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Audio-Visual Systems:

http://www.atlantictechnology.com/default.asp?NodeId=152
Loudspeakers

A loudspeaker (or “speaker”) is an electro-


acoustic transducer that converts an electrical signal
into sound. The speaker moves in accordance with
the variations of an electrical signal and causes sound
waves to propagate through a medium such as air or
water.
Individual drivers are used to reproduce different
frequency ranges. The drivers are named subwoofers
(for very low frequencies); woofers (low frequencies);
mid-range speakers (middle frequencies); tweeters
(high frequencies); and sometimes supertweeters, op-
timized for the highest audible frequencies. Loudspeaker Driver
When multiple drivers are used in a system,
a “filter network”, called a crossover, separates the
incoming signal into different frequency ranges and
routes them to the appropriate driver. A loudspeaker
system with n separate frequency bands is described
as “n-way speakers”: a two-way system will have a
woofer and a tweeter; a three-way system employs a
woofer, a mid-range, and a tweeter.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker
Diaphram Driver Components
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Audio-Visual Systems:

Loudspeakers

Crossovers
Used in multi-driver speaker systems, the

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker
crossover is a subsystem that separates the input sig-
nal into different frequency ranges suited to each driv-
er. The drivers receive only the power in their usable
frequency range (the range they were designed for),
thereby reducing distortion in the drivers and interfer-
ence between them.
Passive crossover circuits need no external
power beyond the audio signal itself, but do cause
overall signal loss and a significant reduction in damp-
ing factor between the voice coil and the crossover. Passive Crossover

An active crossover is an electronic filter circuit


that divides the signal into individual frequency bands
before power amplification, thus requiring at least one
power amplifier for each bandpass.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker

Active Crossover
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Audio-Visual Systems:

Driver Designs

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_loudspeaker
Horn loudspeakers are the oldest form of loud-
speaker system. The use of horns as voice-amplifying
megaphones dates at least to the 17th century, and
horns were used in mechanical gramophones as early
as 1857. Horn loudspeakers use a shaped waveguide
in front of or behind the driver to increase the directivity
of the loudspeaker and to transform a small diameter,
high pressure condition at the driver cone surface to
a large diameter, low pressure condition at the mouth
of the horn. This increases the sensitivity of the loud-
speaker and focuses the sound over a narrower area.
The size of the throat, mouth, the length of the horn, 3-way Horn Loudspeaker
as well as the area expansion rate along it must be
carefully chosen to match the drive to properly provide
this transforming function over a range of frequencies.
The length and cross-sectional mouth area required to
create a bass or sub-bass horn require a horn many
feet long.
Piezoelectricity was discovered by Jacque

http://piezosource.com/general/Piezo_info.htm
and Pierre Curie in the late 1880s. They found that
certain natural crystals generate an electric field under
the influence of a mechanical force. They named the
phenomenon piezoelectricity, from the Greek meaning
“pressure” electricity.
Piezoelectric speakers are frequently used
as beepers in watches, and are sometimes used as
tweeters in less-expensive speaker systems, such
as computer speakers and portable radios. They are
resistant to overloads which would normally destroy
most high frequency drivers, and they can be used
without a crossover due to their electrical properties. Piezo Tweeter Construction
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http://www.d-toolsblog.com/newsletter/ribbon-speakers-mainstream-
Audio-Visual Systems:

Driver Designs

Magnetic Ribbon Driver


The mechanics behind a planar magnetic ribbon
is straight forward. A thin membrane, with an etched
circuit on it, is directly and uniformly driven between
two opposing series of magnets. There is no voice coil
attached to the edge. An electromagnetic force acts
on the conductor and is evenly distributed over the en-
tire diaphragm surface. This eliminates the tendency
to generate distributed resonance vibrations.

esoteric/
Flat Panel Loudspeakers
There have been many attempts to reduce Ribbon Speaker
the size of speaker systems, or alternatively to make
them less obvious. One such attempt was the devel-
opment of voice coils mounted to flat panels to act as
sound sources. There are two related problems with
flat panel techniques: first, a flat panel is necessarily
more flexible than a cone shape in the same material,
and therefore will move as a single unit even less, and
second, resonances in the panel are difficult to con-
trol, leading to considerable distortions.

http://usfps.com/planewave_en.html
Distributed Mode Loudspeakers
A newer implementation of the flat panel speak-
er system involves an intentionally flexible panel and
an “exciter”, mounted off-center and located so as to
excite the panel to vibrate with minimal resonances.
Speakers using such techniques can reproduce
sound with a wide directivity pattern (paradoxically
somewhat like a point source)[citation needed] and
have been used in some computer speaker designs
and bookshelf loudspeakers. Distributed Mode Loudspeaker
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Audio-Visual Systems:

