New Deal Programs = Relief for Jobless, Recovery for Agriculture and Industry, and Reform - welfare capitalism

*Revolutionized Government power, changed Americans expectation of gov’t, eased societal burden’s, but did not solve depression
Involved economic (business, labor, and agriculture) and social (individual relief & security reform)
First New Deal (1933) Impact Second New Deal (1935) Impact
Emergency Banking Relief Act Sound Banks re-open, unsound Social Security Act Set-up pension system to hedge
banks new management, bank crisis against joblessness and poverty
over within a week ridden old aged -- advocated by
Francis Townsend

National Recovery Administration Halted downward spiral of prices and National Labor Relations Act Reformed U.S. Business, b/c unions
(NRA) wages (supported by National Labor (NLRA) became legal and gov’t protection
Relations Act and Fair Labor forced businesses to cooperate
standards Act

Agriculture Adjustment Act Raise commodity prices, by cutting Wagner Act Protected Labor’s right to form
(AAA) back production unions. Set National Labor Relations
Board to solve labor disputes

Emergency Farm Mortgage Act Help farmers finance mortgages on Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) Built on NRA, minimum wage of
farms 40cents, 40hr workweek, and must
be 16 or older

Farm Credit Act Lowered interest rates for farmers Banking Act Created FDIC to protect depositors

Civilian Conservation Corps Hired young men to plant trees, build National Youth Administration Built on CCC, helped young ppl
(CCC) dams, and work on other (NYA) continue education, by allowing them
“Conservation” projects. to get HS diploma while enrolled

Federal Emergency Relief Provide states with money to aid Works Progress Administration Employed a wide range of talented
Administration (FERA) & unemployed (WPA) writers, actors, and musicians to work
Civil Works Administration of Federal Art Projects.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Provided jobs and extended loans to Rural Electrification Administration Built on TVA, to provide electricity to
rural electrical cooperative to help (REA) rural areas particularly in south
provide electricity to rural areas

National Industrial Recovery Act Created jobs by having people build Home Owners Loan Act Help homebuyers get mortgage loans
(NIRA), created Public Works highways, bridges, and other public through the FHA, and built homes
Administration (PWA) works. through National Housing Act
First New Deal = Blue Second New Deal = Red
Business/Labor Agriculture Economic Reforms Individual Relief

Emergency Banking Relief Act Agriculture Adjustment Act (1933) Federal Securities Act (1933) Civilian Conservation Corps
(1933) (1933)

National Recovery Administration Farm Credit Act (1933) Gold Repeal Joint Resolution Federal Emergency Relief Act
(1933) (1933) (1933)

National Labor Relations Act Emergency Farm Mortgage Act Securities and Exchange Act Federal Emergency Relief
(1935) (1933) (1934) Administration

Fair Labor Standards (1938) Farm Tenant Act (1937) Banking Act (1935) Civil Works Administration
replaced FERA (1933)

Second Agriculture Adjustment Social Security Act (1935) National Industrial Recovery Act
Act (1938) (1933)

Economy Act (1933) Public Works Administration

(created by NIRA - 1933)

Revenue Act of 1935 Tennessee Valley Authority

(1933)

Social -- Indian Reorganization Rural Electrification

Act (1934) Administration (1935)

Works Progress Administration

(1935)

Home Owners Loan Act (1935)

Federal Housing Administration

(1934)

National Housing Act (1937)

Social Security Act (1935)

