Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Welcome to English360!
Hi, I’m Maula Nikma. I’ve been teaching English and TOEFL for years now. I write
ebooks such as “9 Rahasia Ngomong Inggris Otomatis dalam 120 Hari”, “TOEFL
Survivor”, “Learn English The Ninja Way”, “Oleh-oleh dari Cambridge”. I highly
recommend the ebooks so you can understand the whole idea of ‘learning English’
from my perspective. They are free to download!
I also have digital learning products; Hacking English System (DVD), StrategiTOEFL
(DVD), Pronunciation Mastery (DVD), INGGRIS.IN (LIVE Tutorial with Native
Speaker) and about to release my brand new projects on 14 different subjects.
English360
This was everyday lesson sent to my students’ email for 1 (360 means 360 days) year
when it came out in early 2018. However, I was thinking it’d be even better if people
could learn the entire lessons from just 1 ebook instead of day-by-day lesson.
From this ebook, you can learn and practice functional English, grammar, and many
more. I do hope you enjoy it.
One more thing, make sure you subscribe to my email list and facebook group. I share
a lot of new lessons via email and give you free LIVE lessons and QnA on facebook.
Check your WA to check the links.
Thank you
Maula Nikma
When you meet a new friend, it is very polite to tell your name. There are many
ways how to introduce yourself in English.
The first example is introducing yourself in a formal occasion. And the last example
is most commonly used when introducing yourself to a friend of the same age.
Hi, I’m Rudi. I’m from Bandung and now I live in Jakarta. Nice to meet you.
--
Ketika kamu bertemu dengan kawan baru, akan sangat sopan jika kamu
memperkenalkan diri terlebih dahulu. Banyak cara untuk memperkenalkan diri
dalam bahasa Inggris.
So, whenever you meet a new friend, introduce yourself with one of the example
above. Plus, don’t forget to ask his or her name, too.
2. Introducing others
Sometimes, you want to introduce your new friend to your family. So, you need to
tell your family your new friend’s name, where he or she lives, and what’s your
relationship with him or her.
This’s RINA.
Please keep in mind before introducing friends, you need to know more about your
new friends before introducing him/her to your family or your other friends.
--
Untuk memperkenalkan orang lain dengan bahasa Inggris, kamu bisa memulai
dengan:
Penting untuk diingat! Ketika memperkenal kan orang lain, nama mereka harus
ditekankan. Contohnya:
This’s RINA.
Jangan lupa ketika memperkenalkan orang lain, kamu harus tau background orang
tersebut.
In the real life, after you have introduced yourself, people want to know more about
where you live. So, here’s how to tell more about your address.
The phrase live in is very common when you want to tell your address. You can, for
example, come from Medan, but you live in Bandung.
--
Cara memberitahu kawan asal dan di mana kamu tinggal dalam bahasa Inggris
sangat mudah. Kamu bisa mulai dengan:
That’s about it. Check for tomorrow’s lesson at the same time. See you!
4. Pronouns in English
you need to remember which subject pronoun and which subject pronoun.
Note that possessive adjectives cannot act as subject or object. But they must be
followed by a noun to be a subject or an object. For example, my son is taller than your
son.
--
Pronoun adalah kata ganti. Kata ganti dalam bahasa Inggris terdapat 7.
I, you, they, we, she, he, it adalah kata ganti yang digunakan sebagai subjek
pada kalimat.
Me, you, them, us, her, him, it adalah kata ganti yang digunakan sebagai
objek pada kalimat.
o Salah
o Mine book
Tomorrow, we are going to look at how these pronouns are used in real life
5. Subject pronouns
As we all remember form the previous email that there are seven subject pronouns
in English, I, you, they, we, she, he, it. Each of these subject pronoun must be
followed by a verb. For example;
Note that subject pronouns are not used with the same be verb. Look at the list
below
--
I, you, they, we, she, he, it selalu membutuhkan kata kerja (verb), karena
mereka semua adalah subjek kalimat. Perhatikan contoh berikut:
Subjek kata kerja like ditambah s karena subjek nya adalah she. (she, he, it selalu
menggunakan s(es) pada akhir kalimat). Namun, kata kerja work tidak
membutuhkan s karena subjek we adalah subjek plural.
Perhatikan kata ganti subjek berikut jika digunakan dengan kata kerja be:
Selalu perhatikan subjek dan be nya, mereka tidak bisa diganti dengan be yang lain.
Yup, that’s about it for today. Make sure to familiarize yourself how to use pronoun
and the be. I’ll see you tomorrow for more English lessons.
You can see the different between me and I that in the first and the second example, I
is the subject. But me is the object.
--
me, you, them, us, him, her, it adalah kata ganti yang digunakan sebagai objek pada
kalimat. Mereka selalu digunakan setelah kata kerja. Perhatikan contoh yang diatas
sekali lagi.
Pada kalimat pertama dan kedua, kita bisa membedakan penggunaan I dan me, I
digunakan sebagai subjek sedangkan me digunakan sebagai objek. Dalam bahasa
indonesia, keduanya diartikan saya.
Quick Quiz! Are the following sentences correct?
Well, I bet you can differentiate the subject and the object pronouns. If you can’t,
there’s so much time to learn more about it. I’ll see you tomorrow.
In case you forget. These are call possessive pronoun mine, yours, his, hers, theirs,
ours.
Please keep in mind that mine and my are not use the same.
- My book.
- The book is mine
---
Untuk mengatakan kepunyaan, dalam bahasa Inggris kita menggukanan kata ganti
kepunyaan. Kita menggunakan mine, yours, his, hers, theirs, ours dan its.
Penting diingat! Mine dan my tidak sama penggunaanya. My digunakan dengan kata
benda sedangkan mine tidak
- My book.
- The book is mine
Quick Quiz!
Compare possessive pronouns and their adjectives pronouns. Then, make two
sentences
- I like yours
- Your book is like mine
In English, I and other subject pronoun might confuse you with the object pronoun.
You should always keep in mind that subject pronoun comes before the verb whole
the object pronoun comes after the verb. Look at the example below.
The vice president and I are going to visit the queen of England.
---
Dalam bahasa Inggris, I dan kata ganti lainnya sangat membingungkan dengan
penggunaan kata ganti objek. Yang perlu diingat adalah kata ganti subjek selalu
datang sebelum kata kerja. Perhatikan contoh berikut ini.
The vice president and I are going to visit the queen of England.
Ingat! Subjek adalah yang melakukan perkerjaan sedangkan objek adalah terkena
perkerjaan.
Penting diingat bahwa I sebagai orang seperti dalam kalimat I like dancing, dan I
sebagai kata benda mati seperti dalam kalimat I is the 9th alphabet in English
memiliki makna dan penggunaan yang berbeda. Aturan ini juga berlaku pada kata
ganti subjek yang lain.
Yup, that’s the lesson on the use of subject and object pronouns. I’ll see you
tomorrow.
Mine is a possessive pronoun. It is uses without telling the noun again as in example;
the book that he bought is similar to mine. (meaning, my book and his book is
similar)
My is possessive adjective. Like all adjective, it gives extra information to the
noun. For example;
My car drives faster than his car.
Hi, kali ini kita akan melihat cara menggunakan mine dan my.
Mine digunakan sebagain kepunyaan, tapi tidak menyebutkan kata benda lagi.
Contohnya.
My berfungsi sebagai kata sifat. Seperti kata sifat yang lain, my harus datang
dengan kata benda. Contohnya,
Try to make your sentence using mine and my. I’ll see you tomorrow for
more lesson.
Hi, today we’re going to understand the sentences in English. like all language, a
sentence must consist of one subject (noun) and one predicate.
In the English language a predicate must consist a verb in it. If there is no verb, we
must make one. What does this mean? Let’s look at the example
In these examples, the subject directly follows by the predicate which is a verb
My phone is new
The person standing in the room is my friend
Unlike all animal, cockroaches are disgusting
In these example, the predicate is adjective and noun (not verb) so we must put to be
(is and are, depending on the subject) to complete the sentence.
---
Dalam bahasa Inggris, predikat harus terdapat kata kerja. Jika tidak ada kata kerja,
maka harus di tambahkan to be. Mari liat contoh berikut.
Pada contoh diatas, subjek nya langsung diikuti oleh predikat, yaitu kata kerja.
d. My phone is new
e. The person standing in the room is my friend
f. Unlike all animal, cockroaches are disgusting
Pada contoh diatas, predikatnya adalah kata sifat dan kata benda, (bukan kata kerja).
Jadi, kita harus menambahkan to be (is dan are, tergantung dengan subjeknya)
----
So, today we learn the function of subject and predicate in the sentence to make
meaning. We must have at least one subject and one predicate, if the predicate is a
noun or an adjective, we must use to be to complete the sentence.
There are two types of sentences in English, nominal and verbal. We need to
understand the differences, so we can make a correct and meaningful sentence in
our daily conversation.
Nominal sentence is a sentence that does not need a regular verb as the
predicate, but we use to-be verb. Let’s look at the example.
We can see from the example above that the to-be is used with the predicate you,
expensive and slow. These word are adjective and noun, that’s why we call this
sentences nominal sentences.
---
Ada dua bentuk kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris, nominal dan verbal. Kita harus bisa
membedakan keduanya biar bisa membuat kalimat yang benar dan bermakna
Kita bisa melihat pada kalimat di atas bahwa to be digunakan dengan predikat you,
expensive dan slow.
that’s the lesoon for today. We’ll look at verbal sentences tomorrow.
Verbal sentence is a sentence when we used action verbs as the predicate. An action
verb is a verb that requires action. For example, read, look, call. Let’s look at the
example bellow.
Important!
---
Verbal sentence adalah kalimat dimana kita menggunakan kata kerja (action verbs)
sebagai predikat. Action verb adalah kata kerja yang menggunakan anggota tubuh.
Contohnya, read, look, call.
Penting!
Kalimat vebal tidak selalu digunakan untuk orang saja (seperti subjek yang
melakukan sesuatu), kita juga bisa menggunakan action verb pada subjek yang tidak
hidup.
Alright. That’s the lesson for today. I’ll see you tomorrow.
It is important to get accustom to the terms that teachers use when teaching English
grammar. Here, we’re going to look at grammar terms used in this email
subscription. Let’s look at them.
Hi, email kali ini, kita akan membahas istilah yang digunakan untuk belajar
grammar bahasa Inggris. Penting diingat karena untuk email selanjutnya, kita akan
menggunakan istilah-istilah ini.
Try to familiarize yourself with the terms. I’ll see you tomorrow for more English
lessons. See you then.
Usually, after a verb, there must be followed by a noun of any form (gerund, object
of preposition, noun phrase, noun clause, adverb). But, after a linking verb, only an
adjective can be used. Let’s look at the example.
To-be taste
Look feel
Seem sound
Remember the linking verbs and try to make your own sentence.
---
Biasanya, kata kerja harus di ikuti oleh adverbia dan kata benda dalam semua
bentuknya (gerund, object of preposition, noun phrase, noun clause). Tapi, setelah
linking verb, hanya adjective yang boleh digunakan. Perhatikan contoh berikut.
Seperti yang bisa dilihat, setelah kata kerja diikuti oleh kata sifat.
To-be taste
Look feel
Seem sound
Kamu bisa bilang, “I taste the food and it’s awful”. kalimat ini benar karena taste
adalah action verb (kamu merasa menggunakan lidah kamu)
Remember the linking verbs and try to make your own sentence. I’ll see you
tomorrow.
In the English language, the subject of the sentence must agree with the verbs and
vise-versa. This mean that, if the subject is plural (they, we, children), the verb must
be plural verb, too. Look at the example bellow for better understanding.
The bird in the first example is singular because it’s only one bird, we must put an s
at the end of the verb to make it singular verb.
The second example, the birds are many (more than one bird), so we must use plural
verb.
Important!
Have, do, are, were, are used for plural subject
Has, does, is, was, are used for singular subject
Now, make your own sentences with one plural subject and one singular subject
---
Dalam Bahasa Inggris, subjek dan kata kerja harus setara. Artinya, jika subjek nya
jamak (they, we, children), maka kata kerjanya harus jamak juga. Perhatikan contoh
berikut agar bisa membedakan.
Bird pada kalimat pertama adalah tunggal, kita harus menambahkan –s pada akhir
kata kerja sing untuk membuat kata kerja tunggal.
Contoh kedua, birds ada banyak (jamak), maka kata kerja jamak yang harus
digunakan.
Penting!
Have, do, are, were, di gunakan untuk subjek jamak
Has, does, is, was, di gunakan untuk subjek tunggal
Now, make your own sentences with one plural subject and one singular subject
We add s at the end of the noun teacher, lesson, book, to make the noun becomes
plural form
We add es at the end of the noun box, lies to make plural form
Children is the plural form of child and the plural form of fish is fish
Children and fish are the irregular plural form, means that we don’t add s or es to
make the noun plural. Go to the link below to know more list for irregular plural
fhv.uniza.sk/kaj/doc/English%20irregular%20plural%2016.%2010.%202015.
pdf
---
Hi, Howdy
Kita menambahkan –s pada kata teacher, lesson, book untuk membuat kata benda
tersebut menjadi jamak (plural)
Tambahkan –es pada kata benda seperti, box, lies dll untuk jamak
Kata benda jamak seperti Children dan fish berubah tidak beraturan (irregular).
Artinya kita tidak menambahkan –s atau –es untuk menjadikannya plural. Klik link
berikut untuk melihat kata benda jamak irregular.
that’s for today. I’ll see you tomorrow and don’t forget to check my email.
When we look at the subject of a sentence, we can see the difference whether it is
active or passive. Simply put, active sentence is when the subject is doing the action
as in “I turn on the light”. Passive sentence is when the subject is not doing the
action, but affected by the action, as in the “light is turned on by me”.
We need this formula when we want to change the active sentence to passives
S + be + past participle + by + o
Important to remember that not all sentence in English can be changed to passive, it
simply means slightly different.
Try to make you own active sentences and turn it into passive and see whether or
not it makes sense
----
Kalimat pasif jika subjek tidak melakukan perkerjaan, tapi menerima apa yang
dikerjakan, contohnya, “light is turned on by me”. Subjek light tidak melakukan
perkerjaan turn on.
S + be + past participle + by + o
Penting! Tidak semua kalimat dalam Bahasa Inggris bisa di ubah menjadi kalimat
pasif, karena akan merubah makna.
Yup, that’s for today. Try to make you own active sentences and turn it into passive
and see whether or not it makes sense
The first example does not contain a subject. The “for you to joint us” is not a subject
because it precedes by the preposition for. So it can’t be the subject.
---
Kalimat (a) tidak memiliki subjek. “you to joint us” bukan subjek karena di
dahului oleh preposisi for. Jadi, you tidak bisa jadi subjek. Kalimat (b) juga
tidak memiliki subjek dan kata kerja.
Note! Semua objek preposisi (kata benda yang didahului oleh preposisi) tidak
bisa menjadi subjek, kita harus menambahkan kata benda lain agar kalimat
menjadi lengkap.
So, remember that a complete sentence must at least have one subject and one
verb. Check my email tomorrow for more English lesson. See you.
Preposition of time allows you to state time for specific or general idea of
time. When you want to tell time, you probably need a preposition of time (in,
on, at) to make other people understand of what you’re saying.
In - is used to say, in winter, in July, in 2018, in the past, in the future, in the
morning, in the afternoon
On – on Monday, on weekend, on independent day, on new year eve.
At – at 10 o’clock, at night, at noon.
In - digunakan untuk, in winter, in July, in 2018, in the past, in the future, in the
morning, in the afternoon
On – on Monday, on weekend, on independent day, on new year eve.
At – at 10 o’clock, at night, at noon.
There are so many prepositions of place. In this email, we’re going to look at
the most common one, in, on, and at.
in is used when we want to say the object is inside the box or inside the area.
a. What’s in your hand? (you’re holding something inside your palm)
b. Get in the car (to go inside the car)
c. I’m in Aceh right now. Come and visit
That’s for today. Let’s look more about prepositions of place tomorrow
----
In digunakan saat objek berada dalam kotak (atau ruang) atau di dalam
sebuah kawasan.
a. What’s in your hand? (dalam genggaman)
b. Get in the car (di dalam mobil)
c. I’m in Aceh right now. Come and visit (di dalam sebuah kawasan)
That’s for today. Let’s look more about prepositions of place tomorrow
For preposition at, we apply the rules from the previous email.
----
Untuk preposisi at, aturannya sama seperti aturan yang telah kita bahas pada
email kemarin.
There are sometimes moments where you want to ask questions about
someone or something. To do that, you need to understand how to ask using
Be
Is Susan a doctor?
Are they your friends?
Am I old enough to go to school?
---
Jika ingin bertanya tentang orang atau sesuatu, kita harus mengerti bertanya
dengan menggunakan be.
a. Is Susan a doctor?
b. Are they your friends?
c. Am I old enough to go to school?
Try to ask question about your phone. I’ll see you tomorrow for more lesson.
What, where, when, why, who and how are called question words
So when you’re going to ask questions about someone, you should put the a
question word at the beginning of the questions, in front of be.
Some people write what’s, where’s, who’s to make it easier to say. But it is not
common for people to write when’s, why’s.
See you tomorrow for more tips to improve your English. and don’t forget to
practice writing your question for your love one.
----
What, where, when, why, who dan how adalah kata tanya.
Jadi, jika ingin bertanta tentang seseorang, kamu harus letakkan kata tanya di
awal kalimat tanya, sebelum be.
Umumnya what is, where is, dll di tulis what’s, where’s, who’s untuk
mempermudah penulisan. Tapi, when’s, why’s tidak sering digunakan.
That’s our lesson. See you tomorrow for more tips to improve your English.
and don’t forget to practice writing your question for your love one.
a. I have a book
b. You have a book
c. We have a book
d. They have a book
Important to remember that have is used for plural subject (except I). and has
is used for singular subject.
See you tomorrow for more about learning English on the go. Make sure to
check my emails every day at the same time.
---
a. I have a book
b. You have a book
c. We have a book
d. They have a book
Ingat! Have digunakan untuk subjek jamak (kecuali I). dan has digunakan
untuk subjek tunggal.
Try to make your own example by using has and have. See you tomorrow for
more about learning English on the go. Make sure to check my emails every
day at the same time.
25. Using have and has with past participle
Written, completed and visited are past participle. We add ed at the end of a
verb (complete, visit) to make it past participle verb.
Written is irregular verb, means that we don’t add ed. We will look at most
common irregular verb next time.
Remember that have and has are used depends on the subject, whether it’s
plural or singular
That, all for today. Check my email tomorrow at the same time for more
English on the go lesson.
----
Have dan has digunakan dengan Past Participle untuk tenses present perfect
have dan has digunakan untuk perkerjaan yang dimulai di masa lampau dan
memberi efek pada masa sekarang. Perhatikan contoh berikut.
Written, completed dan visited adalah past participle. –ed ditambahkan di akhir
kata kerja (complete, visit) untuk membuat past participle. Written adalah
kata kerja yang berubah tidak beraturan, artinya, kita tidak menambahkan –
ed.
Ingat have dan has digunakan tergantung pada subjeknya, jamak atau tunggal.
That, all for today. Check my email tomorrow at the same time for more
English on the go lesson.
To order which adjective comes first is very personal. You can arrange it
whoever possible. But there are traditional rules
----
Adjective (kata sifat) berguna untuk memberi makna tambahan kepada kata
benda. Caranya, hanya dengan menambahkan kata sifat sebelum kata benda
Yup, that’s for today. I’ll see you tomorrow. try to add adjectives for your
phone and car.
Look at the second and third example. Can you see the noun, adjective and
the adverb? Are they in the order of adv + adj + noun?
I leave you to it for now. I’ll see you tomorrow for the next lesson.
-----
Seperti yang kita tahu, kita sifat menerangkan kata benda. Adverb
menerangkan adjective (kata sifat)
Pada contoh di atas, kata benda internet connection dijelaskan leh adjective
slow. Adjective slow diterangkan oleh adverb very.
Perhatikan contoh kedua. Lihat noun, adjective dan adverb nya. Apakah
urutannya sudah benar seperti adv + adj + noun?
I leave you to it for now. I’ll see you tomorrow for the next lesson.
You have probably heard people say “it’s too fast”. And you’ve probably
heard people say “it’s very fast”. Do they have the same meaning?
Too is used for something negative. But, very is used to say something
positive. So, you would say:
the bus driver drives too fast (means you don’t like it. The driver scares you)
the bus driver drives very fast (means you like it because the driver gets you
to your destination in time).
So, next time you’re confuse whether to use too or very, remember that too is
for negative and very is for positive.
a. the bus driver drives too fast (kamu tidak suka. Pengemudi ugal-ugalan)
b. the bus driver drives very fast (kamu suka. Mungkin karena kamu buru
ingin ke suatu tempat).
Ingat! Jika kamu bingung apa menggunakan too atau very, ingat too untuk
negatif dan very untuk positif.
This’s all for today. I’ll see you tomorrow.
Hi, today we’re going to look at how to use the simple present.
Simple present is used when we want to say:
General fact
Note that we use drinks (with s) for subject he, she, it. We use is for singular
subject.
e. He’s dead
f. He dies
That’s enough for today. try to do the quiz and wait for more lesson
tomorrow. See you.
---
kebiasaan
a. He drinks coffee every morning
b. They learn English together
Fakta umum
Note: gunakan drinks (dengan –s) untuk subjek he, she, it.
e. He’s dead
f. He dies
That’s enough for today. try to do the quiz and wait for more lesson
tomorrow. See you.
We use adverb of frequency with the simple present and it comes between the
subject and the verb. Let’s look at the example bellow.
Quiz!
h. Stay up late
i. Call your mother
j. Ask for help from your friends
Note that sometime and sometimes are not the same. Look at the example
below
----
h. Stay up late
i. Call your mother
j. Ask for help from your friends
Try to make your own sentences. Follow the rule and you are always correct.
----
contohnya
a. He is rarely prepared for the meeting
b. My computer is always on
c. I am usually very hungry in the afternoon
Buat contoh tambahan dengan mengikuti aturan diatas.
When the subject is she, he or it, we need to add s at the end of the verb. As in
“she stops by my house this morning”.
However, some present verbs sometimes come with final –es. Let’s look why
some verbs use final –es.
Note:
Important!
The verb pay or enjoy does not follow the same rule like cry and try. We need
to add final –s because before y is a vowel.
----
Subjek she, he atau it, tambahkan –s pada ujung kata kerja, seperti dalam
contoh “she stops by my house this morning”.
Namun, ada beberapa kata kerja ditambahkan –es. Perhatikan cara
penambahan akhiran –es.
- Tambahkan -es untuk kata kerja berakhiran -sh, -ch, -ss, -x.
- Ganti y menjadi i dan tambahkan –es untuk kata kerja berakhiran -y
penting!
Kata kerja pay atau enjoy, dll. tidak mengikuti aturan yang sama seperti cry
dan try. Akhiran –s dibutuhkan karena sebelum y adalah huruf vokal.
That’s about it for today. we will look for more lesson tomorrow.
in English, when we want to say about what we are currently doing right
now, we use be + verb –ing. Let’s look at examples bellow for details.
----
I = am
She, he, it = am
Past progressive is used to say about events or activities that happened in the
past when you were doing something else.
Misalnya, ketika kamu sedang menelpon kawan pada masa lampau, dan
diwaktu yang sama, ibu kamu memanggil.
Other example:
Remember, you can’t mix the sentence (past tense always with past tense).
Important to note that past progressive tense tends to require two activities
(taking bath and the bell rang). But, you can also say just one action (I was
eating).
Think about what did you do early this morning, and make a sentence out of
it. I’ll see you tomorrow.
----
Misalnya, ketika kamu sedang menelpon kawan pada masa lampau, dan
diwaktu yang sama, ibu kamu memanggil.
Contoh lain
a. My mother called me when i was calling my friend on the phone.
b. I was taking bath when Susan rang the bell
c. When the phone rang, I was having my lunch.
d. They were watching the movie while i was cleaning the room.
Ingat! Kamu tidak bisa mencampur past tense dan present tense dalam satu
kalimat (kecuali ada faktor yang memungkinkan).
Ok! Think about what did you do early this morning, and make a sentence
out of it. I’ll see you tomorrow.
Tapi, ada beberapa kata kerja yang tidak bisa digunakan dalam tenses
progressive. Hanya active verbs yang bisa digunakan dengan progressive. Jadi,
apa saja non-active verbs?
See is nonaction verb. Seeing happens because my eyes open. It’s a physical
reaction and not a planned action.
Watch is an action verb. I watch something for a long time, but I look at
something for a short time.
--
Mari bedakan see, look at, watch, hear dan listen to.
See digunakan ketika mata terbuka. Kita menggunakan see karena hal
spontan. Tidak seperti see, look at digunakan karena rencana dan tujuan.
Contohnya “She’s looking at the book. She probably will buy it”. Look at
digunakan dengan memperhatikan buku yang akan dia beli dengan detail.
Look at itu melihat dengan teliti tapi sebentar. Watch melihat lebih lama.
Seperti “watching football”
One last note, nonaction verbs can't be used in progressive. But action verbs
can. Instead of saying “I'm seeing what you’re doing” say “I see what you’re
doing”
a. My neighbor plays music so loudly; I can hear it from outside the room
b. I'm listening to music because I like to listen to music.
--
Hear digunakan ketika mendengar namun tidak memperhatikan. Listen to
digunakan mendengar dengan memperhatikan apa yang dibilang.
So, can you see the difference? I’ll come back tomorrow for more lesson. See
you.
I think that think about and think that are different. Yes, they are.
The two examples imply the ideas about college tuition and grammar exams
in my mind.
Also remember that you can't say thinking that, but you should say “thinking
about”
--
Think about digunakan untuk mengungkapkan apa yang kita kita pikirkan.
Think that digunakan untuk mengungkapkan opini atau sesuatu yang kita
yakini. Perhatikan kembali contoh diatas.
Kita tidak bisa mengatakan “I think that my college tuition right now”
Perlu diingat, kita tidak bisa menggunakan kalimat “I’m thinking that your
phone is too expensive”.
The examples imply the same meaning (requesting a glass of water), but
would like implies polite request. I would like is the nice way of saying I
want.
would like can be used for all subjects and does not change the verb
c. Remember she and he do not change the verb like into likes. It stays like.
--
Kata want dan would like memiliki arti yg sama. Namun penggunaanya
berbeda. Would like digunakan lebih sopan dari pada want. Perhatikan
kembali contoh yang di atas.
Penting, kata like pada she would like dan he would like tidak berubah
menjadi likes.
The previous email, we talk about would like. Today we’re going to look at
how would like + infinitive is used. Let’s get on to in
You can't construct the pronoun with would like. Look at how it’s
pronounced below.
c. I’d like (aid like) f. They’d like (theyd like)
d. She’d like (shed like) g. You’d likey (youd like)
e. He’d like (hed like) h. We’d like (wed like)
---
Pada email sebelumnya, kita membahas penggunaan would like. Hari ini kita
akan melihat bagaimana penggunaan would like + infinitive (to infinitive).
Perhatikan kembali contoh diatas
Yup, that’s the lesson for today. Check out for tomorrow lesson. Stay tuned
I Like means that I enjoy to hang out with you. Like indicates that I always
enjoy something.
--
Would like dalam bahasa Inggris digunakan untuk ingin melakukan sesuatu
pada masa sekarang atau masa depan. Like digunakan untuk mengatakan
kesenangan akan sesuatu.
I would like to hang out berarti saya ingin ngopi bareng kalian
Thats enough lesson for today. Practice more with Would like vs like. Try to
say other verbs and other pronoun. Good luck. I’ll see you tomorrow
Non count noun is nouns that can't be counted and they do not have plural
from, which means, non-count noun always come in singular form
Count noun is a noun that can be counted and we add final –s at the end of
the noun. Let’s look at the example bellow.
e. Two i. A lot of
f. Many j. Several
g. Few k. A number of
h. Some
--
Dalam bahasa Inggris, ada kata benda yang dapat dihitung (count noun) dan
ada yang tidak bisa dihitung (non-count noun). Non count noun tidak
memiliki bentuk plural (jamak) dan ia selalu diganakan dalam bentuk
singular (tunggal). Count noun memiliki bentuk jamak dan ditambahkan –s
pada akhir kata. Perhatikan contoh di atas sekali lagi.
Perhatikan bagaimana “dua buku” dan “banyak buku” ditulis dalam bahasa
Inggris. Keduanya ditambahkan –s karena memiliki makna banyak, lebih dari
satu.
Yup, thats for today. Make sure you check out my other email tomorrow. See
you then.
43. Using an vs a
Notice that an is used because the word after it is a vowel, (not necessarily
because of the noun)
--
Dalam bahasa Inggris, sebelum kata benda tunggal selalu diberi partikel a
atau an. Partikel a digunakan pada kata yang berawalan dengan bunyi
konsonan (k, m, b dll). Partikel an digunakan pada kata benda yang
berawalan bunyi vocal (a, i, e, o). Seperti pada contoh dibawah:
a. a guitar c. you should bring an apple
b. an animal d. I have an old guitar
Perlu diperhatikan ada beberapa kata seperti univestiy dan honor. Kata
tersebut menggunakan partikel yg berbeda yaitu “a univesity” dan “an
honor” karena berbunyi y (konsonan) dan o (vokal).
Alright, that’s about it for today. Make sure to practice and make your own
sentences. I’ll see you tomorrow.
Dalam bahasa Inggris, non-count noun tidak bisa dihitung tapi bisa bisa
dihitung dengan expression of measurement, a glass of, a bag of, a cup of dll.
Gula tidak bisa dihitung, tapi satu sendok gula bisa dihitung, a spoon of
sugar.