Driver Designs

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7120263.html
Bending wave transducers use a diaphragm
that is intentionally flexible. The rigidity of the material
increases from the center to the outside. Short wave-
lengths radiate primarily from the inner area, while lon-
ger waves reach the edge of the speaker. To prevent
reflections from the outside back into the center, long
waves are absorbed by a surrounding damper. Such
transducers can cover a wide frequency range (80 Hz
to 35,000 Hz) and have been promoted as being close
to an ideal point sound source.[47] This uncommon
approach is being taken by only a very few manufac-
turers, in very different arrangements. Bending Wave diagram

http://www.goebel-highend.de/en/company/research.html
Goebel High End Modul Wall Nine Layer Wooden Menbrane
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Audio-Visual Systems:

Loudspeakers Types

http://www.kef.com/us/Loudspeakers/Reference/207
Uni-Q
KEF’s latest Uni-Q® driver array is the most
natural-sounding yet. The tweeter at the centre of the
midrange cone now has a vented three-magnet motor
system and a unique new braced dome, creating a
perfectly time-aligned point source whose directivity is
optimised by the reprofiled cone. As a result, disper-
sion is wider than ever. Power response is more uni-
form. Multi-channel imaging is even more stable - and
stunningly realistic.

Referenece by KEF

Crossover
The Reference Series crossovers are computer
modelled to optimise driver integration and response

http://www.kef.com/us/Loudspeakers/Reference/207
accuracy, and then fine-tuned by ear to ensure natural-
ness and a musically rewarding listening experience.
Separate circuit boards are used wherever possible
for the different frequency bands, with all components
carefully laid out to minimise electro-magnetic interac-
tions, and all boards are mechanically decoupled to
isolate them from cabinet vibration. The quality of the
signal path is maintained by taking advantage of the
minimal losses in polypropylene capacitors and the
linearity of air-cored inductors and the internal cabling
is chosen for its accurate, neutral sonic character.

Crossover Board
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Audio-Visual Systems:

Loudspeaker Types

http://www.kef.com/us/Loudspeakers/Reference/207
Faraday Rings
KEF engineers have succeeded in greatly re-
ducing the distortions that affect moving coil drive
units by adding twin, balanced, Faraday rings above
and below the voice coil. The negative effects caused
by flux modulation and the variation of coil inductance
with position are virtually eliminated by these carefully
designed, low impedance ‘shorted turns’. By gener-
ating a magnetic field that cancels the unwanted
field from the voice coil, this innovation reduc-
es harmonic distortion by as much as ten times
(20dB). Extending the benefits still further, the physi- Faraday Rings
cal prescence of the metal rings aids heat dissipation
over the whole length of the voice coil, thereby improv-
ing the dynamic performance and power handling.

Cabinet

http://www.kef.com/us/Loudspeakers/Reference/207
Precision engineered to eliminate every un-
wanted vibration, Reference Series cabinets are works
of art in themselves. Massive internal bracing tailors
the volume of each enclosure to the exact parameters
of its drive unit. Extensive mechanical and acoustic
damping, together with independent driver loading
and KEF’s decoupling techniques, creates inert en-
closures that eradicate any vestigial panel resonance,
standing waves, stray reflections or box colourations.

Cabinet
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http://www.bose.com/controller?url=/shop_online/wave_systems/wms/
Audio-Visual Systems:

Audio Systems for the Home

The acclaimed Wave® music system still sets


the standard for quality audio and ease of use among
one-piece, table top radios and bookshelf stereos. Its
award-winning design adds a touch of distinction to
almost any room. It’s no surprise so many people use
it as their main home entertainment system for music
listening.

index.jsp
Bose Wave music system

Waveguide Technology
Two 26” folded waveguides are precisely tuned
to amplify the output from the transducers (speakers)
to reproduce lifelike sound from a small enclosure.

Waveguide Speaker Technology


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pi1[backPID]=23&tx_ttproducts_pi1[product]=1&cHash=6262291029
Audio-Visual Systems:

http://www.bkcomp.com/products/multi-zone/?tx_ttproducts_
Audio Systems for the Home

* An integration of a multi-room stereo audio


distribution Bus with twelve compact and efficient 60W
power amplifiers.
* Level Control - Local individual level control
of each amplifier channel. May also be used to equally
attenuate the level for both amplifier pairs.
* Dip Switch Configuration - Used to con-
figure the On / Standby / Sense state of the unit, the
Bus audio and trigger distribution and Mono / Stereo
configuration of the audio pairs.
* Bus Control and Muting - Allowing for single
switching of the amplifier audio sense on/off feature B&K multiroom distribution bus
and audio signal on any pair of amplifier channels with
the Bus Switch enabled.
* Mono Usage - Ability to have up to twelve
output channels that may be in mono.

http://www.intellicontrol.com/ICS/contact.php
The Contact’s touchscreen brings a higher level
of control to home entertainment. The colorful screen
displays menus, guides, favorite channel listsÑevery-
thing you need for today’s digital entertainment. Avail-
able in a wide range of colors and custom finishes to
blend with any décor. When you Experience Intelli-
Control ICS, you’re a step above the others.

Niles Integrated Control


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Audio-Visual Systems:

Audio-Video Systems for the Home

http://www.kaleidescape.com/products/servers/1U/
The Kaleidescape 1U Server provides ultra-re-
liable storage for your favorite movies and music. Like
all Kaleidescape servers, it’s able to continue running
even after a drive failure – while it continues to safely
store your valuable entertainment content.