 Road to Revolution
Mercantilism & the Navigation Acts
Salutary Neglect
French and Indian War 1754 -- French
lost North American Empire
Grenville (P.S.C.S.Q)
1763-1765
Sons of Liberty, Virginia Resolves, Stamp
Act Congress
Townshend Acts (D.R.T) 1765-1767
Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party,
Daughters of Liberty, Committees of
Correspondence, Letters from a Farmer
in PA, Paxton Boys
Intolerable Acts (B.A.M.Q) 1774
First Continental Congress, Suffolk
Resolves, Continental Association
organize boycotts
April 14, 1774 Lexington & Concord
Olive Branch Petition
1775
Thomas Paine Common Sense 1776
Battle of Saratoga 1777 & the French
Alliance
Peace of Paris 1783
(West to MI River, South to Spanish
Florida, North to Great Lakes)
Religious Movements
Half-Way Covenant - intended to
encourage church membership
First Great Awakening
1730s & 40s
Emotional>Rational
New Light Institutions promoted
higher learning - Princeton
Hurt authority of Old light institutions -
Harvard & Yale
George Whitefield
Jonathan Edwards
Second Great Awakening 1800-30
wave of religious enthusiasm
Frontier Revivals. Methodism & other
sects come together Charles Finney
& Lyman Beecher
2nd Awakening made Americans
more aware of moral issues posed by
Slavery. Served as a Catalyst for
Abolition Movement & Temperance
Movement
1950s Conservative backlash -
Eisenhower “In God We Trust”
conservative majorities in congress
1970s - Silent Majority
1980s - Moral Majority
Jefferson vs. Hamilton
Hamilton Reports on Public Credit
Federalists- what constitution does
not forbid it permits (strong n gov’t)
Republicans- what const. Does not
permit it forbids (weak n govt)
Louisiana Purchase 1803, violated
Jefferson’s strict interp.
Marshall Court. Proponent of strong
central govt (EX: McCulloch v.
Maryland)
War of 1812 Convinced Madison of
Need for National Bank, and strong
central gov’t
Tariff of abominations 1828. Calhoun
Nullification. States Rights
Jackson vetoes BUS 2. Catalyst for
2nd party system, Whigs.
Civil War Congress - national
currency and national banking
system
Woodrow Wilson, 16th amendment
& Federal Reserve Act
Road to Civil War
Slave States v. Free States for control of Congress
Missouri Compromise 1820
James K. Polk Expansion: Texas, Oregon
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (West Coast)
Wilmot Proviso - No Slavery in new Lands
Compromise of 1850
(CA Free, No slave trade but allow slavery in D.C.,
Fugitive Slave Act, NM UT no decision
Brooke Sumner affair, Harriot Beecher Stowe Uncle
Tom’s Cabin, Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854. 2 new states, Slave or Free
determined by Pop Sov.
Ostend manifesto - spain sell cuba part Manifest. The
Impending Crisis of the South Anti-Slavery publication
Repeal Missouri Comp = increased tensions. Expansion
slavery beyond south, caused bleeding Kansas. John
Brown in Kansas, then raid Harper’s Ferry
Dred Scott Case 1857. Can’t restrict slavery, slave not a
citizen but private property.
Election of 1860. Dems split, Lincoln Elected, South
Secedes.
North Disadvantages: inexperienced commanders,
divided support by population
North Advantages: Railroads, Industry, Navy, Larger
Population, Abundant supply of food
South Disadvantages: Smaller Pop & Industry
South Advantages: War fought home turf, long coast
hard blockade, cash crop cotton, experienced
commanders, economic relationship w/ Britain
Key Border States: KY and MD
Battle of Antietam: Union victory (no foreign aid for
South)
Emancipation Proclamation, Congress- Trans RR, Nat’l
currency, Homestead Act, Tariff
 Women’s History
Colonies Women Scarcity = higher status, Daughters of
Liberty, Revolutionary War = Women contribute (Molly
Pitcher), Abigail Adams letter about “remember the
ladies,”
Cult of Domesticity. Rear virtuous children of Republic.
Household duties
Women’s Movement 1840s (middle-class). Seneca
Falls Convention 1848. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and
Lucretia Mott.Declaration of Sentiments & Resolutions
Dorothy Dix - Asylums and Prisons
Second Great Awakening & Abolition Involvement
Jane Addams - Settlement houses for poor
D & A not associated w/ movement, gained resp.
Frontier life accepted equality for women, Wyoming &
all western states in 1869 gave women full right to vote
19th 1920 - right to vote
Women’s Christian Temperance Union, Carrie Nation
During WWI and WWII Women involvement outside of
the home increased, became more accepted for women
to have careers. Rosie and the Riveter - nickname for
women who did industrial work in WWII
1920s Flappers - new freedom by challenging traditional
American attitudes about Women
Margaret Sanger - American Birth Control League, now
Planned Parenthood
Betty Friedan - author of Feminine Mystique. President
of (NOW) National Organization for Women. Challenged
sex discrimination in workplace
1974 Equal Credit Opportunity Act,
S.C. Roe v. Wade
Affirmative Action Regulations
Women Voting Bloc important in modern day
African American History Key Time Periods & Social Change
Slave communities, blend of christianity and African traditions The Columbian Exchange
Stono Rebellion 1739, Nat Turner Rebellion 1831