Hmhm, I think that is enough for today. don’t want to drown you, just yet. :D
I hope you still remember about count and non-count nouns. Today we’re
going to look deeper about it.
---
Yang perlu diingat pada email kali ini hanya tentang penggunaan:
Yup, not much for today. I’ll catch up with you tomorrow. See you!
a. The speaker uses the when the listener and the speaker have the same idea
about something or someone. The shows that a noun is specific.
b.
We use the when something or someone is the only one in the world.
The is used with singular noun, plural noun and non-count noun.
Notice in the examples, the speaker is using the for the second mention of a
noun. When the speaker mentions a noun for a second tine, both the speaker
and listener are now thinking about the same thing.
e. I like have a phone and several books. The phone is Lenovo and the book
are non-fiction.
--
Kita menggunakan the ketika dua orang memiliki pemahaman yang sama
tentang sesuatu atau seseorang. The digunakan untuk kata benda yang
spesifik, yang terterntu.
The juga digunakan pada kata benda yang hanya ada satu-satunya di dunia.
Seperti pada contoh diatas, the sky dan the sun.
Ok, that’s the lesson about how to use the. Make sure to understand what
specific means. I’ll see you tomorrow.
--
Kalimat a menggunaka the apples karena apples nya specifi sedangkan pada
kalimat b apples secara umum (semua jenis, yang ada dimana saja) baik
untuk kamu. Kalimat c pensil dan bolpen secara umum digunakan oleh
semua siswa. Dan pada kalimat d, dia suka mendengar semua jenis musik
Some and any are used for plural nouns. It also can be used for non-count
noun.
Some is used in affirmative statements, as in
a. Alisia has some money
b. Bang Dodi needs some money
---
Some dan any digunakan pada kata benda yang dapat dihitung dan juga
yang tidak bisa dihitung.
And that’s it for today. check my email tomorrow. I’ll see you then
We use past tense to say something that happens in the past. Let’s look at the
examples bellow to understand present and past tenses
b. I'm in the class today
c. She is in the store right now
d. My phone is at his house
Simple past tense of Be is was and were. We use was for singular and were for
plural.
--
Past tense (masa lampu) digunakan untuk membicarakan kejadian yang telah
siap (telah terjadi) pada masa lampau. Mari lihat kembali contoh di atas
untuk membedakan present tense dan past tense.
Past tense untuk Be adalah was dan were. Was digunakan untuk subjek
tunggal dan were untuk subjek jamak.
As we discussed in the previous email that there are only two past bees: was
and were. To use past be with negative sentences, we only need to add not
after the be. Let’s look at example below.
Remember, was not and wasn’t have the same meaning. And so do were not
and weren’t
Important to note:
Present Past
Today Yesterday
This morning Yesterday morning
This afternoon Yesterday afternoon
Tonight Last night
This week Last week
--
Pada email sebelum nya kita telah membahas was dan were. Kali ini kita akan
melimat penggunaan was dan were dalam bentuk kalimat negatif. Untuk
membuat kalimat negatif menggunakan was dan were, kita hanya perlu
menambahkan not setelah was dan were. Lihat contoh berikut ini.
Ingat! Was not, were not dan wasn’t, weren’t memiliki arti yang sama.
When we want to ask about someone (or the subject), we use be in front of the subject.
Let’s look at examples below for clearer picture of it
- Were you at home last night? Answer – yes, I was / no, I wasn’t
- Was Andy in the class yesterday? Answer – yes, he was / no, he wasn’t
When we ask information about someone (the subject), we use the question words.
Note: some people answer questions with short answers, like “yes, I was” or “at home”.
You can answer with long answers, yes, I was in the class or I was at home.
--
Ketika kita ingin bertanya tentang seseorang (subjek kalimat), kita menggunakan be di
sebelum subjek. Mari lihat kembali contoh diatas.
- Were you at home last night? Answer – yes, I was / no, I wasn’t
- Was Andy in the class yesterday? Answer – yes, he was / no, he wasn’t
Jika kita bertanya informasi tentang seseorang (subjek kalimat), kita menggunakan
kalimat tanya. Perhatikan penempatan kata tanya pada kalimat berikut.
Well, this’s about it for today. we’ll catch up more lesson tomorrow. don’t forget to ask
by replying the email.
Hi, today we’re going to understand how to say past tense activities. first, let’s compare
present and past tenses.
- I walk to work every day
- I walked to work yesterday
As you can see, verb –ed tell you that the event happens in the past (the event happened
yesterday and last night). In English we add –ed for most verbs to refer to past events.
Note: we use past tense with –ed for all subjects (I, you, they, we, she, he, it).
--
Kali ini kita akan melihat penggunaan past tense (masa lampau). Bandingkan dulu
present tense (masa sekarang) dan past tense (masa lampau) pada kalimat berikut ini.
Seperti yang kita lihat, kata kerja + –ed memberi makna lampau (baik ada keterang
waktu atau tidak). Dalam bahasa Inggris, kita menambahkan akhiran –ed pada sebagian
besar kata kerja.
Cotatan: kita menggunakan kata kerja lampau (yang berakhiran –ed) untuk semua
subjek (I, you, they, we, she, he, it).
Think about what you did last night and make a sentence out of it. I’ll see you tomorrow.
As we all know, we add –ed to make past tense verb. But, some verbs need extra care to
make them past verbs. let’s look the rules to change verbs from present to past
Remember some verbs change irregularly, so you need to pay more attention to these
verbs. Below are the most common irregular verbs.
--
yes, kita menambahkan –ed pada akhiran kata kerja dalam bahasa Inggris. Tapi, ada
beberapa kata kerja memerlukan perhatian lebih untuk merubahnya menjadi kata kerja
masa lampau. Mari lihat aturan cara merubah kata kerja present menjadi past.
Penting! Ada sebagian kata kerja berubah ke bentuk lampu secara acak (tidak mengikuti
aturan dengan menambahkan –ed). Diatas ada kata kerja yang berubah secara acak.
So, look again to the irregular verbs and find the meaning of the words you don’t
understand. I’ll see you tomorrow.
Hi, quick question. How to pronounce the word, liked, watched, dreamed?
Here’s how.
Group A – final –ed is pronounced /t/ if the verb end in a voiceless sound
- Walked - laughed - missed - stretched
- Washed - helped - sniffed - watched
Group B – final –ed is pronounced /d/ if the verb ends in a voiced sound.
Group C – final –ed is pronounced /id/ if the verb ends in the letter d or t
--
Group A – akhiran –ed dibaca /t/ jika kata kerja berakhir dengan voiceless consonants
(p, f, s, sh, c, tch, k)
Contohnya: liked /likt/
Group B – akhiran –ed dibaca /d/ jika kata kerja berakhir dengan voiced consonants (g,
j, z, v, b, )
Contohnya: closed /closd/
Group C – akhiran –ed dibaca /ed/ jika kata kerja berakhir dengan /d/ atau /t/.
Contohnya: visited /visitid/
Practice more how to pronounce group A and B. check my email tomorrow. I’ll see you
then.
Hi, today we’re going to look at how yesterday, last, and ago used in sentences. Let’s
check them out.
- Yesterday
o Bob was here…
Yesterday
Yesterday morning
Yesterday afternoon
Yesterday evening
- Last
o Nanda was here …
Last night
Last Friday
Last year
Last summer
- Ago
o Susan was here …
Five minutes ago
Two hours ago
A (two)week ago
A year ago
- A
Note:
- last is used with night, with long periods of time (week, month, year), with seasons
(spring, summer, etc.), and with days of the week, past events (independence day,
ramadhan)
- Ago means “in the past”. It follows specific lengths of time (two minutes, five years,
etc.)
--
Penggunaan yesterday, last dan ago. Semua kata tersebut digunakan untuk past tense
(masa lampau) saja. Tidak bisa digunakan pada masa sekarang atau masa akan datang.
Sometimes, when you’re accused of something you didn’t do, you deny it. So how to
deny it? Here’s how.
---
Ketika kamu dituduh melakukan sesuatu yang tidak pernah kamu lakukan, kamu pasti
menyangkalnya. Bagaimana cara menyangkalnya dalam bahasa Inggris? Kita
menggunakan did not
Penting! Did not tidak bisa digunakan dengan be. Did not selalu digunakan
dengan kata kerja
That’s it the lesson on how to use did not in English. Check my email tomorrow at the
same time. Practice more and best of luck.
To ask question about past events, we put did in front of the subject.
Remember! whenever we use did or did not, we always use base verb (not brings or
brought).
---
Untuk bertanya tentang kejadian masa lampau dalam bahasa Inggris, kita meletakkan
did sebelum subjek. Perhatikan kembali contoh diatas.
Penting! Kapanpun kita menggunakan did atau did not, kita selalu menggunakan kata
kerja dasar (bukan brings atau brought)
Hmhm, I leave you to make your own sentences. I’ll see you tomorrow.
If you expect a short answer, you can ask question with did. We discussed this
yesterday. Now we’re going to look at how asking question if you don’t know what the
object is.
---
Jika kamu hanya ingin jawaban singkat, kamu bisa bertanya dengan menggunakan did
saja. Kita telah membahas tentang ini kemaren. Hari ini kita akan melihat cara bertanya
jika kamu tidak tahu objeknya.
Today, we’re going to look at clauses. But first, let’s take a look at some terms
Note! Can you understand the meaning if you only say the time clause?
Remember! - you can put time clause before the main clause or after it.
- if you put the time clause before the main clause you need to use
coma (,)
Important! After and before don’t always come with time clause. They can be used as
preposition, as in.
- We went shopping after the working
- I ate breakfast before the class.
- S
---
There’s no Bahasa Indonesia for this lesson. Should you have difficulties, reply the email.
See you tomorrow.
Remember! When is also used to ask questions. A question is a complete sentence but
time clause is not a complete sentence. Let’s compare time clause and question.
---
Ingat! When bisa juga digunakan untuk bertanya tentang waktu. Pertanyaan adalah
kalimat lengkap tapi klausa waktu bukan kalimat lengkap. Meri bedakan klausa waktu
dan kalimat pertanyaa.
- When did the rain stop? memiliki makna yang bisa respon
- When the rain stopped, tidak memiliki makna
Hey, today we’re going to look at the present and past progressive tenses
to make things clear, progressive is other term for continues.
Present progressive (in progress right now). It describes an activity in progress right now
, at the moment of speaking, as in.
- It’s 10:00 now. Susan is reading a book
Remember that the be should always agree with the subject. In present progressive If the
subject is singular use is or am. If the subject is plural, use are. And for the past
progressive use was or were.
--
Present progressive (yang dalam proses saat ini). Digunakan untuk aktivitas yang
sadang terjadi pada saat ini, pada waktu berbicara.
- Susan is reading a book. (saat ini susan sedang membaca buku)
Past progressive (yang dalam proses pada masa lampau). Digunakan untuk aktifitas
yang yang sedang terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau.
- It was 10:00. Susan was reading a book (pada jam 10:00 tadi, susan sedang membaca
buku)
Penting, perhatikan Subjek (susan) dan be nya (is) kemudian diikuti dengan verb –ing
(reading).
Ingat! Be harus selalu mengikuti subjek nya. Jika subjek nya plural maka gunakan are.
Jika subjeknya singular, maka gunakan is atau am.
Yup, that’s the lesson for today. check my email tomorrow. I’ll see you then.
While + subject + verb is a time clause. Can you see the time clause from the examples
above?
A while-clause describes an activity that was in progress at the time another activity
happened.
--
Perhatikan keenam contoh diatas. Pastikan kamu mengerti semua vocabulary nya
While + subjek + kata kerja (verb) adalah klausa waktu. Klausa-while (while I was
sleeping) memberikan gambaran suatu kejadian yang sedang dalam progress pada masa
lampau di saat kejadian lain telah terjadi.
While you’re reading this email, I was preparing the email for tomorrow. So, check my
email tomorrow for more English lesson. Bye.
Hey,
Today we’re going to take a closer look on past tense and past progressive tense. what
are the differences?
Simple past describes activities or situations that began and ended at a particular time in
the past (yesterday, last night). Try to understand deeply about began and ended in the
past.
Past progressive describes an activity that was in progress (was happening) at the time
another action happened. Let’s break down the examples above
--
Hi,
Hari ini kita akan melihat perbedaan simple past tense dan past progressive. Bagaimana
cara membedakannya.
Mari perhatikan kembali contoh simple past tense yang ada diatas tadi.
Simple past tense digunakan untuk menceritakan kejadian yang dimulai dan berakhir
pada masa lampau pada waktu tertentu. Pahami saat Judi memulai telponan dengan
saya dan kejadian tersebut berakhir pada masa lampau juga.
Past progressive menjelaskan kajadian yang dalam proses saat kejadian lampau lainnya
telah terjadi. Perhatikan kembali contoh kalimat past progressive di atas.
Whoh, it’s a lot to take in. I know. I leave you to it to digest the differences between
simple past and past progressive tense. I’ll see you tomorrow.
Today we’re going to express future time using be going to. Let’s get going.
Be going to talks about the future. Remember the form be (am, is, are) + going to + base
verb.
To ask question about your future plan, we put be before the subject.
---
Hi, kali ini kita akan melihat cara menggunakan be going to untuk mengungkapkan
rencana masa depan.
Perhatikan letak be (am, is, are) + going to + kata kerja pada kalimat di atas. Be going to
diartikan “akan”.
Untuk mengatakan “tidak akan” dalam bahasa Inggris, kita hanya perlu menambahkan
not setelah be.
Untuk bertanya “apakah kamu (subjek) akan?” kita letak kan be sebelum subjek.
Please read again the examples above and try to make your own sentences about your
plans for tomorrow or for the next two weeks. I’ll see you tomorrow.
Hey,
Sometimes the present progressive is used to express future time. Look at examples
below
- We are going to visit the Borobudur temple
- We are visiting the Borobudur temple
The present progressive is used for future meaning when the speaker is talking about
plans that have already been made.
--
Dalam bahasa Inggris, present progressive bisa juga digunakan untuk mengungkapkan
waktu akan datang. Perhatikan kembali contoh di atas.
Ingat! Present progressive bermakna masa depan ketika penutur berbicara tentang
rencana yang telah di buat.
Yup, that’s the lesson for today. check my email tomorrow. I’ll see you then.
Hey,
Let’s look at some examples. Decide which is future tense and which is past tense
- It rained yesterday
- It’s going to rain tomorrow
- I wasn’t in the class last week
- I'm going to be in the class next week
- We graduated from high school two weeks ago
- We are going to graduate from high school in two weeks
Remember the words, you can’t use past words in future tenses.
--
Hi,
Hari ini kita akan melihat kata-kata yang digunakan untuk waktu lampau dan waktu
akan datang.
- Kata-kata lampau:
Yesterday last Ago
Perhatikan penggunaan kata kerja lampau (rained, wasn’t, graduated) dan penggunaan
be going to.
Ingat! Kata-kata past time dan future time. Kamu tidak bisa menggunakan kata-kata
past untuk future tense.
That’s about it for today. I’ll see you tomorrow. stay tuned.
Hey,
Note that numbers are often used in time expressions with ago and in.
You can add more to use in future expressions that begin with in.
---
Hi,
Saya harap kamu masih ingat penggunaan ago (untuk masa lampau) dan in (untuk
masa akan datang). Kali ini kita akan melihat penggunaan a couple of dan a few untuk
masa lampau dan masa akan datang.
Catatan! Angka sering digunakan untuk mengekspresikan waktu dengan ago dan in.
Kamu bisa menambahkan more untuk ekspresi masa akan datang yang dimulai
dengan in.
Thanks for checking my email. I’ll see you tomorrow for more awesome lesson. See you
then.
As we have learnt from the previous lessons that future tense is expressed by using be
going to. Today, we’re going to look at other way to express future time, using will.
Remember to always use will with base verb as in (a). you can use arrives, to arrive or
arriving.
---
Hi, kali ini kita akan melihat penggunaan will untuk masa akan datang.
Ingat! Selalu gunakan will dengan kata dasar, seperti kalimat (a). Kamu tidak bisa
menggunakan arrives, to arrive atau arriving.
Hmhm, that’s a lot to take in for one day. Keep practicing. And,
You can ask question like “are you going to visit my mother tomorrow?”. you can also
ask question using will. Let’s take a look.
a. Will you visit my mother tomorrow? answer – yes, I will/ no, I won’t
b. Will your mother want to see me? Answer – yes, she will / no, she won’t
The form is: will + subject (you, your mother) + main verb (visit, want) + o/c
---
Hi, kali ini kita akan membahas cara bertanya dengan will
Kamu bisa bertanya dengan “are you going to visit my mother tomorrow?”. kamu juga
bisa bertanya dengan menggunakan will.
Formulanya adalah: will + subjek (you, your mother) + kata kerja (visit, want) + o/c
Pastikan kamu memahami penggunaan will untuk membuat kalimat tanya sebelum
menutup email ini. I’ll see you tomorrow.
today we’re going to recap all lesson about verbs in English. to easily understand, let’s
look at the table below.
Ooh, that’s too much. Try to understand one by one. I’ll check with you tomorrow.
This table should cover the basic use of be in the English language. Take a closer look on
simple present and be going to. I’ll see you tomorrow.
hi, today’s lesson is about how to use may/might and will. They are used with the same
form, but they have different meaning. Let’s look to examples
May and might have the same meaning. They express a possibility in the future. May
and might always come before a base verb (rain, be).
In (e) the speaker is really sure the tom will be in the meeting. While in (f) the speaker is
not sure about Anita’s presence at the meeting, but it is possible.
g. It might not rain tomorrow (it is possible not raining tomorrow, but not sure)
h. It will not rain tomorrow (I'm sure that tomorrow will not rain)
---
Hi, topik kita hari ini adalah perbedaan may/might dan will. Keduanya memiliki aturan
grammar yang sama (may/might, will + kata kerja dasar), tapi memiliki makna yang
berbeda. Perhatikan contoh kalimat berikut ini.
May dan might memiliki makna yang sama. Keduanya digunakan untuk kamingkinan
pada masa akan datang. May dan might selalu datang sebelum kata kerja dasar (rain, be)
Pada (e) penutur sangat yakin kalau tom pasti akan datang ke pertemuan besok.
Sedangkan (f), penutur tidak yakin kalu Anita pasti datang di pertemuan besok, tapi ada
kemungkinan ia akan datang.
So, I bet you get the picture of the difference between may/might and will. Keep
practicing and I’ll see you tomorrow.
Hi,
May be = verb
Maybe = adverb
Hi,
Maybe adalah advebia dan datang sebelum subjek dan kata kerja.
May be adalah kata kerja dan digunakan sebagain kata kerja dari sebuah kalimat.
That’s the lesson for today. Dont forget to check my email tomorrow. I’ll see you
tomorrow.
An if-clause begins with if and has a subject and a verb. An if-clause can come before or
after a main clause. If if-clause comes before the main clause, you need to put coma (,)
right after the if-clause. Look at examples below.
The simple present (not will or be going to) is used in an if-clause to express future time.
---
Clause if adalah klausa yang dimulai dengan if dan memiliki subjek dan kata kerja.
Clause if bisa datang sebelum atau sesudah kalimat utama. Jika Clause if datang sebelum
klause utama, kamu harus menambahkan koma (,) setelah Clause if. Perhatikan
contohnya.
Simple present (bukan will atau be going to) yang digunakan dalam Clause if untuk
mengatakan waktu akan datang.
Example (c) expresses a specific activity in the future. The simple present is used in the
if-clause. Be going to or will is used in the main clause.
Example (d) expresses habitual activities, so the simple present is used in both the if-
clause and the main clause.
---
Hi, email kali ini kita akan melihat lebih dalam tentang klausa bahasa inggris.
contoh (a) dan (c) adalah aktifitas masa depan yang tertentu. Simple present digunakan
dalam klausa-if. Be going to atau will digunakan pada kalimat utama.
Contoh (b) dan (d) mengutarakan rutinitas, jadi simple present digunakan pada klausa-
if dan klausa utama.
Read again the examples and try to understand the meaning. I’ll see you next time for
more lesson.
Hey you. today’s lesson is about asking questions using what + forms of do.
Present
a. What do you do every weekend?
b. What are you doing right now?
c. What do you do?
In (a) and (b), what + a form of do is used to ask about activities. example (c) means
what kind of work do you do? Or what is your job
Past
Future
Remember how to used do (resent), did (past) and doing (with be)
----
Hey you. hari ini kita akan berbicara tentang cara bertanya dalam bahasa Inggris dengan
menggunakan what + bentuk-bentuk do.
Present
a. What do you do every weekend?
b. What are you doing right now?
c. What do you do?
Pada kalimat (a) dan (b), what + do digunakan untuk bertanya tentang aktifitas. Contoh
(c) artinya apa perkerjaan kamu.
Past
Future
Ingat selalu penggunaan do (masa sekarang), did (masa lampau) dan doing (digunakan
dena be)
That’s the lesson on asking questions in English. I’ll see you tomorrow for more lesson.
See you.
can is modal verb. It expresses ability or possibility. Let’s look at some examples.
a. I have some money. I can buy a new phone.
b. she likes music. she can sing a song.
c. It’s dark in the room. he can’t see me
Remember! Base verb always comes after can. you cannot use infinitive (to sing) or put
final –s.
---
Hey there,
Can adalah modal verb. Can digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kebisaan atau
kemungkinan. Perhatikan contoh berikut.
Ingat! Setelah can selalu gunakan kata kerja dasar (buka to buy/to sing/ sings atau pun
singing)
Ingat! Can’t dan cannot itu sama. Keduanya digunakan untuk mengatakan
ketidakbisaan atau ketidakmungkinan.
That’s the lesson on can and can’t. I’ll see you tomorrow.
Hey there, have you ever wondered how to pronounce can and can’t
---
Hi, kali ini kita akan mencoba latihan cara membunyikan can dan can’t
That’s how you say can and can’t. remember the ant. Ant can’t harm you.
Note! You can write could not and couldn’t. both are correct.
---
Hi, selamat datang kembali. Kali ini kita akan melihat tentang penggunaan could.
a. I’m in Hawaii. I can go swimming every morning.
b. I was in Hawaii. I could go swimming every morning when I was there.
Note! Kamu bisa menulis could not dan couldn’t. Keduanya benar
Ingat ungtuk meletakkan could sebelum subjek saat bertanya dengan could.
So, remember the rules on how to use could and couldn’t. I’ll see you next time.
present
a. I’m able to touch my toes
b. I can touch my toes
Past
Future
---
present
Past
Future
----
You can use be able to and can interchangeably. Keep practicing your English. I’ll see
you tomorrow for more lessons.
Hi there.
Two, too and to are pronounced the same /to/ but they are used differently
Two
a. We want two phones (two is a number)
Too
If too is used before an adjective, it means very. In (c) too means also
To
d. I talked to Jack
e. I want to watch television
----
Hi there.
Two, too dan to di ucapkan sama /to/ tetapi digunakan berbeda. Perhatikan
perbedaannya.
Two
Too
Jika too di sebelum kata sifat, artinya sangat. Pada kalimat (c) too artinya juga.
To
d. I talked to Jack
e. I want to watch television
Pada kalimat (d) to adalah preposisi. To sebagai preposisi digunakan sebelum kata
benda. Dalam (e) to adalah bagian dari kata kerja.
That’s the lesson for today on the difference between two, too and to. I’ll see you
tomorrow for other lesson. See you then.
Hi you,
Should can be used for many expressions, such as giving advice, necessity, requests and
suggestion.
Quiz!
----
Hi you,
Should bisa digunakan untuk banyak ungkapan, seperti memberi saran atau meminta
pendapat
You shouldn’t forget to check my email tomorrow. I’ll see you then.
Hi,
(a) and (b) have the same meaning. (c) and (d) have the same meaning too.
Have + infinitive has a special meaning. It expresses the same idea as need.
- Question form (do, does or did is used in question with have to)
f. Do you have to leave now?
g. What time does Susan have to leave?
h. Why did they have to leave last night?
- Negative form (don’t, doesn’t, or didn’t, is used with have to)
i. I don’t have to leave now.
j. The concert was free. We didn’t have to buy tickets.
---
(a) dan (b) memiliki arti yang sama (orang butuh/harus makan supaya tetap hidup). (c)
dan (d) memiliki arti yang sama juga.
- Bentuk pertanyaan (do, does atau did digunakan untuk bertanya dengan have to)
f. Do you have to leave now?
g. What time does Susan have to leave?
h. Why did they have to leave last night?
- Bentuk negatif (don’t, doesn’t, atau didn’t digunakan dengan have to)
i. I don’t have to leave now.
j. The concert was free. We didn’t have to buy tickets.
----
Examples (a) and (b) have the same meaning: have to eat = must eat
Remember that all subject can be used with must. Must is followed by base verb.
Compare the following example and notice the difference between must, have to and
should
Must = something is very important and you don’t have other choice. In (c), you don’t
have other choice but to take an English course to graduate.
Should and Have to = it’s not necessary; you have choice (take or not take English
course).
---
Hi, email kali ini kita akan melihat penggunaan must, have to dan should.
Ingat! Semua subjek bisa digunakan dengan must. Must diikuti dengan kata kerja dasar.
Bandingkan contoh berikut dan perhatikan perbedaan antara must, have to dan should.
Must = digunakan untuk sesuatu yang penting dan kamu tidak punya pilihan lain.
Dalam kalimat (c) kamu tidak punya pilihan lain selain mengambil kelas bahasa Inggris
agar bisa wisuda.
Should dan have to = digunakan untuk yang penting tapi kamu memiliki pilihan
(mengambil kelas bahasa Inggris sangat membantu, tapi ada cara lain selain mengambil
kelas bahasa Inggris).
Typical responses
f. Yes of course
g. Certainly
h. Sure
i. No problem
---
Hi, kali ini kita akan meminta sesuatu kepada orang secara sopan.
That’s how you ask and respond to polite questions. Practice with the examples above
and try to make your own sentences. I’ll see you tomorrow.
Hi,
Yesterday, we talked about asking people politely for something (pen, book etc). today
we’re going to look at how to ask for people to do something, using could and would.
a. Could you (please) open the door?
b. Would you please open the door?
(a) and (b) have the same meaning: I want you to open the door. I’m asking you politely
to open the door for me.
---
Kemarin kita telah membahas cara meminta secara sopan. Hari ini kita akan menyuruh
orang untuk melakukan sesuatu secara sopan. Kita menggunakan would you, could
you.
(a) dan (b) memiliki makna yang sama: aku mau kamu membuka pintu. Aku meminta
secara sopan agar kamu membuka pintu untuk aku.
Let’s say you want to ask or want someone to do something for you. You’d say “close
the door” or “open page 50”. We call these sentences imperative sentences.
Imperative sentences are sentences that don’t have subject and it means to give
commend or demand.
Let’s look at some other examples.
a. Bring the book.
b. Sit down with me.
c. Be careful
d. Don’t worry
e. Don’t be late, please.
In (a), the sentence means “Andy, I want you to bring the book. I'm telling you to bring
the book”.
Remember! imperative sentence uses base verb (bring, sit, be, etc.). We use don’t to say
negative imperative sentences, as in (d) and (e).
Imperative sentences give orders (in a), directions (in b), and advice (in d). with the
addition of please, as in (e), imperative sentences are used to make polite requests.
---
Jika kamu ingin menyuruh sesuatu kepada seseorang dalam bahasa Inggris. Kamu
harus bilang “close the door” atau “open page 50”. Kalimat seperti ini di sebut
imperative sentence (kalimat perintah).
Mari perhatikan beberapa contoh berikut.
Kalimat (a) berarti “Aku mau kamu membawa buku. Aku menyuruh kamu membawa
buku”
Ingat! Kalimat perintah dalam bahasa Inggris memakai kata kerja dasar (bring, sit, be,
etc.). Kita gunakan don’t untuk kalimat perintah negatif (Jangan lakukan) seperti pada
kalimat (d) dan (e).
Kalimat perintah digunakan untuk memberi perintah (seperti kalimat a), arah (b), dan
saran (d). Dengan menambahkan please, seperti dalam kalimat (e), kalimat perintah
digunakan untuk meminta secara sopan.
Thats the lesson for today. Make sure to practice. Tomorrow we’re going to recap what
we have learnt for the past week. I’ll see you tomorrow.
Hi,
An auxiliary is a helping verb. It comes in front of the simple form of a main verb.
Understand the meaning of all auxiliaries and put it one by one to the following
sentence.
a. Anita (an auxiliary) visit her mother
- Be able to
- Be going to
- Have to
---
Kata-kata di atas disebut modal auxiliaries. Auxiliary adalah pembantu kata kerja. Ia
selalu datang di belakang kata kerja dalam bentuk dasar nya.
Ingat kembali makna dan arti dari semua auxiliary dan letak kan auxiliary di kalimat
berikut ini.
a. Anita (an auxiliary) visit her mother
- Be able to
- Be going to
- Have to
----
Check my email tomorrow because tomorrow we’re going to look on the actual meaning
of auxiliaries and other similar expression. See you tomorrow.
Hi, today is the the summary day. We’re going to look back to what we’ve learnt about
modal auxiliary (e.g. may, will) and other expression (e.g. have to, be able to)
- Ability
a. I can write
b. I’m able to meet you
c. I couldn’t check the email yesterday (past ability)
- Possibility
d. It may rain tomorrow
e. It might rain tomorrow
- Necessity
f. You must have a passport
g. I have to bring the phone
h. I had to study last night (past ability)
- Advisability
i. You should see a doctor
- Future happening
j. I and my sister will visit our nanny
k. She is going to buy a new phone
- Polite question
l. Can you please help me?
m. Could you bring the book?
n. May I help you?
o. Would you take me home?
so that’s the summary about the use and meaning of modal auxiliaries and other similar
expression. Try to understand the differences. I’ll see you tomorrow.
