HRT

 3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   1  

U1     AUSTRALIAN  ABORIGINES   AFRICAN  YORUBA   NORTH  AMERICAN  PLAINS  

BELIEFS  ABOUT  GOD   believe  in  Ancestors  and  the   believe  in  a  supreme  God   believe  in  the  supreme  reality,  
mythical  beings  as  their  Gods   (Olorun),  and  lesser  deities   Wankantanka,  which  refers  to  
(Orisa)   16  separate  deities  
AFTERLIFE   • believe  in  spiritual   the  Yoruba  people  believe  in   believe  that  four  souls  depart  
1
attachment  to  the   reincarnation   from  a  person  at  death;  one  of  
Ancestor,  even  after   which  meets  an  old  woman  
death   who  decides  if  it  can  pass  to  
the  otherworld  of  Ancestors  
or  come  back  to  Earth  as  a  
ghost  –  the  three  other  souls  
are  reincarnated  
CREATION  STORY   believe  in  the  Dreamtime;   Yoruba  believe  that  the  world   • various  supernatural  
giant  creatures  rose  up  from   was  created  by  Olorun,  with   beings  were  
the  ground,  paved  through  it   the  help  of  Orisa  and  other   involved  in  creating  
and  made  mountains,  rivers   lesser  deities   the  world,  and  one  
and  the  Earth’s  shape,  and  that   of  them  included  
Ancestors  and  mythical  beings   Inktomi  
gave  life  to  humans  
RITUALS   • body  paint  for   certain  rituals  are  done  by   • The  Sun  Dance  
initiation  ceremonies   the  head  of  the  family  to   • The  Vision  Quest  
• special  ritual  attire   worship  family  ancestors   • North  American  
• have  an  initiation   • Yoruba  priests   Aboriginals  believe  
ceremony  which  can   perform  rituals  at   that  body  mutilation  
include;  circumcision,   shrines   is  the  only  suitable  
inflicting  wounds,   • diviners  tell  and   way  to  worship  the  
and  sending  boys  out   foresee  the  future   supreme  being  
to  wilderness  
TRICKSTER  FIGURE   certain  Aboriginal  legends   Esus;  mediates  between   Inktomi;  was  involved  in  
described  in  stories,  animals   heaven  and  Earth,  good  and   creation  –  used  in  children’s  
and  myths  are  the  trickster   evil   stories  to  tell  morals  
figures  in  the  religion  
COSMOLOGY   Australian  Aborigines  believe   Yoruba  believe  that  cosmos  is   the  creation  of  the  universe  
that  the  universe  and  planets   separated  into  heaven  (home   involves  different  supernatural  
were  created  through  the   of  Gods)  and  earth  (world  of   beings,  the  Wankantanka,  and  
beings  of  the  Dreamtime  and  in   normal  experience)   the  Inktomi,  those  who  also  
the  Dreamtime  itself   paved  the  Earth  
LANDSCAPES   Australian  Aborigines  have  a   • Yoruba  religion  is   • bordered  by  the  
special  connection  with  nature   prevalent  in   Rocky  Mountains  
as  it  reminds  them  of  their   Nigeria,  Benin,  Togo   and  the  Mississippi  
Dreamtime   • city  life  is  the   River  
• Fraser  Island   landscape  of  the  
• Twelve  Apostles   Yoruba  religion  
• Three  Sisters  
SYMBOLS   nature  as  a  symbol  reminds   • Ere  Ibeji;  symbol  of   • domestic  horses  
Australian  Aborigines  of   fertility  and  twins   from  Europe;  
Dreamtime   prevalent  in  Yoruba   allowed  hunting  for  
buffalo  and  game  
• the  number  4  
(represents  four  
directions)  
• the  tree  represents  
the  supreme  being  
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U2   BIG  IDEA  I:  THE  SUPREME  REALITY   -­‐ The  Upanishads:  ancient  philosophical  texts  
-­‐ the  human  religious  system  is  composed  of   that  form  the  basis  of  most  Hindu  doctrines  
a  harmony  of  many  different  beliefs  and   o have  teachings  about  the  Brahman  
practices,  all  with  the  common  goal  of   o teach  that  there  is  ultimate  reality  
salvation,  like  many  rivers  converging  into   within  the  self  
one  ocean   -­‐ Atman:  eternal  reality  within  the  self;  a  
o Hinduism  tends  to  be  very  tolerant   branch  of  Brahman  concerning  one’s  own  
of  other  religions   self  
-­‐ Rig  Veda:  Hinduism’s  oldest  sacred  book   o the  Upanishads  posit  that  Brahman  
o nearly  4  thousand  years  old   and  Atman  are  the  same;  all  reality  
-­‐ most  Hindus  believe  that  all  reality  –God,   is  one  –  Brahman  and  Atman  are  
the  universe,  humans,  and  everything  else–   interchangeable  
is  essentially  one  thing   -­‐ there  are  330  million  Gods  and  Goddesses  
o at  the  same  time,  Hindus  worship   in  the  Hindu  religion  
are  polytheistic  and  worship  many   o Hinduism  regards  its  deities  as  
gods  and  goddesses,  thought  of  as   extensions  of  one  ultimate  reality;  
the  many  masks  of  God   many  masks  of  one  God  
-­‐ monism:  the  doctrine  that  all  reality  is   o the  purpose  of  these  deities  is  to  
ultimately  one   provide  points  of  contact  between  
o Hindus  believe  that  all  forms  of   humans,  normal  experience,  and  
reality  (God,  plants,  and  animals,   the  divine  
everything)  share  a  common   o Hindus  can  freely  worship  
essence   whichever  gods  and  goddesses  
-­‐ Brahman:  the  common  essence  shared  by   they  like  
all  forms  of  reality   -­‐ Hindu  cosmology;  Hindus  seek  answers  to  
o the  ground  of  existence  and  the   why  the  universe  seems  to  be  
source  of  the  universe   o the  most  important  thing  for  
o discoverable  only  thorough   Hindus  is  to  deal  with  the  universe  
profound  contemplation;  its  true   as  it  is,  to  seek  salvation  through  
nature  is  not  revealed  on  the   liberation  from  the  world’s  bonds  
surface  of  things   -­‐ Bhagavad-­‐Gita:  Hinduism’s  most  popular  
o is  impersonal;  bears  characteristics   sacred  text  
that  cannot  be  seen,  hear,  or  even   o Krishna  teaches  warrior  Arjuna  the  
intelligibly  thought  about   many  important  religious  issues  
o not  material  at  all;  pure  spirit    
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   3  

BIG  IDEA  II:  LIBERATION  AND  INDIVIDUAL  DESTINY   -­‐ even  Gods  undergo  reincarnation;  they  are  
-­‐ salvation  through  liberation  from  the   not  Brahman  
constraints  of  the  human  condition  is  the   -­‐ the  divine  principles  of  the  world;  
ultimate  goal  of  all  Hindus   o karma  and  dharma  
o usually  a  distant  goal,  not  attained   o form  link  between  samsara  and  
in  a  current  lifetime   divine  source  
-­‐ Hindus  believe  in  reincarnation,  and  thus   o provide  basis  for  moral  life;  
anticipate  a  long  series  of  lifetimes,  to  be   permeate  the  earthly  life  with  
patient  regarding  the  goal  of  liberation   spiritual  significance  
o according  to  Hindu  doctrine,  each   -­‐ karma:  means  action  or  deeds;  states  that  
individual  is  created  and  re-­‐created   every  action  produces  an  outcome  justified  
repeatedly,  until  attaining  moksha   by  the  action’s  moral  worthiness  
-­‐ moksha:  a  Sanskrit  word  that  means   o moral  law  of  cause  and  effect  
release;  the  idea  of  liberation  in  the  Hindu   o functions  hand-­‐in-­‐hand  with  
religion;  the  stop  of  reincarnation   samsara  
o a  release  from  the  ordinary,  finite   o determines  all  circumstances  and  
realm  of  existence  into  the  infinite   situations  of  one’s  life  
ocean  of  the  divine   o functions  independently  of  any  
o characterized  by  infinite  being,   deity  or  of  a  procedure  of  divine  
infinite  awareness,  and  infinite   judgement  
bliss;  details  of  this  experience  defy   -­‐ an  individual’s  karmic  record  stays  with  the  
description;  beyond  words   self  from  reincarnation  to  reincarnation  
o considered  as  the  return  to  the   -­‐ karma  determines  the  life-­‐form  into  which  
sacred  source   the  atman  is  reborn    
-­‐ Hinduism  declares  that  the  universe   o only  humans  have  the  will  to  affect  
undergoes  longer  periods  of  creation  and   their  karmic  record  
destruction;  a  rhythmic  pattern  that  repeats   -­‐ dharma:  ethical  duty  based  on  the  divine  
-­‐ samsara:  known  as  the  wheel  of  rebirth   order  of  reality  
o accounts  vary  as  to  what  is   o Hinduism’s  closest  equivalent  to  
reincarnated;  at  least,  the  Atman  is   the  Western  term  religion  
reincarnated,  but  memory  and   o the  complete  rule  of  life;  a  way  of  
personality  aren’t   acting  to  conform  to  for  every  
-­‐ reincarnation  occurs  on  different  levels  of   activity  
existence  (animal,  human,  plant,  etc.)    
 
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   4  

-­‐ Hindus  look  to  four  sources  for  guidance   -­‐ avatar:  an  incarnation  of  a  deity  sent  to  
with  dharma,  listed  from  highest  to  lowest   Earth  for  a  purpose  
level  of  authority;   -­‐ Cow  veneration;  Gandhi  referred  to  protection  
1. divine  revelation  (scriptures)   of  cows  as  central  fact  of  Hinduism    
2. sacred  tradition   o cow  represents  life;  provides  for  
3. practice  and  example   Hindus  in  a  multitude  of  ways  and  
4. conscience   yet  suffers  along  with  them  
-­‐ dharma  shifts  the  focus  from  the  self  to   o cows  are  worshipped  like  deities  
others   o many  Hindus  do  not  eat  beef;  in  the  
-­‐ the  three  paths  to  liberation;   past,  killing  cows  =  capital  offense  
1. Karma  Marga,  “Path  of  Works”    
a. for  the  active  and  physical   BIG  IDEA  III:  HINDU  SOCIETY  
(farming,  raising  a  family)   -­‐ a  person’s  particular  dharma  is  determined  
b. traditional  Hinduism  life   by  gender,  caste,  and  stage  of  life  
c. marked  by  unselfishness   a. dharma  of  women  =  obedience  to  
d. doing  the  right  thing  because   men  (father,  husband,  then  son);  
it  is  right   duties  are  less  relevant  for  women  
2. Jnana  Marga,  “Path  of  Knowledge”   -­‐ caste  system:  a  traditional  division  of  
a. shortest  but  steepest  ascent  to   society  into  four  distinct  classes,  or  varnas,  
liberation;  intended  for  those   meaning  colour  
with  talent  in  philosophy   1. brahmin  (priests)  
b. require  dedication  to  learn   2. Kshatriya  (warriors/administrators)  
c. most  practical  for  Brahmins   3. vaishya  (producers/farmers,  merchants)  
d. knowledge  over  ignorance   4. shudra  (servants,  laborers)  
e. three  schools  of  philosophy;   o is  racist;  varna  was  formed  by  Aryans  
Vedanta,  Sankhya,  Yoga   who  inhabited  India,  trying  to  classify  
3. Bhakti  Marga,  “Path  of  Devotion”   colour  and  class  
a. involves  spiritual  attachment   o contain  over  3  thousand  distinct  
b. characterized  by  worship  of   subcategories  
deities  and  other  religious   o categories  =  primarily  occupation  for  
figures  (gods  and  goddesses,   men,  and  for  women,  who  they  can  
avatars,  Bhagavad-­‐Gita,  daily   marry  
devotion,  household  rituals,   5. The  Untouchables;  
Cow  veneration)   o are  below  the  caste  system;  
had  no  rights  until  Gandhi  
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   5  

o was  renamed  Harijan,  meaning   b. pertains  to  sensual  love  

God’s  children   2. artha;  
-­‐ the  caste  system  is  rigidly  based  upon   a. material  success,  power,  and  
heredity,  determined  by  karma   prestige  
-­‐ karma  determines  caste  identity,  caste,  and   b. eventually  proves  unfulfilling  
in  turn,  determines  the  dharma  governing   3. harmony  with  dharma  
one’s  actions   4. moksha    
-­‐ Hindu  society  distinguishes  4  stages  of  life;   -­‐ Hinduism  in  the  modern  world;  
1. student;   o tension  =  between  Hindus/Muslims  
a. when  a  boy  enters  the  period   o democracy  sets  India  apart  from  
of  intensive  study  of  the  Vedas,   Hinduism  
and  other  sacred  literature   o expanded  beyond  South  Asia/Nepal  
b. lasts  until  marriage,  which  are   o challenged  by  secularism/science  
traditionally  arranged   o discrimination  against  outcastes  is  
2. householder;   forbidden;  role  of  women  evolve  
a. pursuing  a  career,  raising  a   -­‐ Mahatma  Gandhi;  
family  are  central   o his  efforts  to  stand  up  to  oppression  
b. women  are  included   of  outcastes  through  nonviolence  
3. forest  dweller;   and  civil  disobedience  forever  
a. marked  by  the  birth  of  the  first   changed  nature  of  India  
grandchild   o always  lives  on  as  a  religious  figure  
b. man  may  choose  woman  for    
company  through  this  stage,   BIG  IDEA  IV:  THE  SEVEN  DIMENSIONS  OF  HINDUISM  
allowing  him  to  retreat  from   1. experiential  (moksha,  Samadhi)  
worldly  bonds  (ie.  isolation)  to   2. mythic  (stories  and  descriptions  of  330  
engage  in  full  spiritual  quest   million  gods  and  goddesses)  
4. sannyasin  or  wandering  ascetic;   3. doctrinal  (monism;  teachings  of  Sankhya  
a. for  forest  dwellers  ready  to   and  Yoga)  
return  to  society  but  remain   4. ethical  (rules  and  ideals  of  dharma)  
detached  from  normal   5. ritual  (various  forms  of  worship  practiced  by  
attractions  and  social  life   followers  of  bhakti  marga)  
b. possible  for  women  to  undergo   6. social  (caste  system,  various  Hindu  holy  
-­‐ the  four  goals  of  life;   figures;  sannyasin)  
1. kama;   7. material  (Ganges  River,  sacred  cows,  clay  
a. means  sensual  pleasure   figures  of  deities)  
 HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   6  

