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Heat cannot be stored and it is defined as the energy in transit due to the difference in the
temperatures of the hot and cold bodies. The study of heat transfer not only explains how the heat
energy transports but also predicts about the rate of heat transfer. When a certain amount of water
is evaporated or condensed, the amount of heat transferred in either of the processes is same.
However, the rate of heat transfer in both the cases may be different.
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Conduction:
Conduction is the transfer of heat in a continuous substance without any observable motion of the
matter. Thus, heat conduction is essentially the transmission of energy by molecular motion.
Consider a metallic rod being heated at the end and the other end of the rod gets heated
automatically. The heat is transported from one end to the other end by the conduction
phenomenon. The molecules of the metallic rod get energy from the heating medium and collide
with the neighboring molecules. This process transfers the energy from the more energetic
molecules to the low energetic molecules. Thus, heat transfer requires a temperature gradient, and
the heat energy transfer by conduction occurs in the direction of decreasing temperature.
Convection:
When a macroscopic particle of a fluid moves from the region of hot to cold region, it carries with it
a definite amount of enthalpy. Such a flow of enthalpy is known as convection. Convection may be
natural or forced. In natural convection, the movement of the fluid particles is due to the buoyancy
forces generated due to density difference of heated and colder region of the fluid as shown in the
fig.1.3a. Whereas, in forced convection the movement of fluid particles from the heated region to
colder region is assisted by some mechanical means eg. Stirrer
ENTHALPY:
Consider an ideal gas in a closed vessel. The energy it contains is a measured by internal
energy ‘u’, which is a function of the temperature of the gas.
Now if the gas is forced out of the vessel, the gas has to do some work against the
atmosphere at pressure P. It does this work by pushing the atmosphere along a
boundary which encloses the volume V, which the gas now occupies.
So apart from internal energy U, the gas has another component energy, which is the
flow work done given by PV. So the total energy the gas contains is given by U+PV. For
the sake of convenience, both these are clubbed together in one term, called ‘enthalpy’.
Enthalpy ‘H’ is given by -
H = U + PV
H = m*Cv*T + PV
For an ideal gas, we have ideal gas relation PV = mRT , R is the characteristic gas
constant.
R = 8.314 J/ mol. K
SPECIFIC HEAT:
Cp is always greater than Cv. And Cp/Cv ratio is called gamma. And in general trends, the
gamma for a gas decreases with increase in temperature.
ENTROPY:
In both cases, heat addition will almost be same, and so will be the enthalpy change. But
in first case there is a change of 33% and in second one, just 10%. So we require another
term, which is entropy.
Entropy is just an another word for waste energy or the energy which is not useful.
Entropy is the randomness of the system. Here randomness means the molecular
movement of the particle, more will be the molecular movement, more they will collide and
as a result more heat will be expelled which is of no use so it increases entropy.