Natives v. Colonies: Village Communities, Agricultural
American Colonization Society, William Lloyd Garrison Liberator Economies, Native Americans no private property,
Anti-Slavery Society, Frederick Douglass, Sarah Grimke children derived from Mother’s Clan
(Pre Civil War Legislation Bad) --> Emancipation Proclamation
Colonies Regional Politics, Society, & Economies
13th - 1865 abolished slavery
14th - 1868 Slaves citizens, basic civil rights Conflict with Great Britain
15th 1870 - suffrage for Black males Sectional Developments - State’s Rights vs.
Southern Reaction - black codes, Compromise 1877 ended Constitution
Reconstruction (ie Civil Rights Act 1875 not enforced) Military out,
RbHayes president Jacksonian - popular politics
1883 Civil Rights Cases, weakened protections & CrA 1875 ruled Popular Sovereignty
unconstitutional
Beginnings of Civil War Sectionalism
Jim Crow Laws & Literacy Tests, Rise of KKK & Lynching
Citizen’s Councils, Plessy v. Ferguson 1896
Reconstruction -- Civil Rights
W.E.B Du Bois founds National Association for Advancement of Colored
*Gilded Age
People 1909
Business, Agriculture, Inventions, Immigration
WWI led to the Great Migration 1920s (exodus of black’s from south to (1870-1910s)
north and west) for War Industries Jobs
Progressive Era
1920s Harlem Renaissance: James Weldon Johnson, Zora Hurston, (Progressive vs. Antebellum) *Shared most goals,
Langston Hughes, Josephine Baker difference was tactics. A- moral, P- political
Marcus Garvey - Universal Negro Improvement Association WWI: Archduke Ferdinand, Policy of Neutrality Wilson
Isolationism, slowly move into war
FDR E.O. Forbid discrimination in defense industries
1920s Harding & Coolidge: normalcy, scandals,
Truman E.O. 1948 desegregation of Armed forces
Herbert Hoover, Great Depression, & FDR to rescue,
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 1954 - seg. In schools denial of not really though
equal protection laws in 14th
Truman, Containment, Korean War, Sputnik, Vietnam
Eisenhower sent troops to Little Rock to enforce court decision
Civil Rights Commission 1957 investigate reported cases
JFK & LBJ - Vietnam escalation, New Frontier, G.S.
Dr. King Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) (Civil Rights Movement)
Nixon - Vietnamization & detente
Stokely Carmichael Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC) Carter - Stagflation & Camp David Accords
Sit-In Movement *Later Black Power, Huey Newton Black Panthers
Reagan, Bush H.W. Desert Storm,
Rosa Parks, Montgomery Bus Boycott Clinton Whitewater & NAFTA
George W. Bush - 9/11
1964 Civil Rights Act -- banned discrimination) 1965 Voting Rights Act
 Transportation &
Expansion
Northwest Ordinance 1787 -
provided for organization of new
states west Appalachians
Louisiana Purchase 1803
Henry Clay American System -
called for Internal Improvements
(promote trade) & high tariffs
(protect infant industry pay for
internal improvements)
Erie Canal 1825, Steamboats &
Turnpikes
Manifest Destiny
Annexation of TX 1845
Oregon Treaty 1846 49th Parallel
Mexican American War 1846-48
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ‘48
Gadsden Purchase 1854
William Seward’s Icebox-AK 1867
Transcontinental Railroad 1869
Spanish-American War 1898
Puerto Rico, Cuba, Guam, and
Philippines to U.S.
Federal Highway Act 1956
The Cold War
Bi-polar confrontation after WWII (no common enemy)
U.S. - capitalist, decentralized, democratic principles,
protected by an ocean,
S.U. - communist, centralized, authoritarian principles,
invaded twice by germany
Distrust - Yalta agreement divided Germany became
permanent, occupation of Poland, failed foreign minister’s
conference, U.S. Drops bomb on Hiroshima & Nagasaki,
Soviets test atomic bomb & don’t help in Japan
S.U. Actions - Iron Curtain, pressure Greece and Turkey,
didn’t allow democratic elections in Eastern Europe,
Communist rebellion in yugoslavia, blockaded Berlin, coup
d’etat in Cechoslovakia, Warsaw Pact,
U.S. Actions - National Security Council Report,
Containment, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan aid Europe,
Greek-Turkish aid bill, Berlin Airlift, NATO,
Mao Ze Dong & Communist Forces defeat Nationalists,
establish People’s Republic
Korean War (1950-3)
North invades South, S.U. & China support
Soviets boycott UN refusal to let China join
U.S. Takes advantage, UN auspices fight w/
S.U. Launches Sputnik in 1957 (No missile gap)
U.S. Eisenhower creates NASA, Congress passes National
Defense Education Act
McCarthyism at Home, Red Scare 2
Alger Hiss & Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
JFK - Castro Revolution, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis
Vietnam War (1946-63)
Ho Chi Minh & Viet Minh forces, French Withdrawal
Sec of State Dean Rusk -- Domino Effect
U.S. Gets more involved w/ JFK, full war w/ LBJ (Tonkin
Gulf Resolution, Tet Offensive, Nixon Cambodia Bombings)
Popular Sovereignty
Compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act
Bleeding Kansas, Border Ruffians, Lecompton Constitution,
Lawrence Kansas, John Brown Raid
L-D Debates, Stephen Freeport Doctrine reconcile with Dred Scott
