Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT)

KOREA NEPAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Butwal-12, Rupandehi

Final Year Project Report

On

“Automatic Water Tap”

Under the guidance of Er.Nabin Kishor Gaire

Submitted by:

Amar Nepali (072-E&E-01)

Ambika Gautam (072-E&E-02)

Arun Khanal (072-E&E-03)

Ashok Bhusal (072-E&E-04)

Barsa Aryal (072-E&E-05)

Wakil Rana (072-E&E-30)

Submitted to:

Department of Electrical and Electronics

7 September, 2018

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DECLARATION

I hereby declared that the project work which is being in this project report entitled
“Automatic Water Tap” by Amar Nepali, Ambika Gautam, Arun Khanal, Ashok
Bhusal, Barsa Aryal, Wakil Rana in the partial fulfillment of requirement for the
award of degree of Diploma in Electrical & Electronics Engineering. In Department
of Electrical & Electronics Engineering of Korea Nepal Institute of Technology,
Rupandehi(Nepal), authentic record of my own work carried out during sixth semester
under the supervision of Er.Nabin Kishor Gaire(Electrical & Electronics instructor)
and We are highly thankful to the H.O.D(Er.Kiran Kafle) and other faculty members
of the department to cooperate in all respects department of electrical & electronics
engineering. The matter presented in this report has not been submitted by us in any
university for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in electrical and
electronics engineering.

NAME OF STUDENTS

AMAR NEPALI (DEEX-00001-015)

AMBIKA GAUTAM (DEEX-00002-015)

ARUN KHANAL (DEEX-00003-015)

ASHOK BHUSAL (DEEX-00004-015)

BARSA ARYAL (DEEX-00005-015)

WAKIL RANA (DEEX-00030-015)

This is to certify that above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of
our knowledge.

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Korea Nepal Institute of Technology DEPARTMENT OF

Butwal-12, Rupandehi ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

The undersigned certify that they have read and recommended to the Department of
Electrical and Electronics for acceptance, a project report entitled “AUTOMATIC
WATER TAP” submitted by Amar Nepali, Ambika Gautam, Arun Khanal, Ashok
Bhusal, Barsa Aryal, Wakil Rana in partial fulfillment for the DIPLOMA IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING.

…………………….. ………………………

Er.Kiran Kafle Er.Nabin Kishor Gaire

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR OF PROJECT

Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department Instructor of Electrical &

Electronics Department

Korea Nepal Institute of Technology

Butwal-12, Rupandehi

Submitted for the Viva-voice examination held on 2075/05/22

…………………. ………………….

Internal Examiner External Examiner

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives us immense pleasure to express our deepest sense of gratitude and sincere
thanks to our highly respected esteemed guide Er.Nabin Kishor Gaire, instructor of
Korea Nepal Institute of Technology for his valuable guidance, encouragement and
help for completing this work. His useful suggestion for this whole work and co-
operative behavior are sincerely acknowledged.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our department for giving us this
opportunity to undertake this project. We would also like to thank Er. Kiran Kafle
for whole hearted support.

We are also grateful to our teachers for their constant support and guidance.

At the end we would like to express our sincere thanks to all our friends and
other who helped us directly or indirectly during this project work.
Amar Nepali (072-E&E-01)
Ambika Gautam (072-E&E-02)
Arun Khanal (072-E&E-03)
Ashok Bhusal (072-E&E-04)
Barsa Aryal (072-E&E-05)
Wakil Rana (072-E&E-30)

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 ABSTRACT

In this 21st century, most of people want to live modern life which makes their day to
day activities easy, fast and efficient. Water tap is also used in our daily life and the
water tap that are used in market is manually controlled to turn on or turn off the
system. This system is not efficient because there will be wastage of water and
chances to transmigration of bacteria. To overcome such problem, automatic water
tap project is developed.

Automatic Water Tap is a laser light based system that detects any interruption of the
laser diode rays by our hands or utensils and water automatically starts flowing out of
the tap. It consists of transmitter and receiver circuit. Due to light falls on LDR will
increase the resistance of LDR and the output of 555 timer IC will be zero. If the light
is interrupted on LDR then resistance will be increased up to million ohms and that
gives output of timer IC will be high (i.e 6V) which activates relay. When relay is
activated then DC pump motor push water and act as automatic water tap.

