Lecture 3 : J & k Geography

By Qurat Malik
 Kashmir valley (Drainage)
1. The main drainage artery of kashmir :
Jhelum.
2. Source : Spring of verinag (south kashmir).
3. Jhelum is locally known as Vyeth.
4. Sanskrit : Vitasta.
5. Ancient Greeks : Hidaspes .
6. Ptolemy : Bidaspes
7. Al-Beruni in Kitab Ul Hind : Jhelum.
8 . Persian : Behat.
9 . When is leaves kashmir at Baramulla :Koshur
Darya.
• The tributaries of Jehlum can be grouped
into : Himalayan tribuatries and the pirpanjal
Tributaries
`
 Himalayan Tributaries
1. Sandren .
2. Bringi .
3. Arpath .
4. Lidder .
5. Arpal .
6. Sindh .
7. Erin.
8. Madhumati .
 Sandren
 It has its source in the tarn of Sarbal , below
the kaukut Peak .
 It is a perennial stream .
 Sothern most of the Himalayan Tributaries.
 The Brengi
• The Brengi receives waters of Ahlan ,
Razaparyun , and Nowbugh at village vailu to
swell as Brengi .
 Arpath (Kol)
 It rises from the Panchaltan and drains the
Kuthar area.
 The Arpath joins Brengi at Mir Danter and the
combined stream unites with the sandren at
Hainz Danter near khanabal .
 The lidder.
 Formed by the confluence of two streams ,
East Lidder(Sheshnag) and West
Lidder(Kolohoi glacier).
 It enters Anantnag tehsil at seer kanelgund ,
and joins Veth at village Gur.
 Arpal (kol)
 Passes through the Arpal Village of Tral.
 Meets Jhelum at Chraligund Village
Awantipora.
 The Harwan.
Also known as Marsar Nallah.
The stream drains the famous dachhigam
national Park .
Two off shoot stream separate from each
other at the mouth of dachigam valley.
One empties itself in the Harwan reservior.
Other merges into the Dal Lake near telbal
village.
• The Marsar Stream leaves the Dal and
assumes the name of “Tsunt-kol” (apple
cannal) , and joins jehlum at Gowkadal.
 The Sindh
• Rises near the Amarnath cave.
• Merges with Jehlum at Shadipora , Srinagar.
 The Erin
• Source : Tarn of Sarbal .
• Enters Wular lake at Nadihal.
 The madhumati
• Rises from the high altitude lakes (The
Shalinisar and the Lolgulsar) , on the North –
Western slopes of the Harmukh.
• Debouches into Wular , near bandipore.
 The Pohru
• The streams of lolab and kahmil join together
at kupwara to give rise to pohru stream.
• Major tribuatry of veth in outfall channel.
• North western tributary of Jhelum.
 The Pirpanjal Tributaries
 The Vishau :
 Rises from the Kousernag .
 It forms the waterfall of Aharbal.
 Feeds irrigation many canals in kulgam .
 The Rembiar
• The widest tributary of Jhelum.
• Kalhana named it Ramayana Tawi.
• Rises in the snowfields of Pir Panjal range.
• Joins Visahav at Nyaiyun village .
• The combined deep stream (ancient
ghambira) joined veth as Sangam.
 The Romshi
• Rises from the peak of Romshi Thong.
• Joins Veth at kakapore.
 Dhoodh ganga
• Rises in the snow field of central pir panjal
range near Tata Kuti .
• Enters Srinagar at Rawalpora .
• Joined veth at Chattabal.
 The Ferozepore
• Between the peaks of Shin Mahinyuv and
Nilakant ki gali , the piranjal is drained by this
stream.
• Part of the water or Ferozpore and sukhnag
enters the wetlands of Hokarsar and Mirgund.
• The combined stream empties into wular.
 The Ningle
• Originates from western slope of Apharwat
ridge.
• Joins Veth near near Village ningle.
 Lakes :
• The Dal Lake :
• Right bank of Veth.
• Located in the Eastern part of Kashmir.
• Boulevard was built by last Dogra Ruler Hari
Singh.
• Hazratbal basin , The Bod Dal Basin , The Lakut
Dal Basin.
• The Anchar Lake :
• Near Soura ,in Srinagar.
• Sindh debouches into it.
• Wicker Willow grows on it mud flats.
• The Wular Lake(Bandipora)
• Largest fresh water lake of India.
• Zaina Lank Island, lies close to the eastern silted
shore.
• It was built by King Zain-Ul- Abideen in 14 th
Century.
• Ancient Name : Mahapadmasaras.
• Present name, derrived from its another Sansrit
name : Ullolasaras.(lake with high waves)
• Characteristic product of the lake is Singhara
or the trapa.
• Large willow plantations on its mudflat.
• Mansbal Lake (Ganderbal).
• Deepest Lake on the Valley floor.
TransHimalayan Ladakh
• The word ladakh is derrived from a Tibetian
Term “La-tags”(a country from passes).
• Bounded by two mighty mountain systems :
Greater Himalayas (South) and Karakoram
(North).
• One of the highest inhabited regions in the
world.
• Indus furrow is walled in the south by the
Zanskar range and North by the Ladakh range.
Valleys in this region :
• Dras : Himalayan Valley.
• Suru : b/w Great Himalaya and Zanskar Range.
• Zanskar Valley : confined to Zanskar Range.
• Shyok-Nubra Valley :  North of Ladakh ranges.
• Indus enters India at Demchok , Ladakh.
• The Indus Furrow can be divided into three
parts :
a)South Eastern section.
b)Middle Section.
c)North Western Section.
 South Eastern
• Demchok to Upshi.
• Rupshu Plateau along its eastern edge.
• Changpa tribe is found here.
• Kyang (wild ass) , Tibetian Hare , Marmots.
• Upshi to Khaltse.
• Leh.
• Called as Central Ladakh.
• Yak , dzo (cross b/w yak and cow).
• Cross breed jersey cows and Merino sheep.
• Russian Merino sheep farms at Matho, Upshi
and Loma.
• Angora goat farm at Stakna.
• The common fodder is ole, alfa alfa or
Lucerne.
 North western Section
• Dards(Indo Aryan people , who migrated from
gilgit).
• This small group with indo-Aryan features are
called Drogpas or Brogpas (Brog – Yul).
• They abhor cow and it milk.