Hi,
Today, we’re going to understand the use of present perfect. Let’s start with little
scenario.
1. My shoes are dirty
2. I'm cleaning my shoes
3. I have cleaned my shoes
4. My shoes are clean now
- Called. Called
- Tried. Tried
- Wrote written
- Read. Read
We use the present perfect for an action in the past with a result now. look at examples
below
---
Hi,
Hari ini kita akan belajar tentang penggunaan dan makna present perfect. Yuk, lihat
skenario berikut.
1. My shoes are dirty
2. I'm cleaning my shoes
3. I have cleaned my shoes
4. My shoes are clean now
Write dan read adalah contoh kata kerja yang perubahannya tidak beraturan (irregular
verb).
Jadi, kita menggunakan present perfect untuk kejadian masa lampau dengan hasil
dirasakan pada masa sekarang. Perhatikan contoh berikut ini.
Make sure you familiar with at least 50 irregular verbs. Now try to make your own
present perfect sentences. I’ll see you tomorrow for more present perfect usage. See you
then.
Today our lesson is about present perfect. We’re going to look more about present
perfect.
I’ve just
Just = a short time ago
a. Is he here? He’s just arrived
b. Are you hungry? I’ve just had dinner
c. Are they here? They’ve just gone
I’ve already
I haven’t… yet
Yet is usually used in negative sentences and questions. Yet usually comes at the end.
g. Is Emma here?
She hasn’t arrived yet
h. Has Susan started her new job yet?
Not yet. She starts next week
---
Hari ini kita akan melihat lebih dalam tentang present perfect.
I’ve just
Just = barusan saja
a. Is he here? He’s just arrived
b. Are you hungry? I’ve just had dinner
c. Are they here? They’ve just gone
I’ve already
I haven’t… yet
Yet = belum
Yet biasanya digunakan dalam kalimat negatif dan pertanyaan. Yet seringkali datang di
akhir.
g. Is Emma here?
She hasn’t arrived yet
h. Has Susan started her new job yet?
Not yet. She starts next week
That’s the use of yet, already and just. Remember them all. I’ll see you tomorrow for
other use of present participle.
We use the present perfect (have been / have had / have played etc.) when we talk
about a time from the past until now – for example, a person’s life.
a. Have you been to japan? (time from the past until now)
b. I’ve seen that women before. (this means, I saw that woman long ago, and it affects
me today).
c. Have you read the book? “yes, I’ve read it twice”
---
Kita gunakan present perfect (have been / have had/ have player etc.) ketika berbicara
tentang sebuah kejadian dari masa lampau sampai masa sekarang – contohnya,
kehidupan seseorang.
Perhatikan contoh berikut ini
a. Have you been to japan? (pertanyaan untuk masa lampau sampai sekatang)
b. I’ve seen that women before. (artinya, dulu pernah melihat cewek itu, sekarang
masih ingat).
c. Have you read the book? “yes, I’ve read it twice”
that’s the lesson for today. check my email tomorrow because tomorrow we’re going to
learn about certain words used in present perfect.
We use for + a period of time (three days, two weeks, five minutes)
d. We’ve been waiting for two hours (not since two hours)
e. She’s been eating for 30 minutes (not since 30 minutes)
h. Susan started her new job two weeks ago (two weeks before now)
i. Life was very difficult a hundred years ago (a hundred years before now)
----
a. Yodi is in Japan. He’s been there since Friday (dimulai dari Jumat sampai sekarang)
b. Nani stays in Japan for two weeks (ia di Jepang hanya selama 2 minggu)
c. Roni has been living in Canada for two weeks (dimaulai dari 2 minggu yang lalu
sampai sekarang hingga kedepannya)
Kita menggunakan for + jumlah waktu (three days, two weeks, five minutes
d. We’ve been waiting for two hours (not since two hours)
e. She’s been eating for 30 minutes (not since 30 minutes)
h. Susan started her new job two weeks ago (2 munggu sebelum sekarang)
i. Life was very difficult a hundred years ago (100 tahun sebelum sekarang)
Kita menggunakan ago selalu dengan kalimat masa lampau (started/ was)
Lihat kembali contoh contoh di atas dan pastikan semua kosa kata yang digunakan
sudah di pahami. Cek email saya besok di waktu yang sama. Pembelajar besok adalah
penggunaan present perfect dan simple past. See you.
Hi, today we’re going to see the use of present perfect and simple past
With a finished time (yesterday / last week etc.), we use the simple past (arrived/ saw/
was etc.)
a. We arrived yesterday (or last week, at 2 o’clock, six months ago)
Remember that simple past event started in the past and ended in the past too.
Do not use present perfect (have arrived/ have seen/ have been) with a finished time.
d. When did you buy the shoes? (not when have you bought)
e. What time did he go? (not what time has he gone?)
----
Hi, kali ini kita akan melihat penggunaan present perfect dan simple past.
Untuk waktu yang telah selesai (yesterday / last week), kita menggunakan simple past
(arrived / saw /was)
a. We arrived yesterday (atau last week, at 2 o’clock, six months ago)
Ingat! Past tense dimulai di masa lampau dan berakhir di masa lampau juga.
Jangan gunakan present perfect ( have arrived / have seen / have been) dengan waktu
yang telah selesai.
Kita menggunakan simple past untuk bertanya when (kapan) atau what time (jam
berapa)
d. When did you buy the shoes? (bukan when have you bought)
f. I’ve lost my key (aku tidak bisa menemukan kunci saat ini)
I lost my key last night (tadinya hilang, sekarang sudah dapat)
g. Ben has gone home (dia tidak lagi di sini)
Ben went home 10 minutes ago
h. Gugun hasn’t called me yet (dia belum menelpon aku)
Gugun did not call me yesterday (dia tidak menelpok aku kemaren)
Ok, this is the end of the present perfect series. Please review again my previous emails.
Tomorrow we’re going to continue on the passive and active sentences. See you!
The past participle of regular verb is –ed (cleaned, called). The irregular verb (done/
built/ written). Look for more the use of regular and irregular verbs below
Passive + by
i. The telephone was invented by Alexander Bell in 1876 (Alexander Bell invented it)
j. I was bitten by a dog a few days ago (a dog bites me)
---
Hi,
Tergantung dengan siapa yang melakukan sesuatu, kalimat dibedakan dengan passive
dan active.
Untuk membuat kalimaat passive, selalu gunakan Be + past participle, seperti (a) dan (b)
Past participle dari kata kerja regular diakhiri dengan –ed (cleaned, called). Irregular
verb (done/ built/ written).
i. The telephone was invented by Alexander Bell in 1876 (Alexander Bell invented it)
j. I was bitten by a dog a few days ago (a dog bites me)
That’s the lesson for today on how to use passive sentences. Tomorrow we’re going to
look at continuous passive sentences. See you tomorrow.
Today we’re going to look more about passive (continuous passive). Note that
passive sentences are always using be + past participle.
Look at illustration below.
a. Someone is writing the book (active)
b. The book is being written (passive
c. My car is at a garage. It is being repaired (someone is repairing my car).
d. The room isn’t dirty any more. It has been cleaned (present perfect)
The room was cleaned yesterday (past simple)
e. I can’t find my keys. I think they’ve been stolen (present perfect)
My keys were stolen last week. (past simple)
---
Hari ini kita akan membahas tentang kalimat passive (continuous passive). Ingat!
Kalimat passive selalu menggunakan be+past participle.
i. The room isn’t dirty any more. It has been cleaned (present perfect)
The room was cleaned yesterday (past simple)
j. I can’t find my keys. I think they’ve been stolen (present perfect)
My keys were stolen last week. (past simple)
k. S
This is the end of our series on passive sentences. Check my email tomorrow at
the same time for more Easy English lesson. See you then.
Be (am/is/are/was/were)
Using Be + ing
Am/is/are/ + ing (present continuous
a. Please be quite. I’m working.
b. He isn’t calling his mother at the moment.
c. What are you doing this evening?
Ingat selalu
Be (am/is/are/was/were)
Yup, that’s the lesson for today. I’ll see you tomorrow.
Yesterday we talked about be(s) and today we’re going to look back at how to
use have/has and do/does/did.
Perhatikan kembali contoh-contoh di atas sekali lagi. Jangan terbalik yang mana
past be dan present be. Begitu pula dengan have dan do. Ingat juga have dan do
digunakan untuk subjek plural dan I, has dan does digunakan untuk subjek
singular.
Jangan lupa cek email saya besok untuk topik lainnya. See you.
Read again the example above. Pay close attention where should you put too and
either.
Neither do I / so am I
Either is used for negative verb, but neither is used for positive verb. Basically,
“neither do I” means “I’m not either”. “so am I” means “I am too”. Remember
that be should agree with the subject, e.g. so is she, so are we etc.
d. I’m working
So am I (I’m working too)
e. I’d like to go to Australia
So would I
f. Kate hasn’t cook
Neither has Jane
g. I won’t be here tomorrow
Neither will I
---
h. I'm happy
I’m happy too
i. I can’t cook
I can’t either
j. Jane is a teacher. Her husband is a teacher too.
Penggunaan Neither do I / so am I
k. I’m working
So am I (artinya, I’m working too)
l. I’d like to go to Australia
So would I
m. Kate hasn’t cook
Neither has Jane
n. I won’t be here tomorrow
Neither will I
That’s our lesson for today. Read this email once again if you find it difficult to
understand. And don’t forget to use dictionary too. I’ll see you tomorrow.
In (a) the subject all refers to the plural noun students, so the correct verb is
therefore the plural verb are.
Pay close attention to the object of expression of quantity and its verb.
---
Hi,
Kali ini kita akan melihat penggunaan all, some, most dan half.
Seringkali masalah yang muncul ketika subjek adalah expressi kuantitas seperti,
all, most, atau some, yang diikuti oleh preposisi of. Dalam situasi ini, subjek (all,
most, atau some) bisa menjadi tunggal atau jamak, tergantung pada objek
preposisi of.
Dalan (a) subjek all kembali kepada kata benda jamak students, jadi, kata kerja
yang bernar adalah kata kerja jamak are.
Certain words in English are always grammatically singular even though they
might suggest plural meaning.
- Everybody is going to the party
We understand from the example that a lot of people are going to the party, but
everybody is a singular and requires a singular verb. Below are singular words
that have plural meaning.
Remember! These words are grammatically singular, so they take singular verbs
Try to make your own example. I’ll see you tomorrow for more practical English
lesson.
---
Jika subjek dalam kalimat singular, maka verbnya harus singular juga (dan
sebaliknya), ini disebut (subjeck/verb aggreement)
Beberapa kata dalam bahasa Inggris yang selalu tunggal walaupun bermakna
jamak.
Dari kalimat di atas kita tahu kalau banyak orang yang akan pergi ke pesta, tapi
everybody adalah tunggal dan membutuhkan kata kerja tunggal. Berikut ini
berberapa kata tunggal yang bermakna jamak.
a. Mr. Mulya has two children. Both are married (both = the two children)
b. Would you like tea or coffee? You can have either. (either = tea or coffee)
c. Would you like tea or coffee? Neither, I like chocolate. (neither = not tea or
coffee).
d. Last year I went to Paris and Rome. Both cities were amazing
e. First I worked in an office, and later in a shop. Neither job was interesting
f. There are two ways from here to the station. You can go either way.
---
a. Mr. Mulya has two children. Both are married (both = kedua anaknya)
b. Would you like tea or coffee? You can have either. (either = kopi atau teh)
c. Would you like tea or coffee? Neither, I like chocolate. (neither = bukan kopi
atau teh).
d. Last year I went to Paris and Rome. Both cities were amazing
e. First I worked in an office, and later in a shop. Neither job was interesting
f. There are two ways from here to the station. You can go either way.
Both, either dan neither sangat sering digunakan dalam percakapan. Dalami
penggunaannya. Good luck and I’ll see you tomorrow.
---
Kita menggunakan much + uncountable noun (much food, much money etc)
Kita menggunakan many + plural noun (many cars, many people etc)
Hi, today we’re going to know how to use little and few
Little or a little is used with uncountable noun (water, oil, etc)
a. Little time
Little money
A little time
b. A few books
Few questions
A few people
Note: you can use very before little or few (very little food, very few people)
g. They have a little money, so they’re not poor (they have some money)
h. They have little money, so they’re very poor (nearly no money)
Note that a few always uses plural noun and plural verb
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Hi, email kali ini kita akan membahas penggunaan little dan few.
Little / a little digunakan dengan kata benda tidak dihitung (water, oil dll)
a. Little time
Little money
A little time
Few / a few digunakan dengan kata benda jamak (tables, hands dll)
b. A few books
Few questions
A few people
Ingat: kamu bisa menggunakan very sebelum little dan few (very little food, very
few people)
g. They have a little money, so they’re not poor (sedikit uang, tapi cukup)
h. They have little money, so they’re very poor (sedikit, hampir tidak ada)
Ingat: a few dan few selalu menggunakan kata benda jamak dan kata kerja jamak
juga
Pastikan kamu bisa membedakan perbedaan a little / little dan a few / few
sebelum menutup email ini. Email besok, kita akan melihat penggunaan kata
sifat (adjectives) dalam bahasa Inggris.
Hi, before we start. Think 10 adjectives you can think of right now
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Hi, sebelum kita mulai, sebut kan 10 kata sifat yang kamu tau
Kata sifat (adjective) ditulis sebelum kata benda (nice day, bright light etc.)
a. They live in a modern house (bukan house modern)
Have you met any famous people? (bukan people famous)
Do you like Italian food?
There are some beautiful yellow flowers.
Kamu bisa menggunakan beberapa adjective sebelum kata benda. Dan article
a/an selalu mengikuti kata benda. Ingat! Penggunaan an menigkuti huruf vokal
dari adjective. Tunggu email saya besok, kita akan membahas lebih lanjut
tentang adjectives.
- Old – older
- Nice – nicer
- Easy – easier
- Heavy - heavier
- the weather isn’t very good today, but it’s better than yesterday
- Which is worse? A headache or toothache
- Far – further
- Little – less
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Hi. Selamat datang kembali. Kali ini kita akan melihat tentang comparison
adjectives
Kita menambahkan –ed untuk kata sifat pendek (satu suku kata)
- Old – older
- Nice – nicer
Kata sifat satu suku kata yang berakhiran –y diubah menjadi -ier
- Easy – easier
- Heavy - heavier
- the weather isn’t very good today, but it’s better than yesterday
- Which is worse? A headache or toothache
- Far – further
- Little – less
That’s the lesson for today. I’ll see you tomorrow for more adjective lesson. See
you then.
Hi, yesterday we talked about comparative form. Now we’re going to look at
comparative + than. Let’s look at some examples
We use than after comparative (more expensive than, easier than, better than)
Try to compare your phone and your sibling’s phone (or other objects)
Using More/less than… to compare two things. Let’s look at some example
below to see the difference between more and less.
d. The film was short – less than an hour (only 40-60 minutes)
e. She drinks more coffee than me (I drink 1 cup - she drinks 3 cups)
Using a bit older and much more expensive for small comparison.
f. Susan is a bit older than Jaka. She’s 24 and he’s 25 years old.
g. The hotel is much more expensive than I expected.
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Kita menggunakan than setelah bentuk comparative (more expensive than, easier
than, better than)
d. The film was short – less than an hour (hanya 40-60 menit)
e. She drinks more coffee than me (saya minum 1 gelas, tapi dia 2 gelas)
Menggunakan a bit older dan much more expensive untuk memberi perbandingan
yang sedikit (tidak banyak).
f. Susan is a bit older than Jaka. She’s 24 and he’s 25 years old.
g. The hotel is much more expensive than I expected.
Kamu bisa ganti a bit dan much seperti contoh (f) dan (g) dengan a lot. Artinya
tetap sama.
Baca kembali tips diatas tapi ganti adjective yang ada dengan adjective lain yang
kamu tau. Cek email saya besok, kita akan membahas bentuk comparative
lainnya. See you then.
Take a look again at other optional ways to say comparison. I’ll say you
tomorrow.
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As… as adalah bentuk perbandingan juga. As… as tidak perlu ditambahkan –ed
atau more. Perhatikan contoh berikut agar bisa membedakan.
d. I don’t have as much money as you. (kamu punya lebih banyak uang)
e. She doesn’t eat fried rice as much as you. (kamu makan lebih banyak)
In the last couple of days, we talked about older and more expensive
(comparative). Today we’re going to talk about oldest and most expensive
(superlative).
But we say the best for very good and the worst for very bad
Remember! We say the oldest / the most expensive etc. (with the)
You can use the oldest/ the cheapest/ the most expensive without a noun.
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Beberapa hari yang lalu, kita telah membahas tentang older dan more expensive
(comparative). Hari ini kita akan membahas tentang oldest dan most expensive
(superlative).
Superlative form adalah –est (oldest, biggest) atau most … (most expensive)
Untuk kata yang pendek seperti (old/cheap/nice) kita menggunakan the –est
Tapi kita bilang the best untuk very good and the worst untuk very bad
Ingat! Kita mengatakan the oldest / the most expensive etc. (menggunakan the)
Kamu bisa menggunakan the oldest/ the cheapest/ the most expensive tanpa
kata benda.
Hi, let’s look at examples to understand and know how to use enough
Remember!
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ingat!
That’s the lesson for today. tomorrow we’re going to look at how words are
placed in sentences. I’ll see you tomorrow.
We use and, but, or, so, because (conjunctions) to joint two sentences. They make
one longer sentence from two small sentences.
a. The car stopped
The driver got out
b. The car stopped and the driver got out
If we list, we use come (,). And we use and before the last thing.
g. Karen is at work, Susan has gone shopping and Ali is playing football
Notice we don’t use coma (,) if because is in between sentences, and we use coma
(,) if because at the beginning.
m. I was late and I was so angry because she didn’t come, so I come back home.
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Kita gunakan and, but, or, so, because (kata sambung) untuk menggabungkan 2
kalimat. Kata sambung membuat kalimat panjang dari 2 kalimat pendek.
a. The car stopped
The driver got out
b. The car stopped and the driver got out
- perhatikan penggunaan koma (,) dalam (d,e,f), tapi kita tidak menggunakan
koma dalam (c).
Jika kita mengurutkan, kita menggunakan koma (,). Dan kita menggunakan and
sebelum urutan terakhir.
g. Karen is at work, Susan has gone shopping and Ali is playing football
Perhatikan penggunaan koma (,) jika because di awal kalimat (l), dan jika
because di antara kalimat, kita tidak gunakan koma (j dan k).
Kamu bisa memakai kata sambung lebih dari satu dalam satu kalimat.
m. I was late and I was so angry because she didn’t come, so I come back home.
Hi,
In (c) and (d), if is in the middle of the sentence, and we don’t use coma.
Remember! We often use if-clause (if you go by bus, if you’re hungry) in present
tense.
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Dalam kalimat (c) dan (d), if berada di awal kalimat, dan kita tidak
menggunakan koma.
Ingat! Klausa-if (if you go by bus, if you’re hungry) sering digunakan dalam
bentuk masa sekarang (present tense).
Dalam percakapan, klausa-if bisa digunakan sendiri tanpa perlu klausa utama
That’s it for today. we use if similar to (jika) in Bahasa Indonesia. I’ll see you
tomorrow for other use of if in English.
Dan like fast cars, but he doesn’t have one. He doesn’t have enough money
Usually, had is past, but in this example had is not past. if he had the money = if
he had the money now (but he doesn’t have it now).
Note! Example of past verb is (had, knew, didn’t have, was, were).
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- Dan like fast cars, but he doesn’t have one. He doesn’t have enough money
Biasanya had adalah bentuk past, tapi dalam contoh diatas had bukan bentuk
past. if he had the money = jika dia punya uang sekarang (tapi dia tidak punya
uang sekarang).
Ingat! Contoh verb past adalah (had, knew, didn’t have, was, were).
Perhatikan kalimat dalam kurung. Itu adalah makna tersirat dari if I have dan if I
had.
Jangan lupa untuk membuka email besok untuk mendapatkan pelajaran lain.
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Ingat! Kamu bisa gunakan who/which/that untuk subjek seperti (e), dan bisa
juga untuk objek seperti (selain e).
Of/to/for/at etc. these small words are called preposition. Today we’re going to
learn how to use preposition + verb ing.
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Of/to/for/at dll. Adalah preposition. Hari ini, kita akan belajar tentang
penggunaan preposition + ing.
Ingat! Setelah preposition, kata kerja selalu berakhiran –ing.
A phrasal verb is a verb (go, fall, run etc.) + preposition (in, off, out etc.)
Look at the verbs that followed directly by a preposition. And see the different
meaning.
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phrasal verb adalah kata kerja, seperti (go, fall, run dll.), + preposition (in, off, out
dll.)
Perhatikan kata kerja yang diikuti oleh preposition. Perhatikan juga perbedaan
maknanya.
the present tense in English is also used to emphasis. When you use do as an
auxiliary in an affirmative sentence, it makes the verb stronger.
- 1000 – 99.000
- number + thousand + number + hundred + number
- 7,888 (seven thousand eight hundred eighty-eight)
- 100,000–999,999
- number + hundred + thousand + number + hundred + number
- 565,332 (five hundred sixty-five thousand three hundred thirty-two)
NOTE: Follow the same system for numbers exceeding one million.
- 1,000,000 = one million
- 1,000,000,000 = one billion
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- 1000 – 99.000
- number + thousand + number + hundred + number
- 7,888 (seven thousand eight hundred eighty-eight)
- 100,000–999,999
- number + hundred + thousand + number + hundred + number
- 565,332 (five hundred sixty-five thousand three hundred thirty-two)
NOTE: ikuti aturan yang sama jika melebihi satu juta.
- 1,000,000 = one million
- 1,000,000,000 = one billion
Note
Hundred = ratusan
Thousand = ribuan
Million = juta
Billion = miliaran
I’ll see you tomorrow for more English lesson.
To form an ordinal number (ordinal numbers put things in order), add the
ending –th to the cardinal numbers.
- Seven – seventh
- Thirteen – thirteenth
When a cardinal number ends in –y, the y changes to –ie before adding –th.
- Twenty – twentieth
- Sixty – sixtieth
Note the following exception, first, second, third and fifth, ninth, twelfth
- Twenty-first
- Forty-third
- Sixty-fifth
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Untuk membuar angka ordinal (angka ordinal mengurutkan sesuatu),
tambahkan –th di setiap angka.
- Seven – seventh
- Thirteen – thirteenth
Jika angka berakhiran –y, maka y di ubah menjadi –ie sebelum di tambahkan –th.
- Twenty – twentieth
- Sixty – sixtieth
Perhatikan pengecualian, first, second, third dan fifth, ninth, twelfth
- Twenty-first
- Forty-third
- Sixty-fifth
That’s how you order things in English. make sure you can differentiate between
forty and fortieth, fourteen and fourteenth.
I’ll see you tomorrow.
120. More about negatives
The word not is used with do to make a verb negative, as in I don’t have any
money. No is used as an adjective in front of a noun, as in I have no money. Both of
these examples are acceptable ways of expressing the idea that you do not have
something.
Note these contracted negative forms with do:
- I don’t
- You don’t
- She doesn’t
Avoid using more than one negative in a clause.
Tag questions are questions that are added at the end of a sentence.
- Jon is here, isn’t he?
- You like jackfruit, don’t you?
- She doesn’t like coffee, does she?
- He didn’t go to the class, did he?
The subject of the tag question should be the same as the subject of the main verb.
If the first part of the sentence is in the affirmative, then the tag question will be
negative, and vice versa.
- She likes seafood, doesn’t she?
- She doesn’t like seafood, does she?
In American English, a form of do is usually used when have is the main verb.
“they have the money, don’t they?”
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Tag questions adalah pertanyaan yang ditambahkan pada akhir sebuah kalimat
untuk memperjelas statement.
- Jon is here, isn’t he?
- You like jackfruit, don’t you?
- She doesn’t like coffee, does she?
- He didn’t go to the class, did he?
Subjek dalam tag question harus sama dengan subjek pada kalimat utama. Jika
kalimat utama adalah kalimat affirmative, makan tag question nya harus negetif,
dan sebaliknya.
- She likes seafood, doesn’t she?
- She doesn’t like seafood, does she?
Dalam American English, bentu do biasanya digunaka jika have adalah kata
kerja dalam kalimat utama.
- they have the money, don’t they?
That’s the lesson for today. practice to use tag questions when you speak with
your friend. I’ll see you tomorrow.
122. adjective and adverb order.
Adjectives and adverbs are invariable in English. adjectives always come in front
of the noun they modify. Adverbs usually come after the verb they modify.
Adjectives.
- A good book
- An excellent dinner
- A fine weather
- A charming person
Adverbs
- This newspaper is published frequently
- The speaker speaks quickly.
Adverbs + Adjectives
- she speaks extremely fast
- my phone is very beautifully designed.
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Adjectives (kata sifat) dan adverbs (kata keterangan) tidah pernah berubah dalam
Bahasa inggris. adjectives selalu datang sebelum kata benda. Adverbs selalu
datang sesudah kata kerja atau sebelum kata sifat.
Adjectives.
- A good book
- An excellent dinner
- A fine weather
- A charming person
Adverbs
- This newspaper is published frequently
- The speaker speaks quickly.
Adverbs + Adjectives
- she speaks extremely fast
- my phone is very beautifully designed.
That’s the lesson on who to arrange adjective and adverb in a sentence. I’ll see
you tomorrow for more English lessons
when there is a sentence with more than one object pronoun, the rule is follows:
a. place the direct object pronoun directly after the verb
b. any indirect object pronoun will come last
examples
- the lawyer gives you the envelope.
He gives it to you
- Andi, Doni and Susan will send me some letters
they’ll send them to me.
- He’s explaining the will to us.
He’s explaining it to us.
Note that when you use a direct object pronoun, it comes earlier in the sentence
than its noun equivalent:
- I give you a phone
I give it to you (not I give you to it)
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Jika ada kalimat yang terdapat lebih dari satu kata ganti objek, aturannya sebagai
berikut:
He gives it to you
- Andi, Doni and Susan will send me some letters
they’ll send them to me.
- He’s explaining the will to us.
He’s explaining it to us.
Ingat! Jika kamu menggunakan kata ganti objek langsung, ia datang di awal.
- I give you a phone
I give it to you (bukan I give you to it)
Tha’t the lesson on how to object pronoun in a sentence. I’ll see you tomorrow for
more lessons.
In American English, the verb get is used constantly. One common occurrence of
get is with an adjective:
a. I’m getting hungry
b. You shouldn’t eat too much. You’ll get fat.
In this example, get has the meaning of become.
Get may also be followed by a past participle (-ed). The past participle functions
as an adjective describing the subject:
c. We got worried, because they were lost.
d. I got tired form all the work she gives me.
Some of the common adjectives that follow get are, angry, anxious, big, hot, late,
made etc.
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Dalam Bahasa Inggris, kata kerja get sangat sering digunakan. get paling sering
digunakan dengan adjective (kata sifat):
a. I’m getting hungry
b. You shouldn’t eat too much. You’ll get fat.
Pada contoh diatas, get bermakna become (menjadi).
Get juga bisa diikuti oleh past participle (kata kerja berakhiran -ed). past
participle berfungsi sebagai adjective (kata sifat) yang memberi makna
kemapada subjek:
c. We got worried, because they were lost.
d. I got tired form all the work she gives me.
Adjective (kata sifat) yang sering diikuti oleh get adalah, angry, anxious, big, hot,
late, made etc.
That’s how we use get. Try to make your own examples using get to describe
your current situation.
Singular:
a. Another book (is)
Another (is)
b. The other book (is)
The other (is)
Plural:
c. other books (are)
others (are)
d. the other books (are)
the others (are)
note that a final –s is used only for a plural pronoun (others). Another means one
more in addition to the one(s) already mentioned. Other/others (without the) refer
to several more in addition to the one(s) already mentioned. The other(s) has a
different meaning (all that remains from a given number or specific group):
e. I have three apartments. Two are mine. The other is yours.
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Bentuk-bentuk dari other digunakan sebagai adjectives atau pronouns:
Penggunaan tunggal:
a. Another book (is)
Another (is)
b. The other book (is)
The other (is)
Penggunaan jamak:
c. other books (are)
others (are)
d. the other books (are)
the others (are)
ingat! Akhiran –s digunakan hanya untuk kata ganti jamak (others). Another
artinya satu lagi dari yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya. Other/others (tanpa the)
artinya “beberapa lagi dari yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya”. The other(s)
memiliki makna yang lain (yang lain yang belum disebutkan:
e. I have three apartments. Two are mine. The other is yours.
Here are some verbs that you, like many native speakers, may find troublesome:
Yup. That’s the tip for today. make sure to check my email tomorrow. I’ll see you
then.
In order to express the notion of having someone else do something for you, use
a form of have + the main verb.
a. I’m having my mail forwarded (someone else is forwarding it for you)
b. I had my house painted (someone else painted it for you)
c. I had my hair cut (someone cuts my hair for me)
Note! The –ed form (past participle) is used after have to give passive meaning.
Let in a causative sense means to permit
d. Please let me help you
e. Don’t let them leave!
f. Let him speak. He deserves it.
Do not use an infinitive (to-) after let.
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That’s our lesson for today. check my email tomorrow at the same time for more
easy English lesson. I’ll see you then.
That’s the lesson on how to use and pronounce should, ought to and had batter.
Check my email tomorrow. I’ll see you then.
The past form of should conveys the notion of a failure or omission. Note that the
customary pronunciation of should have is should’ve or shouda. The negative form
is should not have, pronounced in colloquial English as shouldn’t’ve or shouldn’t ‘a.
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Bentuk lampau dari should hanya menmabahkan have + past participle
c. I missed my plane this morning. I should have left earlier
d. I can’t find a hotel room. I should have made a reservation.
