1.

Identify the four most common indicators and major symptoms of an acute inflammatory
response and explain their origin.

The four most common indicators of the inflammatory response are redness, heat, swelling, and
pain. Redness and heat are a result of dilation of blood vessels that increase blood flow to the
injured area. Swelling occurs when increased permeability of the capillaries allows plasma to
leak from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces. The excess fluid, or edema, triggers the
activation of pain receptors in the area, accounting for the pain associated with an injury.

2. How do the innate and adaptive immune systems differ in their responses to foreign
substance?

The innate immune system is the system we have when we're born. This system includes the skin
and mucous membranes, the inflammatory response, and proteins already present in our cells.
This system is the first one to come into contact with a foreign substance and thus is always
prepared to defend the body. Therefore, we think of the innate system as the nonspecific body
defense and the first line of defense to protection from invaders. The adaptive immune system is
the second line of defense which defends us from specific invaders. This system consists of
molecules like pyrogens and immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages. This system
differs from the innate system since it must be exposed to the invader before it can form a
response.

3. Describe the process of spermatogenesis.

Diploid cells in the seminiferous tubules undergo mitosis to produce 2 diploid cells called
secondary spermatocytes. These 2 cells then undergo meiosis to produce 4 haploid cells. These
haploid cells mature into 4 haploid sperm cells.

4. What hormones promote ovulation?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) promotes the development of a primary follicle and the start
to the ovulation process each month. Follicle development takes approximately 14 days and
ovulation occurs at that time. Just prior to ovulation, a secondary anterior pituitary gland
hormone called luteinizing hormone (LH) suddenly spikes in production and leads to ovulation.
During the time while the follicle is growing and developing, prior to ovulation, estrogen levels
continue to rise.

5. Describe the of embryonic development from conception until the fetal stage including
development of the primary germ layer.
A fertilized egg (zygote) undergoes rapid mitotic cell division in a stage called cleavage. Cleavage
provides the building blocks for constructing the embryo, which develops until it has about 100
cells and then hollows out to form a blastocyst. The blastocyst has two areas: the trophoblast
and the inner cell mass. The inner cell mass forms the primary germ layers, which are the
ectoderm, the endoderm, and the mesoderm. The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system,
the epidermis, and the skin. The endoderm forms the mucosae and associated glands. The
mesoderm gives rise to everything else. The trophoblast develops projections called chorionic
villi which form the placenta along with tissues from the mother's uterus. By the eighth week, all
the organ systems have been laid down and the embryo looks distinctly human. Beginning in the
ninth week, the embryo is referred to as a fetus.