U3   BIG  IDEA  I:  THE  BASICS  OF  BUDDHISM   -­‐ Gautama  grew  up  sheltered,  never  leaving  
-­‐ Buddhism  started  in  India   his  palace;  the  first  time  he  left,  he  
o founder  is  Siddhartha  Gautama;   witnesses  The  Four  Passing  Sights;  
teaches  his  discoveries   1. when  he  was  travelling  for  pleasure  to  
o he  underwent  an  experience  in   the  countryside,  his  chariot  passed  a  
which  he  woke  up   decrepit  old  man:  something  he  had  
-­‐ Gautama  acquired  the  name  Buddha,   never  seen    
meaning  “to  awaken”  (budh)   a. realized  this  fate  was  for  
o he  awoke  to  the  full  awareness  of   everyone  
nd
the  human  condition,  and  to  the   2. on  2  ride,  he  saw  a  diseased  man  
rd
means  of  transcending  it   3. on  3  ride,  he  saw  a  corpse  
-­‐ Gautama  discovered  that  humans  are  prone   a. he  was  reluctant  to  go  back  to  
rd
to  suffering,  and  that  we  need  treatment   the  palace  after  the  3  sight,  
o he  diagnosed  the  human  condition   but  went  back  grieving  
th
and  prescribed  a  cure  –  Buddhism   4. on  the  4  ride,  after  leaving  the  palace  
can  be  seen  as  a  therapy  for  living   grieving,  he  saw  a  religious  ascetic  who  
  was  in  search  of  salvation  from  the  
BIG  IDEA  II:  SIDDHARTHA  GAUTAMA   world  of  suffering  
-­‐ was  known  more  through  legend  than  fact   a. gave  Gautama  hope  
o accounts  of  his  life  were  not   -­‐ at  age  29,  he  left  his  life  as  a  prince  and  his  
written  down  until  hundreds  of   palace,  in  secret,  to  pronounce  a  life  of  
years  after  his  death   enjoyment  and  salvation  called  The  Great  
-­‐ he  was  born  in  563  BC,  destined  to  be  a  king   Going  Forth  
o family  belonged  to  the  Kshatriya   -­‐ left  a  life  of  power  and  enjoyment  to  be  a  
caste  (warrior)   mendicant  (beg  for  necessities)  
o father  was  a  ruler  of  small  region  in   -­‐ on  the  journey  he  met  other  mendicants  
Northern  India   who  focused  on  meditation,  but  Gautama  
-­‐ Gautama  had  a  miraculous  birth   felt  that  this  was  not  enough  
o born  from  mother’s  side,  and   -­‐ he  then  met  5  other  mendicants  who  were  
immediately  strode  7  steps  and   focused  on  asceticism  
declared  he  would  gain   -­‐ Gautama  was  very  good  at  starving  himself  
enlightenment  in  his  lifetime   in  the  belief  that  reduction  of  the  body  
-­‐ his  father  wanted  him  to  become  a  king   would  increase  spiritual  powers  
o Prince  Siddhartha  grew  up  in   o meal  would  consist  of  one  piece  of  
luxury,  married,  and  had  a  son   fruit,  one  sesame  seed,  and  one  
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   7  

grain  of  rice;  eventually  became   -­‐ Gautama’s  journey  to  being  the  Buddha;  
skin  and  bones   o he  turned  his  focus  inward  and  
  entered  a  meditative  trance  
BIG  IDEA  III:  ENLIGHTENMENT  AND  DESTINY   o he  ascended  through  levels  of  
-­‐ six  years  after  Gautama’s  departure,   trance  until  he  attained  
Gautama  left  his  5  ascetic  friends   enlightenment  in  one  night  
o he  discovered  the  important   1. The  First  Watch  (early  portion  of  
Buddhist  doctrine  of  The  Middle   night);  Gautama  perceived  his  own  
Way   previous  lifetimes  (suffering)  
-­‐ The  Middle  Way:  basic  Buddhist  teaching   2. The  Second  Watch  (middle  of  the  
that  rejects  both  the  pleasures  of  sensual   night);  acquired  the  divine  eye  
indulgence  and  the  self-­‐denial  of  asceticism,   (ability  to  perceive  deaths  and  
focusing  instead  on  a  practical,  balanced   rebirths  of  all  living  things)  
approach  to  spiritual  enlightenment   3. The  Third  Watch  (late  night);  
o embraces  the  idea  that   Gautama  discovered  The  Four  
contentment  is  a  good  thing   Noble  Truths  (perfect  summation  
o rejects  indulgence  in  bodily   for  human  condition  and  the  
pleasure  but  not  the  body  itself;   means  for  transcending  it)  
spiritual  happiness  is  complete   o by  discovering  the  4  noble  truths,  
happiness  in  body,  mind,  and  spirit   Gautama  attained  enlightenment    
-­‐ sitting  in  the  lotus  position  beneath  a  fig   o he  then  becomes  the  Buddha  
tree,  Gautama  resolved  to  not  leave  the    
spot  until  he  had  found  complete  and   -­‐ The  Four  Noble  Truths;  
perfect  fulfillment   1. to  live  is  to  suffer  (dukkha)  
-­‐ had  encounters  with  basic  human   a. means  suffering  
shortcomings  of  fear  and  passionate  desire   b. originally  meant  
-­‐ Mara,  the  god  of  death,  noted  Gautama’s   “disjointedness”  
resolution  and  was  alarmed  that  he  might   c. Buddha  claims  that  happiness  
succeed  in  achieving  salvation   will  not  continue;  impermanent  
o he  tried  to  frighten  Gautama  from   d. apparent  in:  birth,  death,  old  
his  spot  but  it  did  not  work,  so  he   age,  and  disease  
sent  his  three  daughters:  the   e. caused  by  attachment;  inevitable  
goddesses  of  Discontent,  Delight,   2. suffering  is  caused  by  desire  (tanha)  
Desire  –  defeated,  they  departed   a. means  selfish  thirst,  or  desire  
  b. distinguished  by  its  selfishness  
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   8  

c. tanha  is  unavoidable   o thinking  Gautama  had  abandoned  

3. suffering  can  be  brought  to  cessation   asceticism,  they  ignored  him  at  
4. the  solution  to  suffering  is  the  Noble   first,  but  eventually  gave  in  
Eightfold  Path   because  of  his  spiritual  presence  
-­‐ in  Buddhism,  the  four  noble  truths  is  the   o they  listened  as  the  Buddha  
cure  to  the  suffering  caused  by  the  human   preached  his  First  Sermon  at  Deer  
condition;  Buddha  taught  the  truths  in  his   Park  near  the  city  of  Binares  
first  sermon   o gradually,  the  mendicants  grasped  
-­‐ Buddha  remained  for  many  days  in  his  spot   his  teachings  and  attained  
beneath  the  fig  tree  (aka  the  Bodhi,  or  the   enlightenment,  becoming  arhats  
wisdom  tree);  he  was  forever  liberated     (saints;  attained  enlightenment)  
-­‐ he  was  tempted  to  leave  his  body  and  pass   -­‐ for  the  remaining  45  years  of  his  life,  the  
into  nirvana,  but  his  compassion  compelled   Buddha  continued  to  teach  
him  to  remain  to  the  world  and  to  share   o Gautama  advocated  Buddhism  
discoveries  with  fellow  humans   only  for  the  few  who  considered  
o nirvana:  Sanskrit  term  meaning   themselves  fit  for  the  task  
blowing  out,  the  Buddhist   o Sangha:  the  first  Buddhist  monastic  
salvation;  ultimate  goal  of  all   community  
Buddhists  –  the  extinction  of   o Buddha’s  son  =  1  of  earliest  Buddhists  
desire,  selfhood,  resulting  in   o Sangha  was  carefully  organized,  with  
liberation  from  samsara  and  its   a  clear  relationship  with  laypeople  
limitations   o Sangha  remained  together  for  the  
-­‐ individuals  and  destiny;   first  three  months  of  monsoon  
o subject  matter  is  confined  to  one   season,  and  in  the  remaining  9  
thing;  the  individual   months  of  the  year,  traveled  about  
o everything  the  Buddha  discovered   land  teaching  
is  discoverable  in  oneself   -­‐ today,  being  a  Buddhist  means  taking  
o “To  examine  completely  the  inner   refuge  in  the  traditions  of  the  Three  Jewels;  
realm  of  self  leads  to  the  discovery   1. The  Buddha  
that  the  self  does  not  exist”   2. The  Dharma  (teachings  of  the  
  Buddha)  
BIG  IDEA  IV:  THE  TEACHINGS  OF  BUDDHISM   3. The  Sangha    
-­‐ the  Buddha  set  off  to  find  the  five  former   -­‐ act  of  taking  refuge  =  repeating  a  ritual  
ascetic  mendicants  he  used  to  hang  out   formula  three  times:  very  important  to  
with  to  spread  his  teachings   Buddhism  (represents  the  three  jewels)  
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   9  

-­‐ death  and  final  nirvana;   believe  that  the  Buddha  is  a  
o at  about  age  80  in  483  BC,  Buddha   reincarnation  of  Vishnu)  
became  ill  from  spoiled  food  and   o the  Buddha  reacted  against  
died   Hinduism  in  his  day  (ie.  did  not  
-­‐ Buddha’s  last  message  was  “All  constituents   believe  in  all  Hindu  values)  
of  being  are  transitory;  work  out  your   -­‐ Buddhist  cosmology;  
salvation  with  diligence”   o Buddhism,  like  Hinduism,  both  
o means  that  the  parts  of  life  are  not   regard  time  as  cyclical;  universe  is  
permanent;  salvation  should  be   eternal  with  ages  of  creation  and  
worked  hard  and  sought  for     destruction  following  one  another  
o Gautama  died,  forever  into  nirvana     o Buddhism  and  Hinduism  are  
-­‐ dharma:  the  Buddhist  teachings   considered  eternal  
o born  through  profound  meditative   o Buddhism  believes  that  Buddha  is  
experience   not  the  first  or  only  Buddha;  
o they  are  the  insights  of  a  mere   countless  Buddhas  preceded  him,  
human  being;  no  divine  revelations   and  countless  will  follow  him  
-­‐ The  Dharma  and  Buddhist  teachings;   o believe  in  gods  and  goddesses  in  
o Buddha’s  teachings  >  Buddha   the  heavens  and  demons  in  hells  
o Buddhism  does  not  rely  on  divine   o between  them  are  middle  realms,  
teachings  for  its  truths;  emphasizes   including  those  of  animals  and  
the  development  of  wisdom  or   humans  (similar  to  Hinduism)  
insight  into  the  human  condition   o samsara  (the  wheel  of  rebirth,  
o divine  teachings  in  Buddhism  are   escapable  through  nirvana)  is  
uncommon;  come  from  another   similar  in  both  religions  as  well  
human  being;  understandable  by   -­‐ Buddha’s  reaction  against  Hinduism;  
anyone   o although  Buddhism  accepts  the  
-­‐ Buddhism  is  the  most  psychologically   existence  of  deities,  it  holds  that  
oriented  of  all  the  great  religions   only  the  mind  can  win  salvation  
-­‐ Buddhism  and  Hinduism;   o Buddha  was  against  the  sacrificial  
o both  originated  in  India  and  share   rituals  of  the  Brahmin  caste  (ie.  
many  ideas  (arose  during   sacrificing  animals  like  sheep)  and  
composition  of  Upanishads)   thought  they  were  useless  
o Hindus  have  regarded  Buddhism  as   o insisted  on  inward  contemplation  
a  close  relative  of  their  own  (many   of  the  human  condition  instead  of  
philosophical  speculation    
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   10  