As your collection grows, you can add addi-


tional Kaleidescape Disk Cartridges to increase stor-
age capacity for your movies and music. A single 1U
Server can store up to 900 DVDs or 150 Blu-ray Discs.
Multiple servers can be clustered in a single system
to store thousands of movies and albums as a single Kaleidescape 1U Server
collection.

Wireless Audio System


With its enormous reach of radio range WA 100
every desired room and creates music in your whole
house. Here up to three WA 100 networks in parallel.
Other audio sources are not necessary.

http://wa100.canton.de/fuer-pro-house.htm

Canton Pro House Wa100


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http://www.sonystyle.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/StoreCatalogDisp
Audio-Visual Systems:

research sub-topic

lay?storeId=10151&langId=-1&catalogId=10551
The evolution will be televised. Soon you can
experience movies, TV, sports and video games in
stunning high-definition 3D. Breakthrough 3D technol-
ogy and Sony’s 3D
Active Glasses deliver a visceral sensation with
overwhelming depth–and the effects are staggering.
You don’t just watch it, you live it.

Sony 3D Television

The Epson PowerLite Pro Cinema 9500UB


creates cinematic adventures unlike any other with a
contrast ratio up to 200,000:1, unprecedented in its
class, innovative Super-resolution technology and

http://www.epson.com/cgi-bin/Store/jsp/Product.
powerful widescreen performance. Epson’s exclusive

do?sku=V11H338320&BV_UseBVCookie=yes
Vertical Alignment (VA) LCD technology ensures deep
blacks and extraordinary detail, putting you right in the
middle of where the action is. And, with its anamor-
phic mode, the Pro Cinema 9500UB makes it easy to
enjoy widescreen 2.35:1 movies and more. Whatever
you choose to view, setup is easy with innovative color
management features and ISF calibration, which al-
lows you to customize colors for any environment.

PowerLite Pro Cinema projecto


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Audio-Visual Systems:

Acoustical Materials

http://www.soundprooffoam.com/#soundproofing
Soundproofing
If the objective is to stop sound from entering or
leaving a space, then you will most likely need sound
blocking or soundproofing.
In general, if the source of the sound is gener-
ated in another room, space or from the outside and
is transferring through a wall, ceiling or floor, into your
space, then you need sound blocking or soundproof-
ing products.

Soundproofing solutions.

Sound Absorption
If the objective is to enhance the properties of
sound by improving speech clarity and sound quality,
then the answer is sound absorption or acoustic en-
hancement.
At home or in the office, high ceilings and large
open spaces can create problems. Sound bounces
around, creating annoying echoes and making it dif-
ficult to carry on normal conversations. Another ideal

http://www.sonexfoam.com/
scenario for sound absorption materials.
To summarize, if the source of the sound of
noise is generated within the same environment that
requires improved sound control, then you will need
sound absorption products.

Anechoic Foam
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Audio-Visual Systems:

Acoustical Materials

Quiet Curtains™ and Drapes absorb sound

http://www.acoustic-curtains.com/about.php
within a room and block outside noise, and light. All
Quiet Curtains are beautiful window treatments that
look elegant in both commercial and residential set-
tings and will be an asset to any room.

STC 20 Quiet Curtains reduce noise by up to 20


decibels! STC 20 Quiet Curtains use a powerful sound
blocking lining to provide maximum sound protection.
These curtains can be used to cover windows, door-
ways and as room dividers.
Acoustical Curtains

Along with being water-based, it absorbs noise


and vibration, is sprayable, nontoxic, dries hard. It
works really well for damping resonance in aluminum,
steel, fiberglass, wood and poly-glass. It is nonabra-

http://www.soundproofing.org/sales/liquid.htm
sive, anti-corrosive, protects against condensation
and is ideal for automotive, industrial and railway ap-
plications.

Noxudol 3101 Damping CompoundNoxudol


3101 is a water-based, viscous elastic compound
manufactured specifically to dampen unwanted sound
and vibration. Noxudol 3101 converts sound energy
into minuscule amounts of heat energy resulting in an
overall noise reduction. In addition to its sound damp-
ing properties, Noxudol offers rust protection and is
fire-retardant. Sound Deadening Paint
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http://www.acousticalsurfaces.com/whisperwave_baffle/whisperwave_
Audio-Visual Systems:

Acoustical Materials

Acoustical Baffles
Made from Class 1 fire-rated melamine foam,
WHISPERWAVE products are offered in standard and
custom sizes and curve patterns. WHISPERWAVE
products are lightweight and easy to install. The line
also includes baffles, panels and awnings.

baffle.htm?d=8
Acoustical Baffles

http://www.acousticalsurfaces.com/acoust_ceilings/mirroflex.htm?d=20
Acoustical Tile
MirroFlex™ is a decorated and perforated ther-
moplastic wall or ceiling tile usually supplied with pres-
sure sensitive adhesive backing for ease of installa-
tion.

Perforated Metal Tiles

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