Bentuk lampau dari should bermakna kegagalan atau kelalaian.
Ingat! Kebiasaannya should have diucapkan should’ve atau shouda. Bentuk
negative nya adalah should not have, sering diucapkan shouldn’t’ve or shouldn’t ‘a.
That’s our lesson for today. I’ll see you tomorrow. and don’t forget to check my
email.
Note that past tenses can be used with past tenses only (not present tenses).
Present tenses can be used with future tenses (not past tenses)
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- Present perfect progressive
Tenses ini menyarankan durasi dari sebuah aktivitas yang dimulai pada
waktu lampau dan berlanjut ke waktu sekarang. Present perfect progressive
sering digunakan dengan kata seprti for, since, all day, etc.
Mulai dengan “has” or “have” + “been” diikuti oleh bentuk –ing dari kata
kerja.
o They have been watching television for three hours.
Ingat! Ketika present perfect digunakan tanpa menyebutkan waktu,
biasanya berarti aktifitas baru yang sedang berlangsung
o I have been thinking about renting a car.
Mulai dengan “had” + “been” diikuti oleh bentuk –ing dari kata kerja.
o I had been waiting for an hour when the doctor arrived.
Mulai dengan “will have” + “been” diikuti oleh bentuk –ing dari kata kerja.
o When he retires, her will have been working for 40 years.
That’s the lesson for today. read again the examples I mentioned above. Imagine
you’re the one who’s doing the activities. I’ll see you tomorrow.
In a couples of days ago, you learned how should can be used to express
advisability
a. The front desk clerk should give us a discount
Not
- My aunt would live in Jakarta
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Hi,
Kata bantu would digunakan dalama 3 konteks:
1. Mengungkapkan pilihan:
a. I would rather visit India (I’d rather)
Would rather artinya lebih memilih)
2. Mengungkapkan aktifitas lampau yang berulang :
a. When she was alive, my aunt would visit my house.
(Would digunakan untuk aktifitas lampau yang rutin dilakukan)
3. Meminta dengan sopan
a. I would appreciate hearing from you soon.
(Would sering digunakan untuk meminta dengan sopan)
Ketika used to digunakan untuk aktifitas lampau yang rutin, would sering
digunakan untuk mengganti used to:
- When they were students, they would go to the museum every semester break
Bisa juga dengan:
- When they were students, they used to go to the museum every semester
break.
Namun, ketika used to menunjukkan keadaan masa lampau (tapi tidak berulang),
would tidak bisa digunakan sebagai penggantinya.
- My aunt used to live in Jakarta
bukan
- My aunt would live in Jakarta
A gerund in the –ing form of the verb used as a noun. Like nouns, gerunds can be
subjects or objects.
Subject gerund
a. Playing football is fun
Object gerund
b. He likes reading
c. We’re used to having a lot of fun
In (c), the gerund having is the object of the proposition to. This pattern is fairly
frequent in English.
The past perfect tense is used when expressing activity was completed in the past
before another past activity or time:
a. Until yesterday, they had never seen the film.
b. After the restaurant had closed, the customers went home.
To form the past perfect, used had + past participle
Note: it is easy to confuse the forms for the past perfect and the past perfect
progressive:
c. The had waited for five hours when the plane arrived.
d. They had been waiting for five hours when the plane arrived.
Example (d) emphasizes the duration in the past.
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past perfect tense digunakan untuk mengekspresikan aktifitas yang telah selesai
di masa lampau sebelum aktifitas lampau lain selesai:
a. Until yesterday, they had never seen the film.
b. After the restaurant had closed, the customers went home.
Untuk membentuk past perfect tense, gunakan had + past participle
Note: kebanyakan orang sering bingung akan bentuk past perfect and past
perfect progressive:
c. The had waited for five hours when the plane arrived.
d. They had been waiting for five hours when the plane arrived.
contoh (d) menekankan lamanya kejadian masa lampau.
Whose is used to show possession. It has the same meaning as other possessive
adjectives such as his, hers, its, their, etc.
a. There’s the man whose house we bought
b. I have a book whose story is fascinating.
Whose modifies people but can also be used with things.
You should learn how to combine short sentence using whose:
c. The woman is a talented artist. I saw her paintings. (2 sentences)
d. The woman whose paintings I saw is a talented artist. (1 sentences)
Whom is relative pronouns. Its function is as object. Who or whom is used for
people. Who is usually used instead of whom in daily speech. Even though it is
grammatically incorrect:
e. the person whom they saw was sick.
f. There’s the diver whom the police arrested.
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Whose digunakan untuk menunjukkan kepunyaan. Ia memiliki makna yang sama
dengan his, hers, its, their, dll.
a. There’s the man whose house we bought
b. I have a book whose story is fascinating.
Whose memodifikasi orang dan benda mati.
Whom adalah pronoun. Ia berfungsi sebagai objek. Who atau whom digunakan
untuk orang. Who paling sering digunakan daripada whom dalam percakapan
sehari-hari. Walaupun secara tatabahasa salah:
e. the person whom they saw was sick.
f. There’s the diver whom the police arrested.
Check my email tomorrow. I’ll see you then.
Earlier in this course, you have learned how to use where and when in questions”
a. Where are you going?
b. When are you leaving?
Where and when can also be used in a dependent clause:
c. I see the house where they live.
d. I forgot the date when you arrived.
Where is used to refer to a place, such as a city, state, country, room etc.
Note: in dependent clauses, where can be replaced with in which, which… in,
that…in, or nothing at all:
e. The building where they work is new
The building in which they work is new.
The building, which they work in, is new.
The building that they work in is new.
The building thay work in is new.
When is used to refer to a noun of time (day, week etc)
In time clauses, it is also possible to use that or which preceded by a preposition:
f. I forgot the date that you arrived.
g. I forgot the date on which you arrived
Note how two sentences are combined using when:
h. I’ll always remember the day she was born. She was born then (on that day)
i. I’ll always remember the day when she was born.
That’s who we use when and where. They can be used in questions and in
dependent clauses.
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Kamu telah belajar penggunaan where dan when dalam pertanyaan:
a. Where are you going?
b. When are you leaving?
Where dan when bisa juga digunakan dalam dependent clause:
c. I see the house where they live.
d. I forgot the date when you arrived.
Where menunjuk kan tempat seperti, city, state, country, room dll.
Note: dalam dependent clauses, where bisa digantikan dengan in which, which…
in, that…in, atau tidak ada sama sekali:
e. The building where they work is new
The building in which they work is new.
The building, which they work in, is new.
The building that they work in is new.
The building they work in is new.
When digunakan untuk menunjukan kata waktu (day, week dll)
Dalam klausa waktu, kita bisa menggunakan that atau which didahului oleh
preposisi:
f. I forgot the date that you arrived.
g. I forgot the date on which you arrived
Ingat cara menggabungkan 2 kalimat menggunakan when:
h. I’ll always remember the day she was born. She was born then (on that day)
i. I’ll always remember the day when she was born.
Itulah cara menggunakan when dan where. Keduanya bisa digunakan dalam
kalimat tanya dan dalam dependent clauses. Cek email saya besok. See you!.
137. Exclamations!
Note: don’t forget that what and how are most frequently used in questions:
d. What did you say?
e. How much does it cost?
---
Kebanyakan kalimat seru dalam Bahasa inggis diawali dengan what atau how:
a. What a terrible weather!
b. How awful!
What lebih sering digunakan daripada how dalam percakapan sehari-hari.
Kalimat seru bisa dalam satu atau dua kata (what a mess!) atau bisa panjang
seperti:
c. What a way to end my vacation!
Note: jangan lupa what dan how yang ada pada awak kalimat juga digunakan
dalam kalimat Tanya:
d. What did you say?
e. How much does it cost?
Pastikan kamu bisa membedakak makna what dan how dalam kalimat tanya dan
dalam kalimat seru.
And here are clauses that show cause and effect relationships:
d. Since you didn’t call, I made other plans.
Another way to show a cause and effect relationship is to use such... that and so...
that:
f. It was such a nice evening that they stayed up too late.
g. The lemonade was so cold that she couldn’t drink it.
---
Hi,
Tabel di bawah ini berisi kata sambung (conjunction) yang sering digunakan
:
Cara lain untuk menunjukkan klausa sebab & akibar menggunakan such... that
dan so... that:
f. It was such a nice evening that they stayed up too late.
g. The lemonade was so cold that she couldn’t drink it.
Here are some ways to show opposition when the result is the opposite of what
you might expect:
1. Adverb clauses
Even though
Although
Though
- Even though it was hot, we wore our coats
2. Conjunctions
But … anyway
But … still
Yet … still
- It was cold, but we still went swimming
3. Prepositions
Despite
In spite of
- They went diking despite the warm temperatures.
Here are words that show direct oppositions.
1. Adverb clause
whereas
while
—Paul is tall, whereas Richard is short.
—While Sue is industrious, Marie is lazy.
2. Conjunction
But
- The travel agent is tired, but she is still working.
a. Transitions
However
on the other hand
- Carole is beautiful, however, she doesn’t dress very well.
Whereas and while are used to show direct opposition; it does not make any
difference which idea comes first and which second; the same rule applies for but /
however / on the other hand.
----
1. Adverb clauses
Even though
Although
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Though
- Even though it was hot, we wore our coats
2. Conjunctions
But … anyway
But … still
Yet … still
- It was cold, but we still went swimming
3. Prepositions
Despite
In spite of
- They went diking despite the warm temperatures.
Berikut beberapa kata untuk perlawanan.
3. Adverb clause
whereas
while
—Paul is tall, whereas Richard is short.
—While Sue is industrious, Marie is lazy.
4. Conjunction
But
- The travel agent is tired, but she is still working.
b. Transitions
However
on the other hand
- Carole is beautiful, however, she doesn’t dress very well.
Whereas dan while digunakan untuk oposisi, ia tidak membedakan yang mana yang
datang dulua. Aturan yang sama juga untuk but / however / on the other hand.
In newspapers, magazines, and books, you will often see quoted or direct speech:
a. They said, “We have no record of this transaction.”
b. He stated, “I don’t know what happened.”
In reported or indirect speech, no quotation marks are used and the subject of the
main clause and the dependent clause are the same.
Dalam reported atau indirect speech, tanda petik tidak digunakan dan subjek
klausa utama dan klausa kedua sama.
We use able especially in the structure be able + infinitive. This often has the
same meaning as can. There is a negative form unable.
a. Some people are able to /can walk on their hands
b. I am unable to /can’t understand what she wants
Can is preferred in the sense of “know how to”, and in expressions like can see,
can hear, etc.
c. Can you knit? (more natural than are you able to knit?)
d. I can see a ship. (more natural that I am able to see a ship)
Be able is used in cases (future, present perfect) where can / could is not
grammatically possible.
e. One day scientists will be able to find a cure for cancer. (NOT will can find)
f. What have you been able to find out? (NOT what have you could?)
g. I might be able to help you. (NOT I might can)
Able is not usually followed by passive infinitives.
h. He can’t be understood. (NOT he’s not able to be understood)
----
Kita menggunakan able dengan bentuk kalimat be able + infinitive. Able
memiliki makna yang sama dengan can. Bentuk negative nya adalah unable.
a. Some people are able to /can walk on their hands
b. I am unable to /can’t understand what she wants
Can digunakan untuk “mengerti cara melakukan”, dan dalam expressi seperti
can see, can hear, etc.
c. Can you knit? (lebih natural daripada are you able to knit?)
d. I can see a ship. (lebih natural daripada I am able to see a ship)
Be able digunakan dalam bentuk (future, present perfect) dimana can / could
tidak bisa digunakan.
e. One day scientists will be able to find a cure for cancer. (BUKAN will can find)
f. What have you been able to find out? (BUKAN what have you could?)
g. I might be able to help you. (BUKAN I might can)
Able tidak bida digunakan dengan kata kerja passif.
h. He can’t be understood. (BUKAN he’s not able to be understood)
That’s for today. I’ll see you tomorrow.
142. Using about
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Bandingkan penggunaan about dan on
a. A book for children about Africa and its peoples
A textbook on African history
b. A conversation about money
A lecture on economics
about digunakan untuk membicarakan hal biasa untuk mendapatkan informasi
secara umum tentang sesuatu. On menggambarkan bahwa a book, lecture, talk
dll. Adalah topik yang serius, untuk para akademisi yang cocok untuk
profesional.
penggunaan about to
About + infinitive artinya “sebentar lagi akan melakukan”; “hendak melakukan”.
c. Don’t go out now – we’re about to have lunch
d. I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.
Dalam American English, not about to bermakna “unwilling to”
e. I’m not about to pay 100 dollars for that dress.
That’s our lesson for today. don’t forget to check my email tomorrow for more
English in use tips. See you then.
143. Using above and over
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1. Lebih tinggi dari: above atau over
Above dan over bermakna “lebih tinggi dari”.
a. The water came up above/over our knees
b. Can you see the helicopter above/over the palace?
2. menutupi: over
Over lebih dipilih ketika sesuatu menutup dan/atau menempel pada sesuatu
yang lain.
c. There is could over the south of England.
d. He puts on a coat over his pajamas.
Over atau across digunakan saat sesuatu melewati sesuatu yang lain.
e. The plane was flying over/across Denmark
f. Electricity cables starch over/across the fields.
3. mengukur: above
Above digunakan untuk mengukur temperatur, tinggi atau mengukur sesuatu
yang vertikal.
g. The temperature is three degrees above zero
h. The summit of Everest is about 8000 meters above sea level.
i. She’s well above average in intelligence.
4. See above /over
Dalam buku atau majalan, see above artinya “lihat ke apa yang sudah ditulis”,
see over artinya “lihat ke halaman berikutnya”.
5. S
That’s how we say above and over. Both mean the rather the same, yet they are
used in different context. I’ll see you tomorrow for more lesson.
144. The phrase according to
According to X means “if what X says is true”. Note that after is not used in this
sense.
a. According to harry, its’s good film. (not after harry)
We do not usually give our own opinions with according to. Compare:
b. According to Joan, the people across the road are moving. (= if what Joan says
is true, …)
c. According to the timetable, the train gets in at 8.30.
d. In my opinion, she’s sick. (not according to me, …)
----
According to X artinya “jika apa yang X katakan benar”. Ingat! after tidak
digunakan dalam expressi seperti ini.
a. According to harry, its’s good film. (BUKAN after harry)
Kita tidak memberikan opini pribadi dengan according to. Bandingkan kalimat
berikut:
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b. According to Joan, the people across the road are moving. (= jika apa yang Joan
katakan benar, …)
c. According to the timetable, the train gets in at 8.30.
d. In my opinion, she’s sick. (BUKAN according to me, …)
I’ll see you tomorrow for more functional grammar.
145. Using across, over and through
----
1. Pada/ke seberang gunakan across dan over.
Across and over can both be used to mean “Pada/ke seberang garis, sungai,
jalan dll.”
a. His village is just across/over the border.
b. See if you can jump across/over the stream.
2. Sesuatu yang tinggi gunakan over
over untuk ‘Pada/ke seberang sesuatu yang tinggi’.
c. Why are you climbing over the wall? (Bukan across the wall)
3. Pada tempat datar; di atas air gunakan across
d. He walked right across the desert. (BUKAN over the desert)
e. Let’s swim across the river. (BUKAN over the river)
tetapi over terkadang digunakan dalan British English jika belum tentu
sampai ke seberang.
f. We often walk over the fields in the evening.
4. Across dan through
perpedaan across dan through sama seperti perbedaan on dan in. Through,
tidak seperti across, digunakan seperti didalam ruang. bandingkan;
g. We walked across the ice. (we were on the ice.)
I walked through the wood. (I was in the wood)
h. We drove across the desert.
We drove through several towns.
When an adjective has its own complement (skilled in design), the whole
expression normally comes after a noun.
a. We are looking for people skilled in design. (not skilled in design people)
A relative clause is often more natural.
b. We are looking for people who are skilled in design.
In some cases, an adjective can be put before a noun and its complement after it.
This happens with different, similar, the same next last, first, second etc.;
comparatives and superlatives; and few other adjectives like difficult and easy.
c. A different life from this one
d. The second train from this platform
e. The next house to the Royal Hotel
f. The best mother in the world
----
Adjectives dan penjelasnya
When two or more adjective come together, we sometimes put and before the last
one. And sometimes we don’t put and before the last one. It depends partly on
their position in the sentence.
After a verb
When adjectives come in predicative position (after be, seem, all linking verbs),
we usually put and before the last one.
a. He was tall, dark and handsome
b. You’re like a winter’s day: short, dark and dirty.
In a very literary style, and is sometimes left out.
c. My soul is exotic, mysterious, incomprehensible.
----
When two or more adjective come together, we sometimes put and before the last
one. And sometimes we don’t put and before the last one. It depends partly on
their position in the sentence.
After a verb
Ketika adjektif datang setelah kata kerja (setelah be, seem, dan semua linking
verbs), kita tambahkan and sebelum yang terakhir.
a. He was tall, dark and handsome
b. You’re like a winter’s day: short, dark and dirty.
Dalam gaya kesastraan, and terkadang tidak digunakan.
c. My soul is exotic, mysterious, incomprehensible.
I’ll see you tomorrow for more lessons on adjectives. See you!
149. Adjectives with and (after noun)
In attributive position (before a noun), using and before the last one is less
common.
a. An angry young man (not an angry and young man)
b. A big beautiful garden.
However, and is possible when the adjectives give similar kinds of information
especially when we are “pilling up” favorable or unfavorable descriptions.
c. A warm and generous personality
d. An ill-planned, expensive and wasteful project.
And is necessary when two or more adjectives refer to different parts of
something, or different type of thing.
e. A yellow and black sports car
f. A concrete and glass factory
g. Hot and cold drinks (=hot drinks and cold drinks)
We also use and when we say that something belongs to two or more different
classes.
h. It’s social and political problem.
i. She’s a musical and artistic genius.
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Penggunaan kata sifat dan and sebelum kata kerja. Penggunaan and sebelum kata
sifat terakhir tidak biasa digunakan.
a. An angry young man (Bukan an angry and young man)
b. A big beautiful garden.
Tapi, and bisa digunakan jika kata sifat memiliki/memberi informasi yang sama.
c. A warm and generous personality
d. An ill-planned, expensive and wasteful project.
And harus di letakkan jika dua atau lebih kata sifat menunjukan jenis yang
berbeda.
e. A yellow and black sports car
f. A concrete and glass factory
g. Hot and cold drinks (=hot drinks and cold drinks)
Kita juga menggunakan and jika kita ingin mengatakan sesuatu milik sesuatu
atau seseorang.
h. It’s social and political problem.
i. She’s a musical and artistic genius.
That’s for today. I’ll see you, tomorrow
That’s how we use adjective without noun. I’ll see you tomorrow for more lesson
on adjectives.
Adjectives of nationality
A few adjectives of nationality ending in –sh or –ch are used after the without nouns. They
include Irish, Welsh, English, British, Spanish, Dutch, French.
a. The Irish are very proud of their sense of humor
These expressions are plural; singular equivalents are for example an Irishwoman, a
Welshman (not a Welsh).
Singular examples
In a few formal fixed phrases, the + adjective can have singular meaning. These include
the accused, the undersigned, the deceased, the former and the latter.
b. The accused was released on bail.
c. Mr. Gray and Mrs. Cook; the latter is a well-known designer.
Abstract ideas
Adjectives are sometimes used after the to refer to general abstract ideas, especially in
philosophical writing, such as, the beautiful, the supernatural, the unreal.)
d. She’s interested in the supernatural.
Choices
We sometimes leave out a noun that has already been mentioned, or which does not
need to be mentioned.
e. How you got any bread? – do you want white or brown?
f. I’d like two large packets and one small.
Color adjectives can sometimes have a plural –s in this situation.
g. Wash the reds and blues separately. (=red and blue clothes)
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Kata sifat untuk kenegaraan
Beberapa kata sifat untuk kewarganegara yang berakhiran–sh atau –ch digunakan
dengan the tanpa kata benda. Contohnya Irish, Welsh, English, British, Spanish, Dutch,
French.
a. The Irish are very proud of their sense of humor
Ekspresi seperti ini bermakna jamak; untuk ekspresi tunggal gunakan, an Irishwoman, a
Welshman (not a Welsh).
Kata sifat dengan makna tunggal
Dalam frase formal, the + adjective bisa bermakna tunggal. Contohnya the accused, the
undersigned, the deceased, the former and the latter.
b. The accused was released on bail.
c. Mr. Gray and Mrs. Cook; the latter is a well-known designer.
Gagasan abstrak
Kata sifat biasa digunakan setelah the untuk menunjuk pada gagasan abstrak, khususnya
dalam telaah filosofi seperti, the beautiful, the supernatural, the unreal.)
d. She’s interested in the supernatural.
Pilihan
Kita terkadang tidak menyebutkan kata benda yang telah di sebutkan atau yang tidak
perlu disebutkan.
e. How you got any bread? – do you want white or brown?
f. I’d like two large packets and one small.
Warna bisa bermakna jamak dalam kondisi ini.
g. Wash the reds and blues separately. (=baju merah dan baju biru)
There are still so many topics to cover. I’ll see you tomorrow.
A few adjectives ending in –ed have a special pronunciation: the last syllable is
pronounced /id/ instead of /d/ or /t/ like most verbs.
- Aged /eidjid/
- Beloved /bilavid/
- Cursed /cersid/
- Naked /neikid/
- Learned /lernid/
- Blessed /blesid/
- Sacred /seikrid/
- Wicked /wikid/
- One/three/four-legged /legid/
Note that aged is pronounced /eidjd/ when it means “years old” (as in he has a daughter
aged ten), or when it is a verb (past or past participle).
----
Beberapa kata sifat Bahasa Inggris yang berakhiran –ed memiliki cara pengucapan yang
beda: suku kata terakhir di bunyikan /id/, bukan /d/ atau /t/ seperti kebanyakan kata
kerja.
- Aged /eidjid/
- Beloved /bilavid/
- Cursed /cersid/
- Naked /neikid/
- Learned /lernid/
- Blessed /blesid/
- Sacred /seikrid/
- Wicked /wikid/
- One/three/four-legged /legid/
Note! aged dibaca /eidjd/ ketika ia bermakan “berumur” (seperti dalam kalimat he has a
daughter aged ten), atau jika aged sebagi kata kerja (past atau past participle).
153. What can follow an adjective?
And many adjectives can have more than one kind of complement.
h. I’m pleased about her promotion
i. I’m pleased that we seem to agree.
beberapa infinitive bisa memiliki subjek nya sendiri, diawali oleh for.
e. I’m anxious for her to get a good education.
(I’m anxious that she should get …)
Words like down, in, up are not always prepositions, compare with (…):
- I ran down the road (please sit down)
- Something’s climbing up my leg. (she’s not up yet).
- He’s in his office. (you go in)
In the expressions down the road, in his office and up my leg, the words down, in and up are
prepositions: they have objects (the road, his office, and my leg).
In sit down, go in and she’s not up, the words down, in and up have no objects. They are
adverbs, not propositions.
Small adverbs like these are usually called “adverb(ial) particles”. They include above,
about, across, ahead, along around, aside, away, back, before, behind, under, up.
Many words of this kind can be used as both adverb particles and prepositions, but
there are some exceptions: for example, back, away (only adverb particles); from, during
(only propositions).
---
Kata seperti down, in, up tidak selalu berfungsi sebagai preposisi, bandingkan kalimat
berikut (…):
- I ran down the road (please sit down)
- Something’s climbing up my leg. (she’s not up yet).
- He’s in his office. (you go in)
Pada ekspresi down the road, in his office dan up my leg. kata down, in dan up adalah
preposisi: preposisi memiliki objek (the road, his office, and my leg).
pada sit down, go in dan she’s not up. kata down, in dan up tidak memiliki objek. Kata-kata
tersebut adalah adverb (kata keterangan), bukan preposisi.
Adverb (kata keterangan) kecil seperti ini biasanya disebut “adverb(ial) particles”.
Termasuk diantaranya above, about, across, ahead, along around, aside, away, back, before,
behind, under, up.
Banyak kata yang seperti ini bisa menjadi adverb particles dan prepositions, tetapi ada
pengecualian: contohnya, back, away (hanya adverb particles); from, during (hanya
preposisi).
I’ll see you tomorrow for more lesson, so don’t forget to check my email.
For many people altogether and all together are confusing. Here’s how they are used
There are, of course, many different regional accent in both Britain and American. The
most important general differences between American and British speech are as follows:
a. Certain vowels are nasal (pronounced through the nose and mouth at the same time)
in some varieties of American English, but not in most British accents.
b. British English has one more vowel than American English. this is the rounded short
o used in words like cot, dog, got, gone, off, etc. in American English these words are
pronounced either with /a/, like the first vowel in father, or with /o/, like the vowel
in caught.
c. Some words written with a + consonant (e.g. fast, after) have different
pronunciations; with /a:/ in standard southern British English, and with /ae/ in
American and some other varieties of English.
---
Ada beberapa perbedaan aksen dari british english dan American english. perbedaan
yang jelas dari dari kedua aksen ini bisa di lihat di bawah ini:
a. Beberapa huruf vocal biasanya nasal (dibunyikan melalui hidung dan mulut secara
bersamaan) pada beberapa American english, tapi tidak pada aksen British English.
b. Pada akesn British English memiliki satu huruf vocal tambahan. Yaitu huruf vocal o
yang pendek, seperti pada kata cot, dog, got, gone, off, dll. Pada aksen American
English kata-kata seperti diatas di bunyikan baik dengan /a/, seperti pada kata
father, atau dengan /o/, seperti pada kata caught.
c. Beberapa kata yang ditulis denga a + konsonan (seperti, fast, after) berbeda cara
pembunyiannya; dengan /a:/ pada British English, dan dengan /ae/ pada
American.
----
I’ll see you tomorrow for more American and british english.
157. More on American and british english
a. The vowel in home, go, open is pronounced /eu/ in British English, and /ou/ in
American English. the two vowels sound very different.
Fertile in AmE rhymes with turtle while in BrE rhymes with her tile.
---
a. Huruf vokal pada kata home, go, open dibunyikan /eu/ pada British English (BrE),
dan /ou/ pada American English (AmE). Kedua huruf vokal tersebut terdengar
berbeda.
b. Dalam BrE, r hanya di bunyikan jika berdada dibelakang huruf vokal. Dalam AmE, r
dibunyikan dimanapun ia ditulis, dan ia mempengaruhi kualitas huruf vokal yang
datang setelahnya. Jadi, kata seperti car, turn, offer berbunyi berbeda antara AmE dan
BrE.
c. Dalam AmE, t dan d diucapkan sangat ringan dan terdengar seperti (/d/) jika
keduanya datang diantara huruf vokal. Jadi, writer dan rider terdengar sama. Pada
BrE keduanya diucapkan berbeda; /raite(r) dan /raide(r)/
d. Kata-kata yang berakhiran–ile (seperti fertile, reptile, missile, senile) diucapkan /ail/
pada BrE; kebanyakan diucapkan /l/ pada American english.
Fertile pada AmE seirama dengan turtle sedangkan padaBrE seirama dengan her tile.
Practice more on examples I mentioned above with British and American English. I’ll see
you tomorrow
158. Pronunciation of the
The is normally pronounce with the vowel /i/ (like bibik) before a vowel and /e/ (like
besar) before a consonant. Compare:
- The ice /thi ais/
- The snow /the snou/
The choice between /i/ and /e/ depends on pronunciation, not spelling. We
pronounced /i/ before a vowel sound, even if it is written as a consonant.
- The hour /thi ower/
- The MP /thi em pi/
And we pronounced /e/ before a consonant sound, even if it is written as a vowel.
- The university /the yuni…/
- The one-legged man /the wan…/
We sometimes pronounce a stressed /thi/ before a hesitation, or when we want to stress
the following word, even if it begins with a consonant.
- He’s the /thi/ - em… - personal doctor
We use at first to talk about the beginning of a situation, to make a contrast with
something different that happens/happened later. At first … is often followed by but.
a. At first they were very happy, but then things started going wrong.
b. The work was hard at first, but I got used to it.
In other cases, we usually prefer first.
c. That’s mine – I saw it first (not I saw it at first)
d. We lived there when we were first married (… in the early days of our marriage).
(not … when we were at first married)
e. First, I want to talk about the history of the problem; then I’ll outline the situation
today; and then we’ll discuss possible solutions. (not at first, I want to talk …)
Read the examples above once again until you get the sense the difference between the
two.
---
Kita gunakan at first untuk berbicara tentang permulaan sesuatu, untuk memberi
perbandingan dengan apa yang terjadi/telah terjadi nanti. At first … biasanya diikuti
dengan but.
a. At first they were very happy, but then things started going wrong.
b. The work was hard at first, but I got used to it.
Back and again can be used with similar meaning, but there are some differences.
- Back with a verb
With a verb, we use back to suggest a return to an earlier situation, movement in the
opposite direction to an earlier movement, and similar ideas. Again is not normally
used in this way with a verb.
a. Give me my watch back. (not Give me my watch again.)
b. I’m taking this meat back to the shop. (not I’m taking this meat to the shop again)
- Again with a verb.
With a verb, again usually suggests repetition. Compare
c. That was lovely. Can you play it again?
When I’ve recorded your voice I’ll play it back.
d. Eric was really bad mannered. I’m never going to invite him again.
She comes to our parties but she never invites us back.
- Note the difference between sell back (to the same person) and sell again.
e. The bike you sold me is too small. Can I sell it back to you?
f. If we buy this house and then have to move somewhere else, how easy will it be
to sell it again?
-----
Back dan again bisa digunakan untuk makna yang sama, tapi ada beberapa perbedaan
penggunaan.
