PEARSON CORRELATION:

DEPENDENT VAR: CONTINUOUS DEPENDENT VAR:

CATEGORICAL / BINARY 0 - 0.25: little or no relationship
0.25 - 0.50: fair relationship
Normal distribution Non-normal (or Ordinal) 0.50 - 0.75: moderate relationship
> 0.75: good to excellent relationship
Compare 2 groups Unpaired and Paired t-test Mann-Whitney (2 independent Chi-square
(difference between group means / sample of the same population, unpaired)
(independent variance of groups) Fisher’s exact
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (INTERVENTION)

variable - binary) Wilcoxon (2 set observation in one

High variance=low difference
sample, paired data) less preferred MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION:

Compare ≥ 3 groups ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis Chi-square Y = β0 + β1(X) + ε

(independent (one or n-way ANOVA) Friedman test Fisher’s exact If β1 = 0, then X does not affect Y
variable - categorical) Between group variability/within gr.var
If β1 > 0, then each time X increases
by 1, Y increases by β1
Association between Pearson correlation Spearman correlation
If β1 < 0, then each time X increases
2 variables Both X and Y are continuous Both X and Y continuous by 1, Y decreases by β1
(independent Different than causation Not sensitive to outliers (use it if outliers)
Usual Null Hypothesis H0 : β1 = 0
variable - continuous) Sensitive to outliers Y: dependent (vert) X: independent (horiz)

Central Limit Theorem: used to apply

Association between Multiple linear regression Multiple logistic regression parametric statist on non-normally distributed
≥ 3 variables Advantage: controls for important data. Requires increasing sample size.
covariates, potential confounders Regression: relation between a
Log Transformation Strategy: used to apply
Disadvantage: reduced study power, predictor variable (X) and a
(independent parametric statistics on non-normally
multiple-level, several group post-hoc response variable (Y) distributed data
variable - continuous) comparisons NOT require increasing sample size
Requires using logged data (difficult
interpretation, lack/disruption of clinical
significance)

CATEGORICAL
Non CONVERSION:
Parametric Tests: 
ANOVA Squared sums of the different between means (f statistics) MANOVA MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (Ej. Wilcoxon Test)
>= 3 GROUPS (INDEPENDENT VARIABLES) (multiple dependent variables) Converting continuous data
- Does NOT data
to categorical require
allows
ANCOVA MANCOVA Similar to ANCOVA, but includes more than one outcome
increasing
using Chi2/Fisher’s exactthe test
Other covariates included (analysis of covariance)
(multiple dependent variables) sample size
Increased clinical significance,
All of them (4) are used before INTERVENTION (Bonferroni: for multiple adjustments, avoiding type I error) - Data used directly
easy interpretation, simple
without performing
statistical analysis
HOW TO DETERMINE NORMALITY? Histogram, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilks test, (mean-median-mode), bell-shape, graph: Kurtosis log transformation
Decreased statistical power,
COCHRAN-MANTEL-HAENSZEL:
(adequate
requires significantly
CORRELATION: 2 independent variables increasing study population
interpretation)
Comparison of 2 groups on a categorical response, with important covariates
Advantages: allows to adjust/control for given covariates REGRESSION: More than 2 independent var. - Best approach for
Disadvantages: increased complexity, limited sample size divided into multiple g, loss of power non-normally
distributed data , UNICAMP
Eliana Miranda