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A real life observation proof study of

S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye and also the


Dome shaped image

The two permanent structures in the optic array for


binocular and monocular visual perception.

John F. Price
Copyright © John F. Price, 2017
First Published in Ireland, in 2017, in co-operation with
Choice Publishing, Drogheda, County Louth, Republic of Ireland.
www.choicepublishing.ie

Paperback ISBN: 978-1-911131-35-9

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright holder.

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from


the National Library.
A real life observation proof study of
(S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) also the
(Dome shaped image)

(S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) and the (Dome shaped image)
are the two permanent structures in the optic array for
binocular and monocular visual perception. I published
(S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) almost ten years ago. It is the
first ever proven and complete new concept of binocular
visual perception.
My colleague Catherine Ansbro believes many people in the
area of visual perception did not fully understand the entire
complex structure of (S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye). On her
advice in this book I decided to do a real life observation
proof study of all the main stages in the entire framework
structure. So anybody with good natural vision while sitting
at their kitchen or patio table can prove for themselves each
stage in the entire framework structure.
This is not just very important to fully understand for people
in visual perception and visual neuroscience but in
particular people in psychology and psychiatry to fully
understand how important it is to ensure this incredibly
complex sensitive brain cell structure of vision be allowed to
mature in children without brain cell damage and mental
illness.
The (Dome shaped image) is also a complete new concept of
monocular visual perception. The (Dome shaped image) is
integral in binocular vision but the only structure in
monocular visual perception. These two framework
structures completes the entire framework structures of the
optic array for binocular and monocular visual perception.

Illustrated by Fergal Monahan


Introduction

A real life observation proof study of


(S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) also the
(Dome shaped image)

(S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) and the (Dome shaped


image) are the two permanent structures in the optic
array for binocular and monocular visual perception. I
published (S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) almost ten years
ago. I expected this book to be accepted as the bible of
binocular visual perception as it is the first ever proven
and complete new concept of binocular visual perception.
My colleague Catherine Ansbro who along with her
husband Eamonn are experienced in the health risks of
artificial stereopsis believe many people in the area of
visual perception did not fully understand the entire
complex structure of (S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye). In
this book I decided to do a real life observation proof study
of all the main stages in the entire framework structure.
So anybody with good natural vision while sitting at their
kitchen or patio table can prove for themselves each stage
in the entire framework structure and put beyond any
doubt that (S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) is the
framework structure of binocular visual perception.
This is not just very important to fully understand for
people in visual perception and visual neuroscience but in
particular people in psychology and psychiatry, the reason
being the mental health of children in particular very
young children. The explosive rise in mental health
problems in children and young people is directly
mirrored by the rise availability and use of close up vision
viewing devices for children. When viewing these close up
vision viewing devices practically the entire complex brain
cell structure of vision is blocked. So it is very important
for people in psychology and psychiatry to understand
how important it is to ensure this incredibly complex
sensitive brain cell structure of vision be allowed to
mature without brain cell damage, before it is too late.
Any brain cell damage results in mental illness in some
form.
The (Dome shaped image) is also a complete new concept
of monocular visual perception. The (Dome shaped image)
is integral in binocular vision but the only structure in
monocular vision. This dome shaped structure is detailed
and proven in drawings and in a real life proof study in
this book. These two framework structures complete the
entire framework structure of the optic array for binocular
and monocular visual perception.
Appreciation

I would like to thank my wife Anne, daughters Olga and


Hannah, all my family and friends who have all helped me
at various stages by participating in observation tests. My
special thanks to my assistants especially Donna Kane
and Fergal Monahan, who worked with me for the very
beginning of my observation studies as well as taking part
in all of the observation tests documented throughout this
book. A special gratitude to each and every one of the
many other participants who sat through painstaking
hours of observation tests. My special appreciation is also
extended to Fergal Monahan for his brilliant illustrations.
Also my special appreciation to my colleague Catherine
Ansboro who along with her husband Eamonn
experienced in the health risks of artificial stereopsis for
her brilliant advice and a special appreciation to the
eminent professor of vision science, visual neuroscience
and optometry Roger S Anderson for doing the foreword
on my first book on visual perception (S.S.S.R.D. and the
cortex eye).
Dedication

