Professional Documents
Culture Documents
r r quadrilateral.
360
Diagonal, d = a2 b2 Area = ½ C r O
Aquad d
POLYGONS
Square Note: 1 radian is the angle such that C = r. r= ; s = ½(a + b + c + d)
s
d There are two basic types of polygons, a convex Segment of a circle C
Area, A = a2 a and a concave polygon. A convex polygon is Aquad = abcd
Perimeter, P = 4a one in which no side, when extended, will pass Area = Asector – Atriangle
a inside the polygon, otherwise it called concave Area = ½ r2 r – ½ r2 sin
Diagonal, d = a 2 polygon. The following figure is a convex Area = ½ r2 (r – sin )
r
polygon.
General quadrilateral
C
4
r
O SOLID GEOMETRY
r = angle in radians
b 3 4
B Area = Asector + Atriangle POLYHEDRONS
5 Area = ½ r2 r + ½ r2 sin = 360 -
c 3 5
Area = ½ r2 (r + sin ) r r
d1 A polyhedron is a closed solid whose faces are
a polygons.
d2 2
2 Parabolic segment
6
D 2
1 6 Area = bh
A d 1
3 h
Given diagonals d1 and d2 and included Polygons are classified according to the number
angle : of sides. The following are some names of
polygons. Ellipse b
A = ½ d1 d2 sin Area = a b PRISM
3 sides = triangle
Perimeter, P b
4 sides = quadrangle or quadrilateral a a
5 sides = pentagon a2 b2 A prism is a polyhedron whose bases are equal
6 sides = hexagon P = 2 b polygons in parallel planes and whose sides are
7 sides = heptagon or septagon 2 parallelograms.
8 sides = octagon Prisms are classified according to their bases.
9 sides = nonagon Thus, a hexagonal prism is one whose base is a
Plane and Solid Geometry Formulas Prepared by: RTFVerterra
hexagon, and a regular hexagonal prism has a Like prisms, cylinders are classified according to ELLIPSOID
base of a regular hexagon. The axis of a prism their bases.
is the line joining the centroids of the bases. A Azone = 2rh Z
right prism is one whose axis is perpendicular Fixed straight line Directrix 2
h
to the base. The height “h” of a prism is the Volume = (3r h) b
distance between the bases. 3
a a
Spherical segment c X
h of two bases
r
h Y
h Ab
4
As = 2rh Volume = abc
Ab h 3
2 2 2
Volume = Ab h Volume = (3a 3b h ) b
6 Prolate spheroid
Volume = Ab h
Right circular cylinder Spherical cone or spherical sector Prolate spheroid is formed by revolving the
ellipse about its major (X) axis. Thus from the
r
Rectangular parallelepiped Volume = Ab h = r2 h figure above, c = b, then,
h 4 2
h
r Volume = ab
Lateral area, AL 3
d2 c AL = Base perimeter h
r r arcsine
AL = 2 r h As = 2b2 + 2ab
d1 e
b
1
a CONE Volume = A zone r = 2 r 2h e= a2 b2 / a
Volume = Ab h = abc 3 3
Lateral area, AL = 2(ac + bc) A cone is the surface generated by a straight Oblate spheroid
Spherical lune and wedge
point, the vertex, and moving along a fixed Prolate spheroid is formed by revolving the
Face diagonal, d1 = a 2 c 2 curve, the directrix. ellipse about its minor (Z) axis. Thus from the
figure above, c = a, then,
Space diagonal, d2 = a2 b2 c 2 Similar to pyramids, cones are classified r r
according to their bases. 4 2
Vertex Volume = a b
Cube (Regular hexahedron) 3
Volume = Ab h = a3 Ab = base area 2
Lateral area, AL = 4a2 h = altitude ln
As = 2a2 +
Total surface area Lune Wedge e 1e
Generator
AS = 6a2 d2 h
Face diagonal 2 2
a d1 A lune 4r r
d1 = a 2 Directrix = Alune = PARABOLOID OF REVOLUTION
a 360 90
Space diagonal
a Ab
d2 = a 3 Vwedge 4 3 r 3
3 r
= Vwedge =
360 270 h
Truncated prism 1
Volume = Ab h
AR = area of the right section 3 Spherical polygons
n = number of sides r
A spherical polygon is a polygon on the surface
Right circular cone of a sphere whose sides are arcs of great 1
r = base radius L circles. Volume = r2h
h = altitude h n = number of sides; r = radius of sphere 2
E = spherical excess 3/2
h4 3
4r r 2 2 r
AR B
a
h2 h3 AL = h
h1 r 3h2 2
r
A 4
b
r 2 h2
L = slant height = d
h 1 1 2 PRISMOIDAL RULE
Volume = AR Volume = Ab h = r h C
n 3 3 D
Lateral area, AL = r L c
PYRAMIDS
2
Frustum of a cone Am
A pyramid is a polyhedron with a polygonal base A1 A2
and triangular faces that meet at a common A1 = lower base area
point called the vertex. A2
A2 = upper base area r E
h = altitude Area =
Similar to prisms, pyramids are classified h 180 L/2 L/2
according to their bases. Vertex E = sum of angles – (n – 2)180°
A1 L
Ab = area of the base Spherical pyramid
h = altit ude,
h
A A A
2 1 1 A 2 Volume =
L
A 4A A
perpendicular Volume = A B 6
distance fr om h 3 1 m 2
o D
the vertex t C The prismoidal rule gives precise values of
r
the base Frustum of right circular cone r volume for regular solid such as pyramids,
Ab R = lower base radius cones, frustums of pyramids or cones, spheres,
and prismoids.
1 r E = spherical excess of the polygon
Volume = A h
3 E = sum of angles – (n – 2)180° SIMILAR SOLIDS
L r 3E
Frustum of pyramid h Volume = Two solids are similar if any two corresponding
540
A frustum of a pyramid is the volume included cubes are similar.
between the base and a cutting plane parallel to SOLID OF REVOLUTION
the base. R
x1 x2 x1 x2
A1 = lower base area
A2 = upper base area L = slant height = h2 (R r)2 Axis of
h = altitude rotation
Volume =
h 2 2
R r Rr cg
3
A2 Lateral area = (R + r) L x1 x2
x1 x2
h SPHERE R
For all similar solids:
A1 4 3 First proposition of Pappus
Volume = r 2 3
r The surface area generated by a surface of As1 x
= 1 and 1 1
=
x x
x
V
h A A A 1A 2 3 A = 4r2 revolution equals the product of the length of the V2
Volume = 1 2 Surface area, s generating arc and the distance traveled by its As2
2 2
3 centroid.
As = L 2 R Where As is the surface, total area, or any
CYLINDERS Spherical segment of one base Second proposition of Pappus corresponding area. The dimension x may be
the height, base diameter, diagonal, or any
A cylinder is the surface generated by a straight The volume area generated by a solid of corresponding dimension.
line intersecting and moving along a closed h revolution equals the product of the generating
plane curve, the directrix, while remaining h area and the distance traveled by its centroid.
parallel to a fixed straight line that is not on or r r
parallel to the plane of the directrix. r r Volume = A 2 R