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ANALOG ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

Laboratory work

Exercise 5 – Power amplifier

Task 1:
• Design a power amplifier in AB class with dual power supply -UCC and +UCC.
• Choose the voltage supply so that the maximum power of the amplifier with sinus signal equals
PL = 1,5 W on the load RL = 16 Ω. That power should amplifier generate at the input signal
U1 = 250 mV. For the calculation, use the minimum voltage drop across the output transistors
UCEsat = 2.5 V.
• The frequency range of the amplifier should be from flow = 20 Hz to fhigh = 20 kHz.

Schematics:

+Ucc

R3 R7 + C4

GND
T4
D1 BD681
1N4148

T1 T2 D2
Input C1 BC557 BC557 1N4148 Output+
R6
Rl

R2 R5 D3
R1 1N4148 16 Ohm
C3 T5 Output-
BD682
GND

GND GND GND


T3
BC547
+ C5
C2
R4
GND

-Ucc

Description of operation:
The circuit can be divided into the following stages:
IS – input stage – differential amplifier
VA – voltage amplification stage – amplifier in common emitter orientation
OS – output stage – emitter follower
FB – feedback – voltage divider
input
output
+
IS VA OS
-

FB

Differential Amplifier IS constantly compares the input and output signal and corrects any
deviations. This also reduces the distortion of the following two stages. The gain of the entire
circuit for DC signals is 1 (because of C2). Since at input we eliminate DC component, DC
component at the output is low. The gain for the signals within the pass-band is determined by
feedback (FB) (R5 and R6).
Transistor T3 represents the amplifier of the signal from the differential amplifier. High input
resistance of the next stage allows it to achieve a high voltage amplification (VA). A compensation
capacitor C3 connected between the base and collector reduces the gain at high frequencies and
thus prevents oscillation of the amplifier.
The output stage (OS) consists of two phase-opposed emitter followers (T4 and T5), which
together constitute a push-pull connection. Each transistor conducts its part of the period. Without
an input signal the current through the transistors is small, and thus power dissipation on the
transistors is minimal. Losses on the amplifier are thus dependent on the size of the input signal and
the load. Due to Darlington connection of the transistors the output stage has a large current
amplification and consequently a large input resistance. Diodes D1 to D3 provide a bias voltage to
the transistors. They are often attached to the same heat sink as the output transistors, thereby
compensating the effect of temperature of the output transistors. This is to avoid increasing of the
current at a higher temperature (the temperature escape).
Calculation:
Power supply voltage:

UCC =

Values of the elements:

R1 = R7 =

R2 = C1 =

R3 = C2 =

R4 = C3 =

R5 = C4 =

R6 = C5 =
Task 2:
• In the programming environment LTspice draw the designed amplifier (without the
potentiometer) and enter the values calculated in the previous task.
• Perform DC analysis (DC operating point) of the circuit and read the required values in
the section Operating point.
• Using AC analysis determine the gain of the circuit and frequency limits.
• Determine maximum amplitude of the output signal by the means of time-domain analysis
(Transient Analysis). Gradually increase the input amplitude until you get noticeably
distorted signal at the output.
• Draw the shape of the output signal when it is distorted.

Operating point:
output offset voltage Uout0 =
idle current consumption I+0 = I-0 =
idle power consumption P0 =
Gain:
gain at 1 kHz, 100 mV Au =
maximum amplitude of the output signal Uoutmax =
frequency range (-3 dB) flow = fhigh =
Shape of the output signal:
U1 = 300 mV, f = 1 kHz

10

5
U izh / V

-5

-10
0 250 500 750 1000
t / ms
Task 3:
• Realize the designed amplifier on the prototype board.
• Measure the required properties of the amplifier. In doing so, for the load use a power resistor.
• Test the amplifier with an audio signal.

Measurements:
offset output voltage Uout0 =
gain at 1 kHz, 100 mV Au =
maximum amplitude of the output signal Uoutmax =
Frequency characteristic:

Frequency Uin / V Uout / V Au / dB


1 Hz
10 Hz
100 Hz
1 kHz
10 kHz
100 kHz
1 MHz

40

35

30

25

20
A u / dB

15

10

-5

-10
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000
f / kHz
Distortion measurements:
Uin / mV k2 / dB k3 / dB
10
50
100
200
300
400
500

Test with audio signal:


To the input of the realized amplifier connect the output from a PC or a portable player. To the
output of the amplifier connect a speaker and test the performance with music of your choice.

Questions:

Which elements determine the most the gain of the circuit?


Answer:

What largely determines the maximum amplitude of the output signal?


Answer:

Why distortion occurs in output signal at maximum amplitude, and what then happens in the
circuit?
Answer:

Why did we use Darlington transistors for the output transistors?


Answer:
Calculation:

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