- Back dengan kata kerja
Dengan kata kerja, back digunakan untuk “kembali pada keadaan sebelumnya”,
berpaling kearah sebaliknya”, atau gagasan yang sama. Again tidak digunakan
seperti back jika dengan kata kerja.
a. Give me my watch back. (bukan Give me my watch again.)
b. I’m taking this meat back to the shop. (bukan I’m taking this meat to the shop
again)
- Again dan kata kerja.
Dengan kata kerja, again biasanya bermakna pengulangan. Bandingkan kalimat-
kalimat pada (c) dan (d).
c. That was lovely. Can you play it again?
When I’ve recorded your voice I’ll play it back.
d. Eric was really bad mannered. I’m never going to invite him again.
She comes to our parties but she never invites us back.
- Bandingkan penggunaan sell back (untuk orang yang sama) dan sell again.
e. The bike you sold me is too small. Can I sell it back to you?
f. If we buy this house and then have to move somewhere else, how easy will it be
to sell it again?
That’s for today. practice your English more and I’ll see you tomorrow.
161. Using because and because of
Because is a conjunction. It is used at the beginning of a clause, before a subject and verb.
Because of is a two-word preposition, used before a noun or pronoun. Compare.
a. We were late because it rained (not because of it rained) (= two clauses)
We were late because of the rain. (not because the rain) (= one clause)
b. I’m happy because I met you.
c. I’m happy because of you.
Sometimes when we are talking about the past, we want to talk about something which
was in the future at that time – which had not yet happened. To express this idea, we use
the structure that normally used to talk about the future, but we make the verb forms
past. for example, instead of is going to we use was going to; instead of present progressive
we use the past progressive; instead of will we use would; instead of is to we use was to.
a. Last time I saw you, you were going to start a new job.
b. I had no time to shop because I was leaving for Germany in two hours.
c. In 1999 I arrive in the town where I would spend ten years of my life.
d. I went to have a look at the room where I was to talk that afternoon.
Perfect forms of be going to are also possible.
e. I’ve been going to write to you for ages, but I’ve only found time.
---
Terkadang saat kita bercerita tentang masa lampau, kita mengungkapkan masadapan
(pada masa lampau) yang belum terjadi. Untuk mengungkapkan ini, kita menggunakan
struktur yang digunakan untuk masa dapan, tapi kita buat katakerja nya dalam bentuk
past. contohnya, is going to menjadi was going to; tidak menggunakan present progressive
tapi past progressive; will menjadi would; dan is to menjadi was to.
a. Last time I saw you, you were going to start a new job.
b. I had no time to shop because I was leaving for Germany in two hours.
c. In 1999 I arrive in the town where I would spend ten years of my life.
d. I went to have a look at the room where I was to talk that afternoon.
Bentuk Perfect dari be going to juga bisa digunakan.
e. I’ve been going to write to you for ages, but I’ve only found time.
Before an adverb particle (like up, away, out) or a preposition, get nearly always refers to
a movement of some kind.
a. I often get up at five o’clock
b. I went to see him, but he told me to get out.
c. Would you mind getting off my foot?
In some idioms the meaning is different – e.g. get to a place (arrive at…); get over something
(recover from); get on with somebody (have a good relationship with).
With an object, the structure usually means “make somebody/something move”.
d. You can’t get him out of bed in the morning.
e. Would you mind getting your papers off my desk?
f. Have you ever tried to get toothpaste back into the tube?
g. The car’s ok- it gets me from A to B.
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Sebelum adverbial (seperti up, away, out) atau preposisi lainnya, get hampir selalu
digunakan untuk pergerakan dalam gerakan tertentu.
a. I often get up at five o’clock
b. I went to see him, but he told me to get out.
c. Would you mind getting off my foot?
Dalam beberapa ungkapan, get memiliki makna berbeda seperti, get to a place (arrive
at…); get over something (recover from); get on with somebody (have a good relationship
with).
Dengan sebuah objek, biasanya bermakna “membuat seseorang/sesuatu bergerak
(pindah)”.
d. You can’t get him out of bed in the morning.
e. Would you mind getting your papers off my desk?
f. Have you ever tried to get toothpaste back into the tube?
g. The car’s ok- it gets me from A to B.
There are many other meanings get can have. We’ll see them all tomorrow. see you then.
Get + -ing is sometimes used informally to mean “start –ing”, especially in the
expressions get moving, get going.
a. We’d better get moving – it’s late.
With an infinitive, get can mean “manage”, have an opportunity” or “be allowed”.
b. We didn’t get to see her – she was too busy. (don’t have opportunity)
c. When do I get to merry your daughter? (allowed to merry)
Get + infinitive can also suggest gradual development
d. He’s nice when you get to know him.
e. You’ll get to speak English more easily as time goes by.
f. Bob’s getting to be a lovely kid.
Extra (got and gotten)
In British English the past participle of get is got. In American English the past participle
is gotten (e.g. you’ve gotten us in a lot of trouble.) except in the structure have got.
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Get + -ing biasanya digunakan pada percakapan informal yang berarti “mulai
melakukan) contohnya get moving (mulai bergerak), get going (mulai pergi).
a. We’d better get moving – it’s late.
Dengan sebuah infinitif, get bermakna “mengatur”, “berkesampatan” atau “disetujui”.
b. We didn’t get to see her – she was too busy. (tidak berkesempatan berjumpa)
c. When do I get to merry your daughter? (disetujui menikahi)
Get + infinitive juga bisa digunakan untuk mengungkapakan parubahan berkala.
d. He’s nice when you get to know him.
We use had better to give strong advice, or to tell people what to do (including ourselves).
a. You’d better turn that music down before dad gets angry.
b. It’s seven o’clock. I’d better put the meat in the oven.
Had better refers to the immediate future. It is more urgent than should or ought.
Compare:
c. I really ought to go and see Fred one of these days. ~ well, you’d better do it soon –
he’s leaving for south Africa at the end of the month.
Had better is not used in polite request. Compare:
d. Could you help me, if you’ve got time? (request)
e. You’d better help me. If you don’t, there’ll be trouble. (order/threat)
Note that had better does not usually suggest that the action recommended would be
better than another one that is being considered – there is no idea of comparison. The
structure means “it would be good to …”, not “it would be better to …”.
---
had better digunakan untuk memberi saran, atau menyuruh orang melakukan sesuatu
(termasuk diri sendiri).
a. You’d better turn that music down before dad gets angry.
b. It’s seven o’clock. I’d better put the meat in the oven.
Had better menunjuk kapada masa depan yang dekat. Ia lebih penting dari pada should
atau ought. bandingkan:
c. I really ought to go and see Fred one of these days. ~ well, you’d better do it soon –
he’s leaving for south Africa at the end of the month.
Had better tidak digunakan untuk meminta sacara sopan. Bandingkan:
d. Could you help me, if you’ve got time? (meminta/mohon)
e. You’d better help me. If you don’t, there’ll be trouble. (menyuruh/mengancam)
Ingat bahwa had better tidak menunjukkan susuatu lebih baik dari yang lain – tidak
membandingkan perbuatan. Struktur had better bermakna “it would be good to …”, bukan
“it would be better to …”.
That’s it for today. I’ll see you tomorrow for the forms of had better. See you.
170. Forms of had better
Had better refers to the immediate future, but the form is always past (have better is
impossible). After had better we use the infinitive without to.
a. It’s late – you had better hurry up
(not you have better)
We can use –ing form (e.g. smoking walking) not only as verbs, but also like adjectives or
nouns. Compare:
a. You’re smoking too much these days. (verb: part of present progressive)
b. There was smoking cigarette end in the ashtray. (an adjective describing cigarette end)
Kita bisa menggunakan bentuk –ing (seperti smoking walking) tidak hanya sebagai kata
kerja, tapi bisa juga sebagai kata sifat dan kata benda. bandingkan:
a. You’re smoking too much these days. (kata kerja: bagian dari present progressive)
b. There was smoking cigarette end in the ashtray. (kata sifat )
c. Smoking is bad for you (kata benda: sebagai subjek)
Ketika bentuk –ing digunakan sebagai kata kerja dan kata sifat, ia disebut “present
participles”. Ketika –ing digunakan sebagai kata benda, ia disebut “gerunds”.
Bentuk Perfect, passive dan negative dari –ing
d. Having slept for twelve hours, I felt marvelous. (perfect)
e. She loves being looked at. (passive)
f. Not knowing what to do, I went home. (negative)
g. She’s angry about not having been invited. (negative perfect passive)
-ing is very complicated and complex. We’ll see more about –ing tomorrow. see you
then.
172. –ing form or infinitive
-ing forms are often used in similar ways to infinitives. For instance, they can follow
certain verbs, adjectives or nouns. Compare:
a. He agreed to wait.
He suggested waiting. (not he suggested to wait.)
b. She’s ready to listen.
She’s good at listening. (not she’s good to listen.)
c. The need to talk
The idea of talking… (not the idea to talk)
Unfortunately, there is no easy way to decide which verbs, adjectives and nouns are
followed by –ing forms, and which are followed by infinitives. It is best to check in a
good dictionary.
Expressions with –ing forms can also be used as subjects in sentences, or as complements
after be. Infinitives are also possible in these cases, but they are much less common in
informal English. compare:
d. Smoking cigarettes can kill you. (more natural than to smoke cigarettes can kill you.)
e. My favorite activity is reading thrillers. (more natural than My favorite activity is to
read thrillers.)
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Bentuk -ing seringkali digunakan sama seperti infinitif. Contohnya, -ing bisa mengikuti
kata kerja, kata sifat atau kata benda. Bandingkan:
a. He agreed to wait.
He suggested waiting. (bukan he suggested to wait.)
b. She’s ready to listen.
She’s good at listening. (bukan she’s good to listen.)
c. The need to talk
The idea of talking… (bukan the idea to talk)
sayangnya, tidak ad acara yang mudah untuk memutuskan kata kerja, kata sifat dan
kata benda yang mana yang diikyti oleh bentuk – ing. Cara terbaik adalah melihat
kamus.
Ekspresi dengan bentuk -ing bisa juga menjadi subjek kalimat, atau keterangan setelah
be. Infinitif juga bisa dilakukan, tetapi tidak terlalu sering digunakan dalam percakapan
informal. Bandingkan:
d. Smoking cigarettes can kill you. (lebih umum daripada to smoke cigarettes can kill you.)
e. My favorite activity is reading thrillers. (lebih umum daripada My favorite activity is to
read thrillers.)
Look again to the example (a) to (c). see the difference try to make your own example. I’ll
see you tomorrow.
The distinction between participles and gerunds is not always clear-cut, and it can
sometimes be difficult to decide which term to use.
-ing forms can be used before nouns. This can happen both with noun-like –ing forms
(gerunds) and adjective-like –ing forms (participle). The two structures do not have quite
the same kind of meaning. Compare:
a. A waiting room (= a room for waiting. Waiting is a gerund, used rather like a noun.
Compare a guest room)
A waiting train (= a train that is waiting. Waiting is a participle, used rather like an
adjective. Compare an early train).
b. A sleeping pill (sleeping is a gerund)
A sleeping child (sleeping is a participle)
c. Working conditions (gerund)
Working men and women (participle)
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Perbedaan antara participles dan gerunds tidak mudah dibedakan.
Bentuk -ing bisa digunakan sebelum kata benda. Ini terjadi dengan bentuk –ing yang
seperti kata benda (gerund) dan bentuk –ing yang seperti kata sifat (participle). Kedua
struktur ini tidak memiliki makna yang sama. Bandingkan:
d. A waiting room (= a room for waiting. Waiting adalah gerund, digunakan sama
seperti kata benda. bandingkan a guest room)
A waiting train (= a train that is waiting. Waiting adalah participle, digunakan sama
seperti kata sifat. Bandingkan an early train).
e. A sleeping pill (sleeping sebagai gerund)
A sleeping child (sleeping sebagai participle)
f. Working conditions (gerund)
Working men and women (participle)
I’ll see you tomorrow for more problems with –ing.
174. Using –ing with verbs
After some verbs we can use an –ing form (gerund), but not normally an infinitive
a. I enjoy travelling. (not I enjoy to travel.)
b. He’s finished mending the car. (not he’s finished to mend)
c. She’s given up smoking. (not … given up smoking)
Some common verb that are normally followed by –ing forms:
- Admit
- Appreciate
- Avoid
- Consider
- Deny
- Enjoy
- Prevent
- Forgive, etc.
Some verbs can be followed by both –ing forms and infinitives. Unfortunately, there is no
easy way to decide which structures are possible after a particular verb. It’s best to see a
dictionary.
Some of the verbs listed above, and some others, can be followed by object + -ing form.
d. I can’t imagine him working in an office.
e. Nobody can stop him doing what he wants to
Stop (in an informal style) and prevent are often followed by object + from + -ing form
f. Try to stop/prevent them from finding out.
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Setelah beberapa kata kerja kita bisa menggunakan bentuk –ing (gerund), tapi jarang
menggunakan infinitif.
a. I enjoy travelling. (bukan I enjoy to travel.)
b. He’s finished mending the car. (bukan he’s finished to mend)
c. She’s given up smoking. (bukan … given up smoking)
Berikut beberapa kata kerja yang sering diikuti oleh bentuk –ing:
- Admit
- Appreciate
- Avoid
- Consider
- Deny
- Enjoy
- Prevent
- Forgive, dll.
Beberapa kata kerja boleh diikuti oleh –ing dan infinitif. Sayangnya, sangat tidak mudak
menentukannya tanpa kamus.
Beberapa kata yang tertulis diatas, dan beberapa lain, bisa diikuti oleh object + -ing.
d. I can’t imagine him working in an office.
e. Nobody can stop him doing what he wants to
Stop (dalam bentuk informal) dan prevent sering diikuti oleh object + from + -ing form
f. Try to stop/prevent them from finding out.
I’ll see you tomorrow. don’t forget to check my email.
When we put a verb after a preposition, we normally use an –ing from (gerund), not an
infinitive.
a. You can’t make an omelet without breaking eggs. (not … without to break eggs)
b. Always check the oil before starting the car. (not … before to start the cat)
c. They painted the house instead of going on holiday (not … instead to go …)
Using –ing after preposition to
To is actually two different words. It can be an infinitive marker, used to show that the
next words in an infinitive (e.g. to swim, to laugh). It can also be a prepositions, followed by
for example a noun (eg. She’s gone to the park, I will talk to her).
When to is a preposition, it can be followed by the –ing form of a verb, but not normally
by the infinitive. Common expression in which this happens are look forward to, object to,
be used to, prefer (doing one thing to doing another), get round to, in addition to.
In the following examples, note how the preposition to can be followed by either a noun
or an –ing form.
- Looking forward to your next letter.
Looking forward to hearing from you. (not … to hear from you)
- Do you object to Sunday work?
Do you object to working on Sundays?
- I’m not used to London traffic
I’m not used to driving in London
- I prefer the seaside to the mountains.
I prefer swimming to walking.
- I’ll get round to the washing up sooner or later.
I’ll get round to doing the washing up sooner or later.
A few verbs and adjectives are used with to before nouns, but are followed by infinitives
of verbs. Examples are agree, consent, entitled, inclined, prone.
d. She agreed to our plan. / she agreed to do what we wanted.
e. He’s inclined to anger. / he’s inclined to lose his temper.
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Ketika kita meletakkan kata kerja setelah preposition, bisanya kita mengginakan bentul –
ing (gerund), bukan bentuk infinitif.
a. You can’t make an omelet without breaking eggs. (bukan … without to break eggs)
b. Always check the oil before starting the car. (bukan … before to start the cat)
c. They painted the house instead of going on holiday (bukan … instead to go …)
menggunakan –ing setelah preposisi to
To adalah dua kata yang berbeda. Ia bisa digunakan sebagai penanda infinitif,
digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa kata selanjutnya adalah infinitif (seperti, to swim,
to laugh). Ia bisa juga sebagai prepositions, yang diikuti oleh kata benda (contohnya, She’s
gone to the park, I will talk to her).
Ketika to sebagai preposisi, ia bisa diikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk –ing, tapi tidak dengan
infinitif. Expressi umum adalah look forward to, object to, be used to, prefer (doing one thing
to doing another), get round to, in addition to.
Perhatikan contoh berikut bagaimana preposisi to bisa diikuti oleh noun atau bentuk –
ing.
- Looking forward to your next letter.
Looking forward to hearing from you. (bukan … to hear from you)
- Do you object to Sunday work?
Do you object to working on Sundays?
- I’m not used to London traffic
I’m not used to driving in London
- I prefer the seaside to the mountains.
I prefer swimming to walking.
- I’ll get round to the washing up sooner or later.
I’ll get round to doing the washing up sooner or later.
Beberapa kata kerja dan kata sifat digunakan dengan to sebelum kata benda, tapi diikuti
oleh infinitif contohnya, agree, consent, entitled, inclined, prone.
d. She agreed to our plan. / she agreed to do what we wanted.
e. He’s inclined to anger. / he’s inclined to lose his temper.
I’ll see you tomorrow.
176. Inversion: verb before subject
We put an auxiliary verb (and non-auxiliary have and be) directly before the subject of a
clause in several different structures.
- Questions
a. Have your father and mother arrived? (not have arrived your father and mother?)
b. Where is the concert taking place? (not Where is taking place the concert?)
Spoken questions do not always have this word order
c. You’re coming tomorrow?
Indirect questions do not usually have this order
d. I wonder what time the film was starting (not …what time was the film starting.)
However, in formal writing inversion is sometimes used with be in indirect questions
after how, especially when the subject is long.
e. I wondered how reliable was the information I had been given.
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Kita meletakkan kata bantu (juga have dan be) langsung sebelum subjek dengan
beberapa struktur.
- Kalimat tanya
a. Have your father and mother arrived? (bukan have arrived your father and mother?)
b. Where is the concert taking place? (bukan Where is taking place the concert?)
Dalam pertanyaan sehari-hari, kalimat tanyanya tidak selalu seperti yang diatas.
c. You’re coming tomorrow?
Pertanyaan tidak langsung tidak dalam bentuk ini.
d. I wonder what time the film was starting (bukan …what time was the film starting.)
Namun, dalam tulisan formal inversion terkadang digunakan dengan be dalam kalimat
tidak langsung setelah how, terlebih saat subjek nya panjang.
e. I wondered how reliable was the information I had been given.
Remember when you’re asking questions, sometimes the verb and the subject are
inverted. Check me back tomorrow for more inversion rules.
177. Inversion: exclamations
We put an auxiliary verb (and non-auxiliary have and be) directly before the subject of a
clause in several different structures.
Ketika ekspresi tempat or tujuan datang diawal kalimat, kata kerja transitif diletakkan
sebelum subjek. Ini terjadi jika subjek diterangkan.
a. Under a tree was lying one of the biggest men I had ever seen.
b. On the grass sat an enormous frog.
c. Directly in front of them stood a great castle.
d. Along the road came a strange procession.
Struktur ini digunakan dalam percakapan dengan kata here, there dan kata keterangan
lainnya
e. Here comes Freddy! (bukan Here Freddy comes.)
f. There goes your brother.
g. I stopped the car and up walked a policeman.
h. The door opened and out came Angela’s boyfriend.
Jika subjeknya adalah kata ganti, ia datang sebelum kata kerja.
i. Here she comes. (bukan here comes she.)
j. Off we go!
- Conditional
In formal and literary conditional clauses, an auxiliary verb can be put before the subject
instead of using if.
a. Were she my daughter … (= if she were my daughter …)
b. Had I realized what you intended … (= if I had realized …)
Negative are not contracted in this case.
c. Had we not spent all our money already, … (not hadn’t we spent …)
- Reporting
In story-telling, the subject often comes after reporting verbs like said, asked, suggested etc.
when these follow direct speech.
d. “what do you mean?” asked Henry. (or … Henry asked.)
e. “I love you.” Whispered Nina.
If the subject is a pronoun, it usually comes before the verb.
Dalam kalimat formal dan kesusastraan, kata bantu (auxiliary) boleh diletakkan sebelum
subjek daripada menggunakan if.
g. Were she my daughter … (= if she were my daughter …)
h. Had I realized what you intended … (= if I had realized …)
Kalimat negarif tidak di singkat dalam bentuk ini.
i. Had we not spent all our money already, … (bukan hadn’t we spent …)
- Reporting
Dalam bercerita, subjek sering datang setelah kata kerja tidak langsung (reporting verbs)
seperti said, asked, suggested dll.
j. “what do you mean?” asked Henry. (atau … Henry asked.)
k. “I love you.” Whispered Nina.
Jika subjek nya adalah kata ganti, ia biasanya datang sebelum kata kerja.
l. “what do you mean?” he asked.
That’s the end of our discussion on inversion. Read again the examples and try to use
them on your writing and speaking. I’ll see you tomorrow.
Hi, this week we’re going to learn the nouns and how they are used in sentences.
Many nouns, especially abstract nouns, can be followed by complements” – other words
and expressions that ‘complete’ their meaning. These complements can be prepositional
phrases, infinitive expressions or clauses (with or without prepositions).
a. Alan’s criticism of the plan made him very unpopular.
b. I hate the thought of leaving you.
c. Does she understand the need to keep everything secret?
d. I admire your belief that you are always right.
e. There’s still the questions of whether we’re going to pay her.
Not that a related noun and verb may have different kinds of complement.
Unfortunately, there is no easy way to decide which structures are possible after a
particular noun. It is best to check in a good dictionary.
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Hi, minggu ini kita akan belajar tentang kata benda dan bagaimana ia digunakan dalam
kalimat.
Kebanyakan kata benda, khususnya kata benda abstrak, bisa diikuiti oleh pelengkap –
kata lain atau ekspresi yang melengkapi makna. Pelengkap ini bisa berbentuk
prepositional phrases, infinitive expressions atau clauses
a. Alan’s criticism of the plan made him very unpopular.
b. I hate the thought of leaving you.
c. Does she understand the need to keep everything secret?
d. I admire your belief that you are always right.
e. There’s still the questions of whether we’re going to pay her.
Tidak semua kata benda bisa diikuti oleh semua bentuk pelengkap.
Many common ideas in English are expressed by noun + noun compounds. In this
structure, the first noun modifies or describes the second, a little like an adjective.
Compare:
a. Milk chocolate (a kind of chocolate)
Chocolate milk (a kind of milk)
b. A horse race (a kind of race)
A race horse (a kind of horse)
c. Mineral water (a king of water)
Noun + noun expressions can often be changed into structures where the second noun
becomes a subject and first an object.
Note that the first noun is usually singular in form, even if it has a plural meaning.
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Banyak gagasan umum dalam Bahasa Inggris di ekspresikan dengan noun + noun
compounds (kata majemuk). Dalam struktur ini, kata benda benda pertama memberikan
makna tambahan kepada kata benda kedua, seperti kata sifat. Bandingkan:
a. Milk chocolate (a kind of chocolate)
Chocolate milk (a kind of milk)
b. A horse race (a kind of race)
A race horse (a kind of horse)
c. Mineral water (a king of water)
Ekspresi kata benda + kata benda bisa diubah menjadi struktur dimana kata benda
kedua menjadi subjek dan yang pertaman menjadi objek.
Ingat bahwa kata benda pertama biasanya berbentuk tunggal, walaupun ia bermakna
jamak.
Articles belonging to the first (modifying) noun are dropped in noun + noun
combinations.
a. Army officers (officers in the army)
b. A sun hat (a hat that protects you against the sun)
More than two nouns can be put together. A group of two nouns can modify a third
noun, these can modify a fourth, and so on.
This kind of structure is very common in newspaper headlines because it saves space
Not all compound ideas can be expressed by a noun + noun structure. Sometimes it is
necessary to use a structure with of or another propositions; sometimes a structure with
possessive ‘s is used.
Some short, common noun + noun combinations are generally written together like
single words.
Other may be written with a hyphen (e.g. letter-box) or separately (e.g. furniture shop).
In many cases usage varies, and some combinations can be found written in all three
ways (e.g. bookshop, book-shop, or book shop).
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Articles punya kata benda pertama dibuang dalam kombinasi 2 kata benda.
a. Army officers (officers in the army)
b. A sun hat (a hat that protects you against the sun)
Lebih dari 2 kata benda bisa diletakkan bersamaan. Kumpulan 2 kata benda bisa
memberi makna kepada kata benda ketiga, ini bisa memberi makna kepada kata benda
keempat, dan seterusnya.
Struktur seperti ini sangat umum digunakan dalam koran karena menyimpan tempat.
Tidak semua ide kata majmuk bisa diekspresikan dengan 2 kata benda. Terkadang perlu
ditambah preposisi lain, terkadang menggunakan kepunyaan.
Kombinasi 2 kata benda umumnya ditulis sebagai satu kata tanpa spasi.
Beberapa ada yang ditulis dengan tanda penghubung (letter-box) atau di pisah
(furniture shop). Dalam banyak kasus, penggunaannya berbeda, dan beberapa
kombinasi bisa ditulis dengan ketiga cara (bookshop, book-shop, atau book shop).
when –ing forms are used in certain ways, for example as parts of verb forms, or like
adjectives they are called ‘present participles’. Forms like broken, gone, opened, started
are called ‘past participles’. These are not very suitable names: both forms can be used to
talk about the past, present or future.
Participles are used with the auxiliary verbs be and have to make progressive, perfect and
passive verb forms.
Present and past participles can be put together to make progressive and perfect forms
(e.g. being employed, having arrived, etc).
Try to see the difference among all use of the participles in the examples.
----
Ketika bentuk –ing digunakan untuk cara tertentu, contohnya sebagai bagian dari kata
kerja, atau seperti kata sifat, disebut ‘present participles’. Bentuk seperti broken, gone,
opened, started disebut ‘past participles’. Ini merupakan nama yang kurang cocok;
kedua bentuk ini bisa digunakan untuk past, present dan future.
Participle digunakan dengan kata bantuk be dan have untuk membuat kata kerja bentuk
progressive, perfect dan passive.
Present dan past participles bisa digunakan bersamaan untuk bentuk progressive dan
perfect (e.g. being employed, having arrived, dll).
Coba lihat perbadaan penggunaan participle pada contoh – contoh di atas. I’ll see you
tomorrow.
When –ing forms are used like adjectives or adverbs, they have similar meanings to active verbs.
a. Falling leaves (leaves that fall)
b. A meat-eating animal (animal that eats meat).
c. She walked out smiling. (she was smiling)
Most past participles have passive meaning when they are used like adjectives or adverbs.
d. A broken heart (a heart that has been broken)
e. He lived alone, forgotten by everybody. (he had been forgotten by everybody)
Interested, bore, excited etc say how people feel.
Interesting, boring etc describe the people or things that cause the feelings. Compare:
f. I was very interested in the lesson. (not I was very interesting in the lesson.)
The lesson was really interesting.
g. I didn’t enjoy the party because I was bored. (not … I was boring)
It was a terribly boring party.
h. The children always get excited when Granny comes. (not the children always get exciting
…)
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Ketika bentuk –ing digunakan seperti kata sifat atau kata keterangan, ia bermakna sama seperti
kata kerja aktif.
a. Falling leaves (daun yang jatuh)
b. A meat-eating animal (binatang yang memakan daging).
c. She walked out smiling. (dia senyum)
Kebanyakan past participles bermakna pasif ketika ia digunakan sebagai kata sifat atau kata
keterangan - adverbs.
d. A broken heart (hati yang dipatahkan)
e. He lived alone, forgotten by everybody. (dia telah dilupakan)
Interested, bore, excited dll mengatakan bagaimana perasaan orang.
Interesting, boring dll menunjukkan orang atau benda yang menyebabkan perasaan. bandingkan:
f. I was very interested in the lesson. (bukan I was very interesting in the lesson.)
The lesson was really interesting.
g. I didn’t enjoy the party because I was bored. (bukan … I was boring)
It was a terribly boring party.
h. The children always get excited when Granny comes. (bukan the children always get exciting
…)
That’s for today. I’ll see you tomorrow for more lessons.
186. Active past participles
Last email we talked about past participles have passive meanings. Now we’re going to look at
some past participles can be used with active meanings, but only with adverbs. Examples:
a. A well-read person (but not a read person)
b. A much-travelled man
c. Recently arrived immigrants
d. The train just arrived at platform six is the delayed from Hereford.
Some active past participles can be used after be. Examples:
e. She is retired now
f. Those curtains are badly faded.
g. My family are all grown up now
Recovered, camped, stopped, finished and gone are used in this way after be, but not usually
before nouns.
a. Why are all those cars stopped at the crossroads?
b. I hope you’re fully recovered from your operations.
c. I’ll be finished in a few minutes.
Past participles after nouns.
We often use participles after nouns in order to define or identify the nouns, in the same way as
we use identifying relative clauses.
d. We couldn’t agree on any of the problems discussed (not the discussed problems)
e. The people questioned gave very different opinions. (not the questioned people)
Those is often used with a participle to mean “the ones who are/were”.
f. Most of those questioned refused to answer
g. Those selected will begin training on Monday.
---
Surel sebelumnya kita membahas tentang past participle yang memiliki makna pasif. Kali ini kita
akan melihat beberapa past participle yang memiliki makna aktif, tetapi hanya dengan kata
keterangan. Contohnya:
a. A well-read person (bukan not a read person)
b. A much-travelled man
c. Recently arrived immigrants
d. The train just arrived at platform six is the delayed from Hereford.
Beberapa past participles aktif bisa digunakan setelah be. contohnya:
e. She is retired now
When a past participle is part of a passive verb, we can put much or very much before it, but not
very.
a. He’s (very) much admired by his students. (not … very admired …)
b. Britain’s trade position has been (very) much weakened by inflation. (not … very weakened
…)
When a past participle is used as an adjective, we usually prefer very. This is common with words
referring to mental states, feelings and reactions.
c. A very frightened animal (not a much frightened animal)
d. She looked very surprised.
