í Transformers must be sized with enough capacity to supply power to

loads and allow loads with high inrush currents to start and run. In addition,
they must be protected by properly sized overcurrent protection devices
. and be equipped with conductors having allowable ampacity ratings to
supply the loads. Overcurrent protection devices and conductors must be
designed and installed in such a manner to safely protect the windings
of such power sources from dangerous short circuits, ground faults, and
overloads.

The overcurrent protection devices and conductors are sometimes

required to be adjusted in size in orderto protect the transformer windings
or the conductors from overload conditions.

Transformers may be utility or customer owned and fall under the rules
of the National Electrical Safety Code. If customer owned, they are still
required to follow the National Electrical Safety Code as well as the
National Electrical Code. And these requirements must be complied with.

Note, When selecting the actual size circuit breaker or fuse for the
protection of electrical systems rated over 600 volts, see one of the
ANSI C Standards.
• -f, . i " •

For example, for fuses rated at 100 amps or less, see ANSI C
37.46, and for over 100 amps see ANSI 37.46 and ANSI 37.40.
When circuit breakers are used to protect high-voltage systems,
see ANSI C 37.06. However, there may be protection designs that
require reference to other ANSI C standards, and the designer must
be prepared to refer to such standards.
SIZING T R A N S F O R M E R S
T h e total v o l t - a m p s of all loads in a b u i l d i n g shall b e u s e d
to size a transformer. D e p e n d i n g o n t h e l o a d r e q u i r e m e n t s
of a building, s i n g l e - p h a s e a n d t h r e e - p h a s e c u r r e n t s m a y
b e u s e d to s u p p l y the b u i l d i n g . T h e w i n d i n g s a r e c o n n e c t e d
in c o n f i g u r a t i o n s n e c e s s a r y to s u p p l y v o l t a g e a n d l o a d re-
q u i r e m e n t s of t h e facility.
C L O S E D DELTA-CONNECTED
SECONDARIES
T h e s i z e t r a n s f o r m e r r e q u i r e d to s u p p l y a c l o s e d delta-
c o n n e c t e d s e c o n d a r y s y s t e m c a n b e f o u n d by multipiying
the following:
• Multiply t h e s i n g l e - p h a s e l o a d in V A by 6 7 percent.

• M u l t i p l y t h e t h r e e - p h a s e l o a d in V A by 3 3 percent.
WYE-CONNECTED S E C O N D A R I E S
• A d d t h e k V A l o a d of (1) a n d (2) t o g e t h e r to d e r i v e the
T h e size t r a n s f o r m e r s r e q u i r e d to s u p p l y a w y e - c o n n e c t e d t w o lighting a n d p o w e r t r a n s f o r m e r s .
s e c o n d a r y s y s t e m c a n b e f o u n d by a p p i y i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g :
• Multiply t h e s i n g l e - p h a s e a n d t h r e e - p h a s e l o a d s In
• A d d i n g the total s i n g l e - p h a s e a n d t h r e e - p h a s e l o a d s V A by 3 3 p e r c e n t .
t o g e t h e r for an individual t r a n s f o r m e r
• U s e this total l o a d in k V A to d e r i v e t h e t w o power
• Dividing the load in V A by 1/3 (.33) to d e r i v e t h r e e transformers.
transformers :
S e e F i g u r e 2 0 - 2 ( a ) for t h e rules a n d r e g u l a t i o n s for sizing
T h e kVA rating of t h r e e t r a n s f o r m e r s , if t h e y a r e s e p a r a t e l y t h e t r a n s f o r m e r u s e d in a c l o s e d d e l t a - c o n n e c t e d system.
connected together, will a d d up to o n e individual transformer.
Using this m e t h o d , a single t r a n s f o r m e r rating c a n b e s i z e d
a n d selected f r o m the total v o l t - a m p s . O n e t r a n s f o r m e r w i t h
three w i n d i n g s is sized by a d d i n g t h e total V A of all the l o a d s
t o g e t h e r a n d s e l e c t i n g t h e t r a n s f o r m e r ' s k V A rating b a s e d
upon this v a l u é . ( S e e F i g u r e 20-1) "3

POWER POWER LIGHTING

TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER

^240V- -120 V-
-240V- -240 V-
-208 V-
-208 V - 120 V-
Xl X3
-208 V — -208 V — -120 V- (HIGH-LEG)_/
-120 V L3

-120V SIZING TRANSFORMERS FOR A BUILDING WTTH A TOTAL CONNECTED LOAD OF

20 kVA FOR SINGLE-PHASE LOADS AND 30 kVA FOR THREE-PHASE LOADS
^^0
Step 1: Finding kVA load for lighting transformers
SIZING TRANSFORMERS FOR A BUILDING WTTH A TOTAL CONNECTED LOAD
Single-phase: 20 kVAx67% = 13.4 kVA
OF 20 kVA FOR SINGLE-PHASE LOADS AND 30 kVA FOR THREE-PHASE LOADS
Three-phase; 30kVAx33% = 9-9 kVA
Total load = 23,3 kVA
Step 1: Finding kVA load for three transformers
Single-phase: 20kVAx,33 = 6.6kVA
Solutlon: Lighting transformer is 25 kVA.
Three-phase: 30kVAx.33 = 9,9kVA
Total load =16,5kVA
Step 1: Finding kVA load for power transformers
Single-phase: 20 kVA x 33% = 6.6 kVA
Step 2: Sizing individual transformers
Three-phase: 30kVAx33% = 9.9 kVA
Three 20 kVA lighting and power transformers of the same size must
Total toad = 16.5kVA
be installed (20 kVAx3 = 60 kVA)
Solutíon: Two power transformers of 20 kVA each are required.
Step 3: Sizing kVA fof one transformer
20kVA+30kVA=50kVA "
Note: Lighting transfonner is 25 kVA and the two power transformers are 20 kVA each.
S o l u t i ^ ^hree transformers of 20 kVA each and one transformer of at least
one 60 kVA are recommended.
CLOSED DELTA-CONNECTED SECONDARIES
WYE-CONNECTED SECONDARIES

F i g u r e 20-1. Sizing w y e - c o n n e c t e d t r a n s f o r m e r s with single- F i g u r e 20-2(a). S i z i n g c l o s e d d e l t a - c o n n e c t e d transformers

phase and three-phase loads. with single-phase and three-phase loads.

20-2
 Transformers

OPEN DELTA-CONNECTED t h e v o l t a g e . To d e t e r m i n e t h e F L A of a transformer, the kVA

of t h e t r a n s f o r m e r m u s t b e d i v i d e d by the v o l t a g e x 1.732
SECONDARIES
if t h e s u p p l y is t h r e e - p h a s e . [ S e e F i g u r e s 20-3(a) a n d (b)]

Open d e l t a - c o n n e c t e d s e c o n d a r y s y s t e m s c a n be
determined by c a l c u l a t i n g t h e s i n g l e - p h a s e l o a d at 1 0 0
.POWER ^PRIMARY
percent a n d t h e t h r e e - p h a s e load at 58 p e r c e n t a n d u s i n g SUPPLY X '480 VOLT
this total v a l u é to size t h e t r a n s f o r m e r . B y a d d i n g t h e s e t w o / -10

loads together, t h e size of a m i d - t a p t r a n s f o r m e r c a n be ^CPD

determined. A p o w e r t r a n s f o r m e r c a n be sized by calculating QUICKCALC
the t h r e e - p h a s e load at 58 p e r c e n t , w h i c h is t h e reciprocal FINDING RATIO
of the s q u a r e root of 3 (1 - 1.732 = 5 8 % ) . T h i s r e d u c e d total 4 8 0 V - 2 4 0 V = 2to1

is then u s e d to size t h e p o w e r t r a n s f o r m e r , w h i c h will be FINDING SECONDARY AMPS

52.08x2 = 104.16A
smaller in rating t h a n the lighting a n d p o w e r t r a n s f o r m e r . TRANSFORIVIER
•25kVA
[See F i g u r e 20-2(b)] SOLUTION: SECONDARY
AMPS IS 104.16 A BASED ON
PRIMARY AMPS X 2.

SECONDARY
H1 ,^2 H3 •240VOLT_^
• 10 •^.t
POWER LIGHTING
TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER FINDING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY AMPS
FOR SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER

Finding primary amps

Stepi: Findng primary amps

A = kVAx(1000-^V)
•• -. A = 25 kVAx (1000-480 V)
A =52.08

Solutíon: The primary amperage is 52.08 amps.

FIndInq secondarv amps
-240 V-
-240 V — Stepi: Finding secondary amps
-240 V-
A = kVAx(1000-í-V)
120V — -120V- A = 25 kVAx(1000-i-240 V)
-208 V- A= 104.16
X3 K2 J_
L ^ - { H I G H LEG) Solutíon: The secondary amperage is 104.16 amps.
XO L3

SIZING TRANSFORMERS FOR A BUILDING WITH A TOTAL CONNECTED LOAD CALCULATING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CURRENTS
OF 20 kVA FOR SÍNGLE-PHASE LOADS AND 30 kVA FOR THREE-PHASE LOADS

Step 1: Finding kVA load for lighting transformers

Single-phase: 20kVAx100% =20 kVA F i g u r e 20-3(a). Finding a m p s of a s i n g l e - p h a s e transformer.
Three-phase: 30 kVA x 58% =17.4 kVA
Total load = 37,4 kVA

Solutlon: One transformer of 40 kVA is required to be installed.

Step 1: Finding kVA load for power transformers FINDING A M P E R A G E

Three-phase: 30kVAx58% = 17.4 kVA
Total load =17,4kVA
T h e kVA or a m p rating f o r t h e p r i m a r y o r s e c o n d a r y o f a
Solutlon: One transformer of 20 kVA is required to be installed. t r a n s f o r m e r c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d for a s i n g l e - p h a s e s y s t e m
by appiying the following formula:
OPEN DELTA-CONNECTED SECONDARIES
k V A = volts X a m p s - 1000
a m p s = kVA x 1 0 0 0 - volts
F i g u r e 20-2(b). Sizing o p e n d e l t a - c o n n e c t e d t r a n s f o r m e r s
with s i n g l e - p h a s e a n d t h r e e - p h a s e l o a d s . T h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m u l a shall be a p p l i e d to d e t e r m i n e the
ratio o f a t r a n s f o r m e r h a v i n g a 4 8 0 volt p r i m a r y a n d 2 4 0
volt s e c o n d a r y : . -

C A L C U L A T I N G P R I M A R Y AND primary - secondary ^ . ,- . . .

SECONDARY CURRENTS 480 V ^ 240 V , C^rí-,^-,.^.
2:1 ratio ^ ,.
The t r a n s f o r m e r ' s p r i m a r y a m p rating shall be e q u i v a l e n t to
the a m p s of the c o n n e c t e d load w h e n installing a f e e d e r to
supply the p r i m a r y of a t r a n s f o r m e r to s t e p up or s t e p d o w n

20-3
Stalicup's® Electrical Design

The amp rating for the primary or s e c o n d a r y can be T h e r e are t w o e x c e p t i o n s to t h e g e n e r a l rule to the
d e t e r m i n e d for a t h r e e - p h a s e s y s t e m by a p p i y i n g the a c c e s s i b i l i t y r u l e s , a n d t h e y a r e e x p l a i n e d u n d e r the next
following f o r m u l a : two headings.

kVA = volts X 1.732 x a m p s - 1 0 0 0

a m p s = ( k V A x 1 0 0 0 ) - (volts x 1.732)
I
MIN. WIDTH
FOR THIS CLEARANCE, / -• 30- (761 mm)-
SEE110.26(F) / .110.26ÍA)(1)

.POWER _ PRIMARY í FR0^ÍT

SUPPLY •480 VOLT
•10 VIEW

OCPD

QUICKCALC

FINDING RATIO
480 V - 208 V = 2,3076
1
FINDING SECONDARY AMPS MIN. HEADROOM
TRANSFORMER- 30.08x2.3076 = 69 A • 6 1/2' (2 m)
•25kVA . 110.26(E)
SOLUTION: SECONDARY
AMPS IS 69 A BASED ON MIN. CLEARANCE
TRANSFORMER
PRIMARY AMPS X 2.3076. -•3'(914mm)
•TABLE110.26(A)(1}
SECONDARY 1
• 240 VOLT-
•10

FINDING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY AMPS

TRANSFORMERS MUST BE READILY ACCESSIBLE
FOR THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER

Finding primary LOCATION

Step 1: Finding primary amps
NEC 450.13
A=(kVAx1000) + ( V x V 3 )
A = (25 kVA x 1000) + (480 V x 1.732)
A =30,08 F i g u r e 2 0 - 4 . T h e g e n e r a l rule of 4 5 0 . 1 3 requires
Solutlon: The primary amperage is 30.08 amps. t r a n s f o r m e r s to be readily accessible for maintenance,
repair, a n d s e r v i c e . S e e A H J for t h i s r e q u i r e m e n t .
Finding secondary amps

Step 1: Finding secondary amps

A=(kVAx1000) + (VxV3)
A = (25 kVA X 1000) + {208 V x 1.732) HUNG FROM WALL OR CEILING
A = 69
450.13(A)
Solutlon: The secondary amperage is 69 amps.

CALCULATING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CURRENTS
F i g u r e 20-3(b). S i z i n g a m p s of a t h r e e - p h a s e t r a n s f o r m e r .
D r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s n o t o v e r 6 0 0 v o l t s a n d located on
o p e n w a l l s or s t e e l c o l u m n s shall not b e r e q u i r e d to be
readily a c c e s s i b l e . It is p e r m i s s i b l e to g a i n a c c e s s to this
t y p e of installation u s i n g a p o r t a b l e l a d d e r or bucket lift.
[ S e e F i g u r e 20-5(a)]

INSTALLING T R A N S F O R M E R S MOUNTED IN CEILING

A R T I C L E 450 450.13(B)

D r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s not o v e r 6 0 0 v o l t s a n d 5 0 kVA shall

T r a n s f o r m e r s shall b e installed a n d p r o t e c t e d p e r A r t i c l e
450. T r a n s f o r m e r s shall b e p e r m i t t e d t o b e installed i n s i d e
or outside buildings b a s e d u p o n their d e s i g n a n d t y p e .
LOCATION
450.13
T r a n s f o r m e r s shall b e l o c a t e d w h e r e readily a c c e s s i b l e t o
qualified p e r s o n n e l for i n s p e c t i o n a n d m a i n t e n a n c e . W h e r e
it is n e c e s s a r y to use a ladder, lift, or b u c k e t t r u c k to g e t to
a transformer, it shall not b e c o n s i d e r e d readily a c c e s s i b l e .
S e e definition of readily accessible, in A r t i c l e 100.
( S e e F i g u r e 20-4)
b e p e r m i t t e d to b e installed in h o l l o w s p a c e s of buildings.
T h e t r a n s f o r m e r s c a n n o t b e p e r m a n e n t l y c l o s e d in and there
shall b e s o m e a c c e s s to t h e t r a n s f o r m e r s , but they do not
h a v e to b e readily a c c e s s i b l e p e r A r t i c l e 100. It was not
c l e a r in t h e 1 9 9 3 or p r e v i o u s e d i t i o n s of t h e N E C whether
d r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s not e x c e e d i n g 6 0 0 volts, nominal, and
r a t e d 5 0 k V A or less w e r e p e r m i t t e d t o b e installed in the
s p a c e a b o v e s u s p e n d e d c e i l i n g s w i t h r e m o v a b l e paneis,
e v e n if t h e t r a n s f o r m e r w a s a c c e s s i b l e a n d provided with
proper working clearances.
Note, t h e s p a c e w h e r e t h e t r a n s f o r m e r is installed shalí
c o m p l y w i t h t h e v e n t i l a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s of 450.9 and be

20-4
 Transformers

designed by t h e rules of 4 5 0 . 2 1 ( A ) a n d ( B ) . If s u c h ceiling DISCONNECTING MEANS

space is u s e d a s a return air s p a c e for air c o n d i t i o n i n g ,
450.14
300.22(C) shall b e r e v i e w e d a n d t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f t h i s
section shall be c o m p l i e d w i t h . [ S e e F i g u r e 20-5(b)]
A d i s c o n n e c t i n g m e a n s shall b e l o c a t e d either in sight or
in a r e m o t e l o c a t i o n for t r a n s f o r m e r s o t h e r t h a n C l a s s 2 or
C l a s s 3 t r a n s f o r m e r s . T h e d i s c o n n e c t i n g m e a n s shall b e
l o c k a b l e a n d t h e l o c a t i o n fieid m a r k e d o n the t r a n s f o r m e r
Design T i p : T h e t w o e x c e p t i o n s to the g e n e r a l rule a r e
w h e r e l o c a t e d in a r e m o t e l o c a t i o n . ( S e e F i g u r e 2 0 - 6 )
for dry-type t r a n s f o r m e r s . T h e e x c e p t i o n s d o not a p p l y
for oil or askarel-fiiled t r a n s f o r m e r s d u e to t h e d a m a g e
of a possible oil spillage or t h e threat of fire b e c a u s e of
a rupture o c c u r r i n g in t h e c a s e .
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
450.3(A) AND (B)
TRANSFORMERS HUNG FR0M_
STEEL OR MOUNTED ON WALL T h e r e a r e t w o s e t s of r u l e s w h e n p r o v i d i n g o v e r c u r r e n t
IN THE OPEN
•450 13(A) p r o t e c t i o n of t r a n s f o r m e r s : r u l e s for t r a n s f o r m e r s r a t e d
o v e r 6 0 0 volts a n d t r a n s f o r m e r s of 6 0 0 volts or less. T h e
o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e m a y b e p l a c e d in the p r i m a r y
oniy or in the p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y side of the transformer.

DUE TOWALLBEING
PRIMARY ONLY - O V E R 600 VOLTS
MOUNTED WITH
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
450.3(A)ANDTABLE450.3(A) r 3 • .
TRANSFORMERS ARE
HUNG FROM BUILDING 1
STEEL (METAL) T h e t e r m primary is o f t e n i n f e r r e d in t h e fieId a s b e i n g
450.13(A)
t h e h i g h s i d e , a n d t h e t e r m secondary a s t h e l o w side of
t h e t r a n s f o r m e r . T h i s is really not t h e p r o p e r t e r m i n o l o g y .
T h e p r i m a r y is t h e input s i d e of t h e t r a n s f o r m e r a n d t h e
C!'
C s e c o n d a r y is t h e o u t p u t s i d e . T h u s , v o l t a g e h a s n o t h i n g t o
<^
d o w i t h " h i g h " or "low."
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
/CLEARANCES COMPLY • 110.26(A (1)
•110.34 A -FLOOR
Each transformer shall be protected by an overcurrent
WITHTABLE110.26(A)(1)
d e v i c e in t h e p r i m a r y s i d e . If t h e o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n
is f u s e s , t h e y shall b e rated not g r e a t e r t h a n 2 5 0 p e r c e n t
HUNG FROM WALL OR CEILING (2.5 t i m e s ) of t h e r a t e d p r i m a r y c u r r e n t of t h e t r a n s f o r m e r .
NEC 450.13(A)
W h e n circuit b r e a k e r s are u s e d , they shall be set not
Figure 20-5(a). T r a n s f o r m e r s h u n g f r o m the w a l l or ceiling g r e a t e r t h a n 3 0 0 p e r c e n t (3 t i m e s ) the rated primary current.
shall not be required to b e readily a c c e s s i b l e . (See Figure 20-7)

TRANSFORMER
• MOUNTED ON WALL, OR
• HUNG FROM CEILING .
T h i s o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e shall b e p e r m i t t e d to b e
HANGERS m o u n t e d in t h e v a u l t or at t h e t r a n s f o r m e r , if a p p r o v e d for
FOR CEILING.
s u c h p u r p o s e . It shall a i s o b e p e r m i t t e d to b e m o u n t e d in
t h e p a n e l b o a r d a n d b e d e s i g n e d to protect the w i n d i n g s a n d
circuit c o n d u c t o r s s u p p l y i n g t h e t r a n s f o r m e r .