I would like to dedicate this book to my deceased mother


and father, my brothers Tom and Paddy, and best friend
Alan Day. Their lifetime experience instilled in me the
knowledge that science had only scratched the surface of
man and animals relationship with the natural world.
Preface

How we perceive the world has stirred immense curiosity


among vision scientists around the world for hundreds of
years. Much research has been carried out and countless
books and papers have been written over that period, but
to this day our understanding of how we perceive the
world is for the most part purely theoretical. What is even
more amazing is that most of the theories are even
logically flawed.
The primary reason for writing the book (S.S.S.R.D. and
cortex eye) was to document the proven results of all
experimental observations tests that I have carried out
over a period of almost ten years. It was a slow and
tedious exercise but having made my first few discoveries
I knew that they were only tiny parts of a large jigsaw
puzzle. I was determined to complete this jigsaw puzzle so
that I could arrive at the first proven and logical
understanding of the visual process. This process was
carried out in a detailed study using natural observation
and occlusion tests in three dimensional space.
Coming from a rural farming background I grew up with
nature. I did engineering at second level in college and,
since the age of twenty, I have been involved many
different inventions and, as a result, observation of any
unusual phenomenon has always attracted my interest.
My first interest in vision was piqued in a very simple way.
When playing golf I was always amazed at the direction
other players aimed when putting. On a straight 10 foot
put they could be aiming 3 or 4 inches left or right of the
hole.
In the sport of clay pigeon shooting where there is a large
discrepancy in accuracy when clays come from a different
direction.
In the sport of clay pigeon shooting, participants are
always more inaccurate with clays coming from a
particular side. That is shooters who shoot of their right
shoulder are usually right eye dominant, miss more clays
coming from the left than coming from the right, similarly
shooters who shoot of their left shoulder are usually left
eye dominant miss more clays coming from the right than
coming from the left.
These visual errors sparked my interest in trying to
understand how the eyes aligned two targets in space.
One of many experiments using natural observation
involved observing an array of pins. When trying to solve
this alignment problem I noticed, while fixating on a
particular pin, that some pins moved but others
apparently did not. When I changed my focus to another
pin I noticed that the pins that had moved before now
apparently remained static, while the pins that were static
before had now apparently moved. With closer observation
I realised that these groups of pins were moving back and
forth from the monocular view of each eye, depending on
which pin I was focusing on. I also realised that these two
monocular views were viewed simultaneously and were
obviously confined to a particular area in the binocular
single vision field. I also recognised that the movement of
objects from one monocular area to another in the
binocular field could not occur without natural
boundaries being present with some form of dominance
and suppression occurring.
More amazing, was that this proven observation would
prove to be only a tiny part of a very large jigsaw puzzle,
which would eventually lead me to discover the entire
framework structure of the single image. More important,
I discovered how this image structure, consisting of a
series of sectional images, is filtered by the two eyes and
transmitted along the visual pathways to the visual
cortex. I discovered how the sectional images are
assembled in a precise formation in the visual cortex to
create a single stereo image. The final piece of the jigsaw
puzzle was to discover how the mythical cyclopean (cortex)
eye actually functions and how visual perception benefits
from this function.