Common expressions:
e. That’s Alice, unless I’m (very) much mistaken. (not … unless I’m very mistaken)
f. He’s well known in the art world. (not … very known…)
With amused, very and (very) much are both possible.
g. I was very amused /much amused/ very much amused by Miranda’s performance.
Special past participle forms
A few older forms of past participles are still used as adjectives before nouns in certain
expressions.
h. Drunken laughter/singing
i. A shrunken head
j. Rotten fruit/vegetables
----
Ketika past participle adalah bagian dari kata kerja pasif, kita menambahkan much atau very much
sebelumnya, tetapi tidak very.
a. He’s (very) much admired by his students. (bukan … very admired …)
b. Britain’s trade position has been (very) much weakened by inflation. (bukan … very
weakened …)
Ketika past participle digunakan sebagai kata sifat, biasanya digunakan very untuk merujuk pada
kata abstrak, perasaan, dan reaksi..
c. A very frightened animal (bukan a much frightened animal)
d. She looked very surprised.
Ekspresi yang umum digunakan:
e. That’s Alice, unless I’m (very) much mistaken. (bukan … unless I’m very mistaken)
f. He’s well known in the art world. (bukan … very known…)
Dengan kata amused, very dan (very) much keduanya boleh digunakan.
g. I was very amused /much amused/ very much amused by Miranda’s performance.
Bentuk special past participles.
Beberapa bentuk lama dari participles masih digunakan sebagai kata sifat sebelum kata benda
dalam ekspresi tertentu.
h. Drunken laughter/singing
i. A shrunken head
j. Rotten fruit/vegetables
That’s it for today. I’ll see you tomorrow.
188. More on past tenses
We use the simple past for many kinds of past events: short, quickly finished actions and
happenings, longer situations, and repeated events.
a. Peter broke a window last night.
b. I spent all my childhood in Scotland.
c. Regularly every summer, Janet fell in love.
The simple past is common in stories and descriptions of past events.
d. One day the Princess decided that she didn’t like staying at home all day, so she told her
father that she wanted to get a job…
The simple past is often used with words referring to finished times.
e. I saw John yesterday morning. He told me …
In general, the simple past tense in the ‘normal’ one for talking about the past; we use it if we do
not have a special reason for using one of the other tenses.
---
Kita menggunakan the simple past untuk banyak kejadian lampau: many kinds of past events:
short, kejadian yang telah selesai, situasi yang lama, kejadian yang berulang.
a. Peter broke a window last night.
b. I spent all my childhood in Scotland.
Was/were + -ing
a. I was working.
b. Were you listening to me?
c. She was not trying.
Use of past progressive: what were you doing at eight o’clock
We use the past progressive to say that something was in progress (going on) around a particular
past time.
a. What were you doing at eight o’clock yesterday evening? – I was watching tv. (not what did
you do … ? I watched tv)
b. When I got up this morning the sun was shining, the birds were singing … (not the sun shone,
the birds sang …)
Remember! In the Past progressive, things happen around a past time.
Past progressive and simple past: “background” events
We often use the past progressive together with a simple past tense. the past progressive refers to
a longer “background” action or situation; the simple past refers to a shorter action or event that
happened in the middle of the longer action, or that interrupted it.
a. As I was walking down the road, I saw bill.
b. The phone rang while I was having dinner.
----
Bentuk dari past progressive
Was/were + -ing
a. I was working.
b. Were you listening to me?
c. She was not trying.
Penggunaan past progressive: what were you doing at eight o’clock
Kita menggunakan past progressive untuk mengatakan bahwa sesuatu dalam proses (sedang
berlangsung) pada waktu lampau tertentu.
c. What were you doing at eight o’clock yesterday evening? – I was watching tv. (bukan what
did you do … ? I watched tv)
d. When I got up this morning the sun was shining, the birds were singing … (bukan the sun
shone, the birds sang …)
Ingat! dalam Past progressive, sesuatu terjadi pada masa lampau.
Past progressive dan simple past:
Kita sering menggunakan the past progressive bersamaan dengan simple past. past progressive
merujuk pada aksi atau situasi yang lebih lama; simple past merujuk pada aksi yang lebih pendek
yang terjadi di pertengahan kejadian yang lebih lama.
c. As I was walking down the road, I saw bill.
d. The phone rang while I was having dinner.
Try to make your own sentences by using simple and progressive past tenses. I’ll see you
tomorrow for more past tenses.
190. More on past progressive
For the next several days, we’re going to look at past perfect tenses.
The forms
Had + past participle
a. I had forgotten
b. Where had she been?
c. It hadn’t rain for weeks.
Meaning and uses.
The basic meaning of the past perfect is ‘is earlier past’. a common use is to ‘go back’ for a
moment when we are already talking about the past to make it clear that something had already
happened at the time we are talking about.
a. During our conversation, I realized that we had met before. (not I realized that we met before
or … have met before)
b. When I arrived at the party, Lucy had already gone home. (not … Lucy already went home.
Or … has already gone home.)
The past perfect is common after past verbs of saying and thinking, to talk about things that had
happened before the saying or thinking took place.
I arrived (past)
Lucy had already gone (earlier past)
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Bentuk past perfect
Had + past participle
a. I had forgotten
b. Where had she been?
c. It hadn’t rain for weeks.
Makna dan penggunaan.
Makna utama dari past perfect adalah “masa lampau sebelumnya”. Penggunaan yang umum
adalah “kembali lagi” sebentar pada waktu dimana kita telah berbicara tentang masa lampau
untuk menegaskan bahwa sesuatu telah terjadi pada saat kita sedang berbicara.
d. During our conversation, I realized that we had met before. (bukan I realized that we met
before atau … have met before)
e. When I arrived at the party, Lucy had already gone home. (bukan … Lucy already went
home. atau … has already gone home.)
past perfect sangat sering digunakan dengan kata kerja saying dan thinking, untuk berbcara
tentang hal yang telah terjadi sebelumnya sebelum berbicara (saying) atau berfikir (thinking).
f. I told her that I had finished. (bukan … that I (have) finished)
g. I wondered who had left the door open.
h. I thought I had sent the check a week before.
Note: past perfect digunakan saat kita telah berbicara tentang masa lampau (the past), dan ingin
berbicara tentang masa lampau sebelumnya.
When I arrived at the party, Lucy had already gone home.
I arrived (past)
Lucy had already gone (earlier past)
Thanks for keeping studying with me. I’ll share more lesson tomorrow. don’t forget to check my
email.
192. When to use and not use past perfect
The past perfect is normally only used as described on previous email. The past perfect is not
used simply to say that something happened some time ago or to give a past reason for a present
situation.
a. Alex, who worked for my father in the 1980, is now living in Greece. (not Alex, who had
worked for my father …)
b. I left some photos to be developed. Are they ready yet? (not I had left some phots…)
We use a past perfect, not simple past, to say how long something had continued up to a past
moment. A simple past perfect is used with “non- progressive verbs’ like be, have and know.
c. She told me that her father had been ill since the spring semester. (not … that her father was
ill since …)
d. I was sorry to sell my car. I had had it since college. (not ... I had it since college)
e. When they got married, they had known each other for 4 years. (not … they knew each other
for 4 years)
With most other verbs, we use the past perfect progressive for this meaning.
----
past perfect biasa hanya digunakan seperti yang telah dibahas pada email kemarin. Past perfect
tidak digunakan hanya karena ingin mengatakan sesuatu yang telah terjadi pada suatu masa di
masa lampau.
a. Alex, who worked for my father in the 1980, is now living in Greece. (bukan Alex, who had
worked for my father …)
b. I left some photos to be developed. Are they ready yet? (bukan I had left some phots…)
Kita gunakan past perfect, bukan simple past, untuk mengatakan berapa lama sesuatu telah
belangsung sampai pada masa lampau. past perfect is yang sederhana digunakan dengan kata
kerja “non- progressive” seperti be, have dan know.
c. She told me that her father had been ill since the spring semester. (bukan … that her father
was ill since …)
d. I was sorry to sell my car. I had had it since college. (bukan ... I had it since college)
e. When they got married, they had known each other for 4 years. (bukan … they knew each
other for 4 years)
Untuk kebanyakan kata kerja, kita gunakan past perfect progressive untuk makna seperti pada
contoh c-e.
Read the example c-e again to better understand the difference. I’ll see you tomorrow.
193. Meanings and forms of past perfect progressive
Beberapa kata kerja tidak biasa digunakan dalam bentuk progressive, walaupun jika salah satu
maknanya adalah bentuk progressive yang lebih cocok.
i. I hadn’t known her for very long when we got married. (bukan I hadn’t been knowing her…)
That’s it for today. see you tomorrow!
194. Past verb form with present or future meaning
A past tense does not always have a past meaning. In some kinds of sentence, we can use verbs
like I had, you went or I was wondering to talk about the present or future meaning.
- After conjunctions, instead of would
In most subordinate clauses (e.g. after if, supposing, wherever, what), we use past tenses (and not
would …) to express ‘unreal’ or conditional ideas.
a. If I had the money now I’d buy a car.
b. If you caught the ten o’clock train tomorrow, you would be in Edinburgh by supper time.
c. You look as if you were just about to scream.
d. Supposing we didn’t go on holiday next year?
e. In perfect world, you would be able to say exactly what you thought.
If we are talking about the past, we usually use past tenses even for things which are still true and
situations which still exist.
f. Are you deaf I asked how old you were?
g. I’m sorry we left Liverpool. It was such a nice place.
h. Do you remember that nice couple we met on holiday? They were German, weren’t they?
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tensis past tidak selalu bermakna past (masa lampau). Dalam beberapa bentuk kalimat, kita
gunakan kata kerja seperti I had, you went atau I was wondering untuk mengungkapkan makna
present atau future.
Dalam klausa bawagan (seperti setelah if, supposing, wherever, what), kita gunaka tensis past
(kecuali would …) untuk mengungkapkan ‘yang tidak terjadi’ atau kalimat pengandaian.
a. If I had the money now I’d buy a car.
b. If you caught the ten o’clock train tomorrow, you would be in Edinburgh by supper time.
c. You look as if you were just about to scream.
d. Supposing we didn’t go on holiday next year?
e. In perfect world, you would be able to say exactly what you thought.
Jika kita sedang berfikir tantang masa lampau, kita biasanya menggunakan tensis past walaupun
pada sesuatu yang masih benar atau masih ada.
f. Are you deaf I asked how old you were?
g. I’m sorry we left Liverpool. It was such a nice place.
h. Do you remember that nice couple we met on holiday? They were German, weren’t they?
That’s for today. I’ll see you tomorrow.
This is the end of our time on past tenses. Tomorrow we’ll be looking at confused usage in
English.
195. Using please and thank you.
- Requests
We use please to make requests more polite.
a. Could I have some more rice, please?
Note that please does not change an order into a request. Compare:
b. Stand over there. (order)
c. Please stand over there (more polite order)
d. Could you stand over there, please (polite request)
Please do is a rather formal answer to a request for permission.
e. Do you mind if I open the window? – please do.
We usually ask people to do things for us by making yes/no questions. (this suggests that the
hearer can choose whether to agree or not.)
a. Could you tell me the time, please? (much more polite than please tell me the time.)
Some other typical structures used in requests:
b. Could you possibly tell me the way to the station? (very polite)
c. Would you mind switching on the TV?
d. Would you like to help me for a few minutes?
e. You couldn’t lend me some money, could you? (informal)
Indirect yes/no questions are also used in polite requests.
f. I wonder if you could (possibly) help me for a few minutes.
---
Kita sering menyuruh orang untuk melakukan sesuatu kepada/ untuk kita dengan membuat
pertanyaan yes/no. (ini menyarankan bahwa pendengar bisa memilih baik setuju atau tidak
membantu.)
a. Could you tell me the time, please? (lebih sopan dari pada “tell me the time”)
Beberapa struktur umum digunakan dalam meminta:
b. Could you possibly tell me the way to the station? (sangat sopan)
c. Would you mind switching on the TV?
d. Would you like to help me for a few minutes?
e. You couldn’t lend me some money, could you? (informal)
pertanyaan yes/no tidak langsung juga bisa digunakan untuk permintaan yang sopan.
f. I wonder if you could (possibly) help me for a few minutes.
Don’t forget to check my email tomorrow. I’ll see you then.
197. Politeness in English: Telling people to do things
If we use other structure (for example imperatives, should, had better), we are not asking people
to do things, but telling or advising them to do things. These structures can therefore seem rude if
we use them in requests, especially in conversation with strangers or people we don’t know well.
Please makes an order or instruction a little more polite, but not turn it into a request. The
following structures can be used perfectly correctly to give orders, instructions or advise, but they
are not polite ways of requesting people to do things.
a. Please answer by return of post.
b. Please help me for a few minutes
c. Help me, would you?
d. You ought to tell me your plans
e. You should shut the door.
f. You had better help me.
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Berbicara sopan dalam Bahasa Inggris: menyuruh orang mengerjakan sesuatu
Jika kita gunakan struktur lain (seperti should, had better), kita tidak meminta orang melakukan
sesuatu, tapi menyuruh atau menyarankan mereka melakukan sesuatu. Struktur seperti ini terlihat
kasar jika kita gunakannya untuk meminta, khususnya pada percakapan dengan orang asing atau
orang yang belum kita kenal. Please membuat perintah atau instruksi lebih sopan, tetapi tidak
membuatnya menjadi permintaan. Struktur berikut ini bisa digunakan untuk memberi perintah,
instruksi atau saran, tetapi tidak sopan untuk meminta orang melakukan sesuatu.
a. Please answer by return of post.
b. Please help me for a few minutes
c. Help me, would you?
d. You ought to tell me your plans
e. You should shut the door.
f. You had better help me.
That’s for today. I’ll see you tomorrow. see ya!
198. Politeness in English
We can make requests (and also questions, suggestions and statements) less direct (and so more
polite) by using verb forms that suggest ‘distance’ form the immediate present reality. Past tenses
are often used to do this.
a. How much did you want to spend, sir? (meaning ‘how much do you want to spend?’)
b. How many days did you intend to stay? (meaning … do you intend …)
c. I wondered if you were free this evening.
Politeness with progressive
Progressive forms can be used in the same way. They sound more casual and less definite than
simple forms, because they suggest something temporary and incomplete.
d. I’m hoping you can lend me the book. (less definite than I hope…)
e. What time are you planning to arrive? (more casual-sounding than please let us know what
time you plan to arrive…)
Kita bisa meminta (dan juga bertanya, saran dan pernyataan) tidak secara langsung (dan lebih
sopan) dengan menggunakan bentuk kata kerja yang menyiratkan ‘jarak’ dari kejadian masa
sekarang. Past tense sering digunakan untuk mengatakan hal ini.
a. How much did you want to spend, sir? (artinya ‘how much do you want to spend?’)
b. How many days did you intend to stay? (artinya … do you intend …)
c. I wondered if you were free this evening.
Ungkapan kesopanan dengan progressive
Bentuk Progressive bisa digunakan seperti halnya diatas. Ia terdengar lebih kasual dan tidak
terlalu jelas dari bentuk simple, karena ia menyiratkan sesuatu yang sementara dan tidak selesai.
d. I’m hoping you can lend me the book. (kurang yakin daripada I hope…)
e. What time are you planning to arrive? (lebih kasual daripada please let us know what time
you plan to arrive…)
Ungkapan kesopanan dengan bentuk future tenses
Cara lain untuk memberi jarak terhadap sesuatu ialah melalui menempatkan sesuatu kepada masa
depan. Will need/have to bisa digunakan untuk meringatkan instruksi dan perintah.
f. I’m afraid you’ll need to fill in this form.
g. I’ll have to ask you to wait a minute.
Dan will digunakan untuk mengungkapkan berapa banyak uang yang kamu pinjam.
h. That will be 1.5 million rupiahs, please.
Kata kerja Future progressive sering digunakan untuk bertanya secara sopan tentang rencana
orang lain.
i. Will you be going away at the weekend?
When the subject of a clause is an infinitive expression, this does not normally come at the
beginning. We usually prefer to start with the ‘preparatory subject’ it, and to put the infinitive
expression later (long or complicated items often put towards the end of a sentence). Preparatory
it is common before be + adjective/noun
a. It’s nice to talk to you. (more natural than to talk to you is nice.)
b. It was stupid of you to leave the door unlocked.
c. It’s important to book in advance.
d. It was a pleasure to listen to her.
It can also be a preparatory subject for for+object+infinitve
In this email, we’re going to look more closely on preparatory subject it used in
daily conversation
It is used to introduce some clauses with if, as if and as though.
a. It looks as if we’re going to have trouble with Andi again
b. It will be a pity if we have to ask her to leave.
c. But it looks as though we may have to.
It can be used in ‘cleft sentences’ with who- and that-clause to emphasize one part
of a sentence.
f. The new concert hall is wonderful. (not It’s wonderful the new concert hall)
But in an informal style, it can be a preparatory subject for noun + relative clause.
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Pada email kali ini, kita akan membahas lebih lanjut tentang it ‘subjek yang
didahulukan’ yang dipakai dalam percakapan sehari-hari.
It digunakan untuk menunjukkan klausa dengan if, as if dan as though.
a. It looks as if we’re going to have trouble with Andi again
b. It will be a pity if we have to ask her to leave.
c. But it looks as though we may have to.
It boleh digunakan dalam ‘kalimat yang dibagi’ oleh konektor who- dan that
menekankan suatu kata dalam kelimat.
d. It was my aunt who took peter to London yesterday, not my mother. (fokus
pada my aunt)
e. It was peter that my aunt took to London yesterday, not Lucy. (focus pada
Peter)
It tidak digunakan sebagai ‘subjek yang didahulukan’ untuk frasa kata benda.
f. The new concert hall is wonderful. (bukan It’s wonderful the new concert hall)
Tapi gaya informal, it boleh menjadi subjek yang didahulukan untuk noun +
relative clause.
In the beginning of this program we’ve talked about present perfect. Now we’re
going to look more closely on this subject.
- Forms
We use the present perfect specially to say that a finished action or event is
connected with the present I some way. If we say that something has happened,
we are thinking about the past and the present at the same time.
We could often change a present perfect sentence into a present sentence with a
similar meaning.
We do not use the present perfect if we are not thinking about the present.
Compare:
---
Diawal program ini, kita telah membahas tentang present perfect. Kali ini kita
akan membahasa lebih lanjut tantang penggunaan-penggunaan present perfect.
- bentuk
Kita gunakan present perfect khususnya untuk mengatakan jika susuatu kejadian
telah selesai atau masih berefek ke masa sekarang. Jika kita katakana sesuatu
telah terjadi, kita sedang berfikir tentang masa lampau dan masa sekarang pada
waktu yang bersamaan.
Kita bisa mengganti kalimat present perfect menjadi kalimat present dengan
makna yang sama.
Kita tidak menggunakan present perfect jika kita tidak berfikir tentang present
(masa sekarang). Bandingkan:
Study all examples again. I’ll see you tomorrow for more lessons.
When we talk about finished events with words that mean ‘at some/any time up
to now’ (like ever, before, never, yet, recently, lately, already), we normally use the
present perfect.
Have you ever seen a ghost?
I’m sure we’ve met before
We haven’t seen Josh recently.
We use the present perfect to say that something has happened several times up to
the present.
Adverbs of frequency like often, sometimes, occasionally are common with the
present perfect.
To talk about actions and situations that have continued up to the present both
the simple present perfect and the present perfect progressive are possible
(depending on the kind of verb and the exact meaning.)
---
Ketika kita berbicara tentang kejadian yang telah selesai dengan kata-kata yang
bermakna ‘pada suatu saat sampai saat ini’ (seperti ever, before, never, yet, recently,
lately, already), kita biasanya menggunakan present perfect.
Have you ever seen a ghost?
I’m sure we’ve met before
We haven’t seen Josh recently.
Kita gunakan present perfect untuk mengatakan bahwa sesuatu telah terjadi
beberapa kali sampai masa sekarang.
Untuk berbicara tentang perilaku atau kejadian yang telah berlanjut sampai ke
masa sekarang, kedua tensis, present perfect dan present perfect progressive,
boleh digunakan. (tergantung pada jenis kata kerja dan maknanya.)
Remember time words that are commonly used in present perfect tenses. Don’t
forget to check my email tomorrow. see you.
We use the present perfect if we are thinking about the past and present together.
We do not use the present perfect if we are not thinking about the present.
Compare:
Once upon a time a beautiful princess fell in love with a poor farmer. (not …
has fallen in love…)
Remember! Thinking about the past and present together: present perfect
We do not often use the present perfect with words that refer to a completely
finished period of time, like yesterday, last week, then, when, three years ago, in 1999.
This is because the present perfect focuses on the present, and words like these
focus on the past, so they contradict each other. Compare:
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Kita gunakan present perfect jika kita sedang berfikir tentang masa lampau dan
masa sekarang bersamaan. Kita tidak gunakan present perfect jika kita tidak
sedang berfikir tentang masa sekarang. Bandingkan:
Once upon a time a beautiful princess fell in love with a poor farmer. (bukan
… has fallen in love…)
ingat! Berfikir tentang masa lampau dan masa sekarang: present perfect
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Negatives are usually contracted. Full forms are possible in formal speech.
Questions tags can be used to check whether something is true, or to ask for
agreement.
Question tags are used after affirmative and negative sentences, but not after
questions.
To check information or ask for agreement, we most often put negative tags after
affirmative sentences, and non-negative tags after negative sentences.
If the main sentence has an auxiliary verb (or non-auxiliary be), this is repeated in
the question tag.
If the main sentence has no auxiliary, the question tag has do.
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Kata negatif selalu di singkat. Bentuk sempurnanya juga bisa digunakan dalam
penggunaan formal.
Questions tags bisa digunakan untuk mengecek apakah sesuatu itu benar, atau
ingin bertanya persetujuan.
Jika kalimat utama memiliki kata kerja bantu (atau be), question tag nya di ulang.
Jika kalimat utama tidak memiliki kata bantu, question tag nya menggunakan do.
Learn more and never stop. I’ll see you tomorrow. and don’t forget to check my
email.
Non-negative tags are used after sentences containing negative words like never,
no, nobody, hardly, scarcely, and little.
You never say what you’re thinking, do you (not … don’t you?)
It’s hardly rained at all this summer, has it?
There’s little we can do about it, is there?
In speech, we can show the exact meaning of a question tag by the intonation. If
the tag is real question – if we really want to know something and are not sure of
the answer – we use a rising intonation: the voice goes up.
If the tag is not a real question – if we are sure of the answer – we use a falling
intonation: the voice goes down.
In writing, the exact meaning of a question tag is normally clear form the context.
We often ask for help or information by using the structure negative statement +
question tag.
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Question tag yang tidak negatif digunaka setelah kalimat yang mengandung kata
bermakna negatif seperti never, no, nobody, hardly, scarcely, dan little.
You never say what you’re thinking, do you (bukan … don’t you?)
It’s hardly rained at all this summer, has it?
There’s little we can do about it, is there?
Jika tag nya bukan pertanyaan – jika kita tau jawabanya – kita gunakan intonasi
turun.
Note the use of question tags in sentences beginning with I (don’t) think and
similar expression
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question tag untuk I am adalah aren’t I?
I’m late, aren’t I?
Setelah kalimat perintah, won’t you? Bisa digunakan untuk mengundang orang
secara sopan untuk melakukan sesuatu.
Come in, won’t you?
Will, would, can, could you? Semuanya bisa digunakan untuk menyuruk atau
meminta orang melakukan sesuatu.
Kita gunakan it dalam question tag untuk menunjukkan nothing dan everything.
Kita gunakan they untuk menunjukkan nobody, somebody dan everybody (dan juga
no one)
Non-negative question tags are quite common after affirmative sentences. These
are often used as responses to something that has been said, like ‘reply question’
– the speaker repeats what he/she has just heard or learnt, and uses the tag to
express interest, surprise, concern or some other reaction.
So you’re getting married, are you? How nice!
So she thinks she’s going to become a doctor, does she?
You think you’re funny, do you?
‘same-way’ tags can also be used to ask questions. In this structure, we use the
main sentence to make a guess, and then ask (in the tag) if it was correct.
Negative ‘same-way’ tags are occasionally heard; they usually sound aggressive.
In sentences with question tags, it is quite common to leave out pronoun subject
and auxiliary verbs. This is called ‘ellipsis’.
In very informal speech, a question tag can sometimes be used after a question
with ellipsis.
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Tag question yang bukan negatif sangat sering digunakan setelah kalimat positif.
Ini digunakan sebagai tanggapan terhadap sesuatu yang telah dikatakan, seperti
‘pertanyaan yang diulang’ – orang mengulang apa yang didengar dan
menggunakan question tag untuk menunjukkan suka, terkejut, prihatin atau
reaksi laiinnya.
So you’re getting married, are you? How nice!
So she thinks she’s going to become a doctor, does she?
You think you’re funny, do you?
Question tag ‘yang sama’ bisa digunakan untuk bertanya. Dalam bentuk ini, kita
gunakan kalimat utama untuk menduka, dan kemudian bertanya (dengan
question tag) jika pertanyaan nya benar.
Dalam kalimat dengan question tag, biasanya kata ganti dan kata bantu di
buang, ‘ellipsis’ namanya.
Dalam percakapan yang sangat informal, question tag bisa digunakan setelah
pernyaan dengan ellipsis.
Avoidance of repetition
In English, unnecessary repetition is usually considered to be a bad thing. Careful
writers generally try not to use the same words and structures in successive
clauses and sentences without a good reason; when expressions are repeated, it is
often for deliberate emphasis or other stylistic purposes. Casual repetition is
more common in informal language, but even in conversation people often
sound monotonous or clumsy if they do not vary their sentence structure and
vocabulary. Some kinds of repetition are actually ungrammatical in both writing
and speech.
Unnatural repetition
When we refer again to a person or thing that has already been mentioned, we
normally use a pronoun instead of repeating the original noun phrase. When the
reference is very close to the original mention, repetition (unless there is a special
reason for it) is usually not only unnatural, but ungrammatical.
What’s Rachel doing here? – she wants to talk to you. (not … Rachel wants to
talk to you)
We got that cat because the children wanted it. (not we got that cat because the
children wanted that cat.)
Dad’s just cut himself shaving. (not dad’s just cut dad shaving.)
----
Jauhi pengulangan
Dalam Bahasa Inggris, pengulangan yang tidak perlu dianggap hal yang buruk.
Penulis umumnya mencoba tidak menggunakan kata dan struktu yang sama
dalam kalimat dan klausa tanpa alasan yang jelas. Ketika suatu ekspresi diulang,
biasanya untuk menegaskan atau untuk tujuan gaya Bahasa. Pengulangan lebih
umum pada percakapan informal, tapi dalam percakapan orang tedengan
monoton jika mereka tidak membedakan penggunaan struktur kalimat dan
kosakata. Beberapa pengulangan ternyata salah dalam percakapan dan dalam
tulisan formal.
What’s Rachel doing here? – she wants to talk to you. (bukan … Rachel wants
to talk to you)
We got that cat because the children wanted it. (buka we got that cat because the
children wanted that cat.)
Dad’s just cut himself shaving. (bukan dad’s just cut dad shaving.)
We do not very often repeat a subject or object with the same verb.
That wall needs painting. (more normal than that wall, it needs painting.)
I saw my uncle yesterday. (more normal that My uncle, I saw him yesterday)
however, this kind of repetition can happen in informal speech, when people
announce a topic and then make a sentence about it.
And sometimes a pronoun subject is repeated by a noun phrase ‘tag’ after the
sentence.
There are some fixed expressions which are exceptions (e.g. to sing a song, To live a
good life, To die a violent death).
Speakers and writers can of course repeat vocabulary and structures deliberately.
This may be done for emphasis.
Kita tidak mengulang subjek atau objek dengan kata kerja yang sama.
That wall needs painting. (lebih normal daripada that wall, it needs painting.)
I saw my uncle yesterday. (lebih normal daripada My uncle, I saw him
yesterday)
Namun, pengulangan yang seperti ini boleh ada dalam percakapan informal,
ketika orang membawa sebuah topik dan membuat kalimat tentang itu.
Dan terkadang kata ganti subjek diulang dengan kata benda ‘tag’ setelah
kaliamat.
Kita biasanya menghindari meletakkan kata kerja dan kata benda yang sama
bersamaan.
Ada terdapat ekspresi tetap yang dikecualikan. (seperti to sing a song, To live a
good life, To die a violent death).
Orang bisa mengulang kata dan struktur dengan sengaja. Ini dilakukan untuk
menegaskan.
Mengulang kata-kata orang lain untuk menunjukkan terkejut atau tidak percaya.
In a few affirmative structures the verb can come before the subject (e.g. so can I,
in came Mrs. Parker)
---
Subject – verb – object/ complement
Dalam kalimat positif, subjek biasanya datang sebelum kata kerja; objek atau
pelengkap datang setelah kata kerja.
Ann smiled.
My father likes cats
Anton is a doctor
Dalam beberapa struktuk kalimat positif kata kerja bisa dang sebelum subjek.
(contohnya, so can I, in came Mrs. Parker)
Learn more the example above. And don’t forget to check my email tomorrow.
Most often, a clause or sentence moves from ‘known’ to ‘new’: from low to high
information value. So we often choose as the subject a person or thing that is
already being talked about or that has already been metioned, or something that
the speaker and hearer are both familiar with, or even some new information that
is not the main point of the message. The important new information generally
comes at the end of a clause or sentence.
How’s Joe these days? – oh, fine. He’s just got married to a very nice gilr.
(more natural than… a very nice girl’s just got married to him.)
My father was bitten by a dog last week. (more natural than … a dog bit my
father last week.)