o Gautama  rejected  the  institutional   o karma,  in  Buddhism,  is  the  same  
structure  of  Hinduism  (where  only   thing  as  in  Hinduism;  the  moral  law  
males  in  the  Brahmin  caste   of  cause  and  effect,  which  functions  
controlled  sacrificial  rituals  and   hand  in  hand  with  samsara  
sacred  texts)  and  the  caste  system   o personal  identity  depends  solely  on  
o Buddha’s  teachings  =  accessible   karma,  because  of  the  denial  of  the  
o apparently  with  some  reluctance,   transference  of  self  or  soul  
Buddha  still  allowed  women  to  join   -­‐ Buddhism  =  respect  for  all  forms  of  life  
the  Sangha  and  become  nuns   -­‐ the  five  precepts  (for  good  karmic  record);  
o one  of  Buddhism’s  earliest  texts   1. do  not  take  life  
was  written  in  a  language  called   2. do  not  take  what  is  not  given  
Pali,  a  local  dialect  spoken  by   3. do  not  engage  in  sensuous  conduct  
common  people;  accessible   4. do  not  use  false  speech  
-­‐ Gautama’s  deep  introspection  led  him  to   5. do  not  drink  intoxicants  
discover  change;  everything  is  changing   -­‐ the  extra  five  precepts  for  monks  and  nuns;  
-­‐ this  discovery  of  change  was  summarized  by   6. do  not  eat  after  noon  
the  Three  Marks  of  Existence;   7. do  not  watch  dances  or  TV  shows  
1. anatta;  Buddha  found  the  doctrine   8. do  not  use  garlands,  perfumes,  or  
anatta,  meaning  ‘no-­‐self’;  means   ornaments  
there’s  no  reality  within;  there  is  no   9. do  not  use  a  high  or  soft  bed  
unchanging,  permanent  self,  soul  or   10. do  not  accept  gold  or  silver  
essence  in  living  beings   -­‐ Buddhism  critics  state  that  its  focal  point  of  
2. anicca:  means  impermanence;  the  idea   suffering  is  pessimistic;  however,  it  is  more  
that  existence  is  always  changing;   accurate  to  label  it  as  realistic  
nothing  exists  continually;  states  that   -­‐ Gautama’s  cure  to  the  human  condition  is  
the  self  is  an  ongoing,  unchanging  flow   The  Noble  Eightfold  Path;  
3. dukkha:  means  suffering;  the  natural   1. right  views  (Buddha’s  teachings)  
result  of  anatta  and  anicca;  one  of  the   2. right  intentions  (abandon  evil  attitudes)  
four  noble  truths   3. right  speech  (avoid  wrong  vocal  deeds)  
-­‐ in  Buddhism,  samsara  is  not  a  complete   4. right  conduct  (obey  Five  Precepts)  
transference  of  the  being;  it  is  simply  the   5. right  livelihood  (do  not  harm  others)  
transference  of  the  foundation  of  the  being,   6. right  effort  (maintain  good  judgement)  
or  a  bundle  of  energy,  patented  according   7. right  mindfulness  (develop  mental  focus)  
to  one’s  karma   8. right  meditation  (4  levels  of  trance;  
nirvana)  
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   11  

o the  Eightfold  Path  sets  forth  a  life  of   b. prevalent  in  Cambodia,  Myanmar,  Sri  
moderation;  the  middle  way   Lanka  and  Thailand  
o are  to  constitute  ongoing  practices;   c. Buddha  that  experienced  nirvana  =  
not  to  be  mastered  and  left  behind   Buddha  that  taught  others  how  to  do  so  
o embrace  focal  points  of  Buddhism;   d. intensively  focuses  on  the  teachings;  the  
wisdom  (1,2),  morality  (3,4,5),  and   truths,  the  Eightfold  Path,  meditation  
concentration  (6,7,8);  Buddhist   e. the  goal  of  the  Theravada  =  to  be  arhats  
practice  lies  in  concentration   f. emphasizes  monastic  life;  due  to  its  
o Buddha  learned  through  meditation;   highly  meditative  nature  
best  way  for  Buddhists  to  fully  learn   g. results  in  a  hierarchy  that  differentiates  
the  religion  is  through  meditation   the  roles  of  the  laity  and  the  pious  
-­‐ following  the  Eightfold  Path  to  its  end  =  nirvana   h. serving  as  a  monk  for  at  least  three  
-­‐ Buddhas  are  able  to  accomplish  liberation  on   months  is  a  rite  of  adulthood  
their  own;  do  not  need  a  model  to  follow   2. Mahayana  (The  Great  Vehicle);  
-­‐ arhats  are  liberated  from  tanha  &  dukkha;  fully   a. asserting  superiority  over  Theravada  
realized  anatta,  &  has  let  go  of  any  sense  of   Buddhism  by  naming  it  Lesser  Vehicle  
individual  existence;  achieved  spiritual  perfection   b. the  largest  division  of  Buddhism;  claims  
o still  compassionate  towards  all  of  life   half  of  the  world’s  Buddhists  
-­‐ while  Buddhism  focuses  on  the  self,  being  good       c. dominant  in  China,  Japan,  Korea  
to  others  is  equally  important   d. rather  than  focusing  on  the  Buddha’s  
o it  takes  lifetimes  to  nurture  the  degree   teachings,  Mahayana  focuses  on  
of  compassion  suitable  for  a  Buddha   Buddha  himself,  regarding  him  as  a  
-­‐ when  an  arhat  dies,  he/she  enters  nirvana  and   divine  savior  
life  energy  of  the  arhat  is  blown  out;  liberation   e. has  appeal  because  it  allows  devotion  
from  samsara   f. offers  salvation  through  the  infinite  
-­‐ it  is  not  known  whether  one  exists  or  doesn’t  in   grace  of  the  Buddha  
nirvana;  only  thing  known  is  that  it  is  joyful   g. unlike  the  Theravada,  Mahayana  
  recognizes  the  salvific  grace  of  all  past  
BIG  IDEA  V:  THE  DIVISIONS  OF  BUDDHISM   Buddhas;  admire  bodhisattvas  
-­‐ Buddhism  is  divided  into  three  great  divisions   (Buddhas  in  the  making,  dedicated  to  
o difference  caused  by  regional  variations   enlightenment)  
1. Theravada  or  Hinayana  (The  Way  of  the  Elders);   i. bodhisattvas  are  capable  of  
a. Buddhist  division  that  follows  the   entering  nirvana  but  don’t,  to  
earliest  texts  and  original  Buddhist   help  others  achieve  it    
teachings   ii. bodhisattva  >  arhat  
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   12  

th
iii. compassion  >  wisdom   Dalai  Lama  is  the  14  and  is  
iv. bodhisattvas  take  on  mythical   determined  by  rebirth  
qualities;  believed  to  dwell  in   iv. the  line  of  the  Dalai  Lama  
heavens   originated  with  a  bodhisattva,  
3. Vajrayana  (Tibetan  Buddhism);   Avalokiteshvara;  believed  to  
a. vajra:  a  diamond  scepter   continue  through  the  
b. an  intense  division  of  Buddhism;   reincarnation  of  one  Dalai  
believe  that  its  adherents  can  attain   Lama  to  the  next  
nirvana  in  this  lifetime,  here  and  now   v. the  Dalai  Lama  successor  is  
c. consititutes  a  small  minority  of   sought  through  various  
Buddhists,  but  is  of  special  interest   means,  some  supernatural  
because  of  its  homeland,  Tibet   -­‐ each  division  of  Buddhism  leads  to  the  same  
(endured  religious  prosecution  by   goal;  nirvana  
China’s  communist  government)   -­‐ science  is  in  close  agreement  with  Gautama,  
d. remains  pristine,  despite  these   about  his  observations  of  the  universe  and  the  
prosecutions;  a  main  reason  it  is  of   human  psyche  
special  interest   o not  an  accident  for  Gautama  
e. propels  individuals  to  enlightenment   investigated  the  human  condition  
by  harnessing  the  sensual  energies  of   quantitatively  and  empirically  
life    
i. Vajrayana  Buddhists  believe   BIG  IDEA  VI:  THE  SEVEN  DIMENSIONS  OF  BUDDHISM  
that  sex  =  spiritual  energy;   1. experiential  (enlightenment,  nirvana)  
therefore  ritualized,   2. mythic  (Buddha’s  biography,  bodhisattvas)  
controlled  sex  exists  to   3. doctrinal  (Middle  Way,  Marks  of  Existence,  
enhance  energy   truths)  
ii. signified  by  mandalas   4. ethical  (Five  Precepts,  ideal  of  compassion)  
(patterned  icons;  visual   5. ritual  (Mahayana  devotion,  mandalas,  mudras)  
stimulation),  mudras   6. social  (Sangha,  arhats,  Dalai  Lama)  
(choreographed  hand   7. material  (Bodhi  tree,  mandalas)  
movements;  kinetic      
stimulation),  and  mantras  
(chants;  auditory  stimulation)  
iii. known  for  its  system  of  lamas  
(hierarchy  of  clergy),  led  by  
the  Dalai  Lama;  the  present  
 HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   13  

U4   BIG  IDEA  I:  THE  BASICS  OF  JUDAISM   BIG  IDEA  II:  LITERATURE  &  COMMUNICATION  
-­‐ Judaism  is  an  ancient  monotheistic   -­‐ Torah:  the  Hebrew  Bible;  God’s  revelation  
Abrahamic  religion   of  the  divine  will  to  the  Chosen  People  
o originating  in  the  Middle  East,   o means  “teaching”  or  “instruction”  
around  1812  BC  (~3300  yrs.  ago)   o dates  back  to  1312  BC  
o encompasses  religion,  philosophy   -­‐ the  Torah  =  first  five  books  of  the  Bible,  aka  
and  culture  of  Jewish  people   the  Pentateuch  (Greek  term  for  five  books)  
o have  about  17  million  followers   o Genesis,  Exodus,  Leviticus,  
around  the  world  (less  than  1%  of   Numbers,  and  Deuteronomy  
the  world  population)   -­‐ the  contents  of  the  Torah  are  also  found  in  
-­‐ emphasis  on  literary/group  identity  in  the   the  Christian  Old  Testament,  however  they  
religion,  due  to  the  covenant   are  named  and  ordered  differently  
-­‐ covenant:  an  agreement  established  long   -­‐ observant  Jews  avoid  saying  the  divine  
ago  between  God  and  the  Israelites  –  states   name  (too  holy)  –  name  is  written,  and  is  
that  the  Jews  are  God’s  Chosen  People   pronounced  by  lay  people  (YHWH,  yah-­‐way)  
-­‐ there  are  two  types  of  Jews;   o Hebrew  had  no  vowels  
o observant  Jews:  Jews  who  are   o they  would  instead  say  “Lord”  or  
religious  and  pious   other  alternatives  
o non-­‐observant  Jews:  Jews  who  are   -­‐ Tanakh:  sometimes,  the  Torah  is  referred  to  
culturally  born  Jewish  but  do  not   as  the  Tanakh  (representing  Torah,  
follow  its  practices  (secular)   Prophets,  and  Writings  –  T,  N,  K)  
-­‐ there  are  two  ways  to  summarize  Judaism;   -­‐ there  are  three  main  parts;  
1. the    interpretation  of  the  history  of  the   1. the  Torah  (Tanakh);  
Jewish  people  (Jews  of  the  past)   o Old  Testament  =  Written  Torah  
2. the  sanctification  of  life;  the  means   o contents  were  revealed  to  
through  which  Jews  live  with  the  Jews   Abraham  first,  then  to  prophet  
of  the  present   Moses  on  Mount  Sinai,    
-­‐ when  Judaism  was  first  introduced,  the   o Moses  is  regarded  as  the  Torah’s  
common  religious  system  was  polytheism;   author  
therefore  Judaism  contributed  into  the   o contains  613  laws  –  including  the  
Western  civilization  of  monotheism   10  Commandments  
-­‐ Jews  believe  that  they  are  the  chosen   o synagogues  contains  a  scroll  of  the  
people  of  God;  that  they  must  live  up  to  the   Torah  kept  in  a  vessel  called  an  ark  
end  of  their  covenant,  after  which  they  will    
be  rewarded  a  treasured  possession    
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   14  