“Beecher’s Bibles” nick name for boxes of Sharp’s Rifles which were
labeled “Bibles” of “books” and were shipped to anti-slavery
immigrants in Kansas
Reconstruction (1864-1877)
Wade-Davis Bill 1864 -- Lincoln 10% too lenient, for re-admittance
Confederate state 50% of population had to take Ironclad oath.
Lincoln vetoed Bill. Radical Republicans pissed
Lincoln - wanted to unite Union asap, 10% loyalty oath, accept 13th
amendment.
Johnson - based on Lincoln’s plan, provincial military gov b4 new
state constitution must be approved, barred elites and conf from
loyalty oath --> didn’t work Johnson more lenient pardoning elites and
confederate leaders -- who ended up in congress. Also state’s
constitutions didn’t really change (below)
Bourbon redeemers, Citizen’s Councils, Black Codes
Radical Republicans - Freedman Bureau: 40 acres and ox (not
accomplished), military reconstruction act 1867 = Military Zones
punish south make up to slaves, 14th, impeachment of Johnson
violated Tenure of Office Act, 15th under Grant, scalawags &
carpetbaggers
Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction
Gilded Age (1870s-1910s)
Age of Invention, mass production, assembly line, horizontal and
vertical integration
Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890 - forbid combination or conspiracy in the
restraint of Trade. Strengthened by Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, James Blaine, JP Morgan
Mass Transportation, ethnic neighborhoods, political bosses &
political machines, Social Darwinism, Knights of Labor, Haymarket
Square Riot
 World War I
Archduke Ferdinand assassinated by a
The Triple Alliance was formed in 1882 between Germany, Austria-Hungary,
and Italy. The Triple Entente was formed in 1907 between Great Britain,
France, and Russia. France and Russia had already been allied in 1894.
Wilson first issued a policy of neutrality, promising not to send any young
american men to war. Wilson declared freedom of the seas.
Wilsonianism - Wilson believed in a free market, non-exploitative capitalism,
and political democracy. Wilson did not believe that military intervention was
right, but he believed that it was occasionally necessary. Tried to keep U.S.
Out of War
1914 lent $500 million Loan to Triple Entitle
1915 The Lusitania is sunk by unrestricted German submarine warfare
1916: National Defense Act, Naval Preparedness Act, Revenue Act
High taxes, liberty bonds, finance war --> but large national debt
Zimmerman Telegram - intercepted by British, tried to coerce Mexico to join
Germany, in return Germans help MX gain territory lost M-A war
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: 1917 Bolsheviks lead by Lenin, overthrew the Russian
government. Then signed this treaty with Germany, giving up lots of land, in
order to stop fighting with the Germans.
Food Administration - created by the Lever Act of 1917--authority control
prices, oversee exports, tell farmers to grow more crops Herbert Hoover “food
will win the war.” Victory Gardens
War Industries Board, Espionage & Sedition Act, Schenck vs. U.S.
Wilson’s 14 points - no secret agreements, freedom of the seas, free trade,
disarmament, adjustment, of colonial claims, a League of Nations, and the
rights of minorities.
Treaty of Versailles -- League of Nations Article 10, Irreconcilables,
Reservationists, Wilsonians.
Impact of War on U.S. --> richer and more powerful, emerged as a global
super power
World War II
From Isolation to Intervention
Washington Naval Arms Conference 1921 - limit battleship construction,
maintain open door policy (weak bill no enforcement).
Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 - renounce was as instrument of policy (popular but
unenforceable)
1931 Japan violates K-B pact and invades Manchuria
Stimson Doctrine - U.S. Not recognize territorial acquisitions by force
Roosevelt Foreign Policy - Peace through Neutrality
Good Neighbor Policy, Nye commission findings cause
Neutrality Act 1935: forbade sale munitions to nations at war (failed against
Italy and Ethiopia)
Neutrality Act 1937: embargo on arms and loans, but allow sale of other goods
(cash and carry)
Japan Attacks China 1937, because neither side officially declared war, arms
to both sides cont. *Important step away from Isolationism
Neutrality Act 1939: allowed sale of munitions at war (mainly for allies) but
keep cash and carry.
1940 - exchange 50 destroyers for British Bases. *Isolationists upset
Selective Service Training & Service Act 1940 - 1st peacetime conscription
Japan threatens to invade Indochina. US embargoes oil and metal exports to
Japan. Japan signs tripartite pact w/ Germany & Italy. U.S. Freezes all
Japanese assets when invade Indochina
Lend-Lease bill 1941: lend or lease supplies to any country vital natl security
American navy undeclared naval war with Germany in the Atlantic
Atlantic Charter - self determination, economic cooperation.
December 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor Bombings. US declare war, Tri pact does as
well. U.S.
Impact on U.S. --> Left intact, industry and crops for recovering europe, baby
boom, GI bill, major growth in 1950s, Last remaining super power