If not installed in a vault, t h e o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e

shall b e p e r m i t t e d to b e installed o u t d o o r s o n a p o l e , w i t h
a d i s c o n n e c t i n g m e a n s installed in t h e vault t o d i s c o n n e c t
supply conductors.

LIFTOUT SUSPENDED CEIUNG

^WNELS APPLYING N0TE1
TABLE 450.3(A), Note 1 ^
MOUNTED IN CEILING
NEC 450.13(B) W h e r e 2 5 0 p e r c e n t (2.5 t i m e s ) of t h e rated p r i m a r y c u r r e n t
o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r d o e s not c o r r e s p o n d to a s t a n d a r d rating
Figure 20-5(b). T r a n s f o r m e r s m o u n t e d in c e i l i n g shall n o t o f a f u s e , t h e n e x t h i g h e r s t a n d a r d rating shall b e p e r m i t t e d ,
be required to be readily a c c e s s i b l e . per240.6(A).

20-5
stalicup's* Electrical Design

LOCKABLE CB USED AS A
DISCONNECT I S O U T O F
SIGHT OF TRANSFORMER
O
Stalicup's Note: Class 2 or Class 3 •450.14
transformers are not ¡ncJuded per 450.14.

L
fpr

DISCONNECTING
MEANS WITHIN SIGHT
OF TRANSFORMER
•450.14

LOCATION OF REMOTE CB USED

AS DISCONNECT SHALL B E FIELO
DISCONNECT
MARKED ON TRANSFORMER
• O U T O F S I T E OF •450.14
TRANSFORMER
• 450.14

DISCONNECTING MEANS
NEC 450.14

F i g u r e 20-6. This illustration s h o w s t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e d i s c o n n e c t i n g m e a n s for t r a n s f o r m e r s o t h e r t h a n Class 2

or Class 3 t r a n s f o r m e r s .

FINDING INDIVIDUAL OCPD FOR THE

PRIMARY SIDE OF THE TRANSFORMER

Sizinfl OCPD using CBs

stepi: Finding FLAof primary

450.3(A|
FLA={kVAx1000) + (Vx%/3)
FLA=(1000 x1000) + (12,470Vx1,732)
FLA = 46.3 A

Step 2: Calculating FLAforOCPD f ' -SERVICE CONDUCTORS

•230.200
450.3(A) and Table 450.3(A| -VOLTAGE
46.3Ax300% = 138.9A .OCPD ^^^7 490.21 (B) • 12.470.30
•230.208(8)
-^1000--
Step 3: Selecting OCP 1 1 / kVA \
Table 450.3(A), Note 1 and 240.6(A)
U
138.9Arequires150A
7
Solutlon: The size circurt breaker Is 150 amps.

Sizing OCPD using TDFs

TDFs -
Stepi: Calculating FLA for TDFs
450.3(A) and Table 450.3(A)
MBJ7 CB

46.3 Ax 250% - 115.8 A ^V^GES

.-CONDUCTORS
WIRING METHODS '310.60(C)
Step 2: Selecting TDFs •300.37 TABLES 310.60(C)(67)
Table 450.3(A), Note 1 and 240.6(A)
115.8Apermits125A

Solutíon: The size time deiay fuses are 125 amps.

Note: Before actually selecting the overcurrent
protection device, see ANSI C 37.46 and C 37.06.

INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION NotP «

NEC450.3(A)ANDTABLE450.3(A) ^ e r m l t

d k e d to
F i g u r e 20-7. I f t h e o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n is f u s e s , t h e y shall b e r a t e d n o t g r e a t e r t h a n 2 5 0 p e r c e n t (2.5 t i m e s ) o f t h e r a t e ^ ^ i r e t o t
primary current of the t r a n s f o r m e r . W h e n circuit b r e a k e r s a r e u s e d , t h e y shall b e s e t a t n o t g r e a t e r t h a n 3 0 0 percent three-wii
times) the rated p r i m a r y current. . %. 240.21((

20-6
 Transformers

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY

OVER 600 VOLTS NOTE 1: FORTHE DIFFERENT
LOCATIONS. S E E TABLE 450.3(A). |
l.3(A) AND T A B L E 450.3(A) NOTE 2: BEFORE SELECTING THE SIZE
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION DEVICE, S E E
THE FOLLOWtNG ANS! STANDARDS;
ansformer over 6 0 0 volts, n o m i n a l , having a n o v e r c u r r e n t • FOR CIRCUIT BREAKER, S E E ANSI C 37.06
tion d e v i c e o n t h e s e c o n d a r y s i d e r a t e d t o o p e n • FOR FUSES. S E E ANSI C 37.46

greater than t h e v a l ú e s listed in T a b l e 4 5 0 . 3 ( A ) , o r a SERVICE METAL CONDUIT

EQUIPMENT • 300.37 NONSUPERVISED
sformer e q u i p p e d with a c o o r d i n a t e d t h e r m a l o v e r l o a d • 230.200 LOCATIONS
PRIMARY
tion by t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r , shall n o t b e r e q u i r e d t o •30 TRANSFORMER
¡individual protection in t h e primary. H o w e v e r , a f e e d e r • 4.160 V 30
• 3-WIRE 500 kVA
jrrent protection d e v i c e r a t e d or set t o o p e n at n o t 4.9%

ir than t h e v a l ú e s listed in T a b l e 4 5 0 . 3 ( A ) shall b e

id. rt-rr—
t
MBJ GEC
INSUPERVISED LOCATIONS i"\GEC
.250.30(A
•250.30JA OCPD
•490.21 (A)
l.3(A) AND T A B L E 450.3(A) ^GES CLEARANCES -
• TABLE 110.34(A)
UTILITY SUPPLY
•30
;urrent protection for a n o n s u p e r v i s e d location shall b e • 4.160 V NOTE 3: FOR SIMPLICITY 240.6{A) WAS
.4-WIRE
litted to be p l a c e d in t h e p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y s i d e lUSED TO SELECT THE OVERCURRENT
^ O T E C T I O N DEVICEa
[high-voltage t r a n s f o r m e r s if t h e o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n
íices are d e s i g n e d a n d i n s t a l l e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e
ions listed in T a b l e 4 5 0 . 3 ( A ) .
SIZING OCPD FOR PRIMARY SIDE
! secondary v o l t a g e is 6 0 0 volts o r less, t h e o v e r c u r r e n t Step 1: Finding FLA of transformer
;tion device a n d c o n d u c t o r s o n t h e s e c o n d a r y s i d e FLA = {kVAx1000) + ( V x ^ )
FLA = (500 X 1000) + (4160 V x 1.732)
Iba Sized at 125 p e r c e n t o f t h e F L C r a t i n g . O v e r c u r r e n t F U = 69.4 A
tion devices s i z e d at 125 p e r c e n t o f t h e F L C in a m p s
Step 2: Calculating FLA for OCPD .., . ,
I the conductors a n d w i n d i n g s o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r f r o m 450.3(A) and Table 450.3(A) '
írous overload c o n d i t i o n s . W i t h h i g h e r v o l t a g e o n t h e FLA =69.4 A X 600%
FLA =416.4 A
)ndary side of t h e t r a n s f o r m e r , t h e p e r c e n t a g e s f o r
Step3: Selecting OCPD v'-• - •
^ngthe overcurrent p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e s shall b e s e l e c t e d
Table 450.3(A), Note 1 and 240.6(A)
Table 450.3(A) ( a n y l o c a t i o n ) b a s e d o n t h e particular 416.4Apemiits450A •

level. [ S e e F i g u r e 20-8(a)] Solutlon; The size overcurrent protection device for primary side Is 450
amps.

IPERVISED LOCATIONS Note 1: Higher percentages than 125 percent per Table 450.3(A) shall be used to
size the overcun'ent protection device in the secondary side where the secondary
l.3(A) AND TABLE 450.3(A) voltage is greater than 600 volts.

StZING OCPD FOR SECONDARY SR>E

rcurrent protection shall b e p e r m i t t e d t o b e p l a c e d in
Step 1: Finding FLA of transformer _
iprimary and s e c o n d a r y side of high-voltage t r a n s f o r m e r s FLA=(kVAx 1000)*(VxV3)
FLA = (500 X 1000) * (480 V X 1.732)
le overcurrent p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e s a r e d e s i g n e d a n d FLA = 601.7 A
illed according t o the provisions listed in T a b l e 450.3(A).
Step 2: Calculating FLA for OCPD
450.3(A) and Table 450.3(A)
F U = 601.7Ax125%
the facility h a s t r a i n e d e n g i n e e r s a n d m a i n t e n a n c e F U = 752A
ionnel, t h e o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e f o r t h e
Step 3: Selecting OCPD
jary shall b e s i z e d at n o t m o r e t h a n 2 5 0 p e r c e n t o f Table450.3{A), Note 1 - •. .
íFLC for voltage 6 0 0 volts or less. W i t h higher v o l t a g e o n 752Apermits800A

¡secondary side o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r , t h e p e r c e n t a g e s f o r Solutíon: The size overcurrent protection device for secondary side is 800
amps.
the overcurrent p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e s shall b e s e l e c t e d
ITable 450.3(A) b a s e d o n t h e particular v o l t a g e level. Note 2: If the secondary voltage is 4160, the overcurrent protection device using
a circuit breaker shall be sized at 300 percent and a fuse shall be sized at 250
Figures 20-8(b) a n d (c)] percent of transformer's FLC.

í, see F i g u r e 2 0 - 9 f o r c e r t a i n d e s i g n c o n d i t i o n s t h a t NONSUPERVISED LOCATIONS

itt the p r i m a r y o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e t o b e
to protect t h e p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y s i d e s o f t w o -
(to two-wire c o n n e c t e d t r a n s f o r m e r s a n d t h r e e - w i r e t o
3-wire d e l t a - c o n n e c t e d t r a n s f o r m e r s p e r 2 4 0 . 4 { F ) a n d
¡1(0(1).
(ANY LOCATION)
NEC 450.3(A) AND TABLE 450.3(A)
F i g u r e 20-8(a). Sizing t h e primary a n d secondary side of a
t r a n s f o r m e r in a n o n s u p e r v i s e d ( a n y ) l o c a t i o n .

20-7
stalicup's® Electrical Design

NOTE 1: FOR SIMPLICITY, 240.6(A) WAS USED TO N O T E 1: FOR SIMPLICITY, 240.S(A) WAS USED T O
SELECT THE OVERCURRENT PROTECTION DEVICES. S a E C T OVERCURRENT PROTECTION DEVICES.

METAL CONDUIT -METAL CONDUIT

• 300.37
SERVICE EQUIPMENT J ' 300-37 SUPERVISED OCPD CB
LOCATIONS * 230.208(B) • TABLE 450.3{A)

TRANSFORMER
•30
BARRIER
• 500 kVA
.408.3(A)(3),Ex.
•4.9%

SECONDARY NEUTRAL
•30 •230.75
•480 V
•4-WIRE
•Yii
MBJ GEC
GEC
• 250.30 A OCPD
•--GEC • 250.30 A 4
• 250.30 A •490.21(A) •250.30 A iS
GES CLEARANCES -
•TABLE 110.34(A)
SUPERVISED
L UTILITY S U P P L Y UTILITY S U P P L Y FUSES
LOCATIONS . TABLE 450.3(A|
•30
• 4,160 V N O T E 2: B E F O R E S E L E C T I N G T H E S I Z E O V E R C U R R E Ñ T ]
•13.8kV
• 4-WIRE P R O T E C T I O N D E V I C E , S E E T H E F O L L O W I N G ANSI
• 4-WIRE [ N O T E 2: B E F O R E S E L E C T I N G T H E S I Z E O V
STANDARDS:
I P R O T E C T I O N D E V I C E , S E E T H E F O L L O W I N G ANSI
• F O R C I R C U I T B R E A K E R S . S E E A N S I C 37.06
I STANDARDS.
• F O R F U S E S , S E E A N S Í C 37.46 ! • P O R C I R C U I T B R E A K E R S , S E E A N S ! C 37.06
• F O R F U S E S . S E E A N S Í C 37.46

SIZING OCPD FOR PRIMARY SIDE

Step 1: Finding FLA of transformer FINDING OCPD FOR THE PRIMARY AND
FLA=(kVAx1000)-s-(Vx\'3) SECONDARY SIDE OF THE TRANSFORMER
FLA = (500x1000) + (4160Vx 1.732) \'.
SlzIng OCPD for primary side
FLA =69.4 A
Step 1: Finding FLA of transformer
Step 2: Calculating FLA for OCPD FLA =(kVAx 1000)+ {VxV3)
450.3(A) and Table 450.3(A)
FLA = (450 X 1000) + (13,800 V x 1.732)
FLA = 69.4 A X 600%
FLA = 416-4 A FLA =18.83 A

Step 3: Selecting OCPD "•''V- ' Step 2: Calculating FLA for OCPD
Table 450.3{A), Note 3 and 240.6(A) i' . 450.3(A) and Table 450.3(A)
416,4Aperm¡ts400A FLA=18.83Ax600%
FLA=112.9A
Solutlon: The size overcurrent protection device for primary
side is 400 amps. Step 3: Selecting OCPD
Table 450.3(A), Note 3 and 240.6(A)
Note 1: For simplicity, 240.6(A) was used to select the overcun-ent
112.9Apennits110A
protection devices.

Solution: The size overcurrent protection device

SIZING OCPD FOR SECONDARY SIDE
for the primary side is a 110 amp
Step 1: Finding FLA of transfomier circuit breaker.
FLA =(kVAx 1000)+ (Vx>i^3)
Sizing OCPDforsecondary side
FLA = (500 X 1000) + (480 V x 1.732)
FLA = 601.7A Step 1: Finding FLA of transfonner
FLA= (450 X 10OO) + {4160 x 1732)
Step 2: Calculating FLA for OCPD ; FLA=62,5A
450.3(A) and Table 450.3(A)
FLA = 601.7Ax250% Step 2: Calculating FLA for OCPD
FLA = 1504.3 A 450.3(A) and Table 450.3{A)
FLA=62.5Ax250%
Step 3: Selecting OCPD FLA =156.3 A
Table 450.3(A), Note 3 and 240.6(A)
1504.3A[>emiits1500A Step 3: Selecting OCPD
Table 450.3(A), Note 3 and 240.6{A)
Solution: The size overcurrent protection device for ^^í^^L 156.3Apermits150A
secondary side is 1500 amps.
Solutlon: The size overcurrent protection device
Note 2: If the secondary voltage is4160, the overcurrent protection for secondary side is 150 amp hjses,
device using a circuit breaker shall be sized at 300 percent and a
fuse shall be sized at 250 percent of transfonner FLC.
SUPERVISED LOCATIONS
NEC 450.3(A) AND TABLE 450.3{A)
SUPERVISED LOCATIONS
NEC 450.3(A) AND TABLE 450.3(A)

F i g u r e 20-8(b). S i z i n g t h e p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y s i d e o f F i g u r e 2 0 - 8 ( c ) . S i z i n g t h e p r i m a r y and secondary sioe:

a t r a n s f o r m e r in a s u p e r v i s e d l o c a t i o n . .~.„rrt. t r a n s f o r m e r in a s u p e r v i s e d location.

20-8
 Transformers

INOTE: SEE FIGURES 9-10(a), (b), AND 18-53. |

PRIMARY
• 480 V SUPPLY TRANSFORMER
• 2-WIRE • 20 kVA
•240V, 10, PRl.
QUICKCALC •120V, 10, SEC.

240.4{F) and 240.21(CK1)

.OCPD -GEC
•50A .250.30(A)(5)
•(3AWG cu.) ^^=50 •250.66

SOAPRIOCPD allowed ^GES

•250.30(A)(4)
GROUNDED. ^SECONDARY •250.50
SECONDARY^ • 120 V SUPPLY
•240.4(F) • 2-WIRE
3AWGTHWNcu.(100A) GES
ONE LINE DIAGRAM
ALL CONDUCTORS cu.
• 250.24{C) •TABLE 310.15(B)(16)
nNDING OCPD FOR PRIMARY SIDE OF TRANSFORMER
OCPD
• NONAUTOMATIC Stepi: Finding FLAof primary
FLA = (kVAx 1000)+ V
FLA = (20kVAx1000) + 240V ^:
^EGCs
FLA=83.3A
• 250.130(A)
' • -• - i
St«p2: Calculating OCPD
450.3(B) and Table 450.3(B)
SINGLE-PHASE, TWO-W»^ SYSTEM 83.3Ax125% = 104A

Stepi: Finding ratio A Step 3: Selecting OCPD

(240\7+480V)x100A=50A Table 450.3(B), Note 1 and 240.6(A)
104Apermits1D0A
Solutlon: The 50 amp overcurrent protection
device on the primary can protect the
Solutlon: The size overcurrent protection device in the
secondary.
primary side is 100 amps.

TWO-WIRE TO TWO-WIRE SYSTEM PRIMARY ONLY

NEC240.4(F)AND240.21(C){1) 600 VOLTS OR LESS
NEC 450.3(B) AND TABLE 450.3(B)

\Y
• 480V DELTA F i g u r e 2 0 - 1 0 . A transfornner of 6 0 0 v o l t s or l e s s , n o m i n a l ,
SUPPLY h a v i n g a n individual o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e o n the
X^OCPD p r i m a r y s i d e shall b e s i z e d at no m o r e t h a n 125 p e r c e n t of
•200 A t h e t r a n s f o r m e r ' s full-load c u r r e n t r a t i n g , in a m p s .

UNGROUNDED
SECONDARY SECONDARY
240.4(F) • 240 V SUPPLY
•240.21
•250.130 600 AWG KCMIL(420A}
•250.24(0 ALL CONDUCTORS cu.
•TABLE 310.15(B)(16)
QIHCKCALCI
•240.4{F)and 240.21(C)(1) \D (CB)
•480V + 240V = 2to1 •400 A
•400APANEL+ 2 = 200A • NONAUTOMATIC
•200AXPD ON PRIMARY
IS PERMITTED ^EGCs
''^•250.130(A)
QUICKCALC 2

•240.4(F) and 240.21(C)(1)

• 480 V + 240 V = 2 to 1
•200ACBx2= 400A
• 200 A CB protects 400 A panel

APPLYING 240.4{n
FOR S-WIRE DELTA TO 3-WIRE DELTA

Stepi: Finding ratio A

240.4(F) and 240.21(C)(1}
(240V + 480 V)x420A=210A

Solution: The 200 amp overcurrent protection device

on the primary can protect the secondary.