This automatic tap can be used in our houses, public places and hospitals which can
save water as well as prevent from bacterial infection. This circuit finds wide
applications in our daily life. This circuit is not only used for automatically
controlling the water tap but it can be used for controlling the hand dryers, blowers
and door opening & closing.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE………………..………………………………….…………………..1
DECLARATION.......................................................................................................... 2

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL .............................................................................. 3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................... 4

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. 5

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................... 8

LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... 9

LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... 10

CHAPTER ONE: PROJECT OVERVIEW ............................................................ 11

1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 11

1.2 Background ................................................................................................... 11

1.2.1 Manual Tap ................................................................................................. 11

1.2.2 Automatic Tap ............................................................................................ 11

1.3 Need of Project .................................................................................................. 12

1.4 Scope of Project ................................................................................................. 12

1.5 Problem Statement ............................................................................................. 12

1.6 Objectives of Study ....................................................................................... 13

1.6.1 Main Objective............................................................................................ 13

1.6.2 Specific Objectives ..................................................................................... 13

1.7 Features of Project ............................................................................................. 13

1.8 Limitation of Project ..................................................................................... 13

1.9 Problem Faced ............................................................................................... 13

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................... 14

2.1 Power Supply ..................................................................................................... 14

2.1.1 Transformer output ..................................................................................... 14

2.1.2 Rectifier Output .......................................................................................... 14

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 2.1.3 Smoother output .......................................................................................... 15

2.1.4 Regulator Output ......................................................................................... 16

2.2 Circuit Components ........................................................................................... 17

2.2.1 555 Timer IC ............................................................................................... 17

2.2.2 Relay ........................................................................................................... 21

2.2.3 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) ................................................................ 23

2.2.4 Laser Diode ................................................................................................. 23

2.2.5 Resistor ....................................................................................................... 24

CHAPTER THREE:PROJECT METHODOLOGY ............................................. 27

3.1 Block Diagram ................................................................................................... 27

3.2 Block Description .............................................................................................. 28

3.3 Circuit Diagram ................................................................................................. 29

3.4 Circuit Operation ............................................................................................... 30

CHAPTER FOUR: FINAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN ........................................ 31

4.1Cost Analysis ...................................................................................................... 31

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ....................... 32

5.1 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 32

5.2 Recommendation ............................................................................................... 32

5.3 Future works ...................................................................................................... 32

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 33

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

VCC-Voltage Collector to Collector

LDR-Light Dependent Resistor

AC-Alternating Current

IC-Integrated Circuit

DC-Direct Current

ER-Engineer

R-Resistor

V-Volts

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Full wave rectifier and rectification ............................................................. 15
Figure 2: Smoothing capacitor ..................................................................................... 15
Figure 3: Smoothing .................................................................................................... 16
Figure 4: 555 timer IC.................................................................................................. 17
Figure 5: Pin Configuration ......................................................................................... 18
Figure 6: Monostable mode of 555 Timer IC .............................................................. 20
Figure 7: Astable mode of 555 timer IC ...................................................................... 20
Figure 8: Relay............................................................................................................. 22
Figure 9: Connection of SPDT relay ........................................................................... 22
Figure 10: SPDT Relay ................................................................................................ 22
Figure11: Symbol of LDR ........................................................................................... 23
Figure 12: LDR ............................................................................................................ 23
Figure13: Symbol of laser diode .................................................................................. 24
Figure 14: Laser Diode ................................................................................................ 24
Figure 15: Symbol of Resistor ..................................................................................... 25
Figure 16: Resistor ....................................................................................................... 25
Figure 17: Fixed resistor .............................................................................................. 26
Figure 18: Variable resistor ......................................................................................... 26
Figure 19: Block Diagram of Automatic Water Tap ................................................... 27
Figure 20: Circuit Diagram of Automatic Water Tap .................................................. 29

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 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Cost Analysis of material............................................................................... 31

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 CHAPTER ONE: PROJECT OVERVIEW

1.1 Introduction

Usually, most of the water tap in the market usually use old system where it using
manually control to turn on or turn off the system. When the users using that system
they must use their hand to open or close the water tap and the water tap valve easy to
damage because when the users always turn strongly to open or close the tap. This
system is not efficient because water wastage easy to occur because at the time
between to open the tap and wash their hand the water has already been wasted. It
same when we want to close it and if we forgot to close the water tap it will make
waste become more critical. As we can see usage of sink only focus on one usage it is
all about water. The main purpose of this project is to overcome the problem of
wastage of water. Automatic Water Tap is a laser light based system that detects any
interruption of the laser diode rays by our hands or utensils and water automatically
starts flowing out of the tap. The circuit mainly comprises Transmitter & Receiver
which are built with the 555 Timer. Transmitter circuit requires 9V DC source and
receiver circuit requires 5V DC source. The light rays continuously emitted by the
laser diode fall on the receiver (i.e. LDR). We have used a laser diode. A relay is used
in the circuit. The circuit is simple, economical and finds wide application in daily
life.

