REFRACTION OF LIGHT

What is Refraction of Light?

When a beam of light encounters another transparent medium, a part of
light gets reflected back into the first medium while the rest enters the
other. The direction of propagation of an obliquely incident (0°< i < 90°)
ray of light that enters the other medium, changes at the interface of the
two media. This phenomenon is called refraction of light.

Example of Effects of Refraction observed in our Daily life

You might have observed that the bottom of a tank or a pond containing
water appears to be raised. Similarly, when a thick glass slab is placed over
some printed matter, the letters appear raised when viewed through the
glass slab. Why does it happen? Have you seen a pencil partly immersed in
water in a glass tumbler? It appears to be displaced at the interface of air
and water. You might have observed that a lemon kept in water in a glass
tumbler appears to be bigger than its actual size, when viewed from the
sides. How can you account for such experiences?

Let us consider the case of the apparent displacement of a pencil, partly

immersed in water. The light reaching you from the portion of the pencil
inside water seems to come from a different direction, compared to the part
above water. This makes the pencil appear to be displaced at the interface.
For similar reasons, the letters appear to be raised, when seen through a
glass slab placed over it.