THREE-WIRE TO THREE-WIRE SYSTEM

NEC 240.4{F) AND 240.21(0(1)

re 20-9. Sizing the o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e for a

phase, t w o - w i r e s y s t e m a n d t h r e e - p h a s e , t h r e e - w i r e

20-9
stalicup's® Electrical Design

PRIMARY ONLY - 600 VOLTS OR L E S S

450.3(B) AND T A B L E 450,3(8) -TRANSFORMER
• 50 kVA
• 480 V, 30, PRl.
• 208 V, 30, SEC,
A transformer 6 0 0 volts or less, n o m i n a l , h a v i n g a n individual • PRl, = 3-WIRE
o v e r c u r r e n t protection d e v i c e o n the p r i m a r y s i d e shall b e •SEC.=4-WIRE

sized at no m o r e t h a n 125 p e r c e n t o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r ' s full-

• GEC
load c u r r e n t rating. • 250.30(A)(5)
• 250.66
GES
Note, with the o v e r c u r r e n t protection d e v i c e a n d c o n d u c t o r s •250.30(AH4)
•250.50
s i z e d at 1 2 5 p e r c e n t or l e s s o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r ' s F L C ,
the s u p p l y c o n d u c t o r s a n d t r a n s f o r m e r w i n d i n g s shall b e
GES- '
ONE LINE DIAGRAM
c o n s i d e r e d p r o t e c t e d f r o m o v e r l o a d c o n d i t i o n s . It a p p e a r s
that individual protection in t h e p r i m a r y is not r e c o g n i z e d per FINDING OCPD FOR PRIMARY S O E OF TRANSFORMER
4 5 0 . 3 ( B ) a n d T a b l e 4 5 0 . 3 ( B ) . ( S e e F i g u r e 20-10) Stzing pflmary OCPD (First LeveQ

Step 1: Finding FLA of primary

FLA = {kVAx 1000) + (VxV3)
PRIMARY 9 AMPS OR MORE FLA = (50 kVA X 1000} + (480 V x 1.732)
FLA = 60.2 A
450.3(8) AND TABLE 450.3(8)
Step 2: Calculating OCPD
450.3(B) and Table 450.3{B)
W h e r e the rated p r i m a r y c u r r e n t of a t r a n s f o r m e r is 9 a m p s 60.2 A X 125% = 75.3 A

or m o r e a n d 125 percent of this current d o e s not c o r r e s p o n d Step 3: Selecting OCPD

to a s t a n d a r d rating of a f u s e or circuit breaker, t h e n e x t
size shall b e p e r m i t t e d to b e u s e d p e r 2 4 0 . 6 ( A ) . W h e r e t h e
rated p r i m a r y c u r r e n t of a t r a n s f o r m e r is less t h a n 9 a m p s
but m o r e t h a n 2 a m p s , an o v e r c u r r e n t d e v i c e rated or set at
no m o r e t h a n 167 p e r c e n t of p r i m a r y c u r r e n t shall b e u s e d .
W h e n the rated p r i m a r y c u r r e n t of a t r a n s f o r m e r ts l e s s
t h a n 2 a m p s , a n o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e rated or set
at not m o r e t h a n 3 0 0 p e r c e n t shall b e u s e d . [ S e e F i g u r e s
20-11(3), (b), a n d (o)]
PRIMARY AND S E C O N D A R Y -
600 VOLTS OR L E S S
450.3(8) AND T A B L E 450.3(8)
C o m b i n a t i o n p r o t e c t i o n shall b e p e r m i t t e d to b e p r o v i d e d
for both the p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y s i d e s of a t r a n s f o r m e r .
A current v a l u é of 2 5 0 p e r c e n t of t h e r a t e d p r i m a r y c u r r e n t
of t h e t r a n s f o r m e r s h a l l b e u s e d if 1 2 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e
rated p r i m a r y c u r r e n t of the t r a n s f o r m e r is not sufficient to
allow loads with high i n r u s h c u r r e n t s to start a n d o p é r a t e .
However, the secondary overcurrent protection device
shall be sized at 125 p e r c e n t of t h e rated s e c o n d a r y full-
load current o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r . W h e r e the rated s e c o n d a r y
current of a t r a n s f o r m e r is less t h a n 9 a m p s , a n o v e r c u r r e n t
device rated or set at no m o r e t h a n 167 percent of s e c o n d a r y
current shall b e u s e d . ( S e e F i g u r e 20-12)
9 AMPS OR MORE
Table 450.3(B), Note 1 and 240.6(A)
75.3Apermits80A
Solutíon: The size overcurrent protection device In the
primary side is 80 amps.
PRIMARY 9 AMPS OR MORE
NEC 450.3(B) AND TABLE 450.3(B)
F i g u r e 20-11 ( a ) . W h e r e t h e r a t e d p r i m a r y currení
t r a n s f o r m e r is 9 a m p s o r m o r e a n d 125 percent of
c u r r e n t d o e s not c o r r e s p o n d to a s t a n d a r d rating of a
or circuit breaker, t h e n e x t size shall be permitted to be u
per 2 4 0 . 6 ( A ) a n d Note 1 to T a b l e 4 5 0 . 3 ( B ) .
G R O U N D I N G AUTOTRANSFORMERS
450.5
A u t o t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e c o n n e c t e d to three-phase, thre
u n g r o u n d e d s y s t e m s t o d e r i v e a t h r e e - p h a s e , four-
g r o u n d e d s y s t e m . T h r e e a u t o t r a n s f o r m e r s connect'
a star ( w y e ) c o n f i g u r a t i o n to the t h r e e - p h a s e ungrou
s y s t e m c o n v e r t s t o a t h r e e - p h a s e , f o u r - w i r e grou
system.
A u t o t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e i n s t a l l e d t o d a y because ma
electrical s y s t e m s a r e n o t g r o u n d e d . Existing ungrounde;
delta s y s t e m s a r e g r o u n d e d w i t h autotransformers todemí
a n e u t r a l . T h r e e - p h a s e z i g z a g t r a n s f o r m e r s are general
installed for this p u r p o s e .

TABLE 430.3(8), NOTE 1

THREE-WIRE CIRCUIT TO THREE-
W h e r e the rated s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t of a t r a n s f o r m e r is 9 PHASE, FOUR-WIRE CIRCUIT
a m p s or m o r e a n d 125 p e r c e n t of this c u r r e n t d o e s not
450.5(A)
c o r r e s p o n d to a s t a n d a r d rating of a f u s e or circuit breaker,
the next size shal! b e p e r m i t t e d to b e u s e d p e r 2 4 0 . 6 ( A ) .
W h e r e g r o u n d i n g a u t o t r a n s f o r m e r s are connected to derM
a neutral f r o m a t h r e e - p h a s e , three-wire ungrounded systeii or

í
20-10
 Transformers

EMT
• 250.118 TRANSFORMER
/ 'SkVA TRANSFORMER
•48OV10 • .8 kVA
• PRl = 2-WIRE •480V, 10
• SEC = 2-WIRE • PRL = 2-WIRE
OCPD • SEC. = 2-WIRE
• PRIMARY
^ GEC
FLA X 167%
• 250.30(A)(5) _EGC
SBJ •250.66 • 250.30(A)(5), Ex. 3

• GES CIRCUIT
• 250.66 • 250.30{A)(4) CLASSIFICATION
• 250.50 • CLASS 1
. CLASS 2
• CLASS 3
•725.3
ONE LINE DIAGRAM
START AND STOP
FINDING OCPD FOR PRIMARY SIDE OF TRANSFORMER STATION
OF TRANSFORMER
Slzlno Primary OCPD ÍSecond Leve»

Stepi: Finding FLA of primary Sizing min. primary OCPD fHilrd Level) Sizing max. primary OCPD fThlrd Level)
FLA=kVAx(1000-í-V)
FLA=3kVAx(1000 + 480V) Step 1: Finding FLA of primary Stepi: Calculating OCPD
F U = 6,25 A FLA =kVAx (1000+ V) 430.72(C){4) and Step 1
F U = . 8 kVAx(1000-480 V) 1.7Ax500% = 8.5A
FLA=1,7A
Step 2: Calculating OCPD
450.3(8) and Table 450.3(B) Step 2: Selecting OCPD
6.25Ax167%=10.4A Step 2: Calculating OCPD 430.72(C)(4) and 240.6(A)
450.3(8) and Table 450.3(8) 8,5Apermits6A
Step 3: Selecting OCPD 1.7Ax300% = 5.1 A
Table 450.3(B] and 240.6(A) Solution: The máximum size overcurrent
10.4Aperm)ts 10A Step 3: Selecting OCPD protection device in the primary
Tabte 450.3(8) and 240.6(A) side is 6 amps.
Solution: The size overcurrent protection device in the 5.1 ApemitsSA
primary side is 10 amps. Note: The secondary side is a motor
Solutíon: The minimum size overcurrent controller circuit.
protection device in the primary
PRIMARY 2 AMPS OR MORE side is 3 amps.
BUT LESS THAN 9 AMPS
NEC 450.3(B) AND TABLE 450.3(B)
PRIMARY LESS THAN 2 AMPS
NEC 450.3(B), NEC 430.72(C){4), AND TABLE 450.3(B)
íure 20-11(b). W h e r e t h e r a t e d p r i m a r y c u r r e n t of a
nsformer is less t h a n 9 a m p s but 2 a m p s or m o r e , a n
srcurrent device rated or set at no m o r e t h a n 167 p e r c e n t
F i g u r e 2 0 - 1 1 ( c ) . W h e n t h e r a t e d p r i m a r y c u r r e n t of a
lofprimary current shall b e u s e d .
t r a n s f o r m e r is less t h a n 2 a m p s , a n o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n
d e v i c e rated o r set at not m o r e t h a n 3 0 0 p e r c e n t shall b e
ithree-phase, f o u r - w i r e g r o u n d e d s y s t e m , t h e f o l l o w i n g u s e d , u n l e s s 4 3 0 . 7 2 ( C ) ( 4 ) is a p p l i e d .
•• -'. .f ' ."- •-.
jitions shall apply:
Proper c o n n e c t i o n s shall b e m a d e . ' • • •• ^- fciH :

Overcurrent protection shall b e p r o v i d e d . p e r m i t t e d to b e installed w h e r e the input current is 9 a m p s or

Transformer fault s e n s i n g shall b e i n s t a l l e d .
Rating shall be a d e q u a t e l y s i z e d . - . . . [.
)NNECTIONS
).5(A)(1)
isformers shall be directly c o n n e c t e d to t h e u n g r o u n d e d
lase) c o n d u c t o r s w i t h n o s w i t c h e s o r o v e r c u r r e n t
tion devices installed b e t w e e n t h e c o n n e c t i o n a n d
lautotransformer.
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION .
«0-5(A)(2)
Afiovercurrent protection s e n s i n g d e v i c e shatl b e d e s i g n e d
totrip at 125 p e r c e n t of its c o n t i n u o u s c u r r e n t p e r p h a s e
neutral rating. T h e next higher s t a n d a r d rating shall b e
m o r e a n d c a l c u l a t e d at 125 p e r c e n t . Input c u r r e n t of 2 a m p s
or less shall not e x c e e d 167 p e r c e n t . ( S e e F i g u r e 2 0 - 1 3 )
TRANSFORMER FAULT SENSING
450.5(A)(3)
A m a i n s w i t c h or c o m m o n - t r i p o v e r c u r r e n t protection d e v i c e
for t h e t h r e e - p h a s e , f o u r - w i r e s y s t e m shall b e p r o v i d e d w i t h
f a u l t - s e n s i n g s y s t e m s to g u a r d a g a i n s t s i n g l e - p h a s i n g or
internal f a u l t s .
RATING
450.5(A)(4)
Autotransformers shall be designed with a continuous
neutral current rating sufficient to handie the m á x i m u m
p o s s i b l e u n b a l a n c e d n e u t r a l l o a d c u r r e n t t h a t c o u l d flow in
the f o u r - w i r e s y s t e m .

20-11
stalicup's* Electrical Design

DETECTING GROUNDS ON T H R E E -
PHASE, THREE-WIRE S Y S T E M S TRANSFORMER
450.5(B) •50kVA
•48OV,30, PRl,
•2O8V,30, SEC
• PRl = 3-WIRE
T h e following c o n d i t i o n s shall a p p l y w h e n a u t o t r a n s f o r m e r s • S E C = 4-WIRE

are used to detect grounds on t h r e e - p h a s e , three-wire

systems:
• P r o p e r rating
• O v e r c u r r e n t protection s i z e d a d e q u a t e l y
• G r o u n d r e f e r e n c e for d a m p i n g t r a n s i t o r y ONE LINE DIAGRAM

overvoltages FmOING OCPD FOR PRMARY AND SECONDARY SIDE OF TRANSFORMER

SMnq OCPD In primarv SMng OCPDIniecondifY

RATING Step 1: Finding FLA of pnmary

FLA = (WA X 1000) + {V x V3 )
Step 1: Finding FLA of secondary
FLA = (kVA x 1000) * (V x V31
450.5(B)(1) " ci:.^ FLA = (50 X 1000) + (480 V x 1.732)
FLA =60.2 A
FLA = (50 x 1000) + (208 V x 1713
FLA =138.9 A

Step 2: Calculating OCPD Step 2: Calculating OCPD

A u t o t r a n s f o r m e r s shall h a v e a c o n t i n u o u s neutral c u r r e n t 450.3(B) and Table 450.3(8) 450.3(8) and Table 450.3(8),
60.2Ax250% = 150.5A 138.9Ax125% = 1736A
rating sufficient for t h e s p e c i f i e d g r o u n d fault c u r r e n t t h a t
could d e v e l o p in the s y s t e m . Step 3: Selecting OCPD Step 3: Selecting OCPD
Table 450.3(8) and 240.6(A} Table 450.3(8), Note 1 and 240
150.5Apermits150A 173.6 Apermits175A

OVERCURRENT PROTECTION Solution: The minimum size overcurrent Solution: The máximum size overcurrent
protection device in the primary protection device in the
450.5(B)(2) side is 150 amps. secondary side is 175 ams

Note: The size of the overcureni protection Note: Table 450.3(8), Note 1 perrr.:^
T h e overcurrent protection d e v i c e shall o p e n s i m u l t a n e o u s l y device in primary shall not exceed the 250% higher size overcunent protection device ic á
x FLA of the primary. used.
with a c o m m o n t h p all u n g r o u n d e d ( p h a s e ) c o n d u c t o r s a n d
be set to thp at not m o r e t h a n 125 p e r c e n t of the rated p h a s e PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
600 VOLTS OR LESS
current of the transformer.
NEC 450.3(B) AND TABLE 450.3(B)

Note, 4 2 percent o f t h e overcurrent protection d e v i c e ' s rating F i g u r e 2 0 - 1 2 . S i z i n g o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n device for

may b e u s e d if c o n n e c t e d in the a u t o t r a n s f o r m e r ' s n e u t r a l p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y s i d e of a t r a n s f o r m e r rated
c o n n e c t i o n . W h e n d e a l i n g w i t h high i m p e d a n c e g r o u n d e d v o l t s or l e s s .
s y s t e m s p e r 250.36, r e v i e w t h e E x . t o 4 5 0 . 5 ( B ) ( 2 ) a n d SERVICE
-TRANSFORMER EQUIPMENT .
110.9. ( S e e F i g u r e 20-14) UNGROUNDED
30, 3-WIRE

SECONDARY TIES
450.6

In large industrial plants a n d facilities, a "network" disthbution

s y s t e m is usually utilized for s u p p l y i n g p o w e r l o a d s . T h r e e -
phase b a n k s of t r a n s f o r m e r s are l o c a t e d at v a r i o u s points
throughout the plant or facility. T h e r e a r e n o r m a l l y t w o h i g h -
tension primary circuits f e e d i n g s u c h t r a n s f o r m e r s . A d o u b l e -
throw switch that is located at e a c h t r a n s f o r m e r b a n k a l l o w s
either primary circuit to s e r v e a n y b a n k of t r a n s f o r m e r s . T h e
FWDINGAMOUNTCff CURRENT TOTRIP OPEN SERVICE OCPO
primary circuit c o n d u c t o r s are s i z e d w i t h e n o u g h c a p a c i t y
so that either circuit is c a p a b l e of c a r r y i n g t h e e n t i r e load Step 1: Calculating cun-ent
450.5(A)(2)
if a fault d e v e l o p s in t h e o t h e r circuit. S e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e 100Ax125% = 125A
is usually t h r e e - p h a s e s y s t e m s r a t e d 6 0 0 v o l t s o r l e s s . Solution: A current of 125 amps or greater will cause the
"Ww t r a n s f o r m e r s e c o n d a r i e s a r e c o n n e c t e d t o g e t h e r in a service overcurrent protection device to trip open.

network s y s t e m , a n d all t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e u s e d to f e e d all

the loads i n v o l v e d t h a t c a n b e all at o n c e or a s n e c e s s a r y . OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
NEC 450.5(A)(2)
S e c o n d a r y ties shall b e p r o t e c t e d at b o t h e n d s , a n d s u c h F i g u r e 20-13. A n o v e r c u r r e n t protection sensing i
p r o t e c t i o n shall b e p e r m i t t e d to b e f u s e s b a s e d o n t h e b e d e s i g n e d t o trip at 1 2 5 p e r c e n t of its continuous
current-carrying c a p a c i t y of t h e c o n d u c t o r s p e r 4 5 0 . 6 ( A ) p e r p h a s e or n e u t r a l r a t i n g .

20-12
 Transformers

offre ties protected b y a limitar installed at e a c h e n d per -TRANSFORMER SERVICE ^OCPD

•UNGROUNDED EQUIPMENT- [ • BRANCH CIRCUIT
150.6(A)(3). A limiter protects t h e e l e m e n t s a g a i n s t short

f
• 30. 3-WIRE
.rcuit: however, it d o e s not p r o v i d e o v e r l o a d p r o t e c t i o n .
ially, limiters, rather t h a n f u s e s , a r e u s e d f o r p r o t e c t i o n
leties due to t h e fact t h e y a r e v e r y c u r r e n t limiting a n d
protect the circuit e l e m e n t s f r o m d a m a g e d u r i n g s h o r t -
jit conditions. , .
-42% OF
ZIGZAG A
,]iere is normally a l o a d c a n t e r c o n n e c t e d t o t h e tie a t
I points where a t r a n s f o r m e r b a n k c o n n e c t s to t h e tie.
transformer is p r o t e c t e d by a circuit b r e a k e r in t h e CONTINUOOS MBJ7 -GEC
PER PHASE
lary leads b e t w e e n t h e t r a n s f o r m e r a n d t h e l o a d PER NEUTRAL
_GES

Circuit breaker setting shall b e p e r m i t t e d to b e u p

FINDING PHASE AND NEUTRAL CURRENT
percent (2.5 t i m e s ) of t h e t r a n s f o r m e r ' s s e c o n d a r y TO TRIP OPEN SERVICE OCPD
rating per 4 5 0 . 6 ( B ) . A r e v e r s e p o w e r relay shall b e Finding phase curran!
per 450.6(B) t h a t o p e n s t h e circuit in c a s e t h e Step 1: Calculating curren! per phase
)rmer should fail f o r a n y r e a s o n . A r e v e r s e p o w e r 450.5(BM2)
100Ax125% = 125A
is provided to p r e v e n t c u r r e n t f r o m b e i n g f e d to a n
Solution: A current of 125 amps or greater will
f-sen/ice t r a n s f o r m e r f r o m t h e o t h e r t r a n s f o r m e r s o f
cause the service OCPD to trip open.
I network. W h e r e t h e s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e is g r e a t e r t h a n
Finding neutral current
volts to g r o u n d , to e n s u r e a d e q u a t e p r o t e c t i o n , ties
Step 1: Calculating
tmgicun-ent per neutral
I be provided with a s w i t c h at e a c h e n d per 450.6(A){5). 450.5(BH2
1)Í2)
100Ax42% = 42A

rules for designing a n d installing s e c o n d a r y ties c a n b e Solution: A current of 42 amps or greater wlH
M k t m e d up as f o l l o w s : cause the service OCPD to trip opm.