1.2 Background

1.2.1 Manual Tap

The tap has an interesting history that traces back to ancient times. As early as 1700
B.C., plumbing and faucets were being used to control the water to fountains and
private homes (plumbing help today, 2011).

1.2.2 Automatic Tap

Automatic taps were first developed in the 1950s but were not produced for
commercial use until the late 1980s when they first appeared to the general public at
airport laboratories. They have gradually become common place in more developed
countries. Because of their assistive qualities, automatic taps are often found at
assistive living establishments and places where the elderly and handicapped
individuals call home (plumbing help today, 2011).

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1.3 Need of Project

Nowadays, most people want a life that modern life requires that they are easy, fast
and environmentally friendly. As we know the use of sinks at this time is still using
the old system of using mechanical taps controlled by humans. As we can see today
many public toilets using a box to put the liquid soap which they need a space to put
the equipment. Users also often face the problem where it is easily damaged by the
negligence of other users. Users of public toilets are usually provided with a tissue to
dry her hands, but with rapidly developing technology and the desire to save the use
of natural resources have changed the tissue with blower where they only use the hot
wind pressure which is more environmentally friendly. However, we know the use of
these devices usually require a space to stand.

1.4 Scope of Project

For future work, the circuit can be used as a subsystem in circuits where automatic
control of various mechanical instruments is required by using electronic circuit. The
circuit was designed keeping in mind the automatic control of various mechanical
devices by using electronic circuit. This automatic tap can be used in our houses,
public places and hospitals which can save water as well as prevent from bacterial
infection.

1.5 Problem Statement

Usually, most of the water tap in the market usually use old system where it using
manually control to turn on or turn off the system. When the users using that system
they must use their hand to open or close the water tap and the water tap valve easy to
damage because when the users always turn strongly to open or close the tap. This
system is not efficient because water wastage easy to occur because at the time
between to open the tap and wash their hand the water has already been wasted. It
same when we want to close it and if we forgot to close the water tap it will make
waste become more critical. As we can see usage of sink only focus on one usage it is
all about water. Looking at the development of technology today usage of sink should
not be focused on water use only because user needs something their use can give
many benefit when they use it. Another disadvantages for the system is when users
wash their hands, their hands not very clean because they still have a direct contact to
the messy water tap where it expose to the bacteria.

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 1.6 Objectives of Study

1.6.1 Main Objective

 To control water automatically.

1.6.2 Specific Objectives

 Activate the relay to control the motor.

 To change manual water tap into automatic system water tap.
 To reduce the waste of water that always occurs in water tap.
 To reduce direct contact to the device for prevent from bacteria.

1.7 Features of Project

 Hygiene
Automatic tap are the most hygienic option available for hand washing.
This is a very important aspect for everybody, but of increased importance where
people are handling food, or where cross contamination needs to be avoided .
 Reliability
Automatic tap is developed to achieve high level of reliability. They can be used for
many years after installing once. Automatic tap is easy to use and install. It avoid
botheration of turning on and turning off of water taps.
 Water conservation
In comparison of manual water tap, it reduces the wastage of water.

1.8 Limitation of Project

 It requires continuous power supply.

 It is expensive in comparison of normal water tap.

1.9 Problem Faced

 Difficult to collect the materials.

 Materials are provided without test.
 Components are very temperature sensitive so there is high chance to get damage

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 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Power Supply

For the operation of the circuit, power supply is required. This circuit operates on the
DC Power supply in which 5V for the transmitter circuit, 9V for the receiver circuit
and 12V for DC water pump motor. For the DC power supply rectification is done by
using rectifier diode. Below figure shows the power supply for the circuit. For the
operation of the circuit, power supply is required. This circuit operates on the DC
Power supply in which 5V for the transmitter circuit, 9V for the receiver circuit and
12V for DC water pump motor. For the DC power supply rectification is done by
using rectifier diode.