Our dog bit the postman this morning. (more natural than … the postman
was bitten by our dog this morning)
To avoid beginning a clause with a completely new element, we can use the there
is structure.
There’s a cat on the roof. (more natural than a cat’s on the roof)
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Cara kita memilih untuk menyusun infromasi dalam sebua klausa atau kalimat
bergantung pada apa yang telah dikatakan sebelumnya, pada apa yang
pendengar ketahui, atau pada apa yang ingin ditekankan. Hal ini adalah bagian
yang susah dalam tata bahasa Bahasa Inggris. Kita akan melihat aturannya untuk
beberapa email kedepannya.
Sering kali, sebuah klausa atau kalimat berganti dari ‘diketahui’ menjadi ‘baru’:
dari informasi tidak penting menjadi penting. Kita memilih orang atau benda
menjadi subjek yang sedang dibicarakan atau yang telah disebutkan, atau yang
penutur dan pendengar sama-sama mengerti. Informasi baru yang penting
umumnya datang di akhir klausa atau kalimat.
How’s Joe these days? – oh, fine. He’s just got married to a very nice gilr.
(lebih umum daripada… a very nice girl’s just got married to him.)
My father was bitten by a dog last week. (lebih natural daripada … a dog bit
my father last week.)
Our dog bit the postman this morning. (lebih natural daripada … the
postman was bitten by our dog this morning)
Untuk menghindari memulai sebuah klausa dengan informasi baru, kita bisa
menggunakan sturktur there is.
There’s a cat on the roof. (lebih natural daripada… a cat is on the roof)
In many situations, there is an ‘agent’ (the person or thing who does something)
and a ‘patient’ (the person or thing that something is done to). If we want to make
the agent the subject, we can usually do this by choosing an active verb form.
The storm blew my roof off.
Somebody’s dropped ketchup all over the floor.
If we want to make the patient the subject, we can usually do this by choosing a
passive verb form.
If we want to make something else the subject, we can often do this by using a
structure with have + object + past participle.
I’ve got the house full of children. (instead of the house is full of children. Or
there are children all over the house.)
We can often get the subject we want by choosing the right verb. Compare:
---
Dalam beberapa situasi, terdapan ‘agen’ (orang atau benda yang melakukan
sesuatu) dan ada ‘pasien’ (orang atau benda yang terkena sesuatu). Jika kita ingin
membuat ‘agen’ menjadi subjek, kita biasanya menggunakan bentuk kata kerja
aktif.
The storm blew my roof off.
Somebody’s dropped ketchup all over the floor.
Jika kita ingin membuat ‘pasien’ menjadi subjek, kita menggunakan bentuk pasif.
Jika kita ingin membuat sesuatu yang lain menjadi subjek, kita bisa menggunaan
struktur have + object + past participle.
Struktur dengan have sering digunakan untuk ‘membuat personal’ sebuah situasi
dengan membuat orang menjadi subjek kalimat.
I’ve got the house full of children. (daripada… the house is full of children. Or
there are children all over the house.)
Kita bisa membuat subjek yang kita mau dengan memilih kata kerja yang benar.
Bandingkan:
Ada beberapa kata kerja yang bisa digunakan dengan ‘agen’ dan juga ‘pasien’.
Longer and heavier structures usually come last in a clause or sentence. (these
usually have the highest ‘information value’ in any case).
Children are sometimes discouraged by the length of time it takes to learn a
musical instrument. (more natural than – the length of time it takes to learn a
musical instrument sometimes discourages children).
Because of this, we often use a structure with ‘preparatory it’ in order to move a
clause or infinitive subject or objet to the end of a sentence.
It worried me that she hadn’t been in touch for so long. (more natural than –
that she hadn’t been in touch for so long worried me)
It’s important to tell use everything you know. (more natural than – to tell us
everything you know is important)
Adverbs do not normally separate the verb form the object in an English clause.
However, a very long and heavy object may come after a shorter adverb.
Compare:
She plays the violin very well (not she plays very well the violin.)
She lays very well almost any instrument that you can think of and several
that you can’t
End-weight can also affect the word order of indirect questions. Compare:
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Struktur yang lebih panjang dan susah biasanya datang terakhir dalam sebuah
klausa atau kalimat. (struktur seperti ini biasanya memiliki ‘nilai informasi’
lebih)
Children are sometimes discouraged by the length of time it takes to learn a
musical instrument. (lebih natural daripada – the length of time it takes to learn a
musical instrument sometimes discourages children).
Jadi, kita boleh menggunakan sturktur ‘preparatory it’ untuk mengubah sebuah
subjek klausa atau infinitif atau juga objek ke akhir kalimat.
It worried me that she hadn’t been in touch for so long. (lebih natural
daripada – that she hadn’t been in touch for so long worried me)
It’s important to tell use everything you know. (lebih natural daripada – to tell
us everything you know is important)
Kata keterangan pada dasarnya tidak memisahkan kata kerja dengan objek
dalam Bahasa Inggris. Namun, objek yang panjang dan susah mungkin saja
datang setelah kata keterangan. Bandingkan:
She plays the violin very well (bukan she plays very well the violin.)
She lays very well almost any instrument that you can think of and several
that you can’t
End-weight (fokus di akhir) bisa merubah urutan kata dalam kalimat pertanyaan
tidak langsung. Bandingkan:
If we begin a sentence with something else (fronting), this is often to make it the
topic – the thing we are talking about – even though it is not the grammatical
subject. this can also move the main new information to the end.
Fronting words in short sentences can also give them extra emphasis. This
happens mostly in speech.
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Jika kita mulai sebuah kalimat dengan sesuatu yang lain (fronting), ini biasanya
untuk membuat fronting sebagai topik – hal yang sedang kita bicarakan –
walaupun ia bukan subjek dalam kalimat. Hal ini bisa memindahkan informasi
baru di akhir kalimat.
Dalam beberapa ekspresi seruan, kata benda dibawa kedepan sebelum that, tapi
ini tidak sering digunakan pada Bahasa Inggris modern.
Kata sifat dan kata keterangan bisa di bawa kedepan dengan struktu as atau
though
Pasitikan kamu memahami fungsi subjek dan objek dalam kalimat untuk
memahami fronting dalam Bahasa Inggris.
Emphasizing tags
Sometimes a tag gives no new information, but simply repeats and emphasizes
the subject and verb.
Pronounces are not usually used alone in tags, except for reflexives.
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Dalam percakapan informal, kita sering ‘memberi jarak’ untuk elemen berbeda
dalam sebuah kalimat, untuk memberi pendengar beberapa waktu untuk
menelaah setiap bagian kalimat sebelum melanjutkan pada bagian selanjutnya.
Perhatikan contoh berikut.
Last Wednesday it was, I was just going to work…
It’s terrible, you know, the unemployment down there.
Salah satu cara memberi informasi jarak dengan memisahkan subjek atau objek,
tenpatkan subjek atau objek di depan dan ulangi lagi dengan menggunakan kata
pengganti.
Hal ini tidak sering digunakan dengan kata ganti subjek, tetapi me dan myself
sering dipisahkan dan dibawa kedepan (fronted).
Cara lain yang umum untuk memisahkan bagian dari kalimat adalah dengan
memulai dengan you know.
Terkadang tags tidak memberi informasi baru, tetapi hanya mengulang dan
menekatkan subjek dan kata kerjanya.
Kata ganti tidak digunakan dalam tag. Kecuali kata ganti relesif (yourself,
myself, dll).
All examples given in this email are the natural ways of speaking English.
remember these structures when speaking with your friends. I’ll see you
tomorrow.
Sometimes an adverb clause is put into the middle of another clause, separating a
subject form its verb.
Subject + if/when/after/because/ clause … + verb
Ann, when she finally managed to go to sleep, had a series of bad dreams.
The government, if recent reports can be trusted, has decided not to raise
interest rates.
In these structures, a noun may not be the subject of a verb that comes just after
it.
Andre, when he saw the policeman, started running as fast as he could. (it
was not the policeman who started running).
Sentences like these can be hard for learners to understand, especially if they are
long and complicated.
One way of deciding what to do if you have difficulty in choosing the best
course of action is to toss a coin. (does the sentence say that the best course of
action is to toss a coin?)
The same thing can happen when the subject of a sentence is followed by a
descriptive phrase or relative clause.
That picture of the children standing in front of the Palace talking to the prime
minister is wonderful. (the sentence does not say that the prime minister is
wonderful.)
The reporter who first made contact with the kidnappers called the police
immediately. (who called?)
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Klausa didalam klausa
Kadang-kadang sebuah klausa keterangan diletekkan didalam klausa yang lain,
memisahkan subjek dan predikatnya.
Subjek + if/when/after/because/ klausa… + kata kerja
Ann, when she finally managed to go to sleep, had a series of bad dreams.
The government, if recent reports can be trusted, has decided not to raise
interest rates.
Dalam struktur ini, kata benda bisa jadi bukan subjek yang datang tepat setelah
nya.
Andre, when he saw the policeman, started running as fast as he could. (bukan
polisi yang lari).
Kalimat seperti ini menyulitkan orang untuk memahami, apalagi jika kalimatnya
panjang dan ribet.
One way of deciding what to do if you have difficulty in choosing the best
course of action is to toss a coin. (apakah kalimat ini menyatakan tindakan
yang terbaik adalah mengundi koin?)
Hal yang sama bisa terjadi saat subjek kalimat diikuit oleh frasa atau klausa
relative.
That picture of the children standing in front of the Palace talking to the prime
minister is wonderful. (kalimat ini tidak menyatakan prime minister is
wonderful.)
The reporter who first made contact with the kidnappers called the police
immediately. (siapa yang menelpon?)
Ingat! Dalam Bahasa Inggris, boleh jadi subjek dan predikat (kata kerja)nya
dipisahkan oleh klausa lain atau frasa lain. I’ll see you tomorrow for further
explanation of complicated structures.
When relative pronouns (who/which/that) are left out, this can cause difficulty.
It was a question a small child could have answered (= … that a small child
could have answered)
The film she was talking about at Carlie’s party turned out to be very boring.
(… the film which she was talking about…)
We often leave out the conjunction that after verbs. This can make complicated
sentences more difficult to follow.
The man who was arrested claimed he was somewhere else at the time of the
robbery. (… claimed that he was…)
Official did not accept his claim he was innocent. (= … that he was innocent.)
Reporting expressions:
this is the mad who Ann said will tell us all about computers.
there are those people that I thought were going to buy our house.
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Kita sering membuang kata penghubung that setelah kata kerja. Ini bisa
membuat kalimat rumit menjadi lebih susah diikuti.
The man who was arrested claimed he was somewhere else at the time of the
robbery. (… claimed that he was…)
Dalam berita singkat, that sering kalinya dibuang setelah kata benda.
Official did not accept his claim he was innocent. (= … that he was innocent.)
Struktur rumit bisa dibuat ketika reported speech ada di dalam kalimat..
this is the mad who Ann said will tell us all about computers.
there are those people that I thought were going to buy our house.
Stressing
In speech, some parts of English words and sentences sound louder than others.
For example, they first syllable of CARpet, the second syllable of inSPECtion or
the last syllable of conFUSE are usually stressed, while the other syllables in these
words are not. In the sentence, don’t look at HIM – HE didn’t do it, the words
him and he are stressed in order to emphasize them. Stressed syllables are not
only louder; they may also have longer vowels, and they may be pronounced in
higher musical pitch.
Word stress
English words with more than one syllable mostly have a fixed stress pattern.
There are not many rules to show which syllable of a word will be stressed: one
usually has to learn the stress pattern of a word along with its meaning, spelling
and pronunciation. Example:
- Stressed on first syllable:
AFter, CAital, HAPpen, EXercise, BAsy,
- Stressed on second syllable:
inSTEAD, proNOUNCE, aGREEment, parTIcularly
- Stressed on third syllable:
enterTAIN, underSTAND, concernTRAtion
The stressed syllable of a word is the one that can carry an intonation movement.
- To inCREASE, an INcrease
- PHOtograph, phoTOgrapher, photoGRAphic.
A good dictionary will show how words and common phrases are stressed.
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Tekanan dan irama sangat penting dalam pengucapan Bahasa inggris. Jika kamu
mengucapkan semua sukukata dalam sebuah kalimat terlalu datar, dengan
tekanan dan kecepatan yang sama, ini menyebabkan kebingungan bagi native
speakers untuk memahami kamu. Dan jika kamu tidak bisa membedakan tekana
dan irama kosakata Bahasa inggris, kamu bakal susah membedakan sukukata
yang tidak ditekan (khususnya ‘bentuk tidak ditekan’). Maka inilah yang akan
menyusahkan kamu mengikuti percakapan Bahasa inggris yang natural.
Penekanan (Stressing)
Dalam percakapan, beberapa bagian dari kata Bahasa inggris terdengar kuat dari
yang lain. Contohnya, suku kata pertama dari kata CARpet, suku kata kedua
dari kata inSPECtion atau suku kata terakhir dari kata conFUSE, suku kata yang
dikapitalkan dibaca kuat (stressed), sedangkan suku kata lain tidak ditekankan.
Dalam sebuah kalimat, don’t look at HIM – HE didn’t do it, kata him dan he
ditekankan untuk memperjelas siapa dan apa. Suku kata yang ditekankan tidak
hanya diucapkan kuat, ada juga yang vowel nya panjang, dan ada juga
diucapkan berirama tinggi.
Kata dalam Bahasa inggris yang lebih dari satu suku kata biasanya memiliki pola
tekana yang tetap. Tapi tidak ada aturan untuk menentukan suku kata yang
mana yang ditekankan: kamu harus belajar pola penekanan sekalian dengan
belajar arti, ejaan, dan pengucapan. Contohnya:
- Ditekankan pada suku kata pertama:
AFter, CAital, HAPpen, EXercise, BAsy,
- Ditekankan pada suku kata kedua:
inSTEAD, proNOUNCE, aGREEment, parTIcularly
- Ditekankan pada suku kata ketiga:
enterTAIN, underSTAND, concernTRAtion
banyak frase pendek yang memiliki pola penekana yang tetap juga.
- To inCREASE, an INcrease
- PHOtograph, phoTOgrapher, photoGRAphic.
Kamus yang bagus selalu memberikan cara penekanan kata-kata dan frase
umum.
Variable stress
Some words have variable stress. In these, the stress is at or near the end when
the word is spoken alone, but it can move to an earlier position when the word is
in a sentence, especially if another stressed word follows. Compare:
- afterNOON (stressed at the end)
it’s time for my AFternoon SLEEP. (stressed at the beginning)
- japanESE
JApanese COOking
- nineTEEN
The year NINEteen TWENty
many short phrases – for instance, two-word verbs – have variable stress.
Rhythm is the word for the way stressed and unstressed syllables make patterns
in speech. In sentences, we usually give more stress to nouns, ordinary verbs,
adjectives, and adverbs, and less stress to pronouns, determiners, preposition,
and conjunctions and auxiliary verbs.
- She was SURE that the BACK of the CAR had been DAMaged.
Stressed syllables are pronounced more slowly and clearly. Unstressed syllables
are pronounced more quickly and less clrearly, and are fitted in between the
stressed syllables. Compare the following two sentences. The second does not
take much longer to say than the first: although it has three more unstressed
syllables, it has the same number of stressed syllables.
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Kebanyakan frasa – contohnya, kata kerja yang dua kata – memiliki pola
penekana yang berbeda.
Penekana sering digunakan untuk menekatkan makna dari bagian kalimat, bisa
jadi untuk membedakan. Bandingkan ketiga cara mengucapkan kalimat berikut
yang terdiri dari kata-kata yang sama.
Irama adalah pola dalam percakapan untuk cara menekan dan tidak menenkan
suku kata. Dalam kalimat, kita biasanya menekan kata benda, kata kerja, kata
sifat dan kata keteranga, dan tidak menekan kata ganti, preposisi, kata hubung,
dan kata bantu.
- She was SURE that the BACK of the CAR had been DAMaged.
Suku kata yang ditekan diucapkan lebih lambat dan lebih jelas. Suku kata yang
tidak ditekan diucapkan cepat dan tidak terlalu jelas. Bandingkan dua kalimat
berikut ini. Kalimat kedua diucapkan tidak terlalu lama daripada kalimat
pertama, walaupun ia memiliki tiga kata lagi yang tidak ditekankan.
Bedakan car abaca kalimat-kalimat diatas. Yang mana yang ditekan dan yang
mana yang tidak ditekan.
Intonation is the word for the ‘melody’ of spoken language: the way the musical
pitch of the voice rises and falls. Intonation systems in languages are very
complicated and difficult to analyze.
Intonation in conversation
One use of intonation is to show how a piece of information fits in with what
comes before and after. For instance, a speaker may raise his or her voice when
taking over the conversation from somebody else, or to indicate a change of
subject. A rise or fall on a particular word ma show that this is the ‘center’ of the
message – the place where the new information is being given; or it may signal a
contrast or a special emphasis. A rising tone at the end of a sentence may suggest
that there is more to be said and perhaps invite another speaker to take over.
Attitude
Intonation (together with speed, voice quality and loudness) can also say things
about the speaker’s attitude. For instance, when people are excited or angry they
often raise and lower their voices more.
Intonation and misunderstandings
If a statement is made on a rising intonation, it may be misunderstood as a
question
That’s our TRAIN. ~ I don’t know. ~ yes, it is. I’m telling you.
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Intonasi adalah ‘melodi’ Bahasa verbal (percakapan) – dimana suara naik dan
turun. System intonasi dalam sebuah Bahasa sangatlah compleks dan susah
untuk dianalisa.
Suara naik atau turun pada suatu kata tertentu boleh menunjukan bahwa ini
adalah inti dari pembicaraan
Sikap
Intonasi (dan juga kecepatan, kualitas suara dan besarnya suara) mempengaruhi
sikap penutur. Contohnya, ketika orang sedang semangat atau marah, mereka
lebih sering menaikkan dan menurunkan suara
That’s our TRAIN. ~ I don’t know. ~ yes, it is. I’m telling you.
222. Subjunctive
What is subjunctive?
Some languages have special verb forms called ‘subjunctive’, which are used
specially to talk about ‘unreal’ situations: things which are possible, desirable or
imaginary. Older English had subjunctives, but in modern English they have
mostly been replaced by uses of should, would and other modal verbs, by special
uses of past tenses, and by ordinary verb forms. English only has a few
subjunctive forms left: third-person singular present verbs without –s, (e.g. she
see, he have) and special forms of be (e.g. I be, he were). Except for I/he/she/it
were after if, they are not very common.
Ordinary verbs only have one subjunctive form: a third person singular present
with no –s (e.g. she see). It is sometimes used in that-clause in a formal style,
especially in American English, after words which express the idea that
something is important or desirable (e.g. suggest, recommend, ask, insist, vital,
essential, important, advice). The same forms are used in both present and past
sentences.
It is essential that every child have the same educational opportunities.
The judge recommended that Andi remain in prison for life.
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Kata kerja biasa hanya memiliki satu bentuk subjunctive: orang ketiga tunggal
tanpa –s (she see). Ini sering digunakan dengan klausa-that kalimat formal,
khususnya pada American English, digunakan setelah kata-kata yang
mengungkapkan sesuatu yang penting atau diinginkan (seperti, suggest,
recommend, ask, insist, vital, essential, important, advice). Bantuk yang sama
juga digunakan untuk present dan past tense.
It is essential that every child have the same educational opportunities.
The judge recommended that Andi remain in prison for life.
Dengan kata kerja orang ketiga tunggal, bentuknya sama seperti kata kerja
present biasanya. (tapi menunjukkan makna past.)
I were and he/she/it were, used for example after if and wish in a formal style,
are also subjunctives.
Most subjunctive structures are formal and unusual in British English. In that-
clauses, British people usually prefer should + infinitive, or ordinary present
and past tenses.
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I were dan he/she/it were, digunakan setelah if and wish dalam ungkapan
formal juga bentuk subjunctive.
Subjunctive is very formal, but we can still use it. I’ll see you tomorrow.
Americans prefer to write a colon between the hours and the minutes: 8:50.
People generally prefer to say minutes past/to for times between the five-minute
divisions.
Seven minutes past eight (more natural than seven past eight)
Three minutes to nine (more natural than three to nine)
In amercian English after is often used instead of past (e.g. ten after six); but
americans do not say half after. And in American English of, before and till are
possible instead of to (e.g. twenty-five of three).
---
Orang amerika lebih suka menulis dengan titik dua (:) di antra jam dan
menitnya: 8:50. Umumnya orang lebih suka mengatakan menit dengan past/to
untuk pembagian lima-menit
Seven minutes past eight (lebih natural daripada seven past eight)
Three minutes to nine (lebih natural daripada three to nine)
Past sering dibuang dari kata awalnya half past pada percakapan informal
You can choose which way to say time. All the two ways are understandable by
native speakers.
If the main verb of a sentence makes it clear what kind of time the speaker is
talking about, it is not always necessary for the same time to be indicated again in
subordinate clause. Compare:
The discovery means that we will spend less on food.
Verbs in subordinate clauses are often simpler in form than verbs in main clauses
– for example present instead pf future, simple past instead of would +
infinitive, simple past instead of past perfect.
You’ll find Coca-Cola wherever you go. (not … wherever you will go)
He would never do anything that went against his conscience. (more natural
that … that would go against his conscience.)
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Jika kata kerja utama dari sebuah kalimat menerangkan dengan jelas waktu yang
penutur utarakan, maka boleh jika waktu tersebut tidak diulang kembali.
Bandingkan contoh-contoh berikut:
The discovery means that we will spend less on food.
This discovery will mean that we spend less on food.
It is unlikely that he will win.
I will pray that he wins.
Kata kerja dalam klausa kedua (subordinate clause) seringnya lebih simpel
dalam bentuknya daripada klausa utama – contohnya menggunakan present
daripada future, past simple daripada would + infinitive, past simple daripada
past perfect
You’ll find Coca-Cola wherever you go. (bukan … wherever you will go)
He would never do anything that went against his conscience. (lebih natural
daripada … that would go against his conscience.)
Read again the examples above and try to make similar example of your own. I’ll
see you tomorrow.
Present tenses are often used instead of will + infinitive to refer to the future in
subordinate clauses. This happens not only after conjunctions of time like when,
until, after, before, as soon as, but in most other subordinate clauses. For instance,
after if, whether and on condition that, after question words and relatives, and in
indirect speech.
I’ll write to her when I have time. (not … when I will have time)
Will you stay here until the plane takes off?
This can happen even if the main verb is not future in form, provided it refers to
the future.
In comparisons with as and then, present and future verbs are both possible.
The present perfect is used instead of the future perfect, to express the idea of
completion.
I’ll call you when I’ve finished. (not … when I will have finished)
At the end of the year there will be an exam on everything you’ve studied.
(not … everything you will have studied).
---
Present tenses lebih sering digunakan daripada bentuk will + infinitive untuk
menunjukkan masa akan dating dalam klausa bawahan. Ini terjadi tidak hanya
setelah kata hubung seperti when, until, after, before, as soon as, tapi tejadi di
kebanakan klausa bawahan.
I’ll write to her when I have time. (bukan … when I will have time)
Will you stay here until the plane takes off?
I think you’ll find the wind slows you down a bit
Ini bisa dipakai walaupun kata kerja utama bukan dalam bentuk future, jika ia
merujuk ke future.
Perbandingan antara as dan than, kata kerja present dan future keduanya boleh
digunakan.
I’ll call you when I’ve finished. (bukan … when I will have finished)
At the end of the year there will be an exam on everything you’ve studied.
(bukan … everything you will have studied).
I’ll see you tomorrow for more English lesson. Don’t forget to check my email.
Simple past verb forms are used quite often in subordinate clauses instead of
present perfect and past perfect tenses, if the meaning is clear.
It’s been a good time while it(‘s) lasted.
I’ve usually liked the phone I(‘ve) worked with.
For thirty years, he had done no more than he (had) needed to.
He probably crashed because he had gone to sleep while he was driving.
(more natural than ... while we had been driving.)
He’s working. But at the same time as he works, he’s exercising. (or … at the
same time as he’s working…)
These rules do not usually apply to clauses beginning because, although, since or
as (meaning ‘because’), or to non-identifying relative clauses.
I won’t mind the heat on holiday because I won’t move about much.
I’ll come to the opera with you, although I probably won’t enjoy it.
You’ll work with Mr. Harris, who will explain everything to you.
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Bentuk kata kerja past simple sering digunakan dalam klausa bawahan daripada
present perfect atau past perfect, jika maknanya jelas.
It’s been a good time while it(‘s) lasted.
I’ve usually liked the phone I(‘ve) worked with.
For thirty years, he had done no more than he (had) needed to.
He probably crashed because he had gone to sleep while he was driving.
(lebih natural daripada ... while we had been driving.)
Bentuk progressive sering digantikan oleh bentuk simple dalam klausa bawahan
(subordinate clauses).
He’s working. But at the same time as he works, he’s exercising. (atau … at
the same time as he’s working…)
Aturan ini tidak bisa digunakan untuk klausa yang dimulai dengan because,
although, since atau as (yang artinya ‘because’).
I won’t mind the heat on holiday because I won’t move about much.
I’ll come to the opera with you, although I probably won’t enjoy it.
You’ll work with Mr. Harris, who will explain everything to you.
Baca lagi perbedaan dengan penggunaan kata hubung because, although, since
atau as untuk memahami perbedaan penggunaannya. I’ll see you tomorrow for
other lesson.
That-clauses in sentences
I insisted that she should see a doctor at once. (or … that she sees …)
---
That adalah kata hubung yang tidak memiliki arti yang jelas. Ia hanya
penghubung – untuk menunjukkan kalau ini bagian dari kalimat untuhnya.
Bandingkan.
I understood. He was innocent. (dua kalimat yang terpisah)
I understood that he was innocent. (klausa he was innocent menjadi objek
dari kata kerja di kalimat yang utuhnya)
Kata benda dan kata sifat bisa diikuti oleh klausa that.
I insisted that she should see a doctor at once. (atau … that she sees …)
It is unusual for that-clause to stand alone as subject. They are more often
introduced by the expression the fact that.
The fact that she was foreign made it difficult for her to get a job. (not that she
was foreign …)
The fact that Simon had disappeared didn’t seem to worry anybody. (more
natural that That Simon had disappeared …)
The judge paid no attention to the fact that she had just lost her husband. (not
… paid no attention to that she had …)
In spite of the fact that she had three small children, he sent her to prison of
six months. (not in spite of that she had…)
Some conjunctions are made up of two or more words, including that. Common
examples: so that, in order that, provided that, providing that, seeing that, given
that, now that.
I got here early so that we could have a few minutes alone together.
I’ll come with you providing that Bill doesn’t mind.
Given that Monday is a holiday, we could go to Scotland for the weekend.
Now that the kinds are at school, the house seems very quiet.
---
Kalusa that (klausa yang dimulai dengan that) tidak bisa digunakan sendiri. Ia
sering dimulai dengan ekspresi the fact that.
The fact that she was foreign made it difficult for her to get a job. (bukan that
she was foreign …)
The fact that Simon had disappeared didn’t seem to worry anybody. (lebih
natural daripada That Simon had disappeared …)
The fact juga digunakan dengan klausa that seteleh preposisi (klausa that tidak
bisa diikuti secara langsung oleh preposisi)
The judge paid no attention to the fact that she had just lost her husband.
(bukan … paid no attention to that she had …)
In spite of the fact that she had three small children, he sent her to prison of
six months. (bukan in spite of that she had…)
Ada beberapa kata hubung yang dibuat dari dua atau lebih kata, termasuk that.
Contoh umumnya: so that, in order that, provided that, providing that, seeing
that, given that, now that.
I got here early so that we could have a few minutes alone together.
I’ll come with you providing that Bill doesn’t mind.
Given that Monday is a holiday, we could go to Scotland for the weekend.
Now that the kinds are at school, the house seems very quiet.
Besok kita akan membahas that yang telah dibuang seperti dalam kalimat “I’m
glad you’re all right.” Don’t forget to check my email.
We can often leave out the conjunction that, especially in an informal style.
Indirect speech
That can be left out informally after many common reporting verbs.
James sail (that) he was feeling better.
I thought (that) you were in Singapore
The waiter suggested (that) we should go home.
That cannot be dropped after certain verbs, especially intransitive verbs – e.g.
reply, email, shout.
James replied that he was feeling better. (not James replied he was …)
She shouted that she was busy. (not she shouted she was busy)
Omit that after adjectives
I did not believe his claim that he was ill. (more natural than … his claim he
was ill)
He disagreed with Copernicus’ view that the earth went round the sun. (not
… Copernicus’ view that earth went …)
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Kita sering membuang kata hubung that, khususnya dalam percakapan sehari-
hari.
That tidak boleh dibuang setelah beberapa kata kerja, khususnya setelah kata
kerja intransitive seperti reply, email, shout.
James replied that he was feeling better. (bukan James replied he was …)
She shouted that she was busy. (bukan she shouted she was busy)
Kita bisa membuang that dalam sebuah klausa setelah kata sifat
I did not believe his claim that he was ill. (lebih natural daripada … his claim
he was ill)
He disagreed with Copernicus’ view that the earth went round the sun.
(bukan … Copernicus’ view that earth went …)
That’s for today. I’ll check up with you for more lesson. See you!
Time has various uses, some countable and some uncountable. Most of these are
straightforward, but there are problems in two areas:
a. measure of duration: how long
When we talk about the number of hours, days etc. that are needed to complete
something, time is generally uncountable (and therefore used with a).
How much time do we need to lead the van?
It took quite some time to persuade her to talk to us
Don’t worry – there’s plenty of time.
However, time is countable in certain expressions like along/short time and quite a time.