This book illustrates and proves through natural


observation and occlusion tests in three dimensional
space, all the stages of visual perception in each fixation.
It explains and illustrates the vision process in an entirely
new light, and in so doing contradicts virtually all the
conventional theoretical understanding of visual
perception. It demonstrates how the image received by
each retina is divided by natural retinal boundaries. These
boundaries create dominant and suppressed retinal-
sections in each retina. The coordination between the two
eyes results in retinal-sections of one eye becoming
dominant while the corresponding retinal-sections in the
other eye simultaneously become suppressed. This book
explains how these dominant areas are transmitted along
the visual pathways to the visual cortex where they are
assembled into a single image in the visual cortex. It
describes how these assembled dominant retinal-sections
create a stereo image and how the vantage angle of each
eye is retained in these sectional areas. It also explains
how the visual axes are retained and how important their
function is in completing the structure of this image.
Also, for the first time, this book defines and illustrates
the function of the mythical cyclopean (cortex) eye. It
explains how this eye has little value in visual direction
contrary to the view held by (Herring) and illustrates for
the first time how and why the function of this eye is the
fundamental mathematical structure by which depth and
distance judgement is coded. The very nature of its
structure and function creates a whole new
understanding of optic flow. The book explains how,
where, and why occlusions occur. It demonstrates how
these occluded targets are incorporated in the single
image and how they benefit from the same mathematical
structure as other targets in the binocular visual field. All
the observation figures can be recreated as working
models for proving each observation in a real life
observation proof study in this book. The book proves and
explains the retinal sectional boundaries, the cortex eye,
the mathematics of depth perception, occlusion zones and
how visual direction is judged; how the stereo-image is
formed; and how and why the dominant eye is of such
high importance. It explains how and why the inverted
image is also horizontally reversed.
The evolution of the eye over millions of years has reached
an incredible level of sophistication, so much so that one
could not even imagine such a complex structure without
first observing each stage.
Every proven observation in this book was special to me,
but perhaps the most special was the discovery that the
monocular areas in the visual field, resulting from the
occlusion of the nose, benefit from the mathematical
structure created by the cyclopean (cortex) eye in exactly
the same way as the sectional areas in the binocular field.
This phenomenon benefits humans who have a large
binocular field, but has huge benefits for animals such as
birds, which have small binocular fields, but very large
monocular fields.
The cyclopean (cortex) eye structure and function explain
why all animals have high levels of visual perception.
This results from continuous motion in the optic array
created by the cyclopean (cortex) eye by the slightest
movement of the eye when the head and body are static.
This visual accuracy increases with motion of the body,
which in turn creates proportional acceleration of the
mathematical process. The visual process in this book is
proven by natural observation and occlusion. It explains
why animals with large binocular fields and animals with
small binocular fields, slow moving animals and fast
moving animals, all have excellent visual perception
adapted to suit them in their own environments.
Little did I know then that this study would result in
multiple observation studies over the next decade
including 5 constant observers and at least 20 random
observers all right eyed dominant with good natural
vision. All dominant left eyed people experienced the same
structure but in reverse. As a result for clarity all
observations in this book were performed by right eyed
dominant people as the vast majority of people are right
eyed dominant.
I was more amazed that these proven observation would
be a tiny part of a very large jigsaw puzzle, which would
eventually lead me to discover the entire framework
structure of the single image including the (Dome shaped
image). I deliberately excluded the (Dome shaped image)
even though it is integral in binocular vision but the only
structure in monocular vision and is also a permanent
structure in the optic array for both. It also greatly
enhances depth and motion in binocular vision. It
obviously evolved for monocular vision as a result I
deliberately excluded it as I felt it might be confusing.
Particularly as (S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) is a very
complex and intricate structure to comprehend on its
own.
It is very important to fully understand these two
framework structures of vision not just for people in
visual perception but also people in sports, driving, and
all activities in everyday life in particular psychology as
vision plays a hugh role in the psychology of life for
everybody but particularly for children from the day they
are born as the psychology of each stage of maturing in
life is visually perceived. So it very important that this in
creditable sensitive Bain cell structure of vision is allowed
to mature naturally in three dimensional space.

To appreciate the domed shaped image it important to


understand the framework structure of vision in my
first book (S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) in a real life
observation proof study.
The (Dome shaped image) is illustrated and proven in
drawings and in real life observations proof later in
chapter 5 in this book.
CONTENTS

Chapter 1 ……………………………………………………. 01
An introduction to and brief history of visual perception.
An Introduction to the (Dome shaped image)
An introduction to the framework structure of (S.S.S.R.D.
and the cortex eye)

Chapter 2 …………………………………………………… 24
A real life observation proof study of the retinal sectional
boundaries in each eye and the correspondent dominant
and suppressed sectional areas common to each eye,
including the two monocular areas resulting from the
occlusion of the nose.
The Cyclopean (Cortex) eye and the Mathematical
structure of visual perception.

