A Study on Agent Based Ergonomic and Intelligent User
Interface Design in Cloud Computing
S. Ravi Kumar1, Md. Abdul Muqsit
Research Scholar, Khan2
Krishna University, Principal, Polytechnic
Machilipatnam, A.P., Maulana Azad
India National Urdu
ravi.saddala@gm University,Darbhanga,
ail.com Bihar, India.
Abdul_muqsit_khan
@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT
Cloud Computing is changing rapidly the way an adoptable
technology for many organizations with dynamic scalability and
virtualized services through the internet. The design of
ergonomic user interface for cloud computing environment
using the agent based technology for user well-being is required.
In this paper, the design methods of user interface models apply
techniques of Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) looking to
provide all the benefits. The work is aimed for social,
environment, human and ICT developments.
KEYWORDS
Agent Based Ergonomic; Cloud Computing (CC); Model Driven
Architecture (MDA); Multi Agent System (MAS); Agent Based
Cloud Computing (ABCC);
1. INTRODUCTION
Cloud Computing is anything that provides the services
available on the internet. A Cloud Service Provider (CSP) is
available for maintaining all services. The user is not required to
maintain any services.
According to National Institute of Standard Technology
(NIST, U.S.Department of Commerce), cloud has five essential
characteristics such as On Demand Self Service, Broad Network
Access, Resource Pooling, Rapid Elasticity, Measured Service.
And Cloud computing has a mainly three services available
SaaS (Software as a Service), PaaS(Platform as a Service), IaaS
(Infrastructure as a Service), and four deployment models are
public cloud, private cloud, community cloud, hybrid cloud.
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ICTCS '16, March 04-05, 2016, Udaipur, India
© 2016 ACM. ISBN 978-1-4503-3962-9/16/03…$15.00
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2905055.2905058
K.Chandra Y.K.Sundara
Sekharaiah3 Krishna4
Professor, School of IT, Professor, Dept of
Jawaharlal Nehru Computer Science,
Technology University, Krishna University,
Hyderabad, A.P., India. Machilipatnam, A.P.,
chandrasekharaia India
h@gmail.com yksk2010@gmail.
com.
This paper is structured as follows. In the next section, a
cursory presentation of the agent based computing is described.
In section 3 agent based Ergonomic and UI in the cloud. In
section 4, we present agent based cloud computing is delineated.
In section 5, master and slave agent is described.
In section 6, we present adaptation as mixed initiative
process. In section 7, a model adaptivity model adaptivity in
user interfaces with mixed initiative is presented.In section 8,
classification of MAS framework is described. In section 9,
adaptation vs ergonomics is presented. Section 10 concludes the
paper.
2. AGENT BASED COMPUTING
Agent is a system, which works independently for deciding itself
to satisfying the user needs. It has different type of agents called
as multi-agent system.It consist of different agents, which
interacts each other. In multi agent system require coordination,
cooperation and negotiate with one another to achieve their goal.
Cooperation is a process of different agents work together
to share their knowledge for meeting a goal. Coordination is a
process of state in which agents action is well being each other.
Negotiation is a process of communicating with different agents
for acceptable agreement on needs of users.
3. AGENT BASED ERGONOMIC AND UI
IN A CLOUD
The user interface design is inherently complex, which has
attracted considerable interest in the exploration of design
methods capable of facilitating the creation of user interfaces,
and which attempt to extrapolate the usual techniques in the
design of the functional part of the system to achieve the major
benefits a well defined development process: automatic
generation/semiautomatic code, reuse, maintainable easily. The
design methods of user interface models apply techniques of
Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) looking to provide all the
benefits.
The application of model-based approaches to designing
UI faces a challenge that usually does not appear in the design of
the functional part of an application: non-functional
requirements, and especially the usability and ergonomics. This
is currently the Achilles heel of the methods of UI design based
on models, as the current UI generated is not yet mature enough
for certain types of applications.
The design of adaptive capacities of UI nowadays needs to
meet ergonomic requirements that users demand, has not been
included in the estimates based models of user interface design,
necessitating patch somehow created the user interface to add
the adaptation capabilities desired. This involves the breakdown
of many of the benefits of adopting model-based approaches and
especially maintainability and reusability.
The work proposes involves the inclusion design
adaptation capabilities of the UI as a first-order entity in the
design of the cloud interface, allowing the modeling of all
builders, and integrating it with the rest of the specification of
the UI; to thereby obtain all the benefits of applying a design
method based models. Next, a description of the proposed
definition of adaptation is described.
4. AGENT BASED CLOUD COMPUTING
(ABCC)
Sharing and pooling. In CC resource sharing and pooling
involves resources can combine among cloud providers. It can
be scheduling, mapping and coordination of sharing resources
understanding of contracts between consumers and providers. In
this agent based CC can be coordination and cooperation of
protocols between agents are adopted of resources in cloud
sharing and pooling.