2.1.1 Transformer output

A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two
or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. A varying current in one coil of
the transformer produces a varying magnetic field, which in turn induces a
varying electromotive force (emf) or "voltage" in a second coil. Power can be
transferred between the two coils, without a metallic connection between the two
circuits. In this our circuit, step down transformer is used to decrease the input
voltage. The input voltage given to the transformer is 220V AC and the output voltage
from the transformer is 12V.

2.1.2 Rectifier Output

The purpose of rectifier is to convert an AC waveform into DC waveform. There are

two rectification circuits, known as “half wave” and “full wave” rectifiers. Both use
components called diodes to convert AC into DC.

A diode is a two terminal semiconductor device which is use for the rectification. It
has two terminals which are anode and cathode. A diode allows current to flow
through it in one direction. In this direction, the diode id to be „forward biased‟ and
the only effect on the signal is that there will be voltage loss around 0.7V. In the
opposite direction diode is said to be „reverse biased‟ and no current flow through it.

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2.1.2.1 The Full-Wave Rectifier

The circuit in figure shows the full wave rectification in which four diodes are used.

Figure 1: Full wave rectifier and rectification

When the AC input is positive, diodes A and B are forward-biased, while diodes
C and D are reverse-biased. When the AC input is negative, the opposite is true -
diodes C and D are forward-biased, while diodes A and B are reverse-biased. One
disadvantage of the full-wave rectifier is that there is a voltage loss of 1.4V across
the diodes. Why not 2.8V as there are four diodes? Remember that only two of the
diodes are passing current at any one time. While the full-wave rectifier is an
improvement on the half-wave rectifier, its output still isn't suitable as a power supply
for most circuits since the output voltage still varies between 0V and Vs-1.4V. So, if
we put 12V AC in, we get will 10.6V DC out.

2.1.3 Smoother output

Most circuits will require 'smoothing' of the DC output of a rectifier, and this is a
simple matter since it involves only one capacitor, as shown in figure.

Figure 2: Smoothing capacitor

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 Figure 3: Smoothing
The output waveform in figure shows how smoothing works. During the first half of
the voltage peaks from the rectifier, when the voltage increases, the capacitor charges
up. Then, while the voltage decreases to zero in the second half of the peaks, the
capacitor releases its stored energy to keep the output voltage as possible. Such
capacitor is called “smoothing” or “reservoir” capacitor when it is used in this
application.

2.1.4 Regulator Output

While there are many circuits that will tolerate a smoothed power supply, some must
have a completely regular supply with no ripple voltage. Regulator IC is that
IC which can provide this regular power supply. There are many types of regulator IC
and each type will have different pin-outs and will need to be connected up slightly
differently. This type of IC is found in 78** series.
There are seven regulators in the 78xx series, and each can pass up to 1A to any
connected circuit. There are also regulators with similar type numbers that can pass a
higher or lower current, as shown in the table below. In addition, variable regulators
are available, as are regulators that can provide negative regulation voltages for
circuits that require them (scribd, 2009).

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2.2 Circuit Components

There are various components which are used in this circuit. They are listed below.

2.2.1 555 Timer IC

The 555 timer IC was first introduced around 1971 by the SigneticsCorporation as the
SE555/NE555 and was called "The IC Time Machine" and was also the very first
and only commercial timer IC available. The 555timer IC is a monolithic
timing circuit that can produce accurate and highly stable time delays or oscillations.
It has an adjustable duty cycle, timing is from microseconds to hours. It has a high
current output, it can source or sink 200 miliamperes .It can operate in one of the two
modes either as a monostable (one-shot) multivibrator or as an astable (free running)
multivibrator .It can be used in dc-dc converters, digital logic probes, waveform
generators, analog frequency meters and tachometers, temperature measurement and
control, infrared transmitters, burglar and toxic gas alarms and many others. The
figure of 555 IC is shown below.

Figure 4:555 timer IC

2.2.1.1 555 Timer IC Pin

Below is the pin configuration and pin description of the 555 Timer IC.

2.2.1.1.1 Pin out

The 555 comes in 2 packages, either the round metal-can called the 'T' package or the
more familiar 8-pin DIP 'V' package. The 556 timer is a dual555 version and comes in
a 14-pin DIP package, the 558 is a quad version with four 555's also in a 14 pin DIP
package.

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 Figure 5: Pin Configuration

2.2.1.1.2 Pin description

Pin1: Ground-All voltages are measured with respect to this terminal.

