16.22, $15.82, $15.40, $15.86, $11.82, $15.85. A
sample of 14 customers at the Plum Street store revealed they spent
the following amounts more than they planned when they entered
the store: $18.19, $20.22, $17.38, $17.96, $23.92, $15.87, $16.47,
$15.96, $16.79, $16.74, $21.40, $20.57, $19.79, $14.83. For data
analysis, a t test: two-sample assuming unequal variances was used.

At the .01 significance level, is there a difference in the mean

amount purchased on an impulse at the two stores? Explain these
results to a person who knows about the t test for a single sample
but who is unfamiliar with the t test for independent means.

Fry Brothers Heating and Air Conditioning, Inc. employs Larry

Clark and George Murnen to make service calls to repair furnaces
and air conditioning units in homes. Tom Fry, the owner, would
like to know whether there is a difference in the mean number of
service calls they make per day. Assume the population standard
deviation for Larry Clark is 1.05 calls per day, and 1.23 calls per
day for George Murnen. A random sample of 40 days last year
showed that Larry Clark made an average of 4.77 calls per day. For
a sample of 50 days, George Murnen made an average of 5.02 calls
per day. At the .05 significance level, is there a difference in the
mean number of calls per day between the two employees? What is
the p-value?

Chapters 11 & 12

A consumer organization wants to know if there is a difference in

the price of a particular toy at three different types of stores. The
price of the toy was checked in a sample of five discount toy stores,
five variety stores, and five department stores. The results are shown
below.
An ANOVA was run and the results are shown below. At the .05
significance level, is there a difference in the mean prices between
the three stores? What is the p-value? Explain why an ANOVA was
used to analyze this problem.

A physician who specializes in weight control has three different

diets she recommends. As an experiment, she randomly selected 15
patients and then assigned 5 to each diet. After three weeks the
following weight losses, in pounds, were noted. At the .05
significance level, can she conclude that there is a difference in the
mean amount of weight loss among the three diets?
An ANOVA was run and the results are shown below. At the .01
significance level, is there a difference in the weight loss between
the three plans? What is the p-value? What can you do to determine
exactly where the difference is?
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PSY 315 Week 4 Practice Problems Worksheet

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Chapter 7
The table below shows ratings of various aspects of work and home
life of 100 middle-class men in India who were fathers. Pick three
rows of interest to you and explain the results to someone who is
familiar with the mean, variance, and Z scores, but knows nothing
else about statistics.

Chapter 8

Barker and colleagues (2012) compared 61 parents fo children who

had a serious mental illness (SMI) to 321 parents of children
withour such an illness. The researchers examined the parents’
reported levels of stress, their levels of a hormone called cortisol
(levels of this hormone provide an indication of chronic stress), and
their use of several types of medication. The table below shows the
results of the study. Focusing on the parents’ number of stressors
(the first row of the table) and the parents’ use of medications for
anxiety or depression (the last row in the table), explain these
results to a person who knows about the t test for a single sample
but is unfamiliar with the t test for independent means.

14. For each of the following studies, say whether you would use a t
test for dependent means or a t test for independent means.
a. A researcher measures the heights of 40 university students
who are the firstborn in their families and compares the 15 who
come from large families to the 25 who come from smaller families.
b. A researcher tests performance on a math skills test of each of
250 individuals before and after they complete a one-day seminar
on managing test anxiety.
c. A researcher compares the resting heart rate of 15 individuals
who have been taking a particular drug to the resting heart rate of
48 other individuals who have not been taking the drug.

Chapter 9

An experiment is conducted in which 60 participants each fill out a

personality test, but not according to the way the participants see
themselves. Instead, 15 are randomly assigned to fill it out
according to the way they think theur mothers see them (that is, the
way they think their mothers would fill it out to describe the
participants); 15 as their fathers would fill it out for them; 15 as
their best friends would fill it out for them; 15 as the professors they
know best would fill it out for them. The main results appear in
Table 9-17. Explain these results to a person who has never had a
course in statistics.
24. Rosalie Friend (2001), and educational psychologist, compared
three methods of teaching writing. Students were randomly assigned
to three different experimental conditions involving different
methods of writing a summary. At the end of the two days of
instructions, participants wrote a summary. One of the ways it was
scored was the percentage of specific details of information it
included from the original material. Here is a selection from her
article describing one of the findings:

The effect of summarization method on inclusion of important

information was significant F(2, 144) = 4.1032, p < .019. The mean
scores (with standard deviations in parantheses) were as follows:
Argument Repetition, 59.6% (17.9); Generalization, 59.8% (15.2);
and Self-Reflection, 50.2% (18.0). (p.14)

a. Explain these results to a person who has never had a course

in statistics.
b. Using the information in the preceding description, figure the
effect size for the study.
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PSY 315 Week 5 Discussion Question 1

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What is a correlation? What are the different types of correlation

research? Why is it important to determine correlation? How is the
strength of a correlation determined?
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PSY 315 Week 5 Discussion Question 2

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If anxiety and depression are correlated, what three possible

directions of causality might explain this correlation?
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PSY 315 Week 5 Individual Assignment Hypothesis

Testing Paper

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Resource: Instructor approved research issue, problem, or

opportunity in the field of psychology
Prepare a 1,400- to 1,750-word paper in which you formulate a
hypothesis based on your selected research issue, problem, or
opportunity.
Address the following:
Describe your selected research issue, problem, or opportunity.
Formulate a hypothesis statement concerning your selected
research issue, problem, or opportunity.
Determine your population and describe which sampling method
you would use to generate your sample
Describe how you would collect your data, the level of measurement
of your data and which statistical technique you would use to
analyze the data. Explain why you chose that statistical technique.
Include a conclusion of your anticipated findings.

Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.

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 PSY 315 Week 5 Inferential Research and Statistics
Project Part 3 Presentation (PTSD)

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Create a 12- to 15-slide presentation using the information you

gathered and submitted in Weeks 3 & 4. Include the following:

Describe the problem, and provide some brief background about the
situation.

Explain the research hypothesis.

Describe your sample and your sampling method.

Explain the four steps of the research process you followed, and
define the critical value and the test statistic your analysis provided.

Provide the main finding of the study. What did you prove or fail to
prove?

Provide recommendations based on your findings.

Format any citations in your presentation according to APA
guidelines.
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PSY 315 Week 5 Practice Problem Worksheet (Version 7)

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Provide a response to the following questions.

Note: Each team member should compute the following questions

and submit them to the Learning Team forum. The team should
then discuss each team member’s answers to ascertain the correct
answer for each question. Once your team has answered all the
questions, submit a finalized team worksheet.

Your research team has been tasked with finding the correlation of
the following scenario:

Four research participants take a test of manual dexterity (high

scores mean better dexterity) and an anxiety test (high scores mean
more anxiety). The scores are as follows:
Person Dexterity Anxiety
1 1 10
2 1 8
3 2 4
4 4 -2

Describe the process your research team would go through by

completing the following:

1. Create a scatter diagram of the scores, which should be a

negative direction.

2. Describe in words the general pattern of correlation, if any.

3. Figure the correlation coefficient.

4. Explain the logic of what you have done, writing as if you are
speaking to someone who has never heard of correlation (but who
does understand the mean, standard deviation, Z scores, and
hypothesis testing).

5. Provide three logically possible directions of causality,

indicating for each direction whether it is a reasonable explanation
for the correlation in light of the variables involved. Explain why.
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