2. The  Prophets  (Nevi’im);   • a  sacred  text  that  addresses  the  

o comprises  of  books  that  include   changes  in  the  Jewish  community  
both  historical  accounts  of  ancient   that  the  Torah  does  not  
Israel  and  proclamations  from   • written  down  in  200  AD,  over  a  
prophets  (God’s  mouths  –  means   period  of  two  centuries;  finalized  
rd
one  who  speaks  for  in  Greek)   3  century  AD  
o presents  Israel’s  history  as  a  nation   • supplements  written,  or  scriptural,  
on  its  land   laws  found  in  Pentateuch  
o the  Israelites  conquer  and  settle;   • provides  various  interpretations  of  
they  are  beset  by  local  enemies   selective  legal,  orally-­‐preserved  
and  eventually,  imperial  powers   traditions  (since  450  BC)  
o describes  transition  from  loose   o extensive  study  leads  to  collections  of  
tribal  confederation  to  monarchy   annotations  and  interpretations,  known  as  
o the  Hebrew  prophets  who  spoke   the  Talmud  
for  God  are  important  figures    
o Jeremiah  =  important  prophet   BIG  IDEA  III:  THE  PHASES  OF  JUDAISM  
3. The  Writings  (Ketuvim);   -­‐ originally,  Jews,  were  descendants  of  the  
o were  composed  later  than  the   ancient  Israelites  
Tanakh   -­‐ around  the  time  of  the  Exodus  and  
o the  books  that  constitute  the   following  it,  they  became  known  as  Jews  
Ketuvim  are  rich  and  complement   and  their  religion  known  as  Judaism  
the  Torah   because  their  country  was  Judah  
-­‐ the  Mishnah,  Taimud,  and  the  Rabbis;   -­‐ conversion  to  Judaism  was  common  
o rabbi:  a  teacher  of  the  Torah;  a  leader  of   -­‐ Jews  believe  that  God  is  providential  
Jewish  worship   (directly  involved  in  guiding  and  caring  for  
• rabbi  teachings  were  eventually   creation);  they  consider  history  to  be  a  
written  down  in  the  Mishnah  and   record  of  God’s  will  in  world  events  
later  in  the  Talmud   -­‐ the  phases  of  Judaism;  
st th
o the  oral  Torah  continues  the  job  of  the   1. Classical  Judaism  (1  –  7  century  AD);  
st th
written  Torah,  addressing  the  changes  and   o classical  period  occurred  from  1  to  7  
varying  circumstances  of  life  that  the   century,  when  Muslims  conquered  Palestine  
written  Torah  cannot  elaborate  on   o in  66  AD  Jews  in  Palestine  initiated  the  
o Mishnah:  the  oldest  authoritative   Jewish  war  to  overcome  their  Roman  rulers  
postbiblical  collection  of  codified  Jewish  law   o Roman  armies  defeated  them  and  
destroyed  Second  Jerusalem  temple  (70  AD)  
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   15  

o with  the  Pharisees,  who  focused  on  the   o while  they  had  to  pay  taxes  to  Muslim  
Torah,  who  emerged  from  this  with  their   rulers,  they  fared  quite  well  
views  still  intact,  and  the  compilation  of  the   o in  early  Medieval  period;  Jews  emerged  as  
new  Mishnah  and  Talmud,  classical  Judaism   successful  money  lenders  (Christians  were  
was  started   prohibited  from  this),  helping  boost  
o Jews  of  the  classical  period  were  forced  to   European  economy  and  Christian  respect  
live  under  Roman  oppression   o Jewish  economic  success  led  to  Christian  
o decades  after  the  Jewish  war,  the  Jews   resentment  –  they  also  hated  Jews  for  being  
waged  a  second  large-­‐scale  revolt  against   sons  of  crucifiers,  which  led  to  violence  
the  Romans   o Jews  were  victim  to  libel  (ritual  murder  of  
o ended  in  135  AD  when  Romans  leveled   Christian  children,  causing  Black  Death)  
th
Jerusalem  and  issued  a  decree  forbidding   under  Christian  rule  in  the  15  century  
Jews  to  inhabit  Palestine;  Jews  were  exiled   o large-­‐scale  Jewish  expulsions  occurred  in  
o they  migrated  west,  towards  Europe,  and   France,  England,  and  Spain;  Jews  were  
the  Mediterranean   massacred  mostly  by  Christians,  also  
o in  587  BC,  many  Jews  were  exiled  out  of   notably  in  the  Spanish  Inquisition  
their  homeland  and  into  Babylon;  in  538  BC,   o to  escape  persecution,  Jews  migrated  
ancestors  had  been  allowed  to  return   eastward  (esp.  Poland);  were  welcomed  
o following  the  Babylonian  exile,  many  Jews   o Poland  had  biggest  Jewish  population  of  the  
remained  in  the  location  they  migrated  to   countries  in  the  Diaspora;  they  thrived  here  
o diaspora:  means  dispersion,  the  dispersion   (governmental  autonomy,  safety,  
of  Jews  beyond  their  homeland:  or  Israel   intellectual  achievement)  
o majority  of  Jews  lived  in  the  Diaspora  from   o however,  persecution  persisted  when  a  
the  classical  period  to  the  present   Cossack  rebellion  killed  ¼  of  the  Jewish  
  population  in  1648  Poland  
th th
2. Medieval  Judaism  (8  to  15  century);    
o Jews  varied  in  lifestyle  and  quality  of  life  for   -­‐ Moses  Maimonides  (1135  to  1204):  a  Jewish  
they  scattered  through  a  large  diaspora   philosopher  who  applied  Plato  and  
o Jewish  culture  thrived  in  some  places  like   Aristotle’s  teachings  to  the  biblical  
Medieval  Spain  (producing  the  philosophy   traditions,  fashioning  new,  argumentative  
of  Maimonides),  Greece,  and  Italy   Jewish  theology  
o Jews  lived  mostly  under  Muslim  rule  (Africa,   o he  created  Judaism’s  most  famous  
Spain,  Near  East)  &  Christian  rule  (Europe)   statement  of  beliefs;  13  principles  
o under  Muslim  rule,  Jews  were  free  to  
practice  their  religion  and  assured  security  
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   16  

-­‐ The  Kabbalah:  aka  Jewish  mysticism;   o Zionism:  the  support  of  Israel  
teaches  that  God  can  be  best  known   o originally  referred  to  a  movement  
th
through  the  heart:  through  love   in  19  century  to  re-­‐establish  
o Jewish  mystics  acknowledge  the   Jewish  homeland  Zion  
ultimate  transcendence  of  God,   o anti-­‐Semitism:  persecution/hatred  of  Jews  
but  stress  the  immanence  of  God   o some  Jews  were  convinced  that  the  only  
o transcendence:  the  aspect  of  God   way  to  ensure  their  safety  was  to  have  a  
wholly  independent  of  the  material   nation  of  their  own  
universe,  beyond  physical  law   o anti-­‐Semitic  events  confirmed  the  Zionist  
o immanence:  the  aspect  of  God   idea,  regarding  need  of  a  Jewish  state  
being  fully  present  in  the  entire   -­‐ the  Holocaust;  
physical  world,  being  accessible  to   o sometimes  called  Shoah  (Hebrew  
creatures  in  various  ways   for  mass  destruction)  
o most  famous  Jewish  mystic  text  is   o the  persecution  of  Jews  by  German  
th
the  Zohar  (13  century  Spain)   Nazis  from  1933  to  1945,  
o the  Kabbalah  does  not  abandon   culminating  in  the  use  of  
basic  forms  of  Jewish  practice   extermination  camps  
o they  observe  the  Torah  and  ethics   o exterminated  six  million  Jews  
th
3. Modern  Judaism  (18  century  onward);   o caused  religious  challenges  
o assisted  by  the  Enlightenment  period,  or   o some  Jews  believe  that  they  
Age  of  Reason,  which  gave  rise  to  new   deserved  this  as  a  punishment  for  
social  theories  asserting  equality  of  all   abandoning  tradition;  others  
o reactions  to  the  new  challenges  of  this   contend  that  the  Holocaust  means  
period  gave  rise  to  different  branches  of   that  God  has  broken  the  covenant  
Modern  Judaism   -­‐ the  State  of  Israel;  
th
o Hasidism:  meaning  pious,  a  branch  of   o Zionism  rose  at  the  end  of  the  19  century  
Judaism  that  emphasizes  personal   resulting  in  Jews  immigrating  to  Palestine  
relationships  with  God  and  the  community,   o Hebrew  language  restored;  land  nurtured  
rather  than  study  of  the  Torah  and  strict   o in  1948,  with  international  support  after  the  
observance  of  ethical  duty   Holocaust,  Israel  was  granted  statehood  
o draws  on  Kabbalist  tradition   o political/cultural  achievements  became  
o have  a  leader  (zaddik),  whom  is   source  of  Jewish  pride  
especially  close  to  God   o Jews  regard  Israel  as  their  earthly  center  
o through  teachings  and  the  Zaddik,   and  common  cause;  financial  support  has  
Hasidic  Jews  feel  closer  to  God   been  made  to  the  state  by  American  Jews  
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   17  

o divisive  problems  still  persisted;  Palestinians   about  observance  and  dietary  

are  also  home  there   laws/ethical  behaviour  
o ever  since  statehood,  Israel  has  seen  lots  of   o worship  liturgy  is  in  Hebrew,  
war  and  violence  out  of  religious  conviction   Sabbath  behaviour  is  enforced  
o deep  divisions  also  exist  between  secular   o half  of  US  Jews  are  Conservative  
and  religious  Israeli  Jews   o every  Judaism  variety  continues  to  change;  
-­‐ modern  institutional  divisions;   example  being  women  –  they  can  now  be  
o the  creation  of  the  different  branches  of   rabbis  in  Reform/Conservative  Judaism  
Judaism  led  to  divisions  within  traditional    
Judaism  (Reform,  Orthodox,  Conservative)   BIG  IDEA  IV:  THE  TEACHINGS  &  WAYS  OF  JUDAISM  
o Reform  Judaism:  emphasizes  compatibility   -­‐ Judaism  states  that  life  is  sanctified  through  
between  the  Jewish  faith  and  modern   the  moment-­‐to-­‐moment  observance  of  the  
societal  involvement   Torah;  Judaism  is  far  more  concerned  with  
o believe  that  Judaism  must  adapt  to   correct  practice  than  with  correct  belief  
societal  change   o ie.  focuses  on  how  to  worship  God  
o relaxed  and  liberal   as  opposed  to  who  God  is  
o worship  liturgy  is  in  English;  rabbi   o for  Jews,  spiritual  perfection  =  
is  like  a  preacher  vs.  a  scholar   perfect  observance  
o 1/3  of  Jews  in  the  US  are  Reform   -­‐ all  aspects  of  Jewish  life  are  guided  by  
o Orthodox  Judaism:  maintains  that  the  Torah   regulations  derived  from  the  Torah,  which  
is  the  standard  of  truth,  and  that  society   categorizes  acts    
must  always  conform  to  it   -­‐ ethics;  
o believe  that  Judaism  should  not   o observing  the  Torah  requires  not  
change  with  society,  if  not,  very   only  worshipping  God  but  also  
little,  for  the  Torah  is  unchanging   leading  an  ethical  life  
o some  modern  aspects  are  retained   o the  10  Commandments  and  God’s  
like  secular  education;  however,   revelation  on  Mount  Sinai  has  
they  are  still  deeply  traditional   great  prominence  on  ethics  
o in  the  US,  Orthodox  Jews  live  in   o Judaism  extends  the  
separate  communities  to  maintain   commandments  (ex.  help  the  
tradition;  1/10  of  US  Jews   needy,  visit  the  sick,  provide  food  
o Conservative  Judaism:  the  middle  position   and  shelter  to  guests)  
between  Reform  and  Orthodox   o tradition  is  emphasized  
o somewhat  open  to  change  and    
modernity  while  still  being  strict    
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   18  