5. MASTER AND SLAVE AGENT
A master agent is responsible for developing the solutions for
the genuine problem. Master agent modeled as a top level agent
to the whole team. Here a set of subagents working on the
population. Fig 1 depicts structure of master and slave agents.
Master
Scheduler Constructor Improver
Population
Destroyer
Repairer
Decomposer Synthesizer
Decomposer Synthesizer
Slave
Coordinator
Scheduler
ĂĂ
Population
Destroyer Repairer
Constructor Improver
Fig 1.The structure of Master and Slave agents [29]
The subagents can be categorized into seven types.
1. Scheduler: The agent scheduler maintains problem
specification information (i.e. objective, constraints,
functions etc.).
2. Constructor: The constructor agent constructs initial
solutions to the problem.
3. Improver: This agents takes existing solutions of the
problem and modify them to get better solution for the
problem.
4. Destroyer: The agent removes redundant or low
quality solutions from population.
5. Repairer: The agents repair some constraints to get
feasible solutions.
6. Decomposer: The agents decompose complete
information into subagents and send it to the slave
agents.
7. Synthesizer: The agents that synthesize subagents
from slave agents to complete the tasks.
6. ADAPTATION AS MIXED INITIATIVE
PROCESS
From the definition of mixed initiative, it follows that any
stage in the fitting process may be performed in cooperation
between several agents (human, machine or both). From this
definition gives rise to some problems of cooperation between
the user and the system:
i. When should the system initiate collaboration with the
user?
ii. What is the best way to contribute to the resolution of a
problem?
iii. When should the system return to the user to refine the
solution?
iv. When should the system ask the user for additional
information to solve a problem?
The time at which the user interacts with the system to
perform a collaborative task is an important factor. If the system
starts collaboration, applying an adaptation or request
information at the wrong time the user will have a bad
perception of the system, and often result in the deactivation of
the adaptation capabilities of the UI. Therefore, it is necessary to
provide some kind of model describing the user's attention to
allow the system to act at the appropriate time, and thus increase
the efficiency of the adaptive system. Another factor which
introduces a great influence on the quality perception of the user
system latency is adaptation process. In highly interactive
systems, high latency will make the system really unusable due
to wait times that the user will have to stand between its
operations and implementation of the adjustments.
Fig. 2 describes the classification of the proposed UI
according to their ability to adapt and who are the actors that
perform adaptation that extends the one proposed in [4]. The
process of adapting a user interface can be performed in case of
three different combinations of agents. On the one hand, we
have a case in which the adaptation is carried out by the user, in
which case user adapts UI. If on the other hand is the MAS
which perform the adaptation to an adaptive system. Finally, if bad lighting conditions, and the system infers the need for better
the adaptation process is carried out in collaboration by the user lighting to improve user safety while driving through the tunnel.
and multi-agent system get a UI adaptive mixed initiative. If the tunnel was illuminated enough to make driving safer, the
system could consult an external agent, such as a Web site on
The event that the system can adapt to changes in the user, the traffic laws to find out if the country is currently leading the
platform and environment, but does not ensure the usability of user is required or not turn the headlights when driving through
the system tends to context sensitive system. If the system is a tunnel.
only able to accommodate some of the components of the Once the task at hand and the needs for this task in the
context is called semi-context sensitive. current context of use have been identified, the system must
produce a list of changes that are feasible for the current task,
Adapted identified needs and current usage context. Again the system can
Adapted by use external agents to expand and improve the quality of the
Adaptive Adaptive Adaptive Joint Joint repertoire of any adjustments applicable. In our example of the
mixed mixed mixed initiative initiative user interface for a car, the system would suggest to the user /
initiative initiative initiative semi- semi- driver on the lights with a high degree of certainty. In the event
(Semi (Semi (Semi sensitive sensitive that mandatory laws as the lights inside the tunnel, the system
plasticity) plasticity) plasticity) Context Context(se could even turn them on by him. If not mandatory turn lights
(semi- mi- inside the tunnel, another possible adaptation to the system
plasticity) plasticity) might suggest the user would be to reduce the speed of the car,
which is suitable for the conditions of visibility inside the
Adaptive Adaptive Adaptive Semi- Semi- tunnel. It is at this time when the system has compiled a list of
(Semi (Semi (Semi sensitive sensitive more appropriate adaptations according to the input data
plasticity) plasticity) plasticity) Context Context collected.
(semi- (semi- Therefore, it is necessary to decide what adjustments shall
plasticity) plasticity) adaptation or actually applied. To decide which one or ones are
the best adaptations to apply, the system should calculate the
Adaptive Adaptive Adaptive Adaptive Adaptive profit or loss that will produce an adaptation to the user. Horvitz
(Semi (Semi (Semi (Semi (Semi [1] proposed to use the expected utility theory proposed by von
plasticity) plasticity) plasticity) plasticity) plasticity) Neumann and Morgenstern [2] for this purpose. In our case the
calculation is performed by evaluating both the benefit and the
harm that each adaptation would have if its application.