Pin2: Trigger-The output of the timer depends on the amplitude of the external
trigger pulse applied to this pin. The output is low if the voltage at this pin is greater
than 2/3 VCC. When a negative going pulse of amplitude greater than 1/3 VCC is
applied to this pin, comparator 2 output goes low, which in turn switches the output of
the timer high. The output remains high as long as the trigger terminal is held at a low
voltage.
Pin 3: Output- There is two ways by which a load can be connected to the output
terminal: either between pin 3 and ground or between pin 3 and supply voltage
+VCC. When the output is low the load current flows through the load connected
between pin 3 and +VCC into the output terminal and is called sink current. The
current through the grounded load is zero when the output is low.
Pin 4: Reset-The 555 timer can be reset (disabled) by applying a negative pulse to
this pin. When the reset function is not in use, the reset terminal should be connected
to +VCC to avoid any possibility of false triggering.

Pin 5: Control voltage- An external voltage applied to this terminal changes the
threshold as well as trigger voltage. Thus by imposing a voltage on this pin or by
connecting a pot between this pin and ground, the pulse width of the output waveform
can be varied. When not used, the control pin should be bypassed to ground with a
0.01µF capacitor to prevent any noise problem.

Pin 6: Threshold -This is the non-inverting input of comparator 1, which monitors

the voltage across the external capacitor. When the voltage at this pin is greater than
or equal to the threshold voltage 2/3 VCC, the output of comparator 1 goes high,
which in turn switches the output of the timer low.

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Pin 7: Discharge-This pin is connected internally to the collector of transistor Q1.
When the output is high Q1 is OFF and acts as an open circuit to external capacitor C
connected across it. On the other hand, when the output is low, Q1 is saturated and
acts as a short circuit, shorting out the external capacitor C to ground.

Pin 8: Ground-The supply voltage of +5V to + 18V is applied to this pin with respect
to ground.

2.2.1.2 Operating Modes

The 555 timer has two basic operational modes: one shot and astable. In the one-shot
mode, the 555 acts like a monostable multi-vibrator. A monostable is said to have a
single stable state--that is the off state. Whenever it is triggered by an input pulse, the
monostable switches to its temporary state.

It remains in that state for a period of time determined by an RC network.

Itthen returns to its stable state. In other words, the monostable circuitgenerates a
single pulse of fixed time duration each time it receives and input trigger pulse. Thus
named as one-shot. One-shot multivibrators are used for turning some circuit or
external component on or off for a specific length of time. It is also used to generate
delays. When multiple one-shots are cascaded, a variety of sequential timing pulses
can be generated.

Monostable Operation:

In the basic circuit of the 555 connected as a monostable multivibrator an external RC

network is connected between the supply voltage and ground. The junction of the
resistor and capacitor is connected to the threshold input which is the input to the
upper comparator.

The internal discharge transistor is also connected to the junction of the resistor and
the capacitor input trigger pulse is applied to trigger input, which is the input to the
lower comparator. With that circuit configuration, the control flip flop is initially
reset. Therefore, the output voltage near zero volts. The signal from the control flip
flop causes T1 to conduct and act as a short circuit across the external capacitor. For
that reason, the capacitor cannot charge. During that time, the input to the upper
comparator is near zero volts causing the comparator output to keep the control flip-
flop reset.

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 Figure 6: Monostable mode of 555 Timer IC
Astable Operation:

The other basic operational mode of the 555 is as astable multivibrator.

Anastable multivibrator is simply an oscillator. The astable multivibrator generates a
continous stream of rectangular off-on pulses that switch between two voltage levels.
The frequency of the pulses and their duty cycle are dependent upon the RC network
values.

Figure 7: Astable mode of 555 timer IC

Fig shows the 555 connected as an astable multivibrator. Both the trigger and
threshold inputs to the two comparators are connected together and to the external
capacitors. The capacitor charges toward the supply voltage through the two resistors,
R1 and R2. The discharge pin (7) connected to the internal transistor is connected to
the junction of those two resistors.

When power is first applied to the circuit, the capacitor will be uncharged; therefore,
both the trigger and threshold inputs will be near zero volts. The lower comparator
sets the control flip-flop causing the output to switch high. That also turns off

20
transistor T1. That allows the capacitor to begin charging through R1 and R2. As soon
as the charge on the capacitor reaches 2/3 of the supply voltage, the upper comparator
will trigger causing the flip-flop to reset. That causes the output to switch low.
Transistor T1 also conducts.