-­‐ prayer;   o no  pork;  no  mixing  of  meat/dairy  

o predominant  form  of  daily  worship  in   o the  synagogue  (aka  the  temple,  to  Reform  
Judaism  is  prayer;  mandatory  only  for  males   Judaism)  is  a  common  forum  for  Jewish  
age  thirteen  and  older   worship,  study,  and  fellowship  ever  since  
th
o women  are  traditionally  excused   the  Babylonian  Exile  (6  cent.  BC)  
because  of  household   o all  synagogues  contain  a  scroll  of  
responsibilities   the  five  books  of  the  Torah  
o recently,  more  women  have  been   o synagogues  are  lead  by  rabbis  (one  who  
participating  in  prayer   was  mastered  sacred  Jewish  writings,  
o in  any  event,  only  males  are  required  to   mainly  the  Torah  and  the  Talmud)  
wear  ritual  accessories  like  the  skullcap  (aka   o role  of  rabbi  varies  among  
Yarmulke  in  Yiddish  or  kipah  in  Hebrew)   different  forms  of  Judaism  
o prayers  are  said  at  least  three  times  daily   o less  formal  than  the  Christian  
(morning,  noon,  night);  they  include   priest/minister  
traditional  biblical  passages     -­‐ Sabbath;  
o they  are  usually  recited  at  home   o Sabbath:  aka  Shabbat  in  Hebrew,  begins  at  
but  are  frequently  said  in  public  at   sunset  on  Friday  until  sunset  Saturday  
the  synagogue   o some  Reform  Jews  celebrate  
-­‐ the  home  and  the  synagogue;   Sabbath  on  Sunday  
o the  home  is  the  most  common  place  for   o patterned  after  the  seventh  day  of  creation,  
Jewish  worship,  and  also  the  center  of   when  God  rested  all  labour  &  beheld  glory  
Jewish  social  life,  which  emphasizes  family   o Jews  are  also  forbidden  from  activities  like  
o Jewish  homes  are  easy  to  identify;  they   driving,  answering  phones,  &  electric  lights  
contain  a  mezuzah  (small  container  with  a   o a  day  of  worship,  celebration,  Torah  study  
scroll  on  which  is  written  the  Shema)  on   o family/community  fellowship  
their  door   -­‐ holidays;  
-­‐ Shema:  Judaism’s  most  basic  theological   o some  sixteen  days  are  considered  holy,  and  
statement;  declares  uniqueness  of  God   first  day  of  each  month,  marked  by  new  moon  
a. means  “hear”  in  Hebrew   1. Rosh  Hashanah:  festival  of  the  new  year,  
b. recited  at  least  twice  daily,  in   occurring  in  early  fall  lasting  two  days  
morning  and  evening  prayers   a. religious  event  involving  secular  New  
o dinner  table  =  social  and  religious  center   Year  and  serious  contemplation  
o traditionally,  all  food  must  be  kosher   b. purpose  is  to  reflect  on  deeds  of  the  
(meaning  proper,  in  the  Torah)  –  dietary   past  year  and  God’s  creation  
regulations  apply   c. shofar  (ram’s  horn)  is  blown  
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   19  

d. marks  the  beginning  of  the  Days  of   created  a  distinct  ceremony  
Awe  (10-­‐day  reflection  period)   patterned  after  circumcision  for  girls  
e. also  to  reinforce  social  relationships   2. coming  of  age;  
2. Yom  Kippur:  the  conclusion  of  the  Days  of  Awe   a. bar/bat  mitzvah:  the  primary  ritual  
of  the  new  year;  aka  the  Day  of  Atonement   marking  the  Jewish  coming  of  age;  
a. Judaism’s  most  important  holy  day   when  children  take  adult  religious  
b. emphasizes  repentance  through   responsibilities  
confession  of  sin   i. bar  mitzvah  =  boys    
c. observed  through  prayer  and   ii. bat  mitzvah  =  girls  
th
abstention  from  food,  drink,  work   b. celebrated  on  13  birthday  
3. Passover:  aka  Penach,  a  festival  occurring  in   c. characterized  by  Torah  reading  
the  spring  lasting  for  eight  days   d. Orthodox  Jewish  girls  do  not  
a. commemorates  Exodus  (mass   celebrate  a  bat  mitzvah  
departure)  of  the  Jews  from  bondage   3. marriage;  
in  Egypt;  a  joyful  celebration   a. Judaism  states  that  marriage  is  the  
b. contains  a  high  point  called  the   ideal  human  relationship  
Seder,  which  features  a  recitation   b. patterned  after  Adam/Eve  union  
called  the  Haggadah,  of  the  Exodus   c. symbolically  recreates  Garden  of  
events  +  symbolic  foods   Eden,  celebrating  God’s  creation  
c. only  unleavened  bread  eaten  (matzo)   d. celebrated  traditionally,  even  by  non-­‐
d. symbolic  of  Abraham,  Isaac,  Jacob’   traditional  Jews  
-­‐ Jewish  rites  of  passage;   e. huppah:  aka  bridal  canopy,  a  sacred  
o serve  two  purposes:  reflect  inevitable   space  in  which  the  bride/groom  stand  
changes  of  life,  while  providing   f. seven  blessings  are  read  through  wine  
permanence  through  unchanging   g. ceremony  concludes  when  groom  
ritual  –  as  well  as  to  define  life   breaks  wine  glass  beneath  his  foot,  
responsibilities  in  each  stage   reminding  inevitability  of  pain  
1. birth  and  naming  (involves  circumcision  for   4. death  and  mourning;  
boys,  naming  for  boys  and  girls   a. Judaism  tradition  contains  several  
a. circumcision  takes  place  on  the   distinct  stages  of  mourning  
eighth  day  of  life,  at  home     1) lasts  from  death  to  burial;  consists  of  
b. a  sign  established  by  God  when   ripping  clothes,  recitation  of  verses  
entering  the  covenant  with  Abraham   stating  God  as  true  judge  –  restricted  
c. girls  are  named  at  synagogue  during   from  wearing  leather  and  relieved  from  
Sabbath  service;  Reform  Judaism   religious  responsibility  of  prayer  
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   20  

2) after  burial;  recital  of  kaddish  (a  prayer   o once  married,  Orthodox  women  cover  
of  mourning),  lasts  for  seven  days,  in   their  hair,  with  a  wig  or  a  scarf  
which  community  visits  family  –  visitors   o Jewish  people  wear  black  as  it  is  the  
recite  a  comfort  prayer  upon  leaving   absence  of  colour;  for  lack  of  concern  
3) until  thirty  days  after  burial;  normal   for  colour/other  dictates  of  fashion  
activities  are  resumed,  but  social   o minimalistic  to  maintain  inner  spiritual  
gatherings/activites  avoided   focus  and  direction,  vs.  external  forces  
4) until  the  first  anniversary  of  death  only   o long  garments  =  sign  of  respect  
if  deceased  is  one’s  parent;  avoidance   -­‐ Jewish  symbols;  
of  usual  synagogue  seat,  kaddish    
         
recitation  during  services  &  anniversary    
   
                           
-­‐ Jewish  clothing;                                
     Shofar  (blown  in  Yom  Kippur)                  Kiddush  cup  (wine  cup)  
o during  synagogical  services,  Jewish  men    
wear  prayer  shawls  and  cover  their    
heads  with  kippot/kippah/yarmulke    
                                                       
o most  Jews  dress  like  non-­‐Jews  when    
               Holy  Ark  (Torah  scrolls)   Tefillin  (leather  straps  w/  Torah)  
outside  synagogue    
o Orthodox  Jews  are  recognizable  by   o The  Star  of  David:  a  blue  six-­‐pointed  star  
garments  worn  for  ritual  or  modesty   symbolizing  Jewish  community;  originated  
o Orthodox  men  regularly  wear  a  kippah,     from  First  Zionist  congress  (blue  for  Israel)  
or  cover  it  with  a  larger  hat  (shtreimel)   o menorah:  nine-­‐branched  candelabrum  lit  in  
o Orthodox  men  wear  black  suits,  and   Hanukkah;  one  candle  lit  per  night,  
many  Hasidic  men  wear  suits   symbolizing  the  victory  of  Jewish  
th
reminiscent  of  Polish  style  in  18   Maccabees  over  Syrians  in  165  BCE  
century  when  Hasidic  Judaism  began    
o Orthodox  men  also  wear  a  tzitzit;  four-­‐ BIG  IDEA  V:  THE  SEVEN  DIMENSIONS  OF  JUDAISM  
pointed  garments  with  corner  fringes   1. experiential  (prophet  calling,  Kabbalah)  
underneath  their  shirt   2. mythic  (the  Haggadah;  story  of  Exodus)  
o Orthodox  women  avoid  pants,  and   3. doctrinal  (Covenant,  Shema,  13  principles)  
wear  skirts/dresses  –  they  wear  modest   4. ethical  (10  Commandments,  Torah  rules)  
clothes  that  cover  much  of  their  bodies   5. ritual  (prayer,  Sabbath,  Seder,  recitation)  
o ultra-­‐Orthodox  Jewish  women  are   6. social  (cohesion  of  Jews,  Hasidism’s  zaddik)  
discouraged  from  bright,  flashy  colours   7. material  (yarmulke,  mezuzah,  matzo,  etc)  
 
 HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   21  

U5   BIG  IDEA  I:  THE  BASICS  OF  CHRISITIANITY   -­‐ Judaism  at  Jesus’  time;  
-­‐ nearly  one-­‐third  of  the  world’s  population  is   o Jesus  was  born  a  Jew  and  remained  a  Jew  
Christian;  Christianity  is  the  world’s  largest   o his  disciples  were  also  all  Jews  
religion  (>2  billion  followers)   o Gentiles:  non-­‐Jews  
-­‐ involves  acknowledgement  of  Jesus  Christ   o Paul  the  Apostle  was  the  primary  
as  savior,  his  crucifixion  and  resurrection   messenger  of  Christianity  to  Gentiles  
-­‐ consists  of  the  belief  in  core  doctrines  like   o Palestine,  ancient  Jewish  homeland,  was  
Incarnation  (asserts  that  Christ  is  both  fully   conquered  by  Romans  in  63  BC  
divine  and  fully  human),  and  the  Trinity   o in  Jesus’  youth,  most  of  Palestine,  including  
(God  consists  of  three  persons  –  God  the   Jerusalem,  came  under  direct  rule  of  a  
father,  Jesus  Christ  the  Son,  and  the  Holy   procurator  who  reported  directly  to  the  
Spirit  –  who  are  at  the  same  time  one  God)   Roman  emperor  
  o Pontius  Pilate  occupied  this  office  in  26-­‐36  AD    
BIG  IDEA  II:  EARLY  HISTORY  OF  CHRISTIANITY   o Jesus  grew  up  and  carried  out  most  of  his  
-­‐ early  Christians  drew  a  fish  on  their  doors   ministry  in  northern  Galilee,  ruled  by  Herod  
and  elsewhere,  indicating  Christianity   Antipas,  a  king  who  himself  was  also  
-­‐ The  New  Testament;   ultimately  under  rule  of  Roman  Emperor  
o The  New  Testament:  an  elaboration  of   o tensions  between  Jews  and  Romans  ran  high  
Christ’s  early  life,  explaining:     as  the  Romans  cared  about  order  and  
o earthly  life  as  Jesus  of  Nazareth     collecting  taxes;  the  Jews  cared  about  political  
o his  identity  as  the  Son  of  God   independence  –  lead  to  conflict  
o describing  his  role  as  Christ  the  Saviour;   o Jesus  was  not  a  conservative  Jew;  he  wished  
the  Messiah  who  came  for  salvation   to  remain  in  society  –  he  was  a  peaceful  rebel  
th
o established  in  the  4  century;  came   who  did  not  resort  to  violence  and  reach  to  
from  a  canon  (rule)  of  27  writings   the  lower  Jewish  strata  (he  had  non-­‐traditional  
o The  New  Testament  Gospels  (Matthew,   ways  of  observing  the  Torah)  
Mark,  Luke  and  John)  are  the  primary   o apocalypticism:  the  perspective  that  the  world  
sources  of  info  about  Jesus’  life   had  come  under  the  control  of  evil  forces  that  
o focus  on  his  last  few  years  from  his   caused  Jews  to  live  in  an  unjust  situation  
baptism  at  thirty,  to  crucifixion  and   o also  states  that  despite  that,  God  still  
resurrection   had  ultimate  control  
o provide  little  information  about  his   o world’s  suffering  would  grow  until  
early  life  to  express  meaning  about   God  sends  Messiah  to  conquer  evil  
his  life  versus  be  a  factual  record    
 