Where t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e t i e d t o g e t h e r in p a r a l l e l
and connected by tie c o n d u c t o r s t h a t d o not h a v e
' overcurrent p r o t e c t i o n a s p e r A r t i c l e 2 4 0 , t h e
i ampacity o f t h e ties c o n n e c t i n g c o n d u c t o r s s h a l l
IM| not be less t h a n 6 7 p e r c e n t of t h e rated s e c o n d a r y
H[ current of t h e largest t r a n s f o r m e r in t h e tie circuit.
T |See F i g u r e 20-15)
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
NEC 450.5(B)(2)
F i g u r e 20-14. T h e overcurrent protection device shall
o p e n s i m u l t a n e o u s l y w i t h a c o m m o n trip f o r all u n g r o u n d e d
( p h a s e ) c o n d u c t o r s a n d b e s e t t o trip a t not m o r e t h a n 1 2 5
percent of the rated phase current of the transformer.
Note, 4 2 percent o f t h e o v e r c u r r e n t protection device's rating
shall b e u s e d if c o n n e c t e d in t h e a u t o t r a n s f o r m e r ' s neutral

F
connection. Review Sections 250.24(8), 250.30(A)(1), a n d
sign Tip: T h i s a p p l i e s w h e r e t h e l o a d s a r e a t t h e 250.32(B)(1), E x .
nsformer s u p p l y points p e r 450.6(A)(1).

óeparalleling of t r a n s f o r m e r s is c o m m o n , b u t g r e a t c a r e
tiould be exercised to e n s u r e t h a t t h e t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e
imilar in all conditions o f use. If they a r e not, o n e transformer
illtry to carry m o r e o f t h e load t h a n t h e o t h e r t r a n s f o r m e r
ad. Ifthe transformers are o f t h e s a m e capacity a n d similar
haracteristics, t h e y e a c h , in theory, will carry 5 0 p e r c e n t
(the total load. T h e 6 7 p e r c e n t a l l o w s for d i f f e r e n c e s in
jnsformer sizes a n d t h u s a l l o w s f o r a d j u s t i n g s o l u t i o n s .
Where t h e l o a d is c o n n e c t e d t o t h e t i e a t a n y
point b e t w e e n t h e t r a n s f o r m e r s u p p l y p o i n t s ,
and ovecaurrent protection is not p r o v i d e d b y t h e
provisions listed in A r t i c l e 2 4 0 , t h e rated a m p a c i t y
ofthe tie shall not be less t h a n 100 p e r c e n t o f t h e
rated s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t of t h e largest t r a n s f o r m e r
connected to t h e s e c o n d a r y tie s y s t e m e x c e p t a s
provided in 450.6(A)(4). ( S e e F i g u r e 20-15)
D e s i g n T i p : T h i s rule a p p l i e s m a i n l y w h e r e the l o a d s
are connected between transformer supply points per
450.6(A)(2). ( S e e F i g u r e 20-16)
Sections 450.6(A)(1) a n d (A)(2) state that both
e n d s o f e a c h tie c o n n e c t i o n shall b e p r o v i d e d w i t h a
protective d e v i c e t h a t o p e n s a t a certain t e m p e r a t u r a
of t h e tie c o n d u c t o r . T h i s p r e v e n t s d a m a g e to t h e tie
, c o n d u c t o r a n d its i n s u l a t i o n , a n d s u c h installations
s h a l l c o n s i s t of:
(a) A limiter is a fusible link cable connector. T h e limiter
is s e l e c t e d a n d d e s i g n e d f o r t h e i n s u l a t i o n , c o n d u c t o r
m a t e r i a l , etc. o n t h e tie c o n d u c t o r s .
(b) A c i r c u i t b r e a k e r , a c t u a t e d b y d e v i c e s h a v i n g
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t a r e c o m p a r a b l e to t h e a b o v e , c a n
b e u s e d if d e s i g n e d a n d s i z e d properly.

20-13
stalicup's® Electrical Design

V UTILITY - /
RANSFORMEF
/^2000kVA
1500 kVA-^

LATERALS
VOLTAGE^
*30 '30
•480V

•
XB
)
LIMITERS-

BUS TIE y
TO THE TIE •67%OF SECONDARY A TO THE TIE / V T O LOAD
SYSTEM SYSTEM
TOTHETtE
B U S TIE 7 TOTHETC;
•100%OF SECONDARY A
FINDING BUS TIE AT 67% SYSTEM SYSTEM
FINDING B U S T K A T 1 0 0 %
Stepi: Finding FLA of transformer
FLA=(kVAx1000) + (VxV3)
Stepi: Finding FLA of transformer
FLA = (2000 X1000) + (480 V x 1.732)
FLA = (kVAx1000) + ( V x ^ )
FLA =2406.7 A
FLA = (2000 x 1000) + (480 V X 1.732)
FLA = 2406.7 A
Step 2: Calculating tie
450.6(A)(1)
Step 2: Calculating tie
2406.7Ax67% = 1612.5A
450.6(A)(2)
2406.7 A X 100% = 2406.7 A
Solutlon: The secondary bus tie shall be rated
at least 2000 amps.
Solution: The secondary bus tie shall be rated
at least 2500 amps.

LOADS AT TRANSFORMER SUPPLY POINTS ONLY Note: The 2500 amps is the next standard size.

NEC 450.6(A)(1)
LOADS CONNECTED BETWEEN
Figure 20-15. T h e ampacity of t h e ties connecting TRANSFORMER SUPPLY POINTS
NEC 450.6(A)(2)
c o n d u c t o r s shall n o t b e less t h a n 6 7 p e r c e n t o f t h e r a t e d
s e c o n d a r y current of the largest t r a n s f o r m e r in t h e tie circuit. Fig
be
F i g u r e 2 0 - 1 6 . T h e r a t e d a m p a c i t y o f the tie shall not anc
less t h a n 100 p e r c e n t o f t h e rated s e c o n d a r y current i con
D e s i g n T i p : T h e a b o v e a p p l i e s w h e r e t h e t i e circuit l a r g e s t t r a n s f o r m e r c o n n e c t e d t o the secondary tie s\ con
p r o t e c t i o n is p r o v i d e d p e r 4 5 0 . 6 { A ) ( 3 ) , a n d t h e t i e e x c e p t a s p r o v i d e d in 4 5 0 . 6 ( A ) ( 4 ) . seo
c o n d u c t o r shall fully c o m p l y w i t h all rules a n d regulations the
in s u c h s e c t i o n s .

T h e u s e o f m ú l t i p l e c o n d u c t o r s o n e a c h phase and tíie

• W h e r e t h e tie c o n s i s t s o f m o r e t h a n o n e c o n d u c t o r
per p h a s e , t h e c o n d u c t o r s o f e a c h p h a s e shall b e
i n t e r c o n n e c t e d in o r d e r t o c r é a t e a l o a d s u p p l y
point. T h e protection r e q u i r e d in 450.6(A){3) is to b e
p r o v i d e d in e a c h t i e c o n d u c t o r a t this point, e x c e p t
as f o l l o w s :
Section 450.6(A)(4)(b) permits t h e loads to be
c o n n e c t e d to the individual c o n d u c t o r ( s ) of e a c h p h a s e
a n d w i t h o u t the protection listed in 4 5 0 . 6 ( A ) ( 3 ) if, at
load c o n n e c t i o n p o i n t s , t h e t i e c o n d u c t o r s o f e a c h
p h a s e h a v e a c o m b i n a d c a p a c i t y o f n o t less t h a n 133
p e r c e n t of t h e rated s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t o f t h e l a r g e s t
transformer connected to t h e secondary tie system.
T h e total load o f s u c h t a p s shall not e x c e e d t h e rated
s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t o f t h e largest t r a n s f o r m e r , a n d t h e
loads shall b e e q u a l l y d i v i d e d o n e a c h p h a s e a n d o n
the individual c o n d u c t o r s o f e a c h p h a s e a s c l o s e l y a s
possible. ( S e e F i g u r e 20-17)
r e q u i r e m e n t t h a t l o a d s d o not h a v e to tap the múltiple
c o n d u c t o r s o f t h e s a m e p h a s e might possibly setup
u n b a l a n c e d c u r r e n t f l o w in t h e múltiple conductors on
the s a m e phase.
T h e r e q u i r e m e n t t h a t t h e c o m b i n e d capacity ofthe
m ú l t i p l e c o n d u c t o r s o n t h e s a m e phase be rated at
1 3 3 p e r c e n t o f t h e s e c o n d a r y current of the largest;
t r a n s f o r m e r is s a t i s f i e d . Limiters are necessary attt«
t a p , o r c o n n e c t i o n s t o t h e transformers that are tied
together, t o p r o p e r l y protect the elements of the circuit
D e s i g n T i p : T h e a b o v e applies w h e r e the interconr ií3!
of p h a s e c o n d u c t o r s b e t w e e n transformers supply points
o c c u r s . p e r 450.6(A)(4)(b).
De
COI

1
20-14
 Transformers

W h e n s e c o n d a r y ties f r o m t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e u s e d ,
a n o v e r c u r r e n t d e v i c e in t h e s e c o n d a r y of e a c h
t r a n s f o r m e r t h a t is rated or set at not g r e a t e r t h a n
2 5 0 percent (2.5 t i m e s ) of the rated s e c o n d a r y
c u r r e n t o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r s h a l l b e p r o v i d e d . In
a d d i t i o n , t h e r e shall b e a circuit b r e a k e r a c t u a t e d by
30
•480V a r e v e r s e - c u r r e n t relay; t h e b r e a k e r is t o b e set at
not g r e a t e r t h a n t h e rated s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t of t h e
TO
CB LOADS ca^>, transformer. Such overcurrent protection protects
a g a i n s t o v e r l o a d s a n d short-circuit c o n d i t i o n s , a n d
t h e r e v e r s e - c u r r e n t relay a n d circuit b r e a k e r shall b e
V LIMITERS d e s i g n e d to h a n d i e a n y r e v e r s a l o f c u r r e n t flow into
BLJSTIES r n THP TIP the transformer. ( S e e Figure 20-18)
• 133% OF SECONDARY A SYSTEM

FINDING BUS TIE AT 133%

Stip1: Finding FLAof transfomier Design Tip: The above applies where overcurrent
FLA=(kVAx1000} + (Vx>^)
FLA = (2000 X1000) + (480 V X1.732) p r o t e c t i o n f o r s e c o n d a r y c o n n e c t i o n s is i n s t a l l e d t o
FLA =2406,7 A
p r o t e c t t h e s y s t e m a s r e q u i r e d by 4 5 0 . 6 ( B ) .
Stop 2: Calculating tie
450.6(A)(4Mb) -
24067 A X 133% = 3200.9 A
P A R A L L E L OPERATION
Solution: The secondary bus tie shall be rated
at 3500 amps. 450.7
Noto: The 3500 amps is the next availabie size.
T r a n s f o r m e r s shall b e p e r m i t t e d t o b e c o n n e c t e d in parallel
a n d s w i t c h e d a s a unit, p r o v i d e d e a c h t r a n s f o r m e r h a s
INTERCONNECTION OF PHASE CONDUCTORS
BETWEEN TRANSFORMER SUPPLY POINTS o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n t h a t is p r o p e r l y s i z e d a n d c o m p i l e s
NEC450.6(A)(4)(b) with 450.3(A) and 450.3(B). ( S e e Figure 20-19)

re 20-17. S e c t i o n 4 5 0 . 6 ( A ) ( 4 ) ( b ) p e r m i t s t h e l o a d s t o P e r s o n s w o r k i n g with paralleled t r a n s f o r m e r s or t r a n s f o r m e r

!«connected to the individual c o n d u c t o r ( s ) of e a c h p h a s e
ibe and without the protection listed in 4 5 0 . 6 ( A ) ( 3 ) if, at load
he (cnnection points, the tie c o n d u c t o r s of e a c h p h a s e h a v e a
combined capacity of not less t h a n 133 p e r c e n t of t h e r a t e d
secondary current of t h e largest t r a n s f o r m e r c o n n e c t e d t o
fiesecondary tie s y s t e m . ..-
tie circuits s h o u l d b e e x t r e m e l y c a r e f u l t h a t t h e r e a r e n o
f e e d b a c k s o r o t h e r c o n d i t i o n s t h a t w o u l d affect safety. In
o r d e r to s e c u r e a b a l a n c e of c u r r e n t b e t w e e n p a r a l l e l e d
t r a n s f o r m e r s , all t r a n s f o r m e r s s h o u l d h a v e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
that are very m u c h alike, such as voltage, impedance, and
other such pertinent elements.

GUARDING
If the operating v o l t a g e of s e c o n d a r y ties e x c e e d s
150 volts to g r o u n d , t h e r e shall b e a s w i t c h a h e a d
450.8
of the limiters a n d tie c o n d u c t o r s t h a t is c a p a b l e o f
T r a n s f o r m e r s shall b e p e r m i t t e d t o b e i s o l a t e d in a r o o m o r
deenergizing the tie c o n d u c t o r s a n d the limiters. T h i s
accessible oniy to qualified personnel to prevent accidental
switch shall c o m p l y w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g :
c o n t a c t w i t h live parts. To s a f e g u a r d live parts f r o m p o s s i b l e
d a m a g e , t h e t r a n s f o r m e r shall b e e l e v a t e d . T h e f o l l o w i n g
(a) T h e current rating o f t h e s w i t c h shall n o t b e are a c c e p t a b l e m e a n s of s a f e g u a r d i n g live parts a s required
less t h a n the c u r r e n t rating o f t h e c o n d u c t o r s i n 1 1 0 . 2 7 { A ) and 110.34(E).
connected to s u c h s w i t c h .
(b) T h e s w i t c h shall b e c a p a b l e of o p e n i n g its
• T r a n s f o r m e r s shall b e p e r m i t t e d t o b e i s o l a t e d in a
rated current.
room or accessible oniy to qualified personnel.
(c) T h e s w i t c h s h a l l n o t o p e n u n d e r t h e
magnetic torces c a u s a d by short-circuit . • P e r m a n e n t p a r t i t i o n s or s c r e e n s shall b e p e r m i t t e d
currents. to be installed.

• T r a n s f o r m e r s shall b e e l e v a t e d at least 8 ft (2.5 m )

above the floor to prevent unauthorized personnel
Design T i p : T h e a b o v e a p p l i e s w h e r e t h e tie circuit
from contact.
control is located a s m e n t i o n e d in 4 5 0 . 6 ( A ) { 5 ) .

20-15
Stalicup's® Electrical Design

UTILITY _ UNIT *^ UNIT

TRANSFORMER J SWITCHES J J SWITCHES J

2000 kVA
TRANSFORMERS
1500kVA- MPARALlfL R4 PARALLEL

LATERALS

•30 '30
•480V BUS IN
•480V
SWITCHGEAR
UNIT UNIT (
SWITCHES SWITCHES
CB-

UMITERS

PARALLEL OPERATION
BUS TIES
•250%OF SECONDARY A NEC 450.7
TO THE TIE TO THE TIE
SYSTEM SYSTEM
RNDING BUS PROTECTKW AT 250% F i g u r e 2 0 - 1 9 . T r a n s f o r m e r s s h a l l b e p e r m i t t e d to
Step 1: Finding FLA of transfomier
c o n n e c t e d in parallel a n d s w i t c h e d a s a unit, provided
FLA=(kVAx 1000) + (Vx>/3) t r a n s f o r m e r h a s o v e r c u r r e n t protection that is properly
FLA = (2000 X 1000) + (480 X1.732)
FLA = 2406.7 A

Step 2: Calculating tie

450.6(8)
GROUNDING
2406,7 A X 250% = 6016,8 A
450.10
Step 3: Selecting OCPD
450.6(B)
6016,8Apennits7000A
T r a n s f o r m a r c a s e s s h a l l b e g r o u n d e d p e r 250.11
• T r a n s f o r m e r s e n c l o s e d b y f e n c e s o r g u a r d s shall
Solution: The overcurrent protection device
for the secondary tie shall be 7000 g r o u n d e d a n d b o n d e d . Live p a r t s r e q u i r e a guard such
amps. '/•ly.. y a f e n c e t o p r e v e n t u n a u t h o r i z e d e n t r y a n d t o protect
g e n e r a l p u b l i c a n d u n q u a l i f i e d p e r s o n s f r o m dang
OVERCURRENT PROTECTION FOR ^ •'
electrical parts. S u c h f e n c e s shall b e g r o u n d e d and
SECONDARY CONNECTIONS
NEC 450.6(8) to p r e v e n t m e t a l e l e m e n t s f r o m b e i n g accidentally energ'
with voltage. ( S e e F i g u r e 20-20)

Figure 20-18. W h e n secondary ties from transformers

are u s e d , a n o v e r c u r r e n t d e v i c e in t h e s e c o n d a r y o f e a c h
t r a n s f o r m e r t h a t is r a t e d o r s e t a t n o t g r e a t e r t h a n 2 5 0
p e r c e n t ( 2 . 5 t i m e s ) o f t h e rated s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t o f t h e
t r a n s f o r m e r shall b e p r o v i d e d .
D e s i g n T i p : S i g n s indicating t h e v o l t a g e o f live e x p o s e d
parts o f t r a n s f o r m e r s , o r o t h e r s u i t a b l e m a r k i n g s , shall
be u s e d in á r e a s w h e r e t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e l o c a t e d .
TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
P A R T I I T O A R T I C L E 450
T r a n s f o r m e r s a r e either u s e d i n d o o r s o r outdoors ba
u p o n their t y p e a n d c o n d i t i o n o f u s e . T h e type of transió
d e t e r m i n e s w h e r e it is p e r m i t t e d t o b e installed inside
o u t s i d e o f t h e b u i l d i n g . S o m e t i m e s it b e c o m e s nece-
t o build r o o m s o f c e r t a i n f i r e - r a t e d material or confine
á r e a s t o h o u s e t r a n s f o r m e r s d u e t o t h e i r design
installation.