The effect of the T1 conducting causes resistor R2 to be connected across the external
capacitor. Resistor R2 is effectively connected to ground through internal transistor
T1. The result of that is that the capacitor now begins to discharge through R2.The
voltage across the capacitor reaches 1/3 of the supply voltage, the lower comparator is
triggered. The control flip-flop to set and the output to go high.T1 cuts off and again
the capacitor begins to charge. The cycle continues to repeat with the capacitor
alternately charging and discharging, as the comparators cause the flip-flop to be
repeatedly set and reset. The resulting output is a continuous stream of rectangular
pulses. The frequency of operation of the astable circuit is dependent upon the values
of R1, R2, and C (scribd, 2009).

2.2.2 Relay

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under control of

another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by anelectromag
net to open or close one or many sets of contacts. These contacts can be either
Normally Open (NO), Normally Closed (NC), or change-over contacts.

Normally-open contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is
disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also called Form A contact or "make"
contact. Form A contact is ideal for applications that require to switch a high-current
power source from a remote device.

Normally-closed contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit
is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called Form B contact or "break"
contact. Form B contact is ideal for applications that require the circuit to remain
closed until the relay is activated. The given below figure shows relay.

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 Figure 8: Relay
There are four types of relay on the basis of pole and throw which are listed below.
1. Single Pole Single Throw(SPST) Relay
2. Single Pole Double Throw(DPST) Relay
3. Double Pole Single Throw(DPST) Relay
4. Double Pole Double Throw(DPDT) Relay
The relay used in this project is SPDT relay which is described below.
A Single Pole Double Throw Relay is a relay that has one input and two outputs.
Internally, it is wired so it is connected as shown below:

Figure 9: Connection of SPDT relay

Figure 10: SPDT Relay

Each of the inputs can connect to one output. A DPST relay is constructed internally
as if they are 2 separate SPST relays connected together (learning about electronics,
2017).

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2.2.3 Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)

A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or a photo resistor is a device whose resistivity is

a function of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Hence, they are light sensitive
devices. They are also called as photo conductors, photo conductive cells or simply
photocells. They are made up of semiconductor materials having high resistance.
There are many different symbols used to indicate a LDR, one of the most commonly
used symbol is shown in the figure below. The arrow indicates light falling on it
(electronics4u, 2012).

Figure11: Symbol of LDR

Figure 12: LDR

2.2.4 Laser Diode

A Laser Diode is a semiconductor device similar to a light-emitting diode (LED). It

uses p-n junction to emit coherent light in which all the waves are at the same
frequency and phase. This coherent light is produced by the laser diode using a
process termed as “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation”, which
is abbreviated as LASER. And since a p-n junction is used to produce laser light, this
device is named as a laser diode (electronics hub, 2017).

23
 Figure13: Symbol of laser diode

Figure 14: Laser Diode

2.2.5 Resistor
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce
current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and
terminate transmission lines, among other uses. High-power resistors that can
dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of motor
controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors
have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage.
Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a
lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical
activity (wikipedia, 2011).

24
 Figure 15: Symbol of Resistor

Figure 16: Resistor

2.2.5.1 Types of resistor

There are two basic types of resistors.

1. Linear Resistors

2. Non Linear Resistors

1. Linear Resistor
Those resistors, which values change with the applied voltage and temperature, are
called linear resistors. In other words, a resistor, which current value is directly
proportional to the applied voltage is known as linear resistors.
Generally, there are two types of resistors which have linear properties.
a.Fixed resistor
b.Variable resistor
a)Fixed resistor
As the name tells everything, fixed resistor is a resistor which has a specific value and
we can‟t change the value of fixed resistors.

25
 Figure 17: Fixed resistor
b)Variable resistor
As the name indicates, those resistors which values can be changed through a dial,
knob, and screw or manually by a proper method. In these types of resistors, there is a
sliding arm, which is connected to the shaft and the value of resistance can be
changed by rotating the arm. They are used in the radio receiver for volume control
and tone control resistance (electrical technology, 2016).

Figure 18: Variable resistor

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 CHAPTER THREE:PROJECT METHODOLOGY

3.1 Block Diagram

Figure 19: Block Diagram of Automatic Water Tap

27
 3.2 Block Description

The block diagram of this automatic tap shows that there are four blocks. Each block
consist a simple circuit. The blocks are Transmitter Circuit, Receiver Circuit, Relay
and Power Supply.