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   22  

o before  sending  the  Messiah,  God   -­‐ crucifixion  and  resurrection;  

would  reveal  the  plan  to  elect   o crucified  by  the  order  of  the  Roman  
through  a  revelation,  or  apocalypse,   procurator  Pontius  Pilate  in  30  AD  
contained  in  certain  writings   o it  was  the  radical  nature  of  his  teachings  that  
-­‐ early  life  of  Jesus;   agitated  the  crowd  he  attracted,  leading  to  
o Jesus  was  born  between  6  and  4  BC,  in   this  trouble  
Bethlehem,  but  grew  up  in  Nazareth  (which   o Jesus  died  via  crucifixion,  which  was  
is  in  Galilee)   reserved  for  those  condemned  as  political  
o likely  a  carpenter  like  his  father,  Joseph   threats  to  the  Roman  Empire  
o his  ministry  lasted  about  two  years,  and  was   o marked  the  beginning  of  Christianity;  in  the  
carried  out  mainly  in  Galilee  –  began  shortly   Gospel,  this  was  marked  by  the  discovery  of  
after  his  baptism  by  John  the  Baptist   an  empty  tomb,  signifying  the  risen  Lord  
o attracted  disciples  and  crowds   -­‐ the  Gospel  of  Christ;  
o the  Gospels  (the  teachings  and  Good  News;   o four  New  Testament  authors  have  a  version  
saving  power  of  life,  crucifixion,  and   of  the  Gospel  that  emphasizes  certain  things  
resurrection  of  Christ)  portray  Jesus  as  an   1. The  Gospel  of  Matthew  (The  New  Torah);  
exorcist  (casts  demons)  and  a  healer   o main  focus  is  to  present  Christ  as  the  
o taught  in  parables   revealer  of  God’s  new  Torah  
o limited  scope  of  his  ministry  to  Jews,  but   o established  a  new  radical,  spiritual  
reached  out  to  its  lower  strata   obedience  to  the  Torah  
-­‐ Jesus’  message;   o highlighted  by  The  Sermon  on  the  Mount,  
o focused  on  two  interrelated  themes;  the   revealing  Christ  as  the  revealer  of  the  
imminent  coming  of  the  Kingdom,  or  reign,   New  Torah,  which  also  contained  the  
of  God,  and  urgent  need  for  ethical  change   Beatitudes  
o first  theme  about  the  Kingdom  of  God  states   o recalls  original  revelation  of  Torah  to  
that  injustice  was  ending,  and  a  new  age  of   Moses  on  Mount  Sinai  
God’s  prevailing  power  is  about  to  come   2. The  Gospel  of  Luke  (Leading  a  Perfect  Life);  
o second  theme  about  ethical  change  brought   o presents  Jesus  as  a  perfect  role  model  
forth  many  radical  ideologies  like  loving  thy   o urges  people  to  help  out  in  society  
enemy,  but  departures  from  the  norm  are   o contains  parables  that  characterize  the  
characteristic  of  Christian  teachings  anyway   outcasts  in  a  favourable  light  (ex.  women)  
o practiced  what  he  preached  by  focusing  his   o contains  parable  of  The  Good  Samaritan  
ministry  on  the  lower  Jewish  strata   3. The  Gospel  of  John  (The  Incarnation  of  God);  
  o state  that  God’s  Son  became  fully  human  
  in  Christ  while  remaining  fully  divine  
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   23  

o focuses  on  Christ  as  the  creator  of  the   o the  Word  actually  became  flesh;  it  is  the  
world,  and  the  provider  of  salvation   union  of  the  divine  and  human  nature  
through  his  Incarnation   which  is  permanent  
o salvation  comes  through  knowing  and   o Nicene  Creed:  formulated  by  Church  leaders  
believing  in  who  Christ  is   at  the  Council  of  Nicaea  in  325  AD;  states  
4. Epistles  of  Paul  (Christ  Crucified  and  Risen);   that  Jesus  the  Son  and  God  the  Father  are  
o Paul  saw  the  power  of  Christ’s  Crucifixion   one  in  being  (the  same)  
and  Resurrection  as  source  of  salvation   -­‐ the  Trinity;  
o states  salvation  as  overcoming  sin/death   o states  that  the  three  Persons  of  God  are  
o alludes  to  apocalypticism  in  that  Paul   distinct  from  one  another,  yet  are  of  the  
understood  Christ’s  death  and   same  essence  and  substance  
resurrection  as  one  of  the  climactic   o also  accounted  for  by  the  Nicene  Creed,  
moments  of  God’s  plan  for  salvation   which  describes  each  Person  of  the  Trinity  
o equates  The  Second  Coming  (aka   o Nicene  Creed  and  later  formulations  also  
Parousia;  anticipated  return  of  Christ  to   state  the  distinctive  features  of  the  three;  
world,  where  the  dead  will  be  resurrected   a. God  the  Father  (creator  &  judge)  
and  all  people  will  be  judged)  with  the   b. Jesus  the  Son  (expressor  of  the  
End  Time   Word,  sending  forth  Holy  Spirit)  
o emphasizes  that  salvation  comes  through     c. Holy  Spirit  (the  reconciler  and  
grace  of  God  (God’s  presence  freely  given)   sanctifier  proceeding  from  the  two)  
o hints  on  the  end  of  the  era  of  the  Torah,   -­‐ the  Church;  
but  insists  that  Jews  are  still  included  in   o the  Church  is  meant  to  be  a  unified  body  of  
God’s  plan  for  salvation   Christians,  establishing  the  idea  of  
  ecumenism  (vital  task  of  the  promotion  of  
BIG  IDEA  III:  THE  CHRISTIAN  CREED  &  BELIEFS   worldwide  Christian  unity)  
-­‐ creed:  a  formal  statement  of  Christian   -­‐ early  worship,  leadership,  and  scripture;  
beliefs  (comes  from  Latin  word  credo)   o like  Jews,  early  Christians  gathered  for  weekly  
-­‐ consists  of  the  famous  Apostle’s  Creed,   worship,  which  were  ultimately  held  in  Sunday  
which  sets  forth  the  foundation  for  two  of   to  commemorate  resurrection  &  to  distinguish  
Christianity’s  central  doctrines   from  Judaism’s  Saturday  Sabbath  
-­‐ the  Incarnation;   o meetings  were  patterned  after  synagogue  
o first  chapter  of  John  establishes  the   services,  but  the  central  ritual  of  the  
foundation  for  the  later  formulations  of   meetings  was  the  Eucharist  (aka  
Incarnation,  identifying  Christ  as  the  Word   Communion,  the  eating  of  the  Holy  Bread)  
(logos  in  Greek),  active  in  creation  
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   24  

o Eucharist  was  patterned  after  the   o orthodox:  emerging  version  of  Christianity  
Last  Supper   deemed  true  by  those  with  authority,  and  
o baptism  was  also  a  central  ritual  which  still   therefore  accepted  by  majority  
exists  today,  as  a  sacrament  of  initiation   o dominant  in  eastern  Europe  and  
o symbolized  spiritual  purity  attained   Mediterranean  Sea  region  
through  accepting  Christ   o heresies:  sects  whose  theologies  were  
o immersion  in  water  represented   deemed  erroneous  by  orthodox  Christians  
death  of  former  sin  and  emergence   o Church  councils  made  decisions  leading  to  a  
of  new  life  in  Christ   version  of  the  Church  regarded  as  orthodox  
o early  Church  developed  a  hierarchy  of   o Paul  was  the  most  influential  figure  in  the  
leadership  (from  highest  to  lowest,  it  is):   establishment  of  the  early  church  
a. bishops  (successors  to  Apostles;   -­‐ Paul  the  Apostle  and  the  Gentiles;  
overseer  of  Church,  administered   o Paul  was  initially  a  pious  student  of  the  
Eucharist)   Torah,  openly  persecuting  those  who  
• Rome  was  regarded  as  the   violated  it  
central  location  of  the  Church,   o however,  while  travelling  on  a  road  to  
and  bishop  of  Rome  was  given   Damascus,  Paul  experienced  risen  Christ,  
special  authority)   converting  him  to  be  an  Apostle  (32  AD)  
• eventually,  bishop  of  Rome   o became  an  Apostle  (messenger  proclaiming  
became  the  pope   Gospel  of  Christ),  preaching  to  Gentiles  
b. presbyters  (assisted  the  bishop,  taking   o traveled  great  distances  to  spread  the  
charge  of  financial/disciplinary  matters)   Word,  sometimes  even  establish  Christian  
c. deacons  (also  assisting  the  bishop;   communities  himself  
linked  the  congregation  and  its  bishop)   o his  zealousness  landed  him  in  trouble  with  
o Christian  scripture  evolved  from  Jewish   Jewish  authorities  
Scripture,  to  Paul’s  epistles,  to  other  Gospels   o he  was  taken  prisoner  and  transported  from  
and  accounts  of  the  Apostles   Jerusalem  to  Rome,  where  was  imprisoned  
  and  beheaded  in  62  AD  
BIG  IDEA  IV:  EARLY  AND  MEDIEVAL  CHRISTIANITY   -­‐ Jews  and  Gentiles;  
-­‐ the  Early  Church;   o Paul  was  convinced  that  Gentiles  should  be  
o following  the  Resurrection,  an  organized   granted  freedom  from  Torah  requirements  
Church  took  shape   o in  the  Jerusalem  Council,  the  Apostles  and  
o formation  of  one  cohesive  Church  faced   elders  decided  that  Gentile  Christians  were  
Christians  with  conflict  especially  with  the   free  from  the  requirements  of  the  Torah  
orthodox  Christians  and  the  heresies   o this  distinguished  Christianity  from  Judaism  
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   25  

o Christian  Church  however,  still  drew  much   o some  Romans  blamed  Christianity,  saying  
from  the  practices  of  Jewish  synagogues   gods  are  punishing  Rome  for  abandoning  
-­‐ Christ  and  Caesar  -­‐  Roman  Christians;   traditional  religion  
o Christianity’s  adherents  have  always  lived   o bishop  Augustine  of  Hippo  wrote  a  response  
within  norms  of  Roman  Empire  –  but   to  this  accusation  called  The  City  of  God  
Christians  carried  on  their  spiritual  lives   where  he  argues  all  government  and  
independently  of  Roman  constraints   nations  are  corrupt  and  have  fallen  to  sin;  
o in  Ancient  Rome,  worship  of  the  emperor   only  the  Kingdom  of  God  matters  
was  a  display  of  loyalty;  since  Christians   -­‐ Medieval  Christianity;  
were  monotheistic,  they  refused  to  worship   o Catholic:  means  universal;  largest  of  the  
the  emperor,  causing  persecution   three  divisions  of  Christianity  –  denotes  
o martyr:  those  who  choose  to  die  rather   universal  nature  of  Christian  church  
than  violate  their  religious  convictions   o pertains  to  the  orthodox  tradition  
o Roman  attitudes  towards  Christians   o heretics:  those  whose  views  varied  too  
th
changed  towards  the  14  century;  then,   greatly  from  the  Catholics  
Christianity  was  the  empire’s  only   o however,  by  1054,  Eastern  Orthodoxy  had  
legitimate  religion  –  majority  of  Roman   officially  become  independent  from  the  
citizens  had  converted   Roman  Church  
o key  figure  in  this  reversal  was  Constantine   -­‐ The  Great  Schism;  
o Constantine  was  an  emperor  in  312  that   o an  event,  occurring  in  1054,  that  split  the  
accredited  his  victory  to  the  intervention  of   Church  into  Eastern  and  Western  sects  
Christ,  and  was  eventually  baptized   o the  first  definitive  break  in  Christian  unity  
o he  took  significant  steps  leading  to  the   o produced  the  Western  Roman  Catholic  
prominence  of  Christianity  in  the  empire   Church,  and  the  Eastern  Orthodox  Church  
o in  313:  issued  Edict  of  Milan,   o Eastern/Western  churches  had  been  
declaring  Christianity’s  legitimacy   growing  apart  by  developing  different  
o in  325:  convened  the  Council  of   practices  and  different  doctrines  
Nicaea,  where  the  Nicene  Creed   o before  this,  Constantine  established  an  
was  formed   eastern  capital,  Constantinople  (Istanbul,  
o strengthened  distinction  between   Turkey),  which  became  a  second  center  of  
orthodox  Christians  and  heresies   the  Church,  along  with  Rome  
-­‐ the  fall  of  Rome  and  The  City  of  God;   o difference  between  Constantinople  and  
th
o in  the  5  century,  fall  of  Rome  started   Rome  caused  communication  difficulties,  
exacerbated  by  the  language  barrier  
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   26  