VENTILATION
450.9
T r a n s f o r m e r s shall b e l o c a t e d a n d i n s t a l l e d in r o o m s o r
áreas that are not subject t o e x c e e d i n g l y high t e m p e r a t u r a s
" ^ ó prevent overheating a n d possible d a m a g e to windings.
T r a n s f o r m e r s w i t h v e n t i l a t i n g o p e n i n g s shall b e installed
so t h a t t h e ventilating o p e n t n g s a r e n o t b l o c k e d b y w a l l s o r
o t h e r o b s t r u c t i o n s t h a t c o u l d b l o c k air flow.
DRY-TYPE T R A N S F O R M E R S
INSTALLED INDOORS
450,21
T h e r u l e s f o r installing d r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s indoors
be s u m m e d up as follows:
• D r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s g r e a t e r t h a n 112-1/2 kVA,
h a v i n g C l a s s 155 o r h i g h e r insulation systems, sh
h a v e a f i r e - r e s i s t a n t , h e a t - i n s u l a t i n g barrier pl.
b e t w e e n t r a n s f o r m e r s a n d c o m b u s t i b l e material,
if n o barrier, shall b e s e p a r a t e d at least 6 ft (1.
m ) h o r i z o n t a l l y a n d 12 ft ( 3 . 7 m ) vertically from
c o m b u s t i b l e m a t e r i a l p e r 450.21 ( B ) , E x . 1.
( S e e Figure 20-21)

20-16
 Transformers

D r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s g r e a t e r t h a n 112-1/2 k V A a n d
h a v i n g Class 155 or higher of insulation s y s t e m s shall
30RMORE STRANDS
OF BARBEO WIRE b e installed in a f i r e - r e s i s t a n t t r a n s f o r m e r r o o m p e r
•110.31
4 5 0 . 2 1 ( B ) , E x . 2. ( S e e F i g u r e 20-22)

fflI-Sm) FENCE WITH D r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s r a t e d at 112-1/2 k V A or less

i1'(300mm) OR MORE
OF BARBEO WIRE
a n d 6 0 0 v o l t s or l e s s s h a l l h a v e a f i r e - r e s i s t a n t ,
110.31 heat-insulating barrier between transformers and
c o m b u s t i b l e m a t e r i a l , or, w i t h o u t a b a r r i e r , s h a l l
_7|2.1 m) LOCKED GATE b e s e p a r a t e d at l e a s t 12 i n . ( 3 0 0 m m ) f r o m t h e
MINIMUM
FENCE WITH LOCKED GATE.
HEIGHT
GUARDS EXPOSED LIVE PARTS GROUNDED TO EARTH. c o m b u s t i b l e m a t e r i a l w h e r e t h e v o l t a g e is 6 0 0 volts
' 110.27 A (2) •TRANSFORMER
• FENCE, ETC. or less p e r 450.21 (A). ( S e e F i g u r e 20-23)
' 110.34 C

GROUNDING
NEC 450.10
jre 20-20. T r a n s f o r m e r s e n c l o s e d by f e n c e s or g u a r d s
: be g r o u n d e d a n d b o n d e d . Live parts r e q u i r e a g u a r d
las a fence to prevent u n a u t h o r i z e d entry a n d to protect
¡general public a n d unqualified p e r s o n s f r o m d a n g e r o u s
ical parts.
D r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s r a t e d 112-1/2 k V A o r l e s s a n d
6 0 0 volts or less shall not b e r e q u i r e d to h a v e a 12 in.
( 3 0 0 m m ) s e p a r a t i o n or barrier if t h e y a r e c o m p l e t e l y
e n c l o s e d , e x c e p t for v e n t o p e n i n g s . ( S e e F i g u r e 20-
24)
All i n d o o r d r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s of o v e r 3 5 , 0 0 0 volts
shall b e installed in a vault. Vault r e q u i r e m e n t s shall
fully c o m p l y w i t h P a r t III o f A r t i c l e 4 5 0 .
( S e e Figure 20-25)

.ROOM
• COMBUSTIBLE
MATERIAL ROOM
•450.21(B), Ex.1 • FIRE-RESISTANT
'450.21(8)

SPACING REQUIREMENTS OVER 112-1/2 kVA

•450.21(B), Ex.1 TRANSFORMER
12* (3.7 m) • NO SEPARATION NEEDED
•TOTALLY ENCLOSED
• CLASS 155 OR HIGHER INSULATION
• DRY-TYPE
•OVER 112-1/2 kVA
•450.21(8), Ex. 2 BARRIER
6" (1,83 m ) — I NOT -6'(1,83 m)
TOTALLY
ENCLOSED
TYPE

TRANSFORMER FIRE-RESISTANT
NEC LOOP TRANSFORMER
•NOTTOTALLY ENCLOSED • MIN, FIRE RATING •NOT TOTALLY
•CLASS 155 OR HIGHER TRANSFORMERS 450.21 (A) OF 1 HOUR ENCLOSED
INSULATION •112-1/2 kVAOR LESS •450.21(8)
•DRY-TYPE TRANSFORMERS 450.21{B)
•OVER 112-1/2 kVA •OVER 112-1/2 kVA
•450.21(B),Ex.1 OVER 112-1/2 kVA
TRANSFORMERS 450.21(C}
•OVER 35,000 V
NEC 450.21{B), Ex. 2

OVER 112-1/2 kVA

NEC 450.21 (B), Ex.1 F i g u r e 2 0 - 2 2 . D r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s g r e a t e r t h a n 112-1/2
kVA a n d h a v i n g C l a s s 155 or h i g h e r insulation s y s t e m s shall
b e installed in a f i r e - r e s i s t a n t t r a n s f o r m e r r o o m .
igure 20-21. D r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s g r e a t e r t h a n 112-1/2
Aand having Class 155 or higher insulation s y s t e m s shall
veafire-l^istant, heat-insulating barrier p l a c e d b e t w e e n
tansformers a n d c o m b u s t i b l e material, or, if no barrier, shall
le separated at least 6 ft (1.83 m ) horizontally a n d 12 ft (3.7
n,vertically f r o m the c o m b u s t i b l e m a t e r i a l .

20-17
stalicup's® Electrical Design

I
^COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL
112-1/2 kVAOR L E S S
-TRANSFORMER
• DRY-TYPE
• 112-1/2 kVAOR LESS NO MINIMUM SPACING REQUIRED
•450.21 (A) FROM COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL

- SPACING
'12" {300 mm) MIN.
'450.21(A)
NOT TRANSFORMER
TOTALLY • TOTALLY ENCLOSED
^ COMBUSTIBLE ENCLOSED • DRY-TYPE
^ MATERIAL TYPE •112-1/2 kVAOR LESS
•450.21{A), Ex.

-COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL

-BARRIER

NO MINIMUM SPACING REQUIRED NOT OVER 112-1/2 kVA

FROM COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL NEC 450.21 (A), Ex.

TRANSFORMER F i g u r e 2 0 - 2 4 . D r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s rated 112-1/2 kVAJ

NOT • FIRE-RESISTANT, HEAT-
INSULATING BARRIER
l e s s , a n d 6 0 0 volts o r tess shall n o t b e required to he
TOTALLY
ENCLOSED • DRY-TYPE 12 i n . ( 3 0 0 m m ) s e p a r a t i o n o r barrier if t h e y are comple
TYPE •112-1/2 kVAOR LESS
•450.21(A) enclosed except for vent openings.

-VAULT
NOT OVER 112-1/2 kVA • FIRE-RESISTANT
NEC 450.21 (A) • NONCOMBUSTIBLE
MATERIAL
•450.21(0)

F i g u r e 2 0 - 2 3 . D r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s rated 112-1/2 k V A o r
less a n d 6 0 0 volts o r less shall h a v e a fire-resistant, h e a t -
insulating barrier b e t w e e n t r a n s f o r m e r s a n d c o m b u s t i b l e TRANSFORMER
• OVER 35,000 VOLTS
material, or, w i t h o u t a barrier, shall b e s e p a r a t e d at least • 450.21 (C)
12 in. ( 3 0 0 m m ) f r o m t h e c o m b u s t i b l e m a t e r i a l w h e r e t h e
v o l t a g e is o v e r 6 0 0 v o l t s .

DRY-TYPE T R A N S F O R M E R S
INSTALLED OUTDOORS
450.22 CODE LOOP CODE LOOP
WALLS, ROOF, AND FLOOR 450.42 DRAINAGE 450.46
Dry-type transformers installed outdoors shall have DOORWAYS 450.43 FOREIGN SYSTEMS 450.47
VENT OPENINGS 450.45 STORAGEINVAULTS 450.48
w e a t h e r p r o o f e n c l o s u r e s . S e e t h e definition in A r t i c l e 100
for t h e difference b e t w e e n " w e a t h e r p r o o f a n d "watertight."
OVER 35,000 VOLTS
NEC 450.21 (C)
L E S S FLAMMABLE LIQUID-INSULATED
F i g u r e 2 0 - 2 5 . A l l i n d o o r d r y - t y p e transformers
TRANSFORMERS
3 5 , 0 0 0 volts shall b e installed in a vault.
450.23
Transformers using a "listed" high fire point liquid
NONFLAMMABLE FLUID-INSULATEI
s h a l l b e p e r m i t t e d t o b e i n s t a l l e d i n d o o r s , b u t o n i y in
" n o n c o m b u s t i b l e " á r e a s of " n o n c o m b u s t i b l e " b u i l d i n g s . T h e TRANSFORMERS
sets t h e m i n i m u m fire point at 3 0 0 ° C ( 5 7 2 ° F ) . T h i s is 450.24
the m i n i m u m t e m p e r a t u r a a t w h i c h t h e liquid ignites. S u c h
t r a n s f o r m e r s shall b e p e r m i t t e d t o b e installed i n d o o r s , f o r T r a n s f o r m e r s u s i n g a "dielectric" nonflammableliqu:;s^
v o l t a g e s u p to 3 5 , 0 0 0 . H i g h e r v o l t a g e s r e q u i r e a v a u l t if b e p e r m i t t e d to b e i n s t a l l e d indoors in any l o c a t r t
t h e y a r e installed i n d o o r s . T h i s is d u e to t h e s a f e t y r e q u i r e d v o l t a g e s u p t o 3 5 , 0 0 0 . H i g h e r voltages require a vaui: -vte
b e c a u s e of t h e h i g h e r v o l t a g e a n d a s s o c i a t e d e q u i p m e n t . installed i n d o o r s d u e to t h e safety required for the ¡g^
( S e e F i g u r e 20-26) voltage and associated equipment.

20-18
 Transformers

REMOVING GASES
. AUTOMATIC FIRE COMBUSTIBLE
• FLUE OR
EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM MATERIALS
•450.23 • CHIMNEY

Z VENTEO TO TRANSFORMER TRANSFORMER MAY HAVE

1" 1 X 1 1 J • OVER 25 kVA •MEANS FOR A8S0RBING
• FLUE OR
• CHIMNEY •SHALL HAVE GASES GENERATED BY
TRANSFORMER PRESSURE ARCING INSIDE THE CASE
• LESS FLAMMABLE RELIEF VALVE
LIQUID-INSUUTED
•450.23

TRANSFORMERS SHALL BE INSTALLED IN A VAULT WHEN OVER 35,000 VOLTS

LIQUID
CQNTAINMENT ASKAREL-INSULATED TRANSFORMERS
AREA INSTALLED INDOORS
LESS FLAMMABLE LIQUID-INSULATED NEC 450.25
TRANSFORMERS
NEC 450.23
F i g u r e 20-27. A s k a r e l - i n s u l a t e d t r a n s f o r m e r s of o v e r 2 5 kVA
shall b e f u r n i s h e d w i t h a relief v e n t s u c h a s a c h i m n e y to
re 20-26. T r a n s f o r m e r s u s i n g a "Usted" high fire point relieve the p r e s s u r e built up by g a s e s that m a y b e g e n e r a t e d
shall be permitted to b e installed i n d o o r s , but o n i y in within the transformer.
ibustible" á r e a s of " n o n c o m b u s t i b l e " b u i l d i n g s . T h e
sets the m i n i m u m fire point at 3 0 0 X ( 5 7 2 ' F ) .
OIL-INSULATED T R A N S F O R M E R S ^
INSTALLED INDOORS
the purpose of this s e c t i o n , a n o n f l a m m a b l e dielectric
'isone that d o e s not h a v e a f l a s h point or fire point, a n d 450.26
notflammable in air.
T h e rules for installing o i l - i n s u l a t e d t r a n s f o r m e r s i n d o o r s
c a n b e s u m m e d up a s f o l l o w s : ;

KAREL-INSULATED T R A N S F O R M E R S • Indoor oil-filled t r a n s f o r m e r s greater than 600

TALLED INDOORS
.25
reí is a liquid that d o e s not b u r n ; t h e r e f o r e , it is s a f e r
oil for use as a t r a n s f o r m e r liquid. H o w e v e r , a r c i n g
ral produces greater g a s e s that a r e n o n e x p l o s i v e .
•el-insulated t r a n s f o r m e r s of o v e r 2 5 k V A s h a l l b e
"ed with a relief v e n t s u c h a s a c h i m n e y to relieve t h e
built up by g a s e s t h a t m a y b e g e n e r a t e d w i t h i n
sformer.
• If s u i t a b l e p r o v i s i o n s a r e p r o v i d e d t o p r e v e n t a
that are well ventilated, the v e n t m a y b e d i s c h a r g e d
tothe r o o m . In r o o m s that a r e p o o r l y v e n t i l a t e d , t h e
shall be piped to a flue or c h i m n e y that is c a p a b l e o f
' g the g a s e s out of the r o o m . Or, a s a n a l t e r n a t i v o
ventilating, the t r a n s f o r m e r c a n b e fitted w i t h a
rber p l a ^ inside the c a s e . W h e n t h e r e is a g a s
, the v e n t m a y aiso be d i s c h a r g e d t o t h e r o o m .
volts shall b e installed in a vault, w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g
e x c e p t i o n s , w h e r e , r e g a r d i e s s of v o l t a g e , a vault is
not r e q u i r e d :
(a) Electric f u r n a c e t r a n s f o r m e r s w i t h a total
rating of 7 5 k V A or less shall b e p e r m i t t e d to
b e l o c a t e d in a f i r e - r e s i s t a n t r o o m .
(b) Oil-filled t r a n s f o r m e r s m a y b e installed in a
b u i l d i n g w i t h o u t a vault, p r o v i d e d t h e building
is a c c e s s i b l e to q u a l i f i e d p e r s o n n e l o n i y a n d
is u s e d solely for p r o v i d i n g electric s e r v i c e t o
other buildings.
p o s s i b l e oil fire f r o m igniting o t h e r m a t e r i a l s , oil-filled
t r a n s f o r m e r s of 6 0 0 volts or less shall b e p e r m i t t e d to
b e installed w i t h o u t a vault. W h e n installed w i t h o u t a
vault, the total k V A rating of all t r a n s f o r m e r s a l l o w e d
in a r o o m or s e c t i o n o f a b u i l d i n g is limited t o 10 k V A
for n o n f i r e - r e s i s t a n t b u i l d i n g s a n d t o 7 5 k V A for f i r e -
resistant b u i l d i n g s .

I transformers of m o r e t h a n 3 5 , 0 0 0 volts shall b e S e e F i g u r e 2 0 - 2 8 for installing r u l e s w h e n a p p i y i n g t h e E x .

in a vault b e c a u s e the oil a n d h i g h e r v o l t a g e a r e a 1 to 450.26.
to unqualified p e r s o n n e l . ( S e e F i g u r e 2 0 - 2 7 )

20-19
stalicup's* Electrical Design

-VAULT
• REINFORCED CONCRETE
W A L L S , R O O F S , AND F L O O R S
•ATLEAST4'*{100mm)THICK
450.42

T h e r u l e s for c o n s t r u c t i o n o f v a u l t s a r e set forth In

TRANSFORMER ' ' ' s e c t i o n . Floor, w a l l s , a n d r o o f s h a l l b e o f fire-res^
•OIL-FILLED
•1121/2kVAOR LESS m a t e r i a l s u c h a s c o n c r e t e a n d b e c a p a b l e of withstand'
•450.26, Ex.1
h e a t f r o m a fire w i t h i n for at least t h r e e h o u r s . A 6 in.
m m ) t h i c k n e s s is s p e c i f i e d for t h e w a l l s a n d roof. The fli
w h e n laid a n d in c o n t a c t w i t h t h e e a r t h , shall be at leasi
in. ( 1 0 0 m m ) thick. W a l l s , roof, a n d floor shall have at le
h a v e a t h r e e h o u r fire r a t i n g . ( S e e F i g u r e 20-30)

SAFEGUARDS PROVIDE TRANSFORMER

PROTECTION FOR • OIL-INSULATED
TRANSFORMER TO: •450.27 ROOF MOUNTED
TRANSFORMERS • PROTECT BUILDING •OILCONTAINMENT
•PROTECT OPENINGS AREA REQUIRED
• INSTALLED IN DETACHED BUILDINGS J
• ACCESSIBLE TO QUALIFIED PERSONNEL

OIL-INSULATED TRANSFORMERS
INSTALLED INDOORS TRANSFORMER
NEC 450.26, Ex.1 • OIL-INSULATED
• BARRIER
NEEDED

F i g u r e 20-28. Oil-ftiled t r a n s f o r m e r s r a t e d 112-1/2 k V A or

less ttiat a r e installed in d e t a c h e d b u i l d i n g s a n d a c c e s s i b l e
to oniy qualified p e r s o n n e l Shall b e installed in a v a u l t w i t h
reinforced c o n c r e t e at least 4 in. ( 1 0 0 m m ) t h i c k .
OPENINGS STAIRWAY_
•SUCHAS WINDOWS,
DOORS, VAULTS, ETC. • • - "''
OIL-INSULATED T R A N S F O R M E R S
OIL-INSULATED TRANSFORMERS
INSTALLED OUTDOORS INSTALLED OUTDOORS
NEC 450.27
450.27
F i g u r e 2 0 - 2 9 ( a ) . W h e n oil-filled t r a n s f o r m e r s are in
W h e n oil-filled t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e installed o n or a d j a c e n t t o
o n or a d j a c e n t to c o m b u s t i b l e b u i l d i n g s or material,
c o m b u s t i b l e buildings or m a t e r i a l , the b u i l d i n g or m a t e r i a l
b u i l d i n g or m a t e r i a l shall b e s a f e g u a r d e d f r o m possible
shall b e s a f e g u a r d e d f r o m p o s s i b l e fire o r i g i n a t i n g in a
o r i g i n a t i n g in a t r a n s f o r m e r .
transformer. Fire-resistant b a r r i e r s , w a t e r - s p r a y s y s t e m s ,
and e n c l o s u r e s for the t r a n s f o r m e r s are a p p r o v e d
WATER SPRAY SYSTEM
s a f e g u a r d s if, w h e r e u s e d , t h e y a r e installed by t h e rules / ' • OR OTHER PROTECTIVE METHOD
of the N E C . [ S e e F i g u r e s 2 0 - 2 9 ( a ) a n d (b)]

I' 1 1 1 1 i^^r^r
SPRINKLER S Y S T E M - - - ^
• S E E NFPA13
LOCATION OF TRANSFORMER VAULTS TRANSFORMER
• OIL-FILLED
TRANSFORMER
•OIL-FILLED
450.41 •450.27 • BARRIER NEED3

Vaults are used to house dry-type t r a n s f o r m e r s that are rated SAFEGUARDING

over 35 kV or t r a n s f o r m e r s filled w i t h c o m b u s t i b l e m a t e r i a l 'FIRE-RESISTANTBARRIERS :

• SPRINKLER SYSTEM
u s e d as an aid in c o o l i n g their w i n d i n g s . ' ENaOSURES

•PPP
Vaults shall b e d e s i g n e d a n d built w i t h s p e c i f i c rules a n d
regulations. OIL-INSULATED TRANSFORMERS
h y-^, ú. INSTALLED OUTDOORS
NEC 450.27
W h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e , t r a n s f o r m e r v a u l t s shall b e l o c a t e d at
an outside wall of the b u i l d i n g . T h i s rule is i n t e n d e d to a l l o w F i g u r e 2 0 - 2 9 ( b ) . F i r e - r e s i s t a n t b a r r i e r s , water-spi
ventilation direct t o t h e o u t s i d e w i t h o u t u s i n g d u c t s , f l u e s , s y s t e m s , a n d e n c l o s u r e s for the t r a n s f o r m e r s are a : : - '
etc. per 450.45. s a f e g u a r d s if, w h e r e u s e d . t h e y a r e installed by
ofthe NEC.
^ oO
lR
Transformers