Chapter 3 …………………………………………………… 59
Introduction and real life observation proof study of
Occlusion zones, Visual direction including visual
direction error, in clay pigeon shooting, driving, and
snooker, The stereo image, Optic flow, and the transit of
the dominant retinal sectional areas to the visual cortex.

Chapter 4 ……………………………………………………101
Optic flow, Motion detection and processing, Why the
image is received vertically and horizontally inverted, and
the transit of the dominant retinal sectional areas to the
visual cortex.

Chapter 5 ……………………………………………………126
An Introduction and real life observation proof study of
the (Dome shaped image) on the vertical, horizontal and
diagonal axis.
Chapter 1

Vision Science

Introduction

Vision has evolved over millions of years as a means by


which animals used light to provide information about
their surroundings. All animals and plants use and sense
light in a very complex and sophisticated manner. Light is
a very important element to all animals and nature. The
simple daisy can be observed closing its petals when light
fades as if going to sleep, while subsequently re-opening
them with the advent of the morning sun.
In a world of predators and prey, the ability of the eye to
discern contrast stereo depth movement shapes and
colour was always the key to survival. As a result, the
evolution of the eye over time has reached an incredibly
high level of sophistication. In a world of predators and
prey, the ability of the eye to discern contrast stereo depth
movement shapes and colour was always the key to
survival. As a result, the evolution of the eye over time has
reached an incredibly high level of sophistication.

-1-
FIG 1-1 The structure of the human eye

The structure of the human eye is similar to all mammals.


It is a hollow spheroid filled with fluid under slight
pressure. It is the pressure of the fluid that maintains the
shape of the eye the pupil the lens the vitreous and on to
the retina. The lens is attached to the ciliary body by the
zonule membrane. Movement of these muscles changes
the shape of the lens adjusting its focal length. The most
inner layer of the eye is the retina. The retina is a delicate
membrane of nerve cells the function of which is essential
in the vision process.
There is approximately 130 million photoreceptors in each
retina. These photoreceptors consist of rods and cones.
The rods outnumber the cones by about 18-1 and become
more densely towards the centre of the retina. In the fovea
area itself there is no rods only cones which are densely
packed together. Rods and cones have different sensitivity

-2-
to, rods are stimulated by dim light while cones are
stimulated by bright light and are also the source of
colour. In the optic tract connecting each retina to the
brain there is only 1 million nerve fibers, each of which on
average must be shared by about 130 photoreceptors.
The eye is an amazing sensory organ taking up more
brain power than any other one of our senses and linking
up with more than thirty areas of the brain. The
transparent cornea and lens focus the image on light
sensitive cells on the retina. The retina senses and
processes the visual image before sending it to the brain.
Obliviously a huge amount of vision processing is done in
the retina itself in two layers of cells called the bipolar
cells amacrine cells and the ganglion cells. Each
photoreceptor interconnects in a complex pattern with
bipolar cells and ganglion cells as do the bipolar amacrine
and ganglion cells interconnect with each other before the
impulses leave the retina and are sent along the optic
tract to the brain. The brain is divided into two
hemispheres the left and the right.
Signals from the left side of the left retina are sent to the
left LGN and signals from the right side of the left retina
are sent to the right LGN. In exactly the same way signals
from the left and right side of the right retina are sent to
the left and right LGN respectively.
This results in the left LGN receiving signals from the left
side of each retina and the right LGN receiving signals
from the right sides of each retina.
The point at which the signals from the two visual
pathways cross before reaching the two LGN’s is known as
the optic chiasm. Subsequent processing of these signals
is carried out in each LGN before reaching the Area

-3-
Striatae, which is the vision area in the cerebral cortex.
Fig 1-2 illustrates the first stage of the process where
signals from the left half of the left and right retinas and
signals from the right half of the left and right retinas, are
sent along the visual pathways to the visual cortex.

FIG 1-2 Visual Pathways.