o the  pope,  or  the  Bishop  of  Rome,  claimed   -­‐ Medieval  Catholicism  and  The  Crusades;  
supremacy  over  the  bishops  of  other  major   o while  Catholicism  triumphed  in  the  late  
cities,  including  Constantinople,  irritating   Middle  Ages,  the  pope  and  some  members  of  
the  bishop  of  Constantinople  (or  Patriarch)   the  Christian  hierarchy  were  corrupt  
o Eastern  Patriarchs  argued  that  the  Pope   o from  1096  to  1270  they  launched  The  
only  had  authority  over  the  West   Crusades  (military  expeditions  intended  to  
o conflict  peaked  in  1054  when  Pope  Leo  IX  and   take  control  of  the  Holy  Land  from  Muslims)  
Patriarch  Michael  I  excommunicated  each   o Jerusalem  was  held  for  a  time  by  Christians,  
other  (exclude  someone  from  the  Church)  –   but  it  returned  to  the  Muslims  
which  was  a  very  serious  penalty,  because  it   o The  Crusades  sometimes  involved  Christians  
meant  no  sacraments  &  no  heaven   fighting  against  each  other  
o this  conflict  finalized  the  break  in  the  Church   o ended  at  the  start  of  Protestant  Reformation  
o as  a  result,  Eastern  Orthodoxy  dominated   o throughout  the  Medieval  Ages,  the  Church  
Eastern  Europe  in  the  form  of  Greek  and   continued  to  fortify  itself  as  an  organized  
Russian  Orthodoxy   institution  with  spiritual  authority  
-­‐ differences  between  the  East  and  West;   o cathedrals  were  constructed  
o priests  and  marriage  (East  allowed  it)   o monasticism  (emphasizing  community,  
o church  hierarchy  (Rome  calls  their  bishop   simplicity,  celibacy  and  prayer)  grew  influence  
Pope;  Eastern  Orthodoxy  calls  them  Patriarch)   o Saint  Francis  of  Assisi:  1182-­‐1226,  founder  of  
o divorce  (East  allowed  it  sometimes)   the  Franciscan  order;  shed  light  to  Christianity  
o symbols  (East  had  iconographic  pictorial   as  a  religion  reaching  to  the  low,  impoverished  
traditions;  West  used  statues)   strata  of  citizens  
o language  and  culture  (Greek  vs  Latin)   o Saint  Thomas  Aquinas:  1225-­‐1274,  inspired  by  
o distance  (Turkey  vs  Rome)   Aristotle;  explained  the  relation  between  
o Easter  (East  celebrates  resurrection  and  West   reason  and  faith,  arguing  the  two  complement  
dwells  on  crucifixion  and  Christ’s  sacrifice)   each  other  
o way  of  prayer  (East  stand,  West  kneel)   -­‐ The  Protestant  Reformation;  
th
o Eucharist  (East  uses  leavened  bread  with  yeast   o a  widespread  phenomenon  in  16  century  
–  West  uses  unleavened  bread  without  yeast)   Europe  that  resulted  in  the  emergence  of  
o calendar  (East  used  Julian  Calendar  introduced   Protestantism  from  Catholicism  
by  Julius  Caesar  while  Rome  uses  Gregorian   o prevalent  notably  in  Germany,  Switzerland  
calendar  –  so  holidays  occur  at  different  days)   and  England  
  o Martin  Luther:  1483-­‐1546,  a  highly  devoted  
  monk  of  the  Augustinian  order  who  instigated  
  the  Protestant  Reformation  
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   27  

o his  concerns  arose  from  his  inability  to  find   o called  the  predestination  doctrine  
freedom  from  his  sense  of  sinfulness  –  on  a   o emphasizes  the  religious  life  
trip  to  Rome,  he  saw  corruption  in  the  Church   -­‐ The  Catholic  Reformation:  a  movement  
o through  Paul’s  Epistles,  Luther  discovered  that   starting  in  1545  which  clarified  Church  
humans  are  justified  through  faith  in  Christ,   doctrine  on  a  number  of  fundamental  issues  
not  through  external  practice  or  works   and  corrupt  practices  Luther  observed  
o he  rejected  indulgences  (reductions/pardons   -­‐ The  Protestant  Reformation  sparked  the  
of  punishment  for  sin  via  monetary   beginning  of  the  Thirty  Years’  War  from  1618-­‐
compensation)  which  promised  purification   1648  between  Catholics  and  Protestants  
o in  protest  against  selling  indulgences,  he   o half  of  Germany’s  population  was  
created  the  Ninety-­‐five  Theses  in  1517  which   killed  from  this  war    
drew  a  highly  controversial  response   o nothing  was  settled  
o Luther  defended  his  views  with  the  Bible    
o later,  to  help  make  the  Bible  more  accessible,   BIG  IDEA  V:  CHRISTIAN  DIVISIONS  
Luther  translated  it  to  German,  which  was   -­‐ Christianity  is  primarily  divided  into  Roman  
widely  distributed  due  to  the  invention  of  the   Catholicism,  Eastern  Orthodoxy,  and  
printing  press   Protestantism  
o the  controversy  got  him  excommunicated  but   -­‐ there  are  many  denominations  and  
he  was  able  to  evade  punishment   subgroups  of  Christianity  
o local  rulers  meanwhile  chose  this  new  sect  of   -­‐ many  beliefs  and  practices  link  Christians  
Christianity,  Protestantism   together  and  form  ecumenism  
o most  rulers  in  Central  and  Northern  Germany   1. Roman  Catholicism    
+  the  Scandinavians  chose  Protestantism   o prevalent  in  Central  and  Southern  Europe,  
o in  these  lands,  former  priests,  monks,  and   Central  and  South  America,  Africa  &  Asia  
nuns  could  now  marry   o 1  billion  followers  (1/2  of  Christian  pop.)  
-­‐ this  inspired  many  other  reform  movements   o depends  on  both  Bible  and  tradition  as  the  
-­‐ in  England,  a  new  English  translation  of  the   means  of  handing  on  God’s  revelation  
bible  appeared  in  1526  –  its  release  was  so   o the  fullness  of  the  Church,  embodying  all  
drastic  that  its  translator  was  condemned   Christians,  subsists  in  the  Catholic  Church  
-­‐ The  Calvin  Reformation;   o recognizes  seven  sacraments  as  does  the  
o inspired  by  John  Calvin  (1509-­‐1564)   Eastern  Orthodoxy  (Protestantism  only  
o emphasized  humanity’s  original  sin  (Inherited   recognizes  two)  
from  Adam  and  Eve)  and  how  some  would  be   o sacraments  are:  Anointing,  Baptism,  
saved  from  sin,  but  only  if  God  had  chosen   Confirmation,  Eucharist,  Holy  Orders,  
them  for  salvation   Matrimony,  and  Reconciliation  
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   28  

o Vatican  II:  a  worldwide  council  of  bishops   o second  basic  principle  of  Protestantism  is  
convened  by  Pope  John  XXIII   justification  by  faith  
o occurred  from  1962-­‐1965   o value  sacraments,  but  not  more  than  faith  
o emphasized  on  updating  Church   o only  celebrate  two  sacraments  (baptism  
teaching  so  that  it  would  respond   and  Eucharist)  
to  the  needs  of  the  modern  world,   o prevalent  in  northern  Europe,  England,  
and  to  promote  Christian  unity   Scotland,  Australia,  US,  Canada  
o stands  for  peace  with  other  non-­‐ o has  four  main  branches  (Lutheran,  Calvinist,  
Christian  religions   Baptist,  Anglican  or  Methodist)  
o encourages  engagement  in  life-­‐ o some  groups  identifying  themselves  as  
giving,  humanitarian  activities   Christians  are  not  always  regarded  as  such  
o continues  to  take  a  stand  on  various   like  the  Mormons  or  Jehovah’s  Witnesses  
controversial  issues    
2. Eastern  Orthodoxy   BIG  IDEA  VI:  SYMBOLS  &  DIMENSIONS  
o nearly  250  million  adherents   1. experiential  (relationship  w/  Jesus,  Eucharist)  
o mainly  in  Eastern  Europe,  Russia,  and   2. mythic  (Gospel,  Last  Supper,  biblical  stories)  
Eastern  Coast  of  Mediterranean  Sea   3. doctrinal  (Incarnation,  Trinity,  creeds)  
o each  of  the  churches  in  the  regions  above   4. ethical  (Beatitudes,  Ten  Commandments)  
has  its  own  leader,  but  all  acknowledge  the   5. ritual  (celebration  of  sacraments)  
patriarch  of  Constantinople  as  head  of   6. social  (the  Church,  monks/nuns,  hierarchies)  
Eastern  Orthodoxy   7. material  (cathedrals,  churches,  icons)  
o Patriarch  has  no  special  doctrinal  authority   -­‐ important  symbols;  
unlike  Catholicism’s  Pope   o dove  (represents  peace;  dove’s  roles  are  to  be  
o limits  its  set  of  doctrines  to  those  reached   a  spirit  messenger,  maternal  symbol  –  dove  
by  7  ecumenical  councils  held  before  787   holding  an  olive  branch  is  a  symbol  of  baptism)  
o observes  the  same  seven  sacraments  as   o the  Holy  Spirit  is  also  depicted  to  
Catholicism,  but  celebrates  them  differently   have  descended  like  a  dove  and  came  
o focuses  on  icons  and  the  Incarnation,   to  rest  on  Jesus,  rendering  it  a  symbol  
encouraging  a  mystical  union  with  God   for  the  Holy  Spirit  as  well  
o ethnic  makeup  of  Orthodoxy  is  changing      
3. Protestantism  
o originated  as  a  protest  
o focus  on  the  Bible  as  the  primary  means  of  
knowing  Christ  
o has  many  subgroups  with  varying  practices  
 HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   29  

U6   BIG  IDEA  I:  THE  FOUNDATIONS  OF  ISLAM   o this  passage  is  the  earliest  recitation  
-­‐ the  elements  of  Islam;   contained  in  the  Qur’an;  he  received  many  
1. Qur’an:  the  primary  sacred  text  and  Islam’s   more  until  his  death  in  632  
earthly  center   o Khadija  became  the  first  to  convert  to  Islam,  
2. Prophet  Muhammad:  prophet  who  received   after  being  told  about  his  experiences  
the  contents  of  the  Qur’an  from  Allah;   o he  tried  to  spread  this  message  but  many  
serves  as  an  exemplar  for  perfection   Meccans  reacted  with  hostility  –  therefore  
3. teachings  of  Islam;  derived  from  the  first  2   Early  Islam  had  very  little  growth  
4. the  Muslim  community,  or  Umma  follows   o because  of  this,  Muhammad  and  his  
said  teachings   followers  migrated  to  Yathrib,  where  he  
-­‐ The  Qur’an;   was  invited  to  administrate  the  city  due  to  
o can  be  thought  of  the  Christ  of  Islam   his  reputation  in  the  trading  business  
o about  4/5  the  size  of  the  New  Testament   o proved  to  be  a  brilliant  administrator:  
o divided  into  114  suras  (or  chapters)   merciful  yet  firm  –  up  to  the  point  where  
o originally  written  in  Arabic  (only  1  version)   Yathrib  was  regarded  as  Medina,  city  of  the  
o believed  to  contain  Allah’s  direct  words   prophet  
o literally  means  reading/recitation   o after  battles  with  his  Meccan  opponents,  
o not  possible  to  viably  translate   Muhammad  returned  in  triumph  to  Mecca;  
o regarded  as  a  miracle  of  God  as  Muhammad   two  years  after  his  death,  most  of  Arabia  
is  thought  to  have  been  illiterate   had  converted  to  Islam  
o the  world’s  most  read  and  memorized  book   -­‐ Muhammad  believes  that  he  is  the  final  
-­‐ The  Prophet  Muhammad;   prophet,  revealing  the  will  of  Allah  fully  and  
o since  Islam  is  purely  monotheistic,  it  avoids   precisely;  others  have  only  done  so  partially  
regarding  Muhammad  as  superhuman,  but   -­‐ Sunna:  his  actions  and  teachings  
celebrates  him  as  the  most  perfect  human   (distinguished  from  the  Qur’an)  together  
o he  was  born  about  570  AD  into  Mecca   o known  as  the  custom  of  the  
o raised  by  uncle;  was  in  the  trading  business   Prophet  
o married  his  boss,  Khadija   -­‐ one  night,  Muhammad  was  miraculously  
o spent  much  time  in  religious  contemplation,   transported  from  Mecca  to  Jerusalem;  from  
and  claims  to  have  seen  archangel  Gabriel   there,  he  ascended  with  archangel  Gabriel  
on  many  occasions   through  the  7  heavens,  seeing  Moses,  
o The  Night  of  Power  and  Excellence:  a  night   Abraham,  Jesus  and  Allah  
where  Muhammad  saw  Gabriel,  and   -­‐ called  The  Ascension  to  Heaven;  one  of  the  
commanded  him  to  recite  a  passage  from   two  miracles  (other  being  production  of  
the  Qur’an   Qur’an)  
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   30  