ORWAYS operation. This typically m e a n s that transformer vaults

a r e not t o b e u s e d f o r w a r e h o u s e s o r s t o r a g e á r e a s but to
450.43
c o n t a i n t r a n s f o r m e r s a n d a c c e s s o r i e s oniy. T h e r e a s o n s
t h e vault is t o b e k e p t c l e a r a r e t h e high v o l t a g e a n d safety
The door to a t r a n s f o r m e r v a u l t shall b e built a c c o r d i n g to
measures needed for personnel servicing such equipment.
Ihe standards o f t h e National Fire P r o t e c t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n ,
A I s o , c o n s i d e r a t i o n shall b e g i v e n to f o r e i g n material b e i n g
which requires a t h r e e h o u r fire rating. T h e d o o r sill shall
a t h r e a t o f fire u n d e r certain c o n d i t i o n s . ( S e e F i g u r e 20-33)
be at least 4 in. ( 1 0 0 m m ) h i g h . T h i s is to p r e v e n t a n y oil
that may accumulate o n t h e floor f r o m r u n n i n g o u t o f t h e
transformer r o o m a n d m o v i n g to o t h e r á r e a s . D o o r s shall
be kept locked at all t i m e s t o p r e v e n t a c c e s s o f u n q u a l i f i e d 6" (150 mm) MINIMUM
.6" {150 mm) MINIMUM THICKNESS
persons to the vault. THICKNESS • CONCRETE ROOF
•CONCRETE WALLS •450.42, IN2
•450.42, IN2

DOOR
Design Tip: P e r s o n n e l d o o r s shall s w i n g o u t a n d b e • 3 HOUR RATED
VENT •450.43(A)
equipped with p a n i c b a r s , p r e s s u r e p l a t a s , o r o t h e r OPENINGS
•450.45 PANIC BARS,
devices that o p e n u n d e r s i m p l e p r e s s u r e p e r 4 5 0 . 4 3 ( C ) . PRESSURE PLATES
ETC. PER450.43(C)

VENTILATION OPENINGS U " (100 mm) MINIMUM 4"(100mm) MINIMUM

THICKNESS CONCRETE FLOOR DOOR SILL
¡0.45 • 450.43(8)

WALLS, ROOFS, AND FLOORS

ventilation is direct to t h e o u t s i d e , w i t h o u t t h e u s e
of ducts or flues, t h e v e n t o p e n i n g shall h a v e a n á r e a o f
at least 3 s q . i n . ( 1 9 0 0 m m ^ ) f o r e a c h k V A o f t r a n s f o r m e r
capacity, but never less t h a n 1 s q . ft (0.1 m^) in á r e a . T h e
vent opening shall b e fitted with a s c r e e n o r g r a t i n g a n d
anautomatic closing d a m p e r . If d u c t s a r e u s e d in t h e v e n t
tem, the ducts shall h a v e sufficient c a p a c i t y to m a i n t a i n
¡suitable vault t e m p e r a t u r e . ( S e e F i g u r e 2 0 - 3 1 )
NEC 450.42
F i g u r e 2 0 - 3 0 , Floor, w a l l s , a n d r o o f shall b e o f fire-resistant
material such as concrete a n d b e capable of withstanding
h e a t f r o m a fire w i t h i n f o r a t least t h r e e h o u r s . A 6 i n . ( 1 5 0
m m ) t h i c k n e s s is s p e c i f i e d f o r t h e w a l l s a n d roof. T h e floor,
w h e n laid a n d in c o n t a c t w i t h t h e e a r t h , shall b e at least 4
in. ( 1 0 0 m m ) thick.

DRAINAGE „ ;•
450.46
VAULT
Drains shall be p r o v i d e d f o r v a u l t s c o n t a i n i n g m o r e t h a n i WECLOOP
kVA t r a n s f o r m e r c a p a c i t y to d r a i n off oil t h a t m i g h t VENTS 450.45(A) VENT-'
• LOCATION • OPEN DtRECTLY TO
accumulate o n t h e floor d u e t o a l e a k in a t r a n s f o r m e r VENTS 450.45(C} THE OUTSIDE
caused by an accident. T h i s rule is d e s i g n e d to p r e v e n t a •SIZE ' NO DUCT OR FLUES
VENTS 450.45(D)
fire hazard from o c c u r r i n g . ' - •COVERING
VENTS 450.45(E)
•DAMPERS

IWVTER PIPES AND A C C E S S O R I E S

450.47
AREA OF AT LEAST 3 SQ. IN. (1900 mm^
Piping for fire protection w i t h i n t h e v a u l t o r p i p i n g t o w a t e r - • FOR EACH kVA OF
TRANSFORMER CAPACITY
cooled transformers shall b e p e r m i t t e d to b e p r e s e n t in a •1 SQ.FT(0.1 rrfi) MIN.
vault. No other piping o r d u c t s y s t e m shall e n t e r o r p a s s
ugh. Valvas o r o t h e r f i t t i n g s o f a f o r e i g n p i p i n g o r VENTILATION OPENINGS
NEC 450.45
system shall not b e p e r m i t t e d in a v a u l t c o n t a i n i n g
brmers. ( S e e F i g u r e 20-32)

[STORAGEINVAULTS
«0.48
INostorage of a n y k i n d shall b e p e r m i t t e d in a v a u l t o t h e r
lían the transformers a n d e q u i p m e n t n e c e s s a r y f o r their
F i g u r e 2 0 - 3 1 . W h e r e v e n t i l a t i o n is direct to t h e o u t s i d e ,
w i t h o u t t h e u s e o f d u c t s o r f l u e s , t h e v e n t o p e n i n g shall
h a v e a n á r e a o f at least 3 s q . in. ( 1 9 0 0 m m ^ ) f o r e a c h k V A
of t r a n s f o r m e r c a p a c i t y , b u t n e v e r less t h a n 1 s q . ft (0.1
m^) in á r e a .

20-21
stalicup's® Electrical Design

: NOTE: NO FOREIGN WATER SYSTEM OR UTILITY

VAULT PIPING SHALL BE PERMIHED TO PASS THROUGH VAlftJ. NEC LOOP
STORAGE MATERIAL- VAULTAREA
IS STRICTLY GUARDING 450.8ÍC)
PROHIBITED^ • 6 0 0 V O R LESS 110.221
, •OVER 600 V 110.34
SPRINKLER SYSTEM- WATER SYSTEM CLEARANCES .TRANSFORMER
• S E E NFPA13 • PIPING • 6 0 0 V O R LESS 110.26ÍA
• FIRE PROTECTION •OVER 600 V 110.34^A
TRANSFORMERS^ •TRANSFORMER COOLING ACCESS
• 6 0 0 V O R LESS 110.26{C)'
•OVER 600 V 110.33

STORAGE IN VAULTS
WATER PIPES AND ACCESSORIES NEC 450.48
NEC 450.47

F i g u r e 2 0 - 3 2 . P i p i n g f o r fire p r o t e c t i o n w i t h i n t h e v a u l t or
piping to w a t e r - c o o l e d t r a n s f o r m e r s shall b e p e r m i t t e d to
be present in a vault. N o o t h e r piping or d u c t s y s t e m shall
enter or p a s s t h r o u g h .
CONNECTIONS FROM THE
F i g u r e 2 0 - 3 3 . N o s t o r a g e m a t e r i a l of a n y kind shall
p l a c e d in a vault o t h e r t h a n t h e t r a n s f o r m e r s a n d equi
n e c e s s a r y f o r their o p e r a t i o n .
• T h e c o n n e c t i n g c o n d u c t o r s shall not e x t e n d beyond
t h e s w i t c h b o a r d , p a n e l b o a r d , d i s c o n n e c t i n g means,
o r c o n t r o l d e v i c e s t h e y supply.

SECONDARY OF TRANSFORMERS
240.21 (B) AND (C)
O v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e s of circuits shall b e l o c a t e d
at t h e point w h e r e t h e s e r v i c e to t h o s e circuits o r i g i n a t e s .
However, it shall b e p e r m i t t e d t o m a k e c o n n e c t i o n s f r o m
the s e c o n d a r y side of t r a n s f o r m e r s . S u c h c o n d u c t o r s shall
be d e s i g n e d a n d installed b y t h e rules a n d r e g u l a t i o n s of
240.21 ( B ) a n d ( C ) . S i z i n g c o n n e c t i o n s , not o v e r 2 5 ft ( 7 . 5
m ) l o n g , shall b e d e s i g n e d a n d i n s t a l l e d p e r 240.21 ( B )
(3) a n d ( C ) ( 5 ) . T r a n s f o r m e r s e c o n d a r y c o n d u c t o r s o f
separately d e r i v e d s y s t e m s for industrial locations a r e s i z e d
per 240.21(C)(2), (C)(3), a n d (C)(6). O u t s i d e t r a n s f o r m e r
connections are sized per 240.21 (C)(4). O v e r c u r r e n t
protection shall be provided by 450.3(B) a n d T a b l e 450.3(B).
(See 2 4 0 . 9 2 ( B ) a n d (D) a n d F i g u r e 2 0 - 3 4 for iilustrated
diagrams.)
NOT OVER 10 FT (3 m) LONG
240.21 (C)(2)
C o n d u c t o r s shall b e p e r m i t t e d t o b e c o n n e c t e d , w i t h o u t
o v e r c u r r e n t protection at t h e c o n n e c t i o n , t o a f e e d e r or
t r a n s f o r m e r s e c o n d a r y w h e r e all t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s
aremet:
• C o n n e c t i n g c o n d u c t o r s d o not e x c e e d 10 ft (3 m ) in
length.
• C o n n e c t i n g c o n d u c t o r s shall h a v e a c u r r e n t rating
not less t h a n t h e c o m b i n e d c a l c u l a t e d l o a d s of t h e
circuits s u p p l i e d b y c o n n e c t i n g c o n d u c t o r s . T h e i r
a m p a c i t y shall n o t b e less t h a n t h e rating of t h e
o v e r c u r r e n t protection d e v i c e a t t h e t e r m i n a t i o n of
the c o n n e c t i n g c o n d u c t o r s .
• C o n n e c t i n g c o n d u c t o r s s h a l l b e e n c l o s e d in a
r a c e w a y t h a t will e x t e n d f r o m t h e c o n n e c t i o n to the
e n c l o s u r e o f a n e n c l o s e d s w i t c h b o a r d , panelboard,
o r c o n t r o l d e v i c e s , o r t o t h e b a c k o f a n open|
switchboard.
• T h e rating of t h e o v e r c u r r e n t d e v i c e protecting the
p r i m a r y o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r , m u l t i p l i e d b y the primaryi
t o s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e ratio, shall n o t e x c e e d 10 times
t h e a m p a c i t y of t h e s e c o n d a r y c o n d u c t o r for fieId
installations w h e r e t h e s e c o n d a r y conductors leave
t h e e n c l o s u r e or vault. i
O v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n f o r p a n e l b o a r d s shall comply w|
t h e p r o v i s i o n s o u t l i n e d in 4 0 8 . 3 6 , including E x . 1, Ex.
a n d E x . 3, w h i c h e v e r a p p l i e s . T h e m á x i m u m number||
o v e r c u r r e n t d e v i c e s shall b e p e r m i t t e d to be determir
p e r 4 0 8 . 5 4 a n d 4 0 8 . 5 5 . E x . 1.
S e e F i g u r e 2 0 - 3 5 f o r t h e p r o p e r p r o c e d u r e for makii
c o n n e c t i o n u s i n g t h e 10 ft (3 m ) rule.
NOT O V E R 25 FT (7.5 m) LONG
240.21(B)(3) AND(C)(5)
C o n d u c t o r s s u p p l y i n g a t r a n s f o r m e r shall be permitted|
b e t a p p e d , w i t h o u t o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n at the tap,
f e e d e r w h e r e all t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s a r e met:
• T a p p e d c o n d u c t o r s s u p p l y i n g t h e primary shall h;
a n a m p a c i t y at l e a s t 1/3 o f t h e rating of the feedf
being tapped.
• C o n n e c t i n g c o n d u c t o r s s u p p l y i n g t h e secondary
shall h a v e a n a m p a c i t y at least 1/3 o f t h e rating of
t h e f e e d e r b e i n g c o n n e c t e d , b a s e d o n the primary-
t o - s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e ratio.

20-22
 Transformers

-DISTRIBUTION PANEL
CONNECTION PER 240.21(C)(2)
ANY
10- - * DISTANCE' I MI I I I I ti I
(3 m] o . o- II M I I M 11 i
MAX
CB OR FUSES
CONNECTION PER240.21(B)(3) and {C)(5)
ANY
"DISTANCE I lllllllllll
II II I I M I t u i

-25'(7.5 m) MAX. CONNECTION PER 240.21 (C){3} and (C)(6)

ANY
DISTANCE lllllUlItl
rr~ (7.5 m) I I I M l l l l II
C MAX.
CBOR FUSES
CONNECTION PER 240.21 (CX4)
UTILITY SUPPLY.^ ANY
OUTSIDE X "DISTANCE" DISTANCE IMMMMIl
lililí

PANELBOARD MARKING PER 408.58 .SINGLE MAIN

CONNECTIONS FROM THE SECONDARY OF TRANSFORMERS

NEC 240.21(8) AND (C)

re 20-34. This illustration s h o w s t h e four m o s t u s e d t r a n s f o r m e r s e c o n d a r y c o n n e c t i o n s t h a t a r e utilized to s u p p l y

"cal systems with t r a n s f o r m e r s e c o n d a r y c o n d u c t o r s .

i
• T h e total l e n g t h of o n e p r i m a r y p l u s o n e s e c o n d a r y
SBM CLOSER c o n d u c t o r shall not b e o v e r 2 5 ft (7.5 m ) .

• T h e primary a n d secondary conductors shall b e

protected from physical d a m a g e .

• S e c o n d a r y c o n d u c t o r s shall t e r m í n a t e in a s i n g l e
.OCPD circuit b r e a k e r o r s e t o f f u s e s , s i z e d t o p r o t e c t t h e
•408.36
secondary.

MBJ^' CONNECTED J
A CONDUCTORS
/ ^ 1 0 ' (3 m) OR LESS S e e F i g u r e 2 0 - 3 6 for t h e p r o p e r p r o c e d u r e for m a k i n g a t a p
GEC-- ' .240. í.21(B)(1)an(J(C)(2)
a n d c o n n e c t i o n u s i n g t h e 2 5 ft (7.5 m ) rule.
GES- PANELBOARD
MARKING
•408.58

SIZING THWN CU. CONDUCTORS SiZINGOCPD INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATION

5:ep 1: Calculating min. size connection
240.21(C){2)(1)
Calculated load is148A
Step 2: Sizing conductors
Tabte 310.15(B)(16)
1/0 AWG THWN aj. = 150A
SIEDS: Verifyingsize
240.21(0(21(1}
150AÍS greater than 148A
on; The size THWN copper
conductors are 1/0 AWG
rated at 150 amps.
Stepi: Calculating O C P D
240.4(E), 240.21(C)(2)(1), and
240.4(B)
1/0 AWG cu. = 150 A
OCPD rated at 150 A protects
conductorsfromoverload
Solution: The size overcurrent protection
device is permitted to be 150
amps.
S E C O N D A R Y CONDUCTORS
NOT O V E R 25 FT (7,5 m) LONG
240.21 (C)(3)
Conductors shall b e permitted to b e connected t o a
t r a n s f o r m e r s e c o n d a r y o f a s e p a r a t e l y d e r i v e d s y s t e m for
industrial l o c a t i o n s , w i t h o u t o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n a t t h e
c o n n e c t i o n , w h e r e all t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s a r e m e t :
• S e c o n d a r y c o n d u c t o r s s h a l l not e x c e e d 2 5 ft (7.5 m )
in l e n g t h .

NOT OVER 10 FT (3 m) LONG • Ampacity of connected conductors shall be

NEC 240.21 (C)(2) - :.:
e q u i v a l e n t to c u r r e n t rating o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r , a n d
t h e o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e s shall not e x c e e d
20-35. This illustration s h o w s t h e p r o c e d u r e f o r t h e a m p a c i t y of t h e c o n n e c t e d c o n d u c t o r s .
a 10 ft (3 m ) c o n n e c t i o n f r o m t h e s e c o n d a r y o f a
ir • All overcurrent devices are grouped. '\

20-23
stalicup's® Electrical Design

-SERVICE CONDUCTORS
'230.42(A)(1)

SECONDARY
OUTPUT
•350 A

_CONNECTED
CONDUCTORS
25' (7.5 m) OR LESS
C)i
240.21(C)(3)
OCPD
•408.36

ONE CONDUCTOR
SHOWN FOR SIMPLICITY
MIIMUM SIZE
CONNECTION
.240.21(B)(3)(2)and (C)(5}
CONDUCTORS
•THWN cu
SIZING PRIMARY TAPPED CONDUCTORS
Stepi: Calculating primary tap
240.21(BK3)(1)
1/3 of 250 A =83 A
Step 2: Selecting conductors
Table 310.15(B}{16}
83 A requires 4 AWG cu.
Sotutkm: The size THWN copper
conductors are 4 AWG,
StZING SECONDARY CONNECTING
CONDUCTORS
Stepi: Calculating secondary connection
240.21(B)(3)(2)
(480 V + 208 V) X (1/3 X 250 A) = 192 A
Step 2; Selecting conductors
Table 310.15(B){16)
192 A requires 3/0 AWG cu.
CALCULATED LOAD
IS 345 A
OCPD SIZING THWN cu. CONDUCTORS SIZING OCPD
.240.21(B)(3){5)
Step 1: Calculating min. size connection S t e p i : Calculating OCPD
• 408.36
•408.54 240.21(C)(3}(2) 240.4(E), 240.21 (C)(3)(1), and
Calculated load is 345 A 240.4(B)
500 KCMIL cu. =380 A
Step 2: Sizing conductors OCPD rated at 350 A protects
Table 310.15(B)(16) conductors from overload
500 THWN cu. = 380 A
Solution: The size overcurrent protection
device is permitted to be 350
Step 3: Vertfying size
240.21(C)(3)(1) amps.
380 Ais greater ttian 345 A
Note: If 6 circuit breakers are used. they
Solution: The size THWN copper must be equal to one main.
conductors are 500 KCMIL
rated at 380 amps.
INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATION SECONDARY CONDUCTORS
NOT OVER 25 FT (7.5 m) LONG
NEC 240.21 (C)(3)
F i g u r e 2 0 - 3 7 . T h i s i l l u s t r a t i o n s h o w s t h e procedure
s i z i n g a 2 5 ft (7.5 m ) c o n n e c t i o n f r o m t h e secondary ofí
transformer.

Solution: Tt>esize THWN copper

conductors are 3/0 AWG. OUTSIDE S E C O N D A R Y CONDUCTORS '
240.21 (C)(4) i
SIZING SECONDARY CONNECTING OCPD

Step 1: Selecting OCPD in secondary O u t s i d e c o n d u c t o r s shall b e p e r m i t t e d to b e connected t o r

240.4(E}, 240.21 (B)(3)(2},
240.21(C}(5),and 240.6(A) f e e d e r o r b e c o n n e c t e d a t the t r a n s f o r m e r secondary without.
200 A (3/0 AWG) requires 200 A
o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n at t h e c o n n e c t i o n . However, all ofttifif
Solution: The size overcurrent protection f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s shatl b e c o m p l i e d w i t h :
device is 200 amps.