FIG A FIG B

FIG A, The first destinations of these signals are located


in the left and right hemispheres. The left hemisphere
receives the signals from the left halves of the left and
right retinas, and the right hemisphere receives the
signals from the right halves of the right and left retinas.
Fig B, illustrates the final destination of the signals,
which is in the Area Striatae or visual cortex. It is here

-4-
that the signals come together to create the single image.
Science has always defined in great detail what is known
about the signal structure of the visual system but in
crucial areas, such as those examining what we actually
perceive in binocular single (BSV) and monocular vision,
profound questions remain unanswered. Without answers
to these questions, the neuropsychological structure
cannot be fully addressed. The theoretical answers fall
short of defining our binocular and monocular vision,
both of which we know from our visual judgement, are
more sophisticated. Where is the seat of visual
perception? Is it the retina? Does visual perception have a
psychological basis, as proposed by David Marr, or does it
solely rely on an ecological base, as put forward by J.J.
Gibson? In addition, if so, how does one or both relate to
the basic neuropsychological structure?
What is the structure of the optic array? How does the
input from two eyes create a single stereo image? What is
the role of the cyclopean eye? How is depth perception
measured? How is stable visual direction maintained? The
answers for these questions, to this day, remain generally
theoretical.
Is stereo-vision only useful for a few metres? No, would be
a likely answer from a talented footballer, basketball
player, tennis player, cricket batsman, or catcher, rugby
player, or any other ball-sports player for that matter.
This is because all these individuals believe that their
perception is sharp for more than 30 metres. Many
professors, in various specialist zones of vision science
around the world, are concerned that the theory of
binocular stereo-vision may be flawed. Some even go so
far as to suggest that everything we currently know in
relation to binocular correspondence and stereopsis will

-5-
turn out to be wrong. This book proves that these
concerns are indeed correctly founded.

A brief history

Over the centuries countless books and papers have been


written on visual perception. In 1818, Vieth Muller
described the classical theory of binocular- corresponding
retinal points, so we have what is known as the Vieth
Muller circle. This geometric theorem states that any two
points on a circle subtend equal angles at any other two
points on the same circle. Franciscus Aguilonius first
described this theoretical geometric horopter concept in
1613. In 1838, Charles Wheatstone discovered the first
stereoscope. He showed that two slightly different images
presented to the two eyes would result in an impression of
depth. He proceeded to present the theory that binocular
rivalry only occurs when fusion breaks down. From then
on, the emphasis remained on correspondence and
fusion, and the stereoscope became one of the major
instruments used to analyse BSV. In 1858, Panum
observed that corresponding points on the two retinas
were not points at all; they were regions, of which there
was a tolerance of approximately one degree in favour of
an exact point-to-point linkage near the fovea for fusion to
occur.
Hermann Von Helmholtz (1821-94) contributed
significantly to optics. His discovery regarding the critical
role that lenses play in accommodation is one, which may
be the single most important discovery in the history of
vision science. His theory states that a change in the
shape of the lens causes the focal of the eye to change.

-6-
He proposed that refractive error was prompted by a
faulty lens or muscle system, or alternatively by a
congenitally malformed eyeball. His findings to this day
have never been questioned by orthodox science and so
the lens is regarded as being solely responsible for
changing the focal length of the eye. Today we know the
shape of the cornea is also a factor.
In 1903, Rosenbach discovered that everyone has a
dominant eye. This was another very significant discovery,
which we still do not fully understand (I only became
aware of its importance during my research in
simultaneous sectional suppression and retinal
dominance). More recently, we had the Freiburg test and
the Haase test (1995) for ocular prevalence. The Haase
test ended with the assertion that phobia-correcting
prisms should eliminate ocular prevalence. The Freiburg
test reported that spontaneous ocular prevalence occurred
in persons with unequal vision and did not represent a
condition that required treatment but instead a partial
suppression of one eye. Later in the book we will prove
that not only is ocular prevalence, or the dominant eye, a
condition requiring treatment, but also that the dominant
eye is the essential element by which visual direction is
judged and maintained. It is also a key retinal-section in
the framework structure of the single image.
In later years, the emphasis in vision science changed to
the study of binocular rivalry and the physiology and
psychology of vision, specifically the study of ocular
dominance columns and cells in the retina. It also covered
different vision areas in the brain and the flow of signals
along the visual pathways to and from the visual Cortex.
Because disparity decreases with viewing distance, it is at
its greatest close-up, in near space. For example,