Kata Time memiliki banyak penggunaan, ada yang countable (bisa dihitung) ada yang
uncountable (tidak bisa dihitung). Kebanyakan penggunaannya jelas, tapi ada
permasalahan dalam dua area.
a. Ukuran durasi: how long
Ketika kita berbicara tentang jumlah jam, hari dll. yang dibutuhkan untuk melengkapi
sesuatu, kata time umumnya berbentuk uncountable (maka harus digunakan a).
How much time do we need to lead the van?
It took quite some time to persuade her to talk to us
Don’t worry – there’s plenty of time.
Namun, time berbentuk countable dalam beberapa ekspresi seprti a long/shor time dan
quite a time.
Preposition are often dropped before some common expressions with time.
He’s busy. Why don’t you come another time? (more natural than … at another
time…)
What time does the match start? (more natural than … at what time?)
You won’t fool me this time
In relative structures after time, that is often used instead on when in an informal style
(or dropped)
Only one of the last six trains has been on time. (not …. In time)
Peter wants the discussion to start exactly on time. (not … in time)
In time mean ‘with enough time to spare’, ‘before the last moment’. The opposite is too
late.
We arrived in time to get good seats. (not … on time to get …)
I nearly drove into the car in front, but I stopped just in time.
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Preposisi sering dibuang sebelum ekspresi dengan time.
He’s busy. Why don’t you come another time? (lebih natural daripada … at another
time…)
What time does the match start? (lebih natural daripada … at what time?)
You won’t fool me this time
Dalam sturktur relative clause setelah time, that sering digunakan daripada wen dalam
percakapan informal (atau dibuang)
Only one of the last six trains has been on time. (bukan …. In time)
Peter wants the discussion to start exactly on time. (bukan … in time)
In time artinya ‘ada waktu yang tersisa’, ‘sebelum saat terakhir’. Lawannya adalah
sangat telat.
On time and in time are not used the same way. You need to read again the sentences to
make you understand better.
233. Using too and very
Too is different from very – too means ‘more than enough’, ‘more than necessary’ or
‘more than is wanted’. Compare:
He’s a very intelligent child.
He’s too intelligent for his class – he’s not learning anything.
It was very cold, but we went out.
It was too cold to go out, so we stayed at home.
Using too and too much
Before adjective without nouns and before adverbs we use too, not too much.
You’re too kind to me. (not you’re too much kind to me)
I arrived too early. (not … too much early)
Too much is used, for example, before nouns.
I put down the bag because it was too heavy (not … too heavy bag.)
She doesn’t like men who are too tall. (not … too tall man)
In a rather formal style, too can be used before adjective + a/an + noun
You’re too kind to me. (bukan you’re too much kind to me)
I arrived too early. (bukan … too much early)
Too much digunakan, contohnya, sebelum kata benda (nouns).
I put down the bag because it was too heavy (bukan … too heavy bag.)
She doesn’t like men who are too tall. (bukan … too tall man)
Dalam percakapan sehari-hari, to bisa digunakan sebelum adjective + a/an + noun
It is very common to refer to an action by using a noun instead of a verb. Nouns of this
kind often have the same form as the related verbs. The structure is especially common
in an informal style.
There was a loud crash
Did I hear a cough?
Let’s have a talk about your plan
Come on – one more try!
Common structures
Nouns of this kind are often introduced by ‘general-purpose’ verbs such as have, take,
give, make go for.
She does a bit of painting, but she doesn’t like to show people.
These structures are very common when we talk about casual, unplanned or
unsystematic recreational activity. Compare:
She does a bit of painting, but she doesn’t like to show people.
Struktur ini sangat sering digunakan ketika berbicara tentang hal yang kasual, tidak
terencana atau aktifitas lainnya. Bandingkan:
I used to smoke, but now I’ve stopped. (not I was used to smoke…)
That bingo hall used to be a cinema.
- Only past
Used to … has not present form (and no progressive, perfect, infinitive or –ing form). To
talk about present habit and states we usually just use the simple present tense.
He smokes.
Her brother still collects stamps.
Questions and negatives
When questions and negatives are written, they often have did … used instead of did …
use.
You used not to like him, did you? (not …. Used you?)
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Penggunaan used + infinitif
- arti
kita gunakan used + infinitive untuk mengatakan tentang kebiasaan atau keadaan masa
lampau yang sekarang sudah selesai.
I used to smoke, but now I’ve stopped. (BUKANt I was used to smoke…)
That bingo hall used to be a cinema.
- hanya dalam bentuk past
Used to … tidak memiliki bentuk present (dan tidak ada bentuk progressive, perfect,
infinitive atau –ing). Untuk mengatakan tentang kebiasaan atau keadaan masa sekarang
kita hanya menggunakan tense simple present.
He smokes.
Her brother still collects stamps.
Bentuk pertanyaan dan negatif.
Ketika pertanyaan dan negative ditulis, maka ditulis dengan did … used, bukan did …
use.
I used not to like opera, but now I do. (atau I used to not like opera …)
Used you to play football at school?
Bentuk-bentuk ini tidak digunakan dalam tags.
You used not to like him, did you? (bukan …. Used you?)
Perhatikan kembali yang mana yang donts dan yang mana yang dos dalam
menggunakan used + infinitive. I’ll see you tomorrow.
- Meaning
If a person is used to something, it is familiar; he or she has experienced it so much that
it is no longer strange or new.
I’ve lived in central London for six years now, so I’m used to the noise.
At the beginning I couldn’t understand Londoners because I wasn’t used to the
accent.
- structures
Be used to can be followed by –ing forms, but not infinitives
I’m used to driving in London now, but it was hard at the beginning. (not I’m used to
drive in …)
Used is an adjective in this structure, and can be modified by quite or very.
I’m quite used to her little ways.
I’ve lived in central London for six years now, so I’m used to the noise.
At the beginning I couldn’t understand Londoners because I wasn’t used to the
accent.
- struktur
Be used to bisa diikuti oleh bentuk –ing, tapi tidak bisa infinitive.
I’m used to driving in London now, but it was hard at the beginning. (bukan I’m
used to drive in …)
Used adalah kata sifat dalam struktur ini, dan bisa diikuti oleh quite atau very
Let’s eat
I can’t eat sea food.
Some transitive verbs can be followed by two objects (indirect and direct).
Let’s eat
I can’t eat sea food.
Ada kata kerja tansitif yang boleh diikuti oleh dua objek (langsung dan tidak langsung).
I’ll send you the form tomorrow
I’m going to buy Sarah some flowers.
Let’s keep practicing because practice makes perfect. Don’t forget to check my email
tomorrow.
Some verbs are used transitively and intransitively with different kinds of subject; the
transitive use has a meaning rather like a passive or reflexive verb. Compare
She opened the door
The door opened
The wind’s moving the curtain
The curtain’s moving
Many verbs need preposition before their objects.
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Ada beberapa kata kerja digunakan secara transitif dan intransitive tergantung pada
subjeknya; penggunaan transitif memiliki makna seperti kata kerja passive atau
reflexive. Compare:
She opened the door
The door opened
The wind’s moving the curtain
The curtain’s moving
Banyak kata kerja membutuhkan preposisi sebelum objeknya.
These are a few words that can follow a verb. We’ll look more other structure tomorrow.
See you!
Susunan yang beda juga boleh, tergantung pada kata kerja tertentu. Ada kata kerja yang
boleh diikuti oleh infinitive, ada kata kerja yang boleh diikuti oleh bentuk –ing, baik ada
preposisi atau tidak, dan ada yang diikuti oleh klausa.
We seem to have a problem. (bukan we seem having a problem)
Can I help wash up?
It’s not very easy to stop smoking. (bukan … to stop to smoke)
We’re thinking of moving. (bukan we’re to move)
Terkadang, kata kerja pertama tidak memberi informasi tentang subjek – tapi memberi
informasi kepada perbuatan yang kata kerja kedua berikan.
Some verbs are used transitively and intransitively with different kinds of subject. The
intransitive use has a meaning rather like a passive or reflexive verb. Compare
She opened the door
The door opened
We’re selling a lot of copies of your book.
Your book’s selling well.
Something woke her.
Suddenly she woke.
I can’t start the car.
The car won’t start
The transitive structure is used with a lot of verbs that refer to things we can do to
materials: for example, bend, break crack, melt, polish, scratch, stain, tear.
Be careful what you put on the table – it scratches easily. (= you can easily scratch it.)
These glasses are so fragile: they break if you look at them.
The carpet’s made of a special material that doesn’t stain.
----
Kata kerja yang memiliki arti active dan passive
Ada kata kerja yang membutuhkan objek (transitive) dan yang tidak membutuhkan
(intransitive) tergantung pada jenis subjeknya. Some verbs are used transitively and
intransitively with different kinds of subject. Kata kerja intransitive bermakna seperti
passive atau kata kerja reflexive (kata kerja yang objeknya sama dengan subjeknya.
Bandingka:
She opened the door
The door opened
We’re selling a lot of copies of your book.
Your book’s selling well.
Something woke her.
Suddenly she woke.
I can’t start the car.
The car won’t start
Struktur transitive digunakan dengan kebanyakan kata kerja yang merujuk pada hal
yang bisa kita lakukan pada sesuatu, seperti bend, break, crack, melt, polish, scratch,
stain, tear.
Be careful what you put on the table – it scratches easily. (= you can easily scratch it.)
These glasses are so fragile: they break if you look at them.
The carpet’s made of a special material that doesn’t stain.
That’s for today. Don’t forget to check my email tomorrow.
241. Get ready for interview (part 1)
Doing a job interview is a stressful experience for everyone, and it is especially hard if
you have to do it in English. Being well prepared for your job interview is the best way
to make sure that you meet with success.
Take some time to carefully research the company where you want to work. Visit their
webpage and read about what they do. Doing research will show the interviewer that
you’re a serious candidate who shows initiative and that your interest is real.
There is no way to know for sure what questions you are going to be asked, but there are
two things you can do to prepare yourself.
Before going to the interview make a list of your 10 good points and 10 bad points.
For the good points think of things that would make you suitable for the job. For the
bad points be honest, nobody expects you to be perfect and often you'll be respected
for being humble and truthful. What you do need to do though is talk about your
weaknesses and how you're controlling them. Give an example of something you
used to struggle with and how you overcame that problem.
---
Hi, this email and the following emails on tips to interview will not be provided in
Bahasa Indonesia. So, try harder to get (gist) the information given above. I’ll see you
tomorrow.
Don’t forget to dress appropriately because dressing properly for the job is an easy way
to help make a good first impression. If it’s at all possible you can go to the company
before the interview. If you’re lucky you may see employees walking in and out and
you’ll see how they dress.
Tomorrow we’re going to look at some common English phrases you can use on an
interview. See you!
Hi, this is the 3rd part of preparing for interview. Today, we’re going to familiarize
ourselves with the phrases that you can use before answering question on an interview.
Theses phrases are intended as a practice for you to speak and express yourself clearly
and eloquently. Sometimes we need “filler” – words or phrases that we used while
thinking before answering a question. We use fillers instead of ‘ah’. Here are some
examples of fillers and when to use them.
Phrases to use when you need time to think before you start speaking:
First of all, …
Let me think…
Let me see…
The first thing I should say is…
Let me start by saying…
That’s an interesting question…
Phrases to use when you need time to think in the middle of an answer:
And finally…
The last thing I’d like to say is…
What else can I add?
I think I’ve covered everything.
Which brings me to my final point…
Ok. Now practice all the phrases as if they are stamped on your head. See you
tomorrow.
This is the last part (part 4) of preparing for interview. Sometimes, after the interviewer
asks you a lot of questions, he or she allows you to ask questions too. Some people might
reply “no questions frm me”. Some other people ask silly questions – you definitely
should avoid that.
Asking questions is a chance for you to show your preparedness for the position, and
asking intelligent questions about the company, your boss and the position you’re
applying for is a step in the right direction.
Here are some questions you can and can’t ask in an interview.
- If you were to rank all the people who have done this job in the past, tell me about
number one and why you put them there?
- What qualities did the person who held this job previously have that you’d like to
maintain?
- What are the most important qualities that the person filling this job should have?
Suffixes can change the word-class and the meaning of the word
-er is used for the person who does an activity, e.g. writer, teacher
You can use –er with a wide range of verbs to make them into nouns.
Sometimes, this suffix is written as –or instead of –er. It is worth making a special list of
these as you meet them, e.g. actor, operator, supervisor.
-er/-or are also used for things which do a particular job, e.g. bottle opener, projector.
-er and –ee can contrast with each other meaning ‘person who does something’ (-er) and
‘person who receives or experiences the action’ (-ee), e.g. employer/employee,
sender/addressee.
-(t)ion is used to make nouns form verbs, e.g. complication, reduction, permission,
admission.
-ist (for person) and –ism (for activity or ideology). They are used for people’s politics,
beliefs and ideologies, and sometimes their profession (compare with –er/-or
professions above), e.g. Buddhism, journalism, physicist.
-ist is also often used for people who play musical instruments, e.g. pianist, violinist.
-ness is used to make noun from adjectives. Note what happens to adjectives that end in
–y:
Goodness, readiness, forgetfulness, happiness, sadness, weakness.
---
Akhiran (Suffixes) bisa mengubah katagori kata dan merubah maknanya juga.
-er digunakan untuk orang yang melakukan sesuatu, seperti writer, teacher
Kamu bisa menggunakan –er dengan kebanyakan kata kerja untuk membuatnya
menjadi kata benda.
Terkadang, akhiran –er ditulis dengan –or, seperti actor, operator, supervisor.
-er/-or juga digunakan untuk sesuatu yang melakukan perkerjaan tertentu, seperti
bottle opener, projector.
-er dan –ee bisa memiliki makana yang bertolak belakang antara sesamanya, ‘orang
yang melakukan sesuatu’ (-er) dan ‘orang yang terkena sesuatu’ (-ee), contohnya
employer/employee, sender/addressee.
-(t)ion diguanakan untuk membuat kata benda dari kata kerja seperti complication,
reduction, permission, admission.
-ist (untuk orang) dan –ism (untuk kegiatan dan idologi). Keduanya digunakan untuk
ideology, kepercayaan dan politik seseorang, dan terkadang untuk profesi (bandingkan
dengan profesi –er/-or di atas), contohnya Buddhism, journalism, physicist.
-ist juga sering digunakan untuk orang yang pandai bermain instrument musik seperti
pianist, violinist.
-ness digunakan untuk membuat kata benda dari kata sifat. Perhatikan apa yang terjadi
pada kata sifat yang berakhiran –y: Goodness, readiness, forgetfulness, happiness,
sadness, weakness.
Suffixes are one of the most difficult to master yet they are the most important as they
change meaning and are used according to their word-class. I’ll see you tomorrow for
verb and adjectives suffices.
-able and –ible with verbs mean ‘can be done’, e.g. drinkable, washable, recognizable,
countable.
Examples with –ible: edible (can be eaten), flexible (can be bent)
Making verbs.
-ize (or –ise) makes verbs form adjectives, e.g. modernize, commercialize, industrialize.
Other suffixes that can help you recognize the word class
-ment (noun) as in excitement, enjoyment, replacement
-ity (noun) as in flexibility, productivity, scarcity
-hood (abstract noun especially family terms) as in childhood, motherhood, brotherhood
-ship (abstract noun especially status) as in friendship, membership, scholarship
-ive (adjectives) as in passive, productive, active
-al (adjectives) as in brutal, legal and for (noun) as in refusal, arrival
Note: the informal suffix –ish, which can be added to most common adjectives, ages and
times to make them less precise, e.g. she’s thirtyish. He has reddish hair. Come about
eightyish.
----
-able dan –ible dengan kata kerja artinya ‘bisa dilakukan’, contohnya drinkable,
washable, recognizable, countable.
Contoh dengan –ible: edible (bisa/boleh di makan), flexible (bisa di bengkokkan)
Note: akhiran informal –ish, yang mana bisa ditambahkan pada kebanyakan kata sifat,
umur dan waktu untuk membuat sesuatu tidak pasti, contohnya she’s thirtyish. He has
reddish hair. Come about eightyish.
Compare the suffixes from this email with the previous one. I’ll see you tomorrow.
Prefixes are often used to give adjectives a negative meaning. The opposite of
‘comfortable’ is ‘uncomfortable’, the opposite of ‘convenient’ is ‘inconvenient’ and the
opposite of ‘similar’ is ‘dissimilar’. Other examples are ‘unjust’, ‘inedible’, ‘disloyal’,
unfortunately, there is no easy way of knowing which prefix any adjective will use to
form its opposite. When you learn new adjective not down whether it has an opposite
formed with a prefix and, if so, what it is.
Note:
In- becomes im’ before a root beginning with ‘m’ or ‘p’, e.g. immature, impatient,
impartial, improbable, similarly, in- becomes ir- before a word beginning with ‘r’, and il-
before a word beginning with ‘l’, e.g. irreplaceable, irreversible, illegal, illegible,
illiterate.
The prefix in- does not always have a negative meaning – often it gives the idea of inside
or into, internal, import, insert, income.
Although it is mainly adjectives which are made negative by prefixes, un- and dis- can
also form the opposite of verbs too, e.g. appear/disappear. The prefix is used here to
reverse the action of the verb. Here are some more examples: disagree, disapprove,
disbelieve, disconnect, dislike, unbend, undo, undress, unlock, unveil, unzip.
---
Prefixes (awalan)
Prefixes (awalan) sering digunakan untuk membuat kata sifat bermakna negatif.
Kebalikan dari ‘comfortable’ adalah ‘uncomfortable’, kabalikannya ‘convenient’ adalah
‘inconvenient’ dan kebalikan kata ‘similar’ adalah ‘dissimilar’. Contoh lainnya ‘unjust’,
‘inedible’, ‘disloyal’. masalahnya, tidak ad acara yang pasti untuk mengetahui awalah
mana yang membuat sebuah kata sifat berganti makna.
Note:
In- menjadi im- sebelum kata dasar yang berawalan ‘m’ atau ‘p’, contohnya immature,
impatient, impartial, improbable, similarly, in- menjadi ir- sebelum kata yang berawalan
dengan ‘r’, dan il- sebelum kata berawalah dengan ‘l’, seperti irreplaceable, irreversible,
illegal, illegible, illiterate.
Awalan in- tidak selalu bermakna negative – terkadang ia bermaka di dalam atau ke
dalam, seperti inside, into, internal, import, insert, income.
Kebanyakannya, kata sifat yang dibuat negative dengan awalan, namun, un- dan dis-
bisa juga membuat kata kerja bermakna sebaliknya juga, seperti appear/disappear.
Berikut contoh lainnya: disagree, disapprove, disbelieve, disconnect, dislike, unbend,
undo, undress, unlock, unveil, unzip.
Make sure you’re familiar with the prefixes and suffixes. This is how we master the
English vocabulary.
An abstract noun is one which is used to mean an idea, experience or quality rather than
an object. Thus happiness, intention and shock are abstract nouns.
There are a number of suffixes which are used particularly frequently in the formation
of abstract nouns. Some of the most common are –ment, -ion, -ness, -ity.
Note: -ment and –ion usually used to make verbs into abstract noun whereas –ness and
–ity are added to adjectives; -ion sometimes becomes –tion, -sion, -ation or otion.
Adjustment
Action
Bitterness
Curiosity
Less common suffixes associated with abstract nouns are –ship, -dom, -th and –hood.
Note: -ship and –hood are usually used in combination with other nouns whereas –th
combines with an adjective to form an abstract noun and –dom can combine with either
a noun or an adjective.
Membership
Wisdom
Length
Motherhood
There are also a large number of abstract nouns which do not use an; suffix at all. Here
are some examples of these.
Anger
Faith
Fear
Rage
----
abstract noun adalah kata benda abstrak yang digunakan untuk mengungkapkan
gagasan, pengalaman dan bisa juga qualitas. Maka kata happiness, intention dan shock
adalah abstract nouns.
Ada beberapa imbuhan yang digunakan untuk membentuk suatu kata menjadi abstract
nouns. Imbuhan yang paling umum digunakan adalah –ment, -ion, -ness, -ity.
Note: -ment dan –ion biasanya digunakan untuk membuat kata kerja menjadi abstrak
noun. Sedangkan–ness dan –ity ditambahkan pada kata sifat; -ion boleh dalam bentuk –
tion, -sion, -ation atau otion.
Adjustment
Action
Bitterness
Curiosity
Imbuhan yang tidak umum yang digunakan untuk abstrak noun adalah –ship, -dom, -th
and –hood.
Note: -ship dan –hood biasanya digunakan dengan kata benda. Sedangkan –th yang
digunakan dengan kata sifat untuk membentuk abstract noun; dak –dom bisa
digabungkan dengan kata benda atau kata sifat.
Membership
Wisdom
Length
Motherhood
Ada juga abstract nouns yang tidak menggunakan imbuhan. Berikut beberapa contoh:
Anger
Faith
Fear
Rage
That’s for today. I’ll see you tomorrow for more lesson.
A compound noun is a fixed expression which is made up of more than one word and
function as a noun. Such expressions are frequently combinations of two nouns, e.g.
address book, human being, science fiction. A number of compound nouns are related to
phrasal verbs.
Compound nouns may be written as two words, e.g. tin opener, bank account, or they
may be written with a hyphen, e.g. pen-name, baby-sitter. Some expressions are
occasionally written with hyphen and occasionally as two separate words. For instance,
both letter box and letter-box are correct. Sometimes they may be written as one word,
earring.
Compound noun may be countable, uncountable or only used in either the singular or
the plural. There are examples of each of these types below. Check that you understand
the meanings of each of the expressions listed. If you understand both elements of the
expression, the meaning will usually be clear. If the meaning is not fairly obvious, then it
is provided below.
Usually the main stress is on the first part of the compound but sometimes it is on the
second part. The word which contains the main stress is underlined in the compound
nouns below.
Here are some examples of common countable compound nouns.
Alarm clock
Blood donor
Windscreen
Here are some examples of common uncountable compound nouns.
Birth control
Blood pressure
Mail order
Junk food
Here are some examples of common compound noun used only in the singular.
Mother-tongue
Greenhouse effect
Death penalty
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compound noun atau kata benda majemuk adalah ekspressi tetap yang dibuat dari dua
atau lebih kata yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda. Ekspressi seperti ini sering dibuat
dari gabungan dua kata benda seperti address book, human being, science fiction.
Compound nouns boleh ditulis sebagai dua kata seperti tin opener, bank account, boleh
juga ditulis dengan tanda hubung seperti pen-name, baby-sitter.
Beberapa ekspresi terkadang ditulis dengan tanda hubung dan terkadang ditulis
terpisah. Contohnya, letter box dan letter-box keduanya benar. Terkadang ditulis
sebagai satu kata, earring.
Kata benda majemuk boleh jadi countable, uncountable atau hanya sebagai kata singular
atau plural saja
Birth control
Blood pressure
Mail order
Junk food
Here are some examples of common compound noun used only in the singular.
Mother-tongue
Greenhouse effect
Death penalty
That’s for today. Think of some compound nouns you’re familiar with. I’ll see you
tomorrow.
gr- at the beginning of a word can suggest something unpleasant or miserable, e.g. groan
(sound forced out by pain), grumble (complain in bad way)
cl- at the beginning of a ward can saddest something sharp and/or metallic, e.g. click (make
a short sharp sound), clash (make a loud, broken noise).
sp- at the beginning of a word can have an association with water or other liquids, e.g. spit
(send liquid out from the mouth, spray (liquid sent through the air in tiny drops).
----
Kata-kata Onomatopoeic adalah kata yang bunyinya seperti maknanya. Contoh yang paling
jelas adalah kata kerja yang berkaitan dengan suara binatand, cows moo dan cats mew atau
meow.
Jika buny huruf fokalnya pendek, kata onomatopoeic biasanya bermakna bunyi pendek dan
tajam. Jika panjang, maka kata tersebut bermakna bunyi yang lama dan pelan. Perhatikan
beberapa kombinasi huruf yang menunjukkan beberapa makna tertentu dalam Bahasa
inggris.
gr- yang ada pada awalan suatu kata bisa menunjukkan makna sesuatu yang tidak
menyenangkan, seperti groan (mirintih atau mengerang), grumble (mengomel atau
komplain)
cl- yang ada pada awalan suatu kata bisa menunjukkan makna sesuatu yang tajam, seperti
click (make a short sharp sound), clash (make a loud, broken noise).
sp- yang ada pada awalan suatu kata bisa berkaitan dengan air atau cairan, seperti spit
(meludah), spray (menymprot).
Bisakah kamu menyebutkan beberapa kata lain yang diawali dengan gr, cl, atau sp yang
bermakna seperti diatas.
I’ll see you tomorrow.
While I waited, I read the newspaper. (or more formal: while waiting, I read…) the
waiting and reading happen together.
I saw her just as she was turning the corner. (precise moment)
Throughout the war, food was rationed. (from beginning to end)
Connecting two periods or events
The meal will take about an hour. In the meantime, relax and have a water. (between
now and the meal)
The new whiteboards are arriving soon. Till then, we’ll have to use the old ones.
I last met him in 2010. Since then I haven’t set eyes on him.
By the time I retire, I will have worked here 26 years.
One thing after another
While I waited, I read the newspaper. (atau bentuk formal: while waiting, I read…)
kejadian waiting dan reading terjadi pada waktu yang sama.
I saw her just as she was turning the corner. (waktu yang sama)
Throughout the war, food was rationed. (waktu yang sama dari dimulai sampai
berakhir)
Menghubungkan dua waktu atau kejadian
The meal will take about an hour. In the meantime, relax and have a water. (antara
sekarang dan waktu makan)
The new whiteboards are arriving soon. Till then, we’ll have to use the old ones.
I last met him in 2010. Since then I haven’t set eyes on him.
By the time I retire, I will have worked here 26 years.
One thing after another
We went to the castle. Then we caught a bus to the beach.
First we went to the theatre. After that, we had a meal.
He fell ill and was admitted to hospital. He died nook afterwards.
Following my visit to Bali, I bought lots of books about tourism.
Baca kembali contoh diatas jika kamu masih kesuitan memahaminya.
Don’t forget to check my email tomorrow. I’ll see you then.
Provided/providing you don’t mind cat; you can stay with us.
Note the use of supposing and what if (usually in spoken language) for possible situations
in the future. What if is more direct
Supposing/what if he doesn’t turn up; what should we do then?
----
Sama seperti if, ada banyak kata atau frase untuk mengungkapkan kalimat pengandaian
(conditions)
You can’t come in unless you have a ticket.
You can borrow the bike on condition that you return it by five o’clock.
In case of fire, call your mother.
You can stay, as long as you don’t mind sleeping on the couch
Providing (that) atu provided (that) bisa juga digunakan untuk kalimat pengandaian.
Keduanya tidak terlalu formal dan tidak terlalu kuat seperti on condition that tapi lebih
kuat dan lebih melarang dari as long as.
Provided/providing you don’t mind cat; you can stay with us.
Perhatikan penggunaan supposing dan what if (biasanya dalam percakapan) untuk
keadaan masa akan datang . What if lebih memaksa.
Certain conditions must be met before the Peace Talks can begin.
A good standard of English is a prerequisite for studying at a British university. (very
formal word)
What are the entry requirements for doing a diploma in Management at your college?
(official conditions)
I would not move to London under any circumstances. It’s awful!
----
Conditions dengan –ever
However you do it, it will cost a lot of money.
You’ll get to the railway station; whichever bus you take.
That box is so big it will be in the way wherever you leave it.
Kalimat diatas bisa juga digunakan menggunakan no matter.
The rise in prices sparked of a lot of political protest. (often used for violent reactions to
events)
The president’s statement gave rise to / provoked / generated a lot of criticism. (less
strong than park off)
The new law has brought about /led to great changes in education.
This problem stems from the inflation of recent years.
The court-case arose out of allegations made in a newspaper.
----
Sebab dan alasan
Kamu patinya mengerti cara penggunaan kata seperti because, since dan as untuk
menerangkan sebab dan akibat akan sesuatu. Berikut ini beberapa cara lain
menghubungkan klausa sebab dan akibat. Perhatikan bagaimana kata kerja dan kata benda
bisa berfungsi sama seperti kata hubung.
Bayangkan ada kecelakaan disebabkan karena ada es di jalan. Berikut beberapa cara
mengungkapkannya.
The rise in prices sparked of a lot of political protest. (biasa digunakan untuk aksi
kekerasan pada suatu kegiatan.)
The president’s statement gave rise to / provoked / generated a lot of criticism. (tidak
terlalu kasar dari spark off)
The new law has brought about /led to great changes in education.
This problem stems from the inflation of recent years.
The court-case arose out of allegations made in a newspaper.
That’s how we use cause and reason in English. So, don’t get used to the antiquated words
like because, since and as.
I’ll see you tomorrow.
Her reason for not going with us was that she had no money. Or The reason she didn’t
go with us was that …
I wonder what his motives were in sending that letter? (purpose)
I wonder what prompted him to send that letter? (reason/cause)
She wrote to the press with the aim of exposing the scandal. (purpose)
I’ve invited you here with a view to resolving our differences. (sounds a bit more
indirect than with the aim of)
He refused to answer on the grounds that his lawyer wasn’t there. (reason)
The purpose of her visit was to inspect the equipment.
Results
He did no work. As a result / as a consequence / consequently, he failed his exams.
The result/ consequence of all these changes is that no-one is happy any more.
The examples with consequences / consequently sound more formal than result
He refused to answer on the grounds that his lawyer wasn’t there. (alasan)
The purpose of her visit was to inspect the equipment.
Results
He did no work. As a result / as a consequence / consequently, he failed his exams.
The result/ consequence of all these changes is that no-one is happy any more.
Contoh menggunakan consequences / consequently terdengar lebih formal dari result