• T h e c o n n e c t e d c o n d u c t o r s a r e suitably protected
^- NOT OVER 25 FT {7.5 m) LONG -1' > ^
NEC 240.21 (B)(3) AND {C)(5) from physical d a m a g e .

Figure 20-36. T h e primary tap for this connection rule
shall b e at least 1/3 of t h e o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e
protecting t h e largar f e e d e r c o n d u c t o r s . T h e s e c o n d a r y
connecting conductors shall be at least 1/3 o f t h e o v e r c u r r e n t
protection device protecting t h e f e e d e r c o n d u c t o r s b a s e d
on the p r i m a r y - s e c o n d a r y t r a n s f o r m e r ratio.
• Connected conductors shall be protected from
physical d a m a g e .
S e e F i g u r e 20-37 f o r t h e p r o c e d u r e t o b e a p p l i e d w h e n a
2 5 ft (7.5 m ) c o n n e c t i o n rule is installed f r o m t h e s e c o n d a r y
side o f a transformer.
• T h e c o n d u c t o r s t e r m í n a t e at a single circuit breaker
or a s i n g l e s e t o f f u s e s t h a t will limit t h e load to the
a m p a c i t y o f t h e c o n d u c t o r s . T h i s single overcurrent
protection d e v i c e c a n s u p p l y a n y n u m b e r of additional
o v e r c u r r e n t d e v i c e s o f its l o a d s i d e .
• T h e o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e for the conductors
is a n integral part o f a d i s c o n n e c t i n g means or shall
b e l o c a t e d i m m e d i a t e l y a d j a c e n t thereto.
• T h e d i s c o n n e c t i n g m e a n s f o r t h e conductors are
installed at a readily a c c e s s i b l e location either outside
of a b u i l d i n g o r s t r u c t u r e o r inside, nearest the point
of e n t r a n c e o f t h e c o n d u c t o r s .

20-24
 Transformers

See Figure 2 0 - 3 8 f o r t h e r u l e p e r t a i n i n g t o o u t s i d e NOTE 1: T R A N S F O R M E R O U T P U T

'ON S E C O N D A R Y IS 300 AMPS.
^transformer c o n n e c t i o n s f r o m t h e s e c o n d a r y s i d e o f
ínsformers.

TRANSFORMER SECONDARY
CONDUCTORS IN LENGTHS O F
10 FT (3 m) TO 25 FT (7.5 m)
240.21 (C)(6)

Conductors o v e r 10 ft (3 m ) a n d u p t o 2 5 ft (7.5 m ) in l e n g t h
be permitted t o b e c o n n e c t e d t o t h e s e c o n d a r y size \
UNDERGROUND C U S T O M E R 0 W N E D \^
of a transformer. W h e n a p p i y i n g this s e c t i o n , t h e 2 5 ft ( 7 . 5 TRANSFORMER -13,8007,30
CONDUIT
m) secondary c o n n e c t i o n shall b e t e r m i n a t e d in a s i n g l e * 300.5 •300.50

rrent protection d e v i c e (circuit b r e a k e r o r f u s e s ) t o

itthe load a n d t o aiso c o m p l y w i t h t h e 1/3 rule w h e n SIZING CONDUCTOR USING THWN cu. StZING OCPD BASED UPON S E C . OUTPUT

ultiplied by t h e s e c o n d a r y - t o - p r i m a r y v o l t a g e ratio. T h e Step 1; Sizing conductors Stepi: Sizing OCPD

300 A requires 350 KCMIL 300 A output requires 300 A OCPO
dary c o n d u c t o r s s h a l l b e p r o t e c t e d f r o m p h y s i c a l
damage and a b u s e . ( S e e F i g u r e 20-39) Solution: The size THWN copper Solutlon: The size overcurrent protection
conductors are 350 KCMIL. device required is 300 amps.

OUTSIDE SECONDARY CONDUCTORS

NEC240.21(C)(4)
SUPERVISED I N D U S T R I A L
F i g u r e 2 0 - 3 8 . T h i s illustration s h o w s t h e rules for sizing t h e
INSTALLATIONS - F E E D E R A N D conductors a n d overcurrent protection device for a feeder
IbRANCH-CIRCUIT C O N D U C T O R S connection from a transformer located outside.

l.92(A) ^ -----
Jer and branch-circuit c o n d u c t o r s shall b e p r o t e c t e d
the point w h e r e t h e c o n d u c t o r s r e c e i v e t h e i r s u p p l y .
[However, t h i s p e r m i t s a v a r i a t i o n o f r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r
TRANSFORMER
isformer s e c o n d a r y c o n d u c t o r s t a k e n f r o m s e p a r a t e l y SECONDARY
/ed systems a n d o u t s i d e f e e d e r t a p s . CONNECTION
•300 KCMIL THWN cu
Figure 20-40) , _ ^. . , •285 AMPS E A C H

C O N D U C T O R S A R E 25'IN
LENGTH

PRIMARY = 480 V O C P D !S 250 AMPS

SUPERVISED INDUSTRIAL S E C O N D A R Y = 208 V .240.21(C)(6H2)

INSTALLATIONS AND CONNECTIONS NOTE: THE RATING OF THE TRANSFORMER IS 100 kV AND
SECONDARY CONDUCTORS NOT OVER 25 FT (7.5 m) LONG.

UPTO 100 FT (30 m) c _ APPLYING 240.21(CK6)

240.92(C)(1)(1)AND{2) - Shdng lecondary conductora

Stepi: Calculating secondary
240.21(CH6}(1)
nprotected l e n g t h s o f s e c o n d a r y c o n d u c t o r s s h a l l b e
litted at up t o 100 ft ( 3 0 m ) if t h e t r a n s f o r m e r p r i m a r y Step 2: Secondary conductors
;urrent is sized at a v a l u é (reflected t o t h e s e c o n d a r y Tabte 310.15(B){16)
Secondary conductors are 300 KCMIL
(the transformer p h a s e v o l t a g e ratio) of not m o r e t h a n 1 5 0
St8p3: 150AOCPDx1/3 = 50A
mt of the s e c o n d a r y c o n d u c t o r a m p a c i t y . 50Ax2.3 = 115A

Solution: The 285 amp (300 KCMIL] are equal

lo or greater than the ratio rule of
aditipnally, t h e c o n d u c t o r s s h a l l b e p r o t e c t e d b y a 240.2Í(C)(6}(1).
rerttal relay w i t h a trip setting e q u a l t o o r less t h a n t h e
TRANSFORMER SECONDARY CONDUCTORS
jctor ampacity.
IN LENGTHS O F 10 FT (3 m) TO 25 FT (7.5 m)
NEC 240.21(C)(6)
i, a differential r e l a y p r o v i d e s s u p e r i o r s h o r t - c i r c u i t
F i g u r e 2 0 - 3 9 . T h i s illustration s h o w s t h e rules f o r m a k i n g a
tion at a trip o p e n v a l u é t h a t is a l m o s t a l w a y s w e l l
2 5 ft (7.5 m ) s e c o n d a r y c o n d u c t o r c o n n e c t i o n in o t h e r t h a n
the c o n d u c t o r a m p a c i t y . ( S e e F i g u r e 2 0 - 4 1 )
industrial l o c a t i o n s .

20-25
stalicup's® Electrical Design

-BUSDUCT CALCULATE SEC. F U

FOR FEEDER TAPS. SEE 240.92(B). 2500 kVAxIOOO
BRANCH CIRCUtT FLA
• O C P WHERE 480 Vx 1.732
CONDUCTORS FLA 3008
RECEIVE -OCPD
THEIR SUPPLY CALCUUTE SEC. SC
• 240.92(A) CP 3008 A
-FEEDER OCP0~
•150%OR LESSOF " .0575
• OCP WHERE
CONDUCTORS RECEIVE SEC. TO PRl, SC = 52.313 A
THEIR SUPPLY •RATIO
• 240.92(A) .240.92(C}(1)(1) CALCULATEAAT FAULT
•TRANSFORMER = .005295R
FEEDER • CABLE BUS = ,001819R
• OCP WHERE TOTAL R = ,007114R
CONDUCTORS RECEIVE
THEIR SUPPLY . 13MV = 28.8
• 240.92(A)
CALCULATE D FACTOR DUE TO RATIO I
SUPERVISED INDUSTRIAL INSTALUTIONS
O (Pri) =
FEEDER AND BRANCH-CIRCUIT CONDUCTORS .007114
NEC 240.92(A) D (Pri) 38,933 A

CALCUUTE PRLSC
38.937 A
F i g u r e 20-40. T h i s illustration s h o w s f e e d e r a n d b r a n c h - PRí
28.8
SC
circuit c o n d u c t o r s p r o t e c t e d at t h e p o i n t w h e r e t h e c o n - PRl
CASE 1
d u c t o r s r e c e i v e their supply. (AIso, s e e 240.21 (C)(4) for a •100'(30 m) RULE
SC = 1352 A
-'PÍ-
similar rule.) NOTE; T'HA7-Í352ACÍ.£ARSI50AE

DESIGN TIP: Consider a 2500 kVA, 5.75% z transformer with a 13.8 kV (o

SHORT-CIRCUIT AND GROUND-FAULT 480/277 V ratio and 500 mVA availabie short-circuit
100 circuit feet of 4000 amp cable bus, and a three-phase
current on the primary for
bolted fault at the end

PROTECTION of the bus (worst case),

amps on the primary,
about 38.937
which will clear
amps will flow from the system.
a typical 150E fuse (which meets
or 1352
the

24o.92(c){i)(3) ; máximum
valué is well
150 percent
within
requirement)
the rating
within .42 seconds.
of the secondary
This time vs. current
conductors. (Cable bus has a
resistance of .001819 and the transformer has a resistance of .005295.)

C o n d u c t o r s up to 100 ft (30 m ) in l e n g t h shall b e p e r m i t t e d

SHORT-CIRCUIT AND GROUND FAULT PROTECTION
if c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e m a d e u n d e r e n g i n e e r i n g s u p e r v i s i ó n NEC 240.92(C)(1)(1), (2), AND (3)
a n d it is d e t e r m i n e d that t h e s e c o n d a r y c o n d u c t o r s will b e
protected within r e c o g n i z e d t i m e s v e r s u s c u r r e n t limits for
F i g u r e 2 0 - 4 1 . T h i s illustration s h o w s m e t h o d s of pro
all short circuits a n d ground-fault c o n d i t i o n s that could occur.
s h o r t - c i r c u i t a n d g r o u n d fault p r o t e c t i o n for transfo
( S e e F i g u r e 20-41)
and conductors.

OVERLOAD PROTECTION S U P E R V I S E D INDUSTRIAL

240.92(C)(2)
To provide o v e r l o a d p r o t e c t i o n , t h e s e c o n d a r y c o n d u c t o r s
shall be permitted to b e t e r m i n a t e d in a s i n g l e o v e r c u r r e n t
protection d e v i c e or in lugs of the b u s , if not m o r e t h a n six
overcurrent protection d e v i c e s with a c o m b i n e d rating a r e
installed that do not e x c e e d the a m p a c i t y of t h e c o n d u c t o r s .
A n o t h e r m e t h o d of protection is to p r o v i d e o v e r l o a d c u r r e n t
relaying with the ability (design into) to trip either the
primary overcurrent protection d e v i c e s or the d o w n s t r e a m
overcurrent protection d e v i c e s s o t h a t the load c u r r e n t d o e s
not e x c e e d the c o n d u c t o r ' s a m p a c i t y . ( S e e F i g u r e 2 0 - 4 2 )
INSTALLATIONS - OUTSIDE F E E D E R
TAPS
240.92(D)
S e c t i o n 2 4 0 . 9 2 ( D ) p e r m i t s a l t e r n a t i v a m e a n s of pro
t r a n s f o r m e r s e c o n d a r y c o n d u c t o r s in s u p e r v i s e d indu
i n s t a l l a t i o n s w h e r e t h e t r a n s f o r m e r is l o c a t e d out
T h e s e c o n d a r y c o n d u c t o r s shall b e p r o t e c t e d againsi
o v e r l o a d s , w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n a l s t i p u l a t i o n t h a t (2) they
s u i t a b l y p r o t e c t e d a g a i n s t p h y s i c a l d a m a g e . [ S e e Fig
20-43(a) a n d (b)]

T r a n s f o r m e r T i p : !n s o m e c a s e s , t h e short-circuit a n d
ground-fault protective arrangements may provide
o v e r l o a d p r o t e c t i o n . If e n g i n e e r i n g c a l c u l a t i o n s p r o v e
this to b e t h e c a s e , s e p á r a t e o v e r l o a d p r o t e c t i o n is not
really n e e d e d .
T r a n s f o r m e r T i p : S u c h p r o t e c t i o n shal! b e permitted
b e p r o v i d e d by six or less o v e r c u r r e n t protection dev'
w h e r e t h e total rating d o e s n o t e x c e e d t h e ampacity
t h e c o n d u c t o r s r o u t e d p e r 2 4 0 . 9 2 ( D ) . U p to six o
c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e s c a n b e u s e d i n s t e a d of
o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e at t h e f e e d e r termina'

20-26
 Transformer

,-OCPD
•240.92{C)(1)AND{C)(2)

SBM CLOSER .
.250.30(A)(4){2) ^
SERVICE EQUIPMENT
W/SIX OCPDs
- S I N G L E OCPD LIMITS THE
: LOAD TOTHE AMPACITY OF
THE CONDUCTORS OUTDOOR CONNECTIONS AT
, .240.92(C)|2)(1) TRANSFORMER PRIMARY
.240.92(0} OUTSIDE
SIX MAINS LIMIT / TRANSFORMER
THE LOAD TOTHE / • 500 kVA
AMPACITY OFTHE
CONDUCTORS
.240.92(C)(2)(2)

OC RELAYING LIMITS THE
LOAD TO THE AMPACITY OF
THE CONDUCTORS
•240.92(C)(2)(3}
OVERLOAD PROTECTION
l NEC240.92(C)(2)
Figure 20-42. T h i s illustration s h o w s m e t h o d s of p r o v i d i n g
oad protection.
NOTE: SECONDARY CONDUCTORS
•4-2/OAWGTHWN cu.
• PARALLEL PER PHASE
SECONDARYV
OLP FOR CONNECTION INSIDE BUILDING •480V
•UNGROUNDED
'a.'--',
.TOAN ADJUSTABLE-SPEED DRIVE,
SUBPANEL, OR OTHER EQUIPMENT
SUPERVISED INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATIONS
OUTSIDE FEEDER TAPS
NEC240.92(D)
Figure 20-43(b). This illustration shows alternative
m e a n s p e r m i t t e d for p r o t e c t i n g c o n d u c t o r s c o n n e c t e d to a
transformer located outside.

_ 6 OCPDs RATED AT 100 AMP EACH

•240.92(D)(2)
PROTECTION BY PRIMARY
O V E R C U R R E N T DEVICE
- OUTDOOR CONNECTIONS AT
TRANSFORMER
240.92{E)
•240.92(D) -OUTSIDE
/ TRANSFORMER
/ • 500 kVA C o n d u c t o r s s u p p l i e d by t h e s e c o n d a r y s i d e of a t r a n s f o r m e r
shall b e p e r m i t t e d t o b e p r o t e c t e d by o v e r c u r r e n t protection,
p r o v i d e d o n t h e p r i m a r y ( s u p p l y ) s i d e of t h e transformer,
provided the primary device time-current protection
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c , m u l t i p l i e d by t h e m á x i m u m effective primary-
GES- OCPD AND DISCONNECT X SUPPLY
t o - s e c o n d a r y t r a n s f o r m e r v o l t a g e ratio, effectively protects
• 13.800 V 30.
*240.92(D)(4)AND {D)(5)
t h e s e c o n d a r y c o n d u c t o r s . ( S e e F i g u r e 20-44)
APPLYING 240.92(0X2)

Stepi: Calculating FU(Sec.)

F U = (500 kVA X 1000) - (480 V x 1.732)
FU=601.7A
D e s i g n Tip: This section recognizes overcurrent pro-
t e c t i o n i n s t a l l a t i o n s w h e r e a d e v i c e in s e r i e s , w i t h a
Step 2: Sizing secondary OCPD
t r a n s f o r m e r primary, is u s e d to p r o t e c t s e c o n d a r y c o n -
240.92(D)(2)
600 A secondary OCPD is less than the d u c t o r s . T h e retios g i v e n in 2 4 0 . 9 2 ( E ) a r e r e c o g n i z e d in
601.7 A output (100 A CB X 6 = 600 A) n u m e r o u s industry standards and references, including
Solutlon: Six overcurrent protection devices IEEE Standard C37.91.
rated 100 amps each are equal to a 600
Amain(100 A C B x 6 = 600A)and
protects 4 - 2/0 AWG cu. conductors in
parallel (175AX 4 = 700 A).
EXCEPTION TO 725.3(C)
SUPERVISED INDUSTRIAL INSTALLATIONS
OUTSIDE FEEDER TAPS T y p e C L 2 P or C L 3 P c a b l e s a n d p l e n u m s i g n a l i n g r a c e w a y s
NEC240.92(D) ' - ^ shall b e p e r m i t t e d for C l a s s 2 a n d C l a s s 3 circuits installed
in o t h e r s p a c e s u s e d for e n v i r o n m e n t a l air, if in a c c o r d a n c e
gure 20-43(a). T h i s illustration s h o w s a l t e r n a t i v e m e a n s with 725.154(A).
bwed for protecting c o n d u c t o r s t a p p e d to a t r a n s f o r m e r
cated outside.

1 20-2
stalicup's» Electrical Design

WIRING AND E Q U I P M E N T IN S P A C E S • Intermedíate metal conduit

USED F O R ENVIRONMENTAL AIR • Rigid m e t a l c o n d u i t ^

300.22(C)(1) Flexible m e t a l c o n d u i t a n d liquidtight flexible metal c

O n i y w i r i n g m e t h o d s of a specific t y p e shall b e p e r m i t t e d
to b e installed in d u c t s u s e d to t r a n s p o r t d u s t , l o ó s e s t o c k ,
or f l a m m a b l e v a p o r s . W i r i n g m e t h o d s o f a n y t y p e shall not
b e p e r m i t t e d to be installed in a n y d u c t , or shaft c o n t a i n i n g
oniy s u c h d u c t s , u s e d for v a p o r r e m o v a l or v e n t i l a t i o n of
commercial type cooking equipment.
T h e following wiring m e t h o d s are oniy permitted to be
installed in d u c t s or p l e n u m s u s e d for e n v i r o n m e n t a l air:
• MI c a b l e
• MC cable
• A C cable
• F a c t o r y - a s s e m b l e d m u l t i c o n d u c t o r c o n t r o l or p o w e r
c a b l e s p e c i f i c a l l y listed for t h e u s e w i t h i n a n air-
handling space
• Listed prefabricated cable assemblies of metallic
manufacturad wiring systems without nonmetallic
sheath
• Electrical metallic t u b i n g
• Flexible metallic t u b i n g
shall b e p e r m i t t e d to b e u s e d in l e n g t h s not to exceed
(1.2 m ) t o c o n n e c t e q u i p m e n t a n d d e v i c e s permitted to
in t h e s e d u c t s a n d p l e n u m c h a m b e r s .
Flexible m e t a l conduit a n d liquidtight flexible metal cond"
s i n g l e l e n g t h s shall b e p e r m i t t e d to b e u s e d in air-handí
ceiling s p a c e s w h e r e not e x c e e d i n g 6 ft (1.8 m ) . Cables
h a v e a fire-resistant a n d l o w - s m o k e characteristics shall
p e r m i t t e d to b e u s e d in a i r - h a n d l i n g ceiling s p a c e s w¡'
conduit per 725.3(0), 760.3(B), and 800.3(B).
S e e F i g u r e 2 0 - 4 5 for other t y p e s of wiring m e t h o d s
in o t h e r t y p e s of s p a c e s u s e d for e n v i r o n m e n t a l air.
D e s i g n T i p : Electrical e q u i p m e n t w i t h m e t a l enclosu
o r n o n m e t a l l i c e n c l o s u r e s t h a t a r e listed shall be
m i t t e d t o b e installed in o t h e r s p a c e s u s e d for envi
m e n t a l air p e r 3 0 0 . 2 2 ( C ) ( 3 ) . A t r a n s f o r m e r that is
e n c l o s e d m a y b e installed t o m e e t this requirement
4 5 0 . 1 3 ( B ) if a p p r o v e d for s u c h u s e .