-­‐ teachings  are  based  on  the  Qur’an  and  on   o after,  Jesus  will  return  to  Jerusalem  
the  Sunna   and  usher  in  Judgment  Day  
-­‐ not  uniform  due  to  lack  of  consistent   -­‐ the  nature  of  the  world;  
agreement  between  Muslim  theologians;   o Muslims  believe  that  the  natural  world  is  
this  is  based  on  location   good  and  worthy  of  reverence  
1. Allah:  The  One  God   o Muslims  celebrate  science  as  a  means  of  
o Allah  literally  means  “the  God”   knowing  more  about  Allah’s  creation  
o was  worshipped  in  Arabia  before  Islam   3. The  Umma:  The  Community  of  Muslims;  
o is  understood  to  be  transcendent  and   o this  community  transcends  the  boundaries  
suprapersonal  while  at  the  same  time  being   of  race,  language,  and  culture  
immanent  and  personal   o a  brotherhood/sisterhood  based  solely  on  
o genderless  –  gender  is  a  human  quality   religion;  and  ideal  not  always  realized  for  
o artistic  interpretations  are  avoided   contention  sometimes  exists  b/w  Muslims  
o there  are  about  99  names  for  Allah/God   o Shari’a:  aka  divine  law;  drawn  from  Qur’an  
2. The  Prophets:  Messengers  of  Allah   and  Sunna,  divides  actions  into  five  
o provide  link  b/w  Allah  and  humanity   categories  –  obligatory,  recommended,  
o there  are  thousands  of  prophets  but  a  few   indifferent,  disapproved,  forbidden  
are  very  important:  Abraham  (father  of   o lays  foundations  on  how  to  
Arabs),  Moses  (ethical  laws),  Jesus  Christ   practice  Islam    
(Golden  Rule),  Muhammad  (Qur’an)   o used  to  be  the  law  of  the  land  
o Abraham’s  son  Ishmael  moved  to    
Mecca  and  became  ancestor  of   BIG  IDEA  II:  BASIC  PRACTICES  AND  TEACHINGS  
Arabs  –  centred  on  monotheism   -­‐ Islam  is  praised  for  being  practical  
-­‐ human  nature  and  destiny;   -­‐ The  Five  Pillars;  
o Islam  teaches  that  human  nature  is   o guidelines  for  living;  like  Commandments  
essentially  good,  but  forgetfulness  of  the   o calls  for  specific  actions  
basic  goodness  can  lead  us  to  sin   1. Confession  of  Faith  
o reward  for  the  righteous  is  Paradise,  and  for   a. known  as  Shahada  
the  evil,  Hell;  Qur’an  describes  each  realm   b. the  official  start  of  being  a  Muslim  
o Day  of  Judgment:  the  time  at  which  all   c. lay  foundation  for  the  other  pillars  
humans  will  stand  before  Allah  (the  end  of   2. Prayer  
the  world)   a. all  Muslims  are  required  to  pray  5  
o will  be  preceded  by  the  coming  of   times  each  day:  morning,  noon,  
the  Mahdi  (savior),  restoring  Islam   midafternoon,  sunset,  evening  
and  order  on  Earth  
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   31  

b. requires  rituals  of  washing  hands   d. anyone  who  dies  on  the  journey  to  
and  face,  and  praying  in  the   or  from  Mecca  is  a  martyr  and  
direction  of  Mecca   enters  Paradise  
c. on  Fridays,  prayers  are  conducted   e. takes  place  during  a  specific  month  
in  the  mosque  (place  of  worship)   and  lasts  for  15  days    
i. directed  by  an  imam   i. male  pilgrims  wear  white,  
3. Fasting   females  wear  simple  color  
a. Ramadan:  a  holiday  of  fasting   f. involves  circling  of  the  Ka’ba  
taking  place  during  the  ninth   (cubical  structure  in  courtyard  of  
month  of  the  Muslim  year;  from   Great  Mosque  of  Mecca)  –  believed  
dawn  until  sunset,  Muslims  are  to   to  have  been  built  by  Abraham;  
avoid  eating,  drinking,  smoking,   regarded  as  Earth’s  navel  
and  sex   -­‐ personal  and  social  life  of  Islam;  
b. some  are  exempt  from  fasting  like   o the  Shari’a  spells  out  care  of  the  body,  care  
the  sick,  those  who  are  making   for  status  of  women,  and  struggle  
difficult  journeys,  and   -­‐ the  body;  
breastfeeding  women   o Islam  holds  that  the  body  belongs  to  God  
c. when  it  occurs  depends  on  the   o value  perfume  as  it  serves  as  a  
year  and  time   symbol  and  reminder  of  Paradise  
d. said  to  provide  gratitude  and   o forbids  eating  pork  and  drinking  alcohol  
perspective  of  the  less  fortunate   o sexuality  is  celebrated  as  one  of  Allah’s  
4. Wealth  Sharing   greatest  gifts,  but  one  enjoyed  only  in  
a. requires  Muslims  to  contribute   marriage  
2.5%  of  the  value  of  their   o premarital,  extramarital,  lust,  homosexuality  
possessions  to  a  public  treasury   and  prostitution  are  forbidden  
b. poor  people  are  exempt  and  are  in   o Muslims  are  urged  to  marry  as  early  in  life  as  
fact,  those  who  receive  the  wealth   possible;  marriage  is  viewed  as  a  contract  
c. can  also  be  spent  on  education   -­‐ Women  in  Islam;  
d. wealth  sharing  =  worship   o women  and  men  are  regarded  as  equal,  but  
5. Pilgrimage   with  different  roles;  men  =  economic/public  
a. all  Muslims  are  obligated  to   life,  women  =  culture/family  life  
journey  to  Mecca   o three  points  of  contention:  divorce,  
b. this  journey  is  known  as  hajj   polygamy,  wearing  of  the  veil  
c. sin  is  forgiven  through  the  journey   o divorce  was  easier  for  men  
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   32  

o polygamy  was  allowed  only  if   o commonalities  between  divisions:  only  

equality  among  wives  was  kept   one  Arabic  Qur’an  and  all  Muslims  
o some  Muslims  require  women  to   regard  it  as  the  direct  word  of  Allah  
cover  every  part  of  their  body   1. Sunnism  
-­‐ Jihad:  “Struggle”   a. emphasizes  the  Sunna,  or  the  
o means  exertion  or  struggle   establish  custom  
o sometimes  considered  the  sixth  pillar   b. practiced  by  majority  (87%)  
o refers  to  individual  spiritual  struggle  against   2. Shi’ism  
anything  distracting  from  worship  of  Allah   a. favoured  Ali,  a  cousin  and  son-­‐in-­‐
o socially,  it  refers  to  preservation  of  order   law  of  Muhammad’s,  as  a  prophet  
that  Allah  has  willed  for  the  world   as  opposed  to  Abu  Bakr  
  b. distinguished  by  Imam  (believed  to  
BIG  IDEA  III:  EXPANSION  OF  ISLAM   have  special  spiritual  insight,  and  is  
-­‐ following  death  of  Muhammad,  Muslims   revered  as  true  earthly  authority)  
were  led  by  caliphs  (successors)  chosen  by   3. Sufism  
the  community   a. emphasizes  transcendence  and  
o first  caliph  was  Muhammad’s   suprapersonality  of  Allah  
father-­‐in-­‐law  Abu  Bakr   b. focuses  on  living  in  accordance  
o oversaw  the  growth  of  Islam  even  to   with  divine  will  
those  who  are  far  from  Mecca   c. Sufism  extends  the  idea  that  there  
o within  one  century  of  Muhammad’s   is  no  god  except  God  into  there  is  
death,  Islam  was  the  religion  of  the   nothing  BUT  God  
entire  Middle  East,  Persia,  North  Africa,   d. the  Sufi  experience  oneness  with  
and  Spain   Allah  and  gain  spiritual  fortitude  
o Islam  was  also  a  major  constituent  of   e. attracted  new  adherents  to  Islam  
the  Islamic  Civilization,  with  its  own   f. made  up  of  groups  known  as  
mathematic  system,  etc.   orders  –  led  by  a  shaykh  (a  master  
o Islam  Civilization  came  to  an  end  during   and  teacher)  
the  era  of  European  colonization   i. encourage  disciplines  to  
-­‐ varieties  of  Islam;   achieve  union  with  God  
o two  major  historical  divisions:  Sunnism   like  recitation  of  sacred  
and  Shi’ism   names  and  phrases,  
o Sufism  is  a  mystical  form  of  Islam   breathing  exercises,  etc.  
g. have  an  aim  of  al-­‐fana,  or  
extinction  of  the  ego  
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   33  

h. similar  to  nirvana  or  moksha  

-­‐ Islam  and  the  World;  
o second-­‐largest  religion  
o Islam  is  regarded  as  the  final  revelation  to  
all  religions  
o favour  Judaism  and  Christianity  which  
regards  their  followers  as  People  of  the  
Book  
 
BIG  IDEA  IV:  THE  SEVEN  DIMENSIONS  OF  ISLAM  
1. experiential  (fasting,  al-­‐fana)  
2. mythic  (Abraham’s  narratives,  Ascension  to  
Heaven)  
3. doctrinal  (Shahada,  Shari’a)  
4. ethical  (wealth  sharing,  diet  restrictions)  
5. ritual  (prayer  5  times  daily,  hajj)  
6. social  (Umma,  Imam,  Shaykh)  
7. material  (holy  city  Mecca,  Medina,  Ka’ba,  
mosques)
HRT  3M1   EXAM  REVIEW   34  

 
Aspect   Hinduism   Buddhism   Judaism   Christianity   Islam  
Title   Hindus   Buddhists   Jews   Christians   Muslims  
Belief  System   Polytheistic   Polytheistic   Monotheistic   Monotheistic   Monotheistic  
Nation  of  Origin   India   India   Mesopotamia   Middle  East   Arabia  
Language   Indian   Indian   Hebrew   Latin,  English,  Greek   Arabic  
Symbol   Om   Dharma  Wheel   Star  of  David   The  Cross   Crescent  &  Star  
Founder/Time   no  founder;   Siddhartha   Abraham  (made   Jesus  –  born  in   Muhammad  
<3000  yrs  old   Gautama  (563-­‐ covenant  w  God   Bethlehem,  raised   (570-­‐632)  born  
483  BC)   3400  yrs  ago)   in  Nazareth   in  Mecca  
st
Sacred  Texts   Upanishads,   Sutras   1  5  Bible   The  Bible   Qur’an  
Mahabharata   books,  Talmud  
Major  God(s)   Brahman,   no  rituals,  Gods,   Yahweh   God   Allah  
Vishnu,  Shiva,   or  Priests  
Atman   (meditation)  
Place  of  worship   Temple   Temple   Synagogue   Church   Mosque  
Clergy   Brahmins   Monks,  Dalai   Rabbi   Priest,  Preacher,   Prophet  
Lama,  no  priests   Bishop,  Pope  
Law       Commandments   10   No  separation  of  
and  Mishna   Commandments   Church  and  State  
(Rabbinic  Law)   -­‐  theocracy  
Sacred  ideas   cow   Trinity:  Buddha,   Covenant  b/w   Sunday  worship,   Ablutions  before  
veneration;  all   Dharma,   God  and  the   Golden  Rule,   prayer,  facing  
Hindus  are   Sangha   Jewish  people;   Trinity  (Father,   Mecca,  Ramadan,  
Son,  Holy  Spirit),   Jihad  (effort  of  
vegetarian;     Hanukkah,  
Baptism,   being  a  good  
pilgrimage  to   Passover,  
Communion,   Muslim  to  
places  where   Bar/Bat   Confirmation,   community),  
Buddha   Mitzvah,  etc.   Easter   Jesus  was  a  
traveled   prophet  
Goal  of  Life   Moksha   Nirvana   moral  life  through   salvation   Paradise  
obedience  
Moral  Code   Karma  +   4  Noble  Truths,   obedience  to   Faith,  prayer   5  pillars:  creed  
Dharma  =   Eightfold  Path,   God’s  Law   prayer,  fasting,  
reincarnation   meditation   sharing  wealth,  
pilgrimage  
Afterlife   Reincarnation   release  from   Arrival  of   Heaven/Hell   based  on  
based  on  moral   wheel  of  life  and   Messiah   reward  and  
code/caste   reincarnation;   punishment  
union  w/  universe  
Sects   Caste  system   Theravada  (strict   Orthodox,   Catholic,   Fundamentalist,  
fundamentalist),   Conservative,   Protestant,   Shi’ite,  Sunni,  
Mahayana  (less   Reform   Eastern   Sufi  
strict),  Vajrayana  
Orthodox,  etc.  
Modern  Issues   widow     Middle  East   Political  conflict   ban  against  
burning,   Conflict;   with  Muslims   symbols  
Ghandi,  caste   Jerusalem   (Israel  and   representing  
abolishment   ownership   Palestine)   Allah  
Members  (#/%)   900  million   376  million   15  million  due   2  Billion   1  Billion  
to  diaspora