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Introduction
What is Well Performance?
It is the ability of a
well to produce
desired fluids
Factors Responsible for Well
Performance?
The overall health of a well depends on:
• Geological Aspects
• Drilling Aspects
• Cementing
• Log interpretation
• Mechanical aspects of casing & tubing
• Drive mechanism
Factors Responsible for Well Performance……..
• Geological Aspects
– Dip
– Faults
– Oil-water contact
– Gas-oil contact
– Porosity, permeability, fluid saturation, pay
thickness, pressure etc.
Factors Responsible for Well Performance……..
• Drilling Aspects
– Mud loss
– Stuck string
– High and / or low pressure formations
– Drilling fluid – weight, composition etc
Factors Responsible for Well Performance……..
• Cementing
– Composition
– Bonding properties
– Success of cementation job
– Cement rise behind casing
Factors Responsible for Well Performance……..
• Log interpretation
– HC bearing formations
– Estimation of thickness
– Preciseness of perforation
– Porosity and water saturation determination
Factors Responsible for Well Performance……..
• Drive mechanisms
– Solution gas drive
– Water drive
– Gas cap expansion drive
– Compaction drive
– Combination drive
Factors Responsible for Well Performance……..
• Reservoir properties
– Porosity
– Fluid saturation
– Permeability
• Absolute
• Relative
– Mobility & mobility ratio
– Solution gas oil ratio
Methods of
Well Performance
IOGPT
Productivity Index
good well
Pwf
Q Qmax
• kh = 1000-5000 md-ft
excellent well
Inflow Performance
It is basically a straight line or curve drawn
in the two dimensional plane, where X axis is
q ( Flow Rate ) and Y axis is Pwf ( Flowing
Bottomhole Pressure ).
PI = J = -dq / dP
Pwf
q
Inflow Performance
IPR-When Pr > Bubble Point Pressure :
CONSTANT J
Pr
Pb VOGEL
BEHAVIOR
Pwf
PRESS .
qmax
0
0 q
RATE.
Combination Constant PI and Vogel Behaviour Case.
Inflow Performance
Change Of PI With Cumm. Recovery ( % of Oil
In Place ) With Time :
Np/N = 0.1%
CUMM. REC.,
2% % OF
4% ORIGINAL OIL
IN PLACE
6%
8%
10 %
BOTTOM-HOLE
PRESSURE Kg/cm2 12 %
14 %
PRODUCING RATE , m3/d
Computer Calculated Inflow Performance Relationships For A Solution
Gas Drive Reservoir
Tubing Intake Curves
Pr
Pwf
Operating Point
IPR
QL max
Ql
27
Tubing Intake Curves
Pr
IPR
QL max
Ql
Apparent gain
28
Tubing Intake Curves
Pr
present IPR
QL max
Ql Additional gain from stim.
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PI & IPR
ps s Ks rw K
kh re
Δps = pressure drop across skin
B = formation volume factor
μ = viscosity, cp
s = skin factor
k = permeability, md
h = height, ft
q = flow rate, STB/D 33
Skin : Effect on Production
Production
- 0 +
Skin effect
Flow Efficiency
(Wellbore Damage Indicators)
J actual ps
Damage factor = 1- FE = 1
J ideal Pr Pwf
IPR modified by Standing
Well Performance Test Methods
• Periodic Production Tests
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Nodal Analysis or Systems Analysis
Approach
• To view the total producing system as a group of
components
• Each component of a well system contributes
towards the performance of a well.
• To get an improved performance each component
is to be analyzed.
• The analysis is done by combining the pressure
versus rate behavior of the well components.
Nodal Analysis………….
Pressure
drops at
various
components
43
Nodal Analysis……….
• Location
of nodes
in a well
system
44
Nodal Analysis…………..
Each node has one inflow and one outflow
• Flow rate through the component can be
determined once the system meets these
requirements
Flow into the node equals flow out of the node
Only one pressure exists at a node
Nodal Analysis…………..
Inflow to the node:
Pr P(upstream components) Pnode
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