NOTE 2: TIME CURRENT PROTECTION CHARACTERISTICS OF

NOTE 1: RULE-OF-THUMB METHOD SHOWN.
PRIMARY DEVICE SHALL BE MET PER IEEE C37.91 AND SIZED
^ WIRING METHOD TO PROTECT THE TRANSFORMERS WINDINGS AND CIRCUIT
^ '300.37 CONDUCTORS.

NOTE 3: OC RELAYING SHALL BE PERMITTED TO BE

PRIMARY^ USED TO LIMIT THE LOAD TO THE AMPACITY OF THE
• 4160 V DELTA SUPPLY CONDUCTORS AND PROTECT THE SECONDARY
OUTPUT OF TRANSFORMER.

0)
•240.100(A(1
• 240.100 B AND{C)

QUICKCALC 2
APPLYING 240.92(E)
FOR A 3.W1RE DELTA TO 3-WIRE DELTA
OCPD LIMITS THE LOAD Step 1: Finding ratio A
TOTHE AMPACITY OF
240.92(E)
THE CONDUCTORS
•240.100(8) AND (C) 480 + 4160Vx380A = 43.8to1
SECONDARY
OVER 600 VOLT WIRING METHODS: • 480 V SUPPLY Solution: The 40 amp overcurrent
UNGROUNDED^ protection device on the
ABOVE GROUND
SECONDARY 500 KCMIL (380 A)
•300.37 primary can protect the
• 250.130(B) CONDUCTORS cu.
UNDERGROUND secondary conductors.
•TABLE
•300.50 310.15(B)(16)

MAIN LIMITS THE LOAD TO QUICKCALC 3

THE AMPACITY OFTHE
CONDUCTORS !*240.92(E)
(OVERLOAD )PROTECTION ¡•4160V + 480V = 8.7to1
•240.100 A 1 '.40Ax8.7 = 348A
! QUICKCALC1
•240.100 A 2 i 350 A CB protects
• 240.92(E) • 240.100 B AND(C)
380 A conductors and
•4160V + 480V = 8.7to1
i equipment
•380A+8.7 = 43.7A
40 An OCPD on primary
protects conductors EGCs

PROTECTION BY PRIMARY OVERCURRENT DEVICE

NEC 240.92(E)

F i g u r e 20-44. T h e p r i m a r y p r o t e c t i o n of a t r a n s f o r m e r shall b e p e r m i t t e d to b e u s e d to p r o t e c t t h e s e c o n d a r y condu

provided the primary device time-current protection characteristic, multiplied by the m á x i m u m effective primary-to-
v o l t a g e ratio will effectively protect t h e s e c o n d a r y c o n d u c t o r s .

20-28
 Transformers

NOTE: BEFORE INSTALLING WIRING METHODS IN

THIS SPACE. REVIEW 300.22(C) VERY CAREFUaY.

-TRANSFORMER HANGERS
'TOTALLY ENCLOSED

SUSPENDED CEILING

PERMITTED WIRING METHODS jPERMrrTED WIRING METHODS

FOR RACEWAYS FOR CABLES

*RMC • MC CABLE
* IMC • MI CABLE
•EMT • e s CABLE
•FMC •AS CABLE
•FMT •ALS CABLE
•MODULAR WIRING SYSTEM •AC CABLE
• METAL SURFACE RACEWAY •CL2P
•CL3P
WHERE ACCESSIBLE
NEC LOOP FOR CABLES
• WIREWAY WITH METAL COVERS
SOÜD BOTTOM METAL TRAY CONTROL AND SIGNALING
SOLID METAL COVERS •TABLE 725.179
' BUSWAYS W/0 PLUG-INS FIREALARM
•TABLE 760.179(1)
COMMUNICATIONS
•TABLE 800.179
CATV
• T A B L E 820.179

WIRING AND EQUIPMENT IN SPACES

USED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AIR
NEC 300.22(0(1)

F i g u r e 20-45. T h i s illustration s h o w s the permitted wiring

m e t h o d s in s p a c e s u s e d f o r e n v i r o n m e n t a l air.

20-29
Ñame Date

Chapter 20. Transforme

Section Answer

1. Lighting traiSÍSffiers for a closed delta-connected secondary system can

• • l—IV.

-7^ e found by multipiying tiie three-phase load by percent.

(a) 3 3 V I {b)67

i i (c)75 i (d) 100

2. T h e lighting t r a n s f o r m e r for a n o p e n d e l t a - c o n n e c t e d s e c o n d a r y s y s t e m c a n
b e f o u n d by m u l t i p i y i n g t h e t h r e e - p h a s e l o a d by percent and adding
this v a l u é t o t h e s i n g l e - p h a s e l o a d .
(a) 3 3 (b)58
(c)67 - .;. (d)75

3. A t r a n s f o r m e r 6 0 0 volts or l e s s . n o m i n a l , h a v i n g a n individual o v e r c u r r e n t
p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e o n t h e p r i m a r y s i d e shall b e s i z e d at not m o r e t h a n
p e r c e n t o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r ' s f u l l - l o a d c u r r e n t rating, in a m p s . ( G e n e r a l rule)
(a) 100 (b)110
(c) 115 —

4 . A n o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n s e n s i n g d e v i c e shall b e d e s i g n e d t o trip at
p e r c e n t o f its c o n t i n u o u s c u r r e n t p e r p h a s e or neutral rating.
(a) 100 (b) 125
(c)150 r;;.., (d) 2 5 0

5. A s k a r e l t r a n s f o r m e r s of m o r e t h a n volts shall b e installed in a vault.

, , (a) 1 0 , 0 0 0 ^^f,v.,.K^ -n^ (b) 2 5 , 0 0 0
(c) 3 5 , 0 0 0 (d) 5 0 , 0 0 0 ' ^'

6. W a l l s , roof, a n d f l o o r for a t r a n s f o r m e r v a u l t shall at least h a v e a hour

fire r e s i s t a n c e rating.
(a)1 ... (b)2
(0)3 ~ (d)5

7 . F l e x i b l e m e t a l c o n d u i t in s i n g l e l e n g t h s shall b e p e r m i t t e d t o b e u s e d in air-
h a n d l i n g s p a c e s w h e r e not e x c e e d i n g ft.
(a)3 , , , „ (b)4
(c)5 * ' (d)6

8. A c l o s e d d e l t a - c o n n e c t e d s e c o n d a r y s y s t e m c a n b e f o u n d by m u l t i p i y i n g t h e
s i n g l e - p h a s e l o a d by percent.
(a) 67 (b)89
(c)100 ,.. (d)125

9. D r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s n o t o v e r 6 0 0 volts t h a t a r e l o c a t e d o n o p e n w a l l s or
steel c o l u m n s d o not h a v e to b e accessible.
(a) easily (b) readily
(c) e m p l o y e e (d) permanently

20-31
10. If installing f u s e s , t h e i n d i v i d u a l o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e for t h e p r i m a r y
s i d e of a t r a n s f o r m e r rated o v e r 6 0 0 v o l t s shall b e rated n o t g r e a t e r t h a n
p e r c e n t o f t h e r a t e d p r i m a r y c u r r e n t o f t h e t r a n s f o r m e r . ( S u p e r v i s e d location)
(a) 1 2 5 (b)150
(c)200 V, " (d)250

11. For a t r a n s f o r m e r in a n o n s u p e r v i s e d location with a s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e rated 6 0 0

volts or less, t h e o v e r c u r r e n t protection d e v i c e a n d c o n d u c t o r s o n t h e s e c o n d a r y
s i d e shall b e s i z e d at p e r c e n t of t h e F L C rating. ( A n y location)
(a) 1 2 5 (b)150
(c)200 (d)250

1 2 . For a t r a n s f o r m e r 6 0 0 volts o r l e s s , n o m i n a l , w h e r e t h e r a t e d s e c o n d a r y current

of a t r a n s f o r m e r is l e s s t h a n 9 a m p s , a n o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e rated or
set at no m o r e t h a n p e r c e n t of s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t shall b e p e r m i t t e d to
be used.
(a) 133 : (b)150
(c)167 (d)225

13. A u t o t r a n s f o r m e r s shall h a v e a n e u t r a l c u r r e n t rating sufficient for the

s p e c i f i e d g r o u n d fault c u r r e n t t h a t c o u l d d e v e l o p in t h e s y s t e m .
(a) n o n c o n t i n u o u s (b) v a r y i n g
(c)periodic (d) c o n t i n u o u s

14. W h e r e t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e tied t o g e t h e r in parallel a n d c o n n e c t e d by tie conductors

t h a t d o not h a v e o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n , t h e a m p a c i t y o f t h e ties c o n n e c t i n g
c o n d u c t o r s shall not b e less t h a n p e r c e n t o f t h e r a t e d s e c o n d a r y current
of t h e l a r g e s t t r a n s f o r m e r in t h e tie circuit.
(a) 33 (b)67
(c)85 (d)100

15. W h e n s e c o n d a r y ties f r o m t r a n s f o r m e r s a r e u s e d , a n o v e r c u r r e n t protection

d e v i c e in t h e s e c o n d a r y of e a c h t r a n s f o r m e r t h a t is r a t e d or s e t at n o t greater
than p e r c e n t o f t h e r a t e d s e c o n d a r y c u r r e n t of t h e t r a n s f o r m e r shall be
provided.
(a) 125 - • • (b) 150
(c)200 ' - - (d)250

16. T r a n s f o r m e r s shall b e e l e v a t e d at least ft a b o v e t h e f l o o r o r working

s p a c e to p r e v e n t u n a u t h o r i z e d p e r s o n n e l f r o m c o n t a c t .
(a) 6 (b)8
(c)10 ' (d)15

17. D r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s g r e a t e r t h a n 112-1/2 k V A h a v i n g C l a s s 1 5 5 or higher

insulation shall b e s e p a r a t e d at least 6 ft h o r i z o n t a l l y a n d ft vertically from
t h e c o m b u s t i b l e m a t e r i a l if no f i r e - r e s i s t a n t , h e a t - i n s u l a t i n g barrier is provided.
(a) 8 (b)10
(c) 12 ^ (d) 15

18. All i n d o o r d r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s of o v e r v o l t s shall b e installed in a vault.

(a) 1 5 , 0 0 0 (b) 2 5 , 0 0 0
(c) 3 0 , 0 0 0 ' • (d) 35,000
 Section Answer

19. Dry-type t r a n s f o r m e r s installed o u t d o o r s shall h a v e enclosures.

(a) w e a t h e r p r o o f (b) w e a t h e r t i g h t
(c)rainproof (d) raintight >

20. T h e w a l l s a n d roof for a t r a n s f o r m e r v a u l t shall h a v e a in. t h i c k n e s s .

(a) 2 (b)3
(0)4 - (d)6 ^^^V^ -

2 1 . T h e d o o r sills for a t r a n s f o r m e r v a u l t shall b e at least in. h i g h .

(a) 2 (b)3 r:
(c)4 (d)6 — >

22. C o n n e c t i n g primary a n d s e c o n d a r y c o n d u c t o r s not o v e r 2 5 ft long (taps s u p p l y i n g

t r a n s f o r m e r ) shall h a v e a n a m p a c i t y of at least o f t h e rating o f t h e f e e d e r ' s
o v e r c u r r e n t protection d e v i c e , b a s e d o n t h e p r i m a r y - t o - s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e ratio.
(a) 1/4 (b)1/3
(c)1/2 (d)3/4 • •

2 3 . T h e lighting t r a n s f o r m e r for a n o p e n d e l t a - c o n n e c t e d s e c o n d a r y s y s t e m c a n
b e d e t e r m i n e d by m u l t i p i y i n g t h e s i n g l e - p h a s e l o a d by percent plus
5 8 p e r c e n t of the t h r e e - p h a s e l o a d . -^i.
(a) 5 8 (b)67 :.vj;v -
(c) 100 (d) 125 • •

2 4 . For a t r a n s f o r m e r in a s u p e r v i s e d l o c a t i o n w i t h 6 p e r c e n t i m p e d a n c e a n d a
s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e rated 6 0 0 v o l t s or l e s s . t h e o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e o n
t h e s e c o n d a r y s i d e shall b e s i z e d at n o t m o r e t h a n p e r c e n t of t h e F L C
rating.
(a) 100 (b)125 : 1.-^
(c) 2 2 5 (d) 2 5 0 • - *

2 5 . Dry-type t r a n s f o r m e r s rated 112-1/2 k V A o r less shall b e s e p a r a t e d at l e a s t

in. f r o m t h e c o m b u s t i b l e m a t e r i a l w h e r e t h e v o l t a g e is 6 0 0 v o l t s or less.
(a) 6 (b)12
(c)18 (d)24

2 6 . A s k a r e l - i n s u l a t e d t r a n s f o r m e r s of o v e r kVA shall b e f u r n i s h e d w i t h a relief

vent such as chimney.
(a) 2 5 (b)35 ...^
(c)50 (d)75

2 7 . T h e floor for a t r a n s f o r m e r vault shall b e at least in. thick.

(a) 2 (b)4
(c)6 - (d)12 ^ ;í5í•^'^-'^m^í-.. ^. -••r.A; /;r

2 8 . D r y - t y p e t r a n s f o r m e r s e x c e e d i n g 112 k V A shall n o t b e l o c a t e d w i t h i n
in. of c o m b u s t i b l e m a t e r i a l s of b u i l d i n g , u n l e s s t h e t r a n s f o r m e r h a s C l a s s 155
insulation s y s t e m s or h i g h e r a n d is c o m p l e t e l y e n c l o s e d e x c e p t for v e n t i l a t i o n
^ openings.
(a)3 y (b)6 :^:.V M
(C)10 (d)12 :•; . - f : . ' - . ^ i ^ : - - . -

29. A s k a r e l - i n s u l a t e d t r a n s f o r m e r s installed i n d o o r s a n d rated o v e r VA shall

be f u r n i s h e d w i t h a p r e s s u r e - r e l i e f v e n t .
(a)25,000 (b)30,000 v.: - ^ r ^ ^ • -
{c) 3 5 , 0 0 0 (d) 5 0 , 0 0 0

20-33
 Section Answer

30. W h e r e practicable, v a u l t s c o n t a i n i n g m o r e t h a n kVA t r a n s f o r m e r c a p a c i t y

shall b e p r o v i d e d w i t h a drain o r o t h e r m e a n s .
(a) 5 0 (b) 7 5
(c)100 (d)150

3 1 . W h a t is t h e p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y a m p e r a g e f o r a 2 0 kVA, 4 8 0 / 2 4 0 volt, s i n g l e -
phase transformer?

3 2 . W h a t is t h e p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y a m p e r a g e f o r a 2 0 k V A , 4 8 0 / 2 4 0 volt, t h r e e -
phase transformer?

3 3 . W h a t is t h e individual o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e rating (using circuit b r e a k e r s

a n d t i m e - d e l a y f u s e s ) f o r t h e p r i m a r y s i d e of a t r a n s f o r m e r w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g ?
• supervised location
• 1 5 0 0 kVA t r a n s f o r m e r
• 1 2 . 4 7 0 volts
• three-phase

34. W h a t is t h e o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e rating f o r t h e p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y
s i d e of a t r a n s f o r m e r w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g ?
• 4 0 0 kVA t r a n s f o r m e r
• 4 1 6 0 / 4 8 0 volts •
• t h r e e - w i r e to f o u r - w i r e
•three-phase • ^
' • nonsupervised location (any location)

3 5 . W h a t is t h e o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e rating f o r t h e p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y
s i d e of t r a n s f o r m e r w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g ? .. r
• 4 0 0 kVA t r a n s f o r m e r .^-
• 4 1 6 0 / 4 8 0 volts
: • t h r e e - w i r e to f o u r - w i r e
• • three-phase
• supervised location ^ ,

36. W h a t is t h e o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e rating for t h e p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y

s i d e of t r a n s f o r m e r w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g ?
• 400 kVAtransformer ........
• 1 3 , 8 0 0 / 4 1 6 0 volts ' • 'S
• t h r e e - w i r e to f o u r - w i r e ; '~-
• three-phase
• s u p e r v i s e d l o c a t i o n '^h^i-l^.-v'-. I'LI^-^ y.^m^- . r / ^^Í^Í;-

37. W h a t is t h e individual o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e rating f o r t h e p r i m a r y side

of a t r a n s f o r m e r w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g ?
• 25 kVAtransformer ^- ^ ^ = ; . , ^ ¿
• 2 4 0 / 1 2 0 volts .-u^.: rKiWZ:.-^--'' >i

... ^ •single-phase ; n.. j^^ft??^ : -'r-^'? \

38. W h a t is t h e individual o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e rating f o r t h e p r i m a r y side

of a t r a n s f o r m e r w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g ?
• 2 kVA transformer
••• • 4 8 0 v o l t s t .. br-- . v
• two-wire to two-wire ; ' ' r v ^ : - - - .• f;
• single-phase \ ' '

20-34
 Section Answer

39. W h a t is t h e m i n i m u m a n d m á x i m u m individual o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e
rating for the p r i m a r y side of a t r a n s f o r m e r w i t h the f o l l o w i n g ?
• .7 kVA t r a n s f o r m e r
• 4 8 0 volts
• t w o - w i r e to t w o - w i r e
• single-phase

40. W h a t is the o v e r c u r r e n t protection d e v i c e rating for t h e p r i m a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y

side of a t r a n s f o r m e r w i t h the f o l l o w i n g ?
• 4 0 kVA t r a n s f o r m e r
• 4 8 0 / 2 0 8 volts
• t h r e e - w i r e to f o u r - w i r e , • .
• three-phase - ' •

4 1 , W h a t size o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e a n d T H W N c o p p e r c o n d u c t o r s a r e
required for a 10 ft t a p w i t h a c a l c u l a t e d load of 142 a m p s ?

42. W h a t s i z e o v e r c u r r e n t p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e ( s e c o n d a r y ) a n d T H W N c o p p e r
conductors (primary a n d s e c o n d a r y ) are required for a 2 5 ft tap w i t h t h e following?
• 200 a m p overcurrent protection device (primary)
• 4 8 0 volt p r i m a r y . . ;> •
• 2 4 0 volt s e c o n d a r y , . . . .

20-35