 Transmitter Circuit:

It consist a laser Diode which emits the laser rays. It consumes 5V DC power supply.

 Receiver Circuit:

It consist a LDR, 555timer IC and a 50KΩ variable resistor. It consumes 9V DC

power supply.

 Relay:

It is a SPDT relay, which is energized by a 6V DC. The 6V DC is gain by the output

of the 555 timer IC.

 Power Supply:

It consist a 220/12V transformer, capacitors, voltage regulator IC‟s (L7812, L7809,

L7805) and a bridge rectifier. This circuit provides the required voltage to all the
other circuits.

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3.3 Circuit Diagram

Figure 20: Circuit Diagram of Automatic Water Tap

(youtube, 2018)

29
3.4 Circuit Operation

The circuit diagram of this automatic tap consist main component i.e. 555 Timer ic
and other components are 50 KΩ variable resistor, LDR, 6 volt relay, 12 volt DC
water pump motor, 5 volt laser light. And other components used are for voltage
supply. The components for voltage supply are 220/12V (1A) Transformer, 1000 µf
25V capacitor, 1 µf 65V capacitor 3 pcs and IC's used for voltage regulation are
7812, 7809, 7805.

The main circuit consists of 555 Timer IC, 50KΩ variable resistor, LDR & 6V relay
and it requires 9V DC source to operate. And the DC water pump motor requires 12V
DC source and consumes 4.2 watt. The motor is controlled by the relay, this relay act
as a switch for motor and is controlled by the 555 timer IC‟s output, the output of
555timer IC depends upon the resistance of the LDR. The laser light requires 5V DC
source to operate. The light of laser falls on the LDR to decrease the resistance of
LDR, when the light falls on the LDR then the output of the 555 timer IC is 0 so the
relay is not operate. And when the light of laser doesn't fall on the LDR by
interruption then the resistance of LDR will increased up to million ohms according to
light intensity falling in it. So increasing the resistance of LDR results to give an
output of timer IC high (i.e.6V) then the relay is operated and the motor will run and
starts to pump water so the tap system act as an automatic control.

The LDR and Laser light's position are arranged in such a way, when any person
wants water and put the hands or utensils/objects under the tap then the object
interrupt the laser rays falling on LDR so the resistance of LDR will increased then
the output of the 555 timer IC is high because of high resistance of LDR then the
relay will activate and DC motor will run and the person gets water supply
automatically.

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 CHAPTER FOUR: FINAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

4.1Cost Analysis

The list of the required material and their cost is shown below.

Table 1: Cost Analysis of material

S.N Name of material Specification Quantity Rate(in Rs) Amount(in Rs) Remarks
1 555 Timer IC 4.5v to 15v 1 30 30
2 LDR - 1 20 20
3 Laser Diode - 1 150 150
4 Relay 6v DC 1 75 75
5 Resistor 100Ω 1 5 5
6 Variable Resistor 50kΩ 1 50 50
7 DC Pump Motor 12v 1 900 900
8 Transformer 220/12 AC 1 300 300
9 Rectifier Diode 1N4007 4 5 20
10 Capacitor 100µf 1 20 20
1µf 3 20 60
11 Regulator IC l7805 1 30 30
L7809 1 30 30
L7812 1 30 30
12 Strip Board - 2 40 80
13 Water Tap - 1 160 160
14 Bucket - 1 265 265
15 Pipe 9mm 2m 25 50
16 Connecting wire - 10m 5 50
Total Rs.2,325

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 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion
The project entitled “AUTOMATIC WATER TAP” has been finally realized.
The position of the LDR and laser diode is kept at the same height to achieve the
desired output. Any interruption between the LDR and Laser diode causes relay to
activate and starts to draw the water by the DC water pump.

5.2 Recommendation
The below given are recommendation for project.
1. IR sensor or PIR sensor can be used instead of using LDR.
2. For more advancement, Arduino can be used.
3. Solenoid valve can be used for better performance.
4. Submersible water pump can be used inspite of using non-submersible.

5.3 Future works

This project can be further developed in the following fields.
1. It can be used in the door security system.
2. This circuit can be implemented in the hand dryer and automatic soap
dispenser.
3. Same circuit also can be installed in the shower.

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