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  • How Aircraft Fly - Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering Forces

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    Alan Chau
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    The document discusses the pioneers of flight including Otto Lilienthal, the Wright brothers, and the forces involved in powered flight. It describes how Lilienthal made over 2000 flights in gliders starting in 1867, inspiring others. The Wright brothers achieved the first powered and controlled flights in 1903 after extensive experimentation and testing. Their Flyer design used wing warping for control and was highly efficient. For an aircraft to fly, the four main forces of lift, weight, thrust, and drag must be balanced.

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    AE1110x 3a Slides

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    The document discusses the pioneers of flight including Otto Lilienthal, the Wright brothers, and the forces involved in powered flight. It describes how Lilienthal made over 2000 flights in gliders starting in 1867, inspiring others. The Wright brothers achieved the first powered and controlled flights in 1903 after extensive experimentation and testing. Their Flyer design used wing warping for control and was highly efficient. For an aircraft to fly, the four main forces of lift, weight, thrust, and drag must be balanced.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    23 views16 pages

    How Aircraft Fly - Introduction to Aeronautical Engineering Forces

    Uploaded by

    Alan Chau
    The document discusses the pioneers of flight including Otto Lilienthal, the Wright brothers, and the forces involved in powered flight. It describes how Lilienthal made over 2000 flights in gliders starting in 1867, inspiring others. The Wright brothers achieved the first powered and controlled flights in 1903 after extensive experimentation and testing. Their Flyer design used wing warping for control and was highly efficient. For an aircraft to fly, the four main forces of lift, weight, thrust, and drag must be balanced.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 16

    How

     aircra)  fly  
    Introduc)on  to  Aeronau)cal  Engineering  
    Ir.  Jos  Sinke  

    R.  Deakin  -­‐  CC  -­‐  BY  -­‐  NC  -­‐  ND  


    Pioneers  of  flight  -­‐  Can  you  name  them?  

    Robedia  -­‐  CC  -­‐  BY  -­‐  SA  


    Pioneers  of  flight  -­‐  Can  you  name  them?  

    George  Cayley   Orville  Wright   Wilbur  Wright  

    Robedia  -­‐  CC  -­‐  BY  -­‐  SA  


    Samuel  Langley   Anthony  Fokker   Albert  Plesman  
    O:o  Lilienthal  (1848-­‐1896)  

    -­‐  Fascinated  by  birds  


    -­‐  Started  in  1867  
    >  2000  flights    
    >  12  gliders  
    -­‐  Built  his  own  ‘hill’  
    -­‐  Longest  distance:  250m  
    -­‐  Died  in  1896  crash  
    InspiraFon  

    Ellywa  -­‐  CC  -­‐  BY  -­‐  SA  

    MathKnight  -­‐  CC  -­‐  BY    


    Hang  gliders  

    -­‐  EvoluXons  of  Lilienthal’s  glider  


    -­‐  Glide  raFo:  How  far  can  you  
    go  for  a  descent  of  1  metre?  

    Typical  performance:  
    Gliders:      Glide  raXo  ≈  17:1  
    Rigid  wings:    Glide  raXo  ≈  20:1  
    T0msk  -­‐  CC  -­‐  BY  -­‐  NC  -­‐  SA    
    QuesFon  
    Gliders  o^en  run  down  a  hill  to  make  speed.  
    Is  the  wind  direcXon  of  any  influence?  

    Beadmobile  -­‐  CC  -­‐  BY  


    Answer  

    -­‐  What  ma`ers  is  airspeed,  not  ground  speed!  


    -­‐  When  running  with  headwind,  your    
         airspeed  is  higher  
    -­‐  That  is  why  aircra^:  
    •  Take  off  with  headwinds  (Shorter  runway)  
    •  Land  with  headwinds  (Shorter  stopping  distance)  
    Beadmobile  -­‐  CC  -­‐  BY  
    1903  -­‐  First  powered  HtA  flight  
    Wright  brothers’  flight  

    EngineersClubDayton  -­‐  CC  -­‐  BY  


    The  Wright  brothers  
    -­‐  PrinXng  firm  &  Bicycle  shop  
    -­‐  Interested  in  flying  (Lilienthal)  
    -­‐  Many  invesXgaXons  (wind  tunnel)  
    •  12  hp  engine  
    •  Propeller  design  
    -­‐  Timing  
    -­‐  Pressure  by  Langley  
    R.  Larose  -­‐  CC  -­‐  BY  -­‐  NC  -­‐  ND  
    Influence  of  Wright’s  Flyer  

    -­‐ First  to  achieve  powered  and  


     
    controlled  heavier-­‐than-­‐air  flight  
    -­‐ Dependent  on  wing  warping  and  
    forward  horizontal  stabilizer  
     
    •  Later  other  mechanisms  (ailerons)  
    -­‐ Highly  efficient  wings  and  propellers  
    Wright  Flyer  +  100  years  

    A.  Gorlin  
    M.  -­‐  CHC  arkin  
    -­‐  BY  -­‐  N
    CC  -­‐  BNY  
    D  
    For  constant  speed  &  alXtude  
    Forces  on  aircra)   Force  equilibrium:    L  =  W  
               T  =  D  
    Li)  L  

    Thrust  T   Drag  D  

    Weight  W  
    K.  Iemoto  -­‐  CC  -­‐  BY  -­‐  SA  
    Forces  on  aircra)  

    Weight  -­‐  Composed  of  three  main  components:  


    Aircra^  empty  weight,  Fuel  and  Payload  
     

    Li)  -­‐  Mainly  generated  by  the  wings  (small  


    contribuXon  of  tail)  
     

    Drag  -­‐  Caused  by  fuselage,  wings,  tail,  etc.  


     

    Thrust  -­‐  Provided  by  the  engines  


     
    How  aircra)  fly  

    Kuster  &  Wildhaber  


    Photography  -­‐  CC  -­‐  BY  -­‐  ND  

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