User platform milieu User+Platform / After calculating the goodness of any charge applicable,
User+ User+ milieu/ platform+ each must make the decision on what adaptations or adjustments
applied. The most logical strategy is to choose to implement
Platform+milieu milieu adaptation that higher values of goodness. However, it should be
noted that if the maximum values of goodness of adaptations is
Fig. 2 Classification of UI according to their ability to adapt and too low you can choose not to apply any adaptation. It is best not
actors involved in the adaptation process. to carry out any adaptation that one which does not satisfy the
user. Moreover, if you get close to the average values would be
7. A MODEL ADAPTIVITY IN UI WITH advisable to ask the user what adaptation prefers, if you like any.
If you get high enough values of goodness means the system has
MIXED INITIATIVE a high degree of confidence in the application of these
The user or the system can begin the process of adaptation. adaptations, so that could be implemented without consulting
The system is presented as MAS that performs the acquisition of the user.
data required for the system capable of reaction and make the
adjustments, is able to infer the need for adapting the decision to
8. CLASSIFICATION OF MULTI AGENT
choose which adaptation is applied between possible, and finally SYSTEM FRAMEWORK
apply the adaptation. Here the framework represents different kinds of agents works
When the user or MAS initiate the adaptation process, the in an environment,
first step is to determine the current state is the interaction with
the user, ie, captures the current state of the context of use. To
apply an adjustment to be appropriate, and produce a benefit, not
a degradation usability of the system, you should try to know
what the current task the user is doing with the system, so the
system can determine the possible need for the user given the
context of current use and the task being performed.
For example, in an adaptive user interface designed to
enhance the experience of driving a car, if a car goes into a
tunnel on a highway with poor lighting conditions, the system
should detect the task "driving on a highway ". If the system is
not able by itself to detect the current task or context, may resort
to external agents, as it could be in this case a GPS service to
detect through which road and the exact point of the road is the
car today. At this time the car sensors would communicate the Fig. 3 Classification of MAS Framework. [28]
Fig 3 depicts Agent technology is applied to construct a
framework for search with personality.The framework consists
of four parts. User Interface, the main body of the system, a
knowledge base and Mobile Agent set. The user agent is
responsible for interaction between users and the main body of
the system. The mobile agent main tasks is searching for new
resources and sort the resources, then sent to the knowledge
base. In order to work an agent efficiently, then the strong
knowledge base is required. Each agent has its own knowledge
base. Here the common knowledge base is also have for the
agent for common tasks. Agents can be divided into four groups,
they are User Agent, Interest Agent, Management Agent, Field
Agent. The cooperation of each agent could work mutually to
complete the task.
Fig 3. Multiagent based System workflow
8.1 Role of each Agent: The User Agent is responsible for
storing user' data which is personalized. The user agent is
maintais personalized interface, such as color, style and so on. It
also needs to record users browsing history and also get
personalized information to help the interest agent for searching
the tasks. Agent tasks are important to determine users hobbies
and interest to retrieve search area.
Management agent needs to cooperate and coordinate
among the agents. This agent can kill the no longer required
agents and creates new agents. It can be used for system
management. Field agent is a important task to apply cloud
models and receive search terms in the field for interest agent.
9. ADAPTATION VS. ERGONOMICS
Aggregation to a UI adapting capability itself does not
guarantee the improvement of the ergonomics of the system, but
may even lead to deterioration. It’s therefore necessary for a part
of the adaptation process in a manner adequate so as to
minimize the impact on the user, and also ensures that any
necessary modifications to the UI on the usability of the system
maintains. For example, if an adjustment needs to reduce the
content to be displayed on the screen because it has reduced the
presentation space, should be careful when choosing what data
hiding, so never hide information necessary for completion of
the current task.
When performing an adaptation is necessary to consider
that the adjustment must be performed at the appropriate time,
since if done at the wrong time the system user's perception is
degraded significantly. For example, if an adaptation is
performed while the user is performing a task of data entry, the
user is easy to be broken to frustrate the data entry process.
Applying these ideas to the example of the UI of the car, in the
event that the proposal to align with a higher value of goodness
advise the driver to reduce vehicle speed, the system will show
you a message proposing reducing the speed.
However, if additional information on the context, for
example, possible to know if the driver is driving at this time by
a straight line or a curve, the system should choose the right
time to show the message. In this case you should wait to finish
the curve, and that adaptation is not directly related to the curve,
so that the system minimizes the distraction of the user's
attention while driving. If instead the adaptation has been
deemed more appropriate turn on the headlights off, the system
can work with the user to refine the solution proposed. The
system could turn on the low beams, and suggest the user to
refine the solution turning on the high beams when he thinks
necessary.
10. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
In this paper agent based ergonomic and intelligent system
design is described in a cloud environment. Here master and
slave agent in cloud environement is delineated.Here model
adaptivity in user interfaces with mixed initiative is described.
Here classification of MAS in cloud environment is delineated.
In future, it is aimed for social, environment, human and ICT
developments.
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