-7-
increasing an object’s distance from two metres to 20
metres decreases the disparity by a factor of 100. This
means that objects in the relatively near-to-far distance
yield disparities that are too small to be detected. Even if
the brain could compute the sign and the magnitude of
disparity, it would still be a completely inadequate
measure of a much superior depth and distance
judgement that our eyes tell us we have. The images that
fall on the retinas of our eyes are two-dimensional; how
are these two images transformed into a three-
dimensional image and how can these two images create
such a great degree of accuracy in depth and distance?
We perceive space as though the images of our two eyes
are merged into a single cyclopean eye. It is thought that a
sensory linkage between the two eyes achieves this, and
the corresponding regions of each image are then
processed in the visual cortex. The matching of the two
images enables the brain to construct a three-
dimensional image by comparing the slight difference
between the two retinal images, which result from the
slightly different vantage points of the two eyes.
The theory of this processing ability is not at all clear. The
brain receives two different images, which it must
compare and transform into a three-dimensional image;
but how can the brain determine which part of one image
corresponds with a particular part of the other image?
This is even more difficult to understand when we
consider that the eyes are always moving, and two images
are always sweeping across the retinas from one side to
the other. In these pervasive circumstances, it is
impossible to even imagine how a point-to-point or region-
to-region linkage could be maintained. The theory outlines
how our three-dimensional view and depth and distance

-8-
judgement is processed in this way and decreases by a
factor of 100 when an object’s distance is increased from
two metres to 20 metres. This holds that stereo-vision is
only useful inside a few metres, so how is it possible for:
• The decision by a driver (at high speed) to
overtake a car located 30 metres ahead, with an
approaching car approximately 100 metres
away? A split second judgement is required in
accessing the depth distance and speed of both
cars, but millions of drivers accomplish this feat
every day without giving it a thought.
• Creatures with little binocular overlap, such as
birds, to spot and identify a tiny fly, at a
distance, and proceed to pick it up in full flight?
The theory of binocular correspondence and disparity
does not provide a valid explanation of how our depth is
created. This is evident from binocular matching where
the correspondence problem is enormous. The process is
inadequate to define binocular single vision (BSV), which
we know is more sophisticated, particularly in distance
judgement. The theoretical answers fall dramatically short
in supplying any form of explanation. When examining
correspondence later in the book, we will observe that this
process of binocular correspondence would surely result
in double vision.
In this book the entire framework structure of monocular
and binocular vision perception are detailed illustrated
and proven in a real life observation proof study in
(S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) and the (Dome shaped
image).

-9-
The dome shaped image

Introduction
The (Dome shaped image) is also a complete new concept
of monocular visual perception. Instead of list of theories
on monocular cues we have a framework structure proven
in a real life observation proof study in this book.
In the history of monocular visual perception nobody has
ever put forward a structure for monocular depth
perception. All we have to date are theories on monocular
cues such as linear perspective, relative size, motion
parallax, texture gradient, and so on but no actual
structure as to how these cues are achieved.
Like (S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) which is the first ever
proven and complete new concept of visual perception for
binocular vision the (Dome shaped image) is the first ever
proven and new concept of visual perception for
monocular vision.
The (Dome shaped image) is integral in binocular vision
but the only structure in monocular vision. These two
framework structures completes the entire framework
structure of the optic array for binocular and monocular
vision.
The (Dome shaped image) explains for the first time
science research obtained by LeVay et al (1985) following
Hubel and Freeman (1977) which reveals two major
trends. In the parafoveal region stripes tend to run
horizontally, while further from the fovea stripes follow
roughly concentric circles
The paper reporting these trends was revised in January
2000 and also reported that these trends in the

- 10 -
orientation of the stripes call for explanation.
In this book the (The Dome Shaped Image) proves for the
first time by natural observation tests in three
dimensional space that the image projected on to retina is
a curved dome shaped image. It completely explains this
remarkable science research starting back almost 50
years ago. It explains why sripes away from the fovea
follow concentric circles. It also explains why a straight
line is only observed in the centre of the fovea.

The structure of the optic array in binocular


and monocular vision
FIG 1-3

FIG A FIG B
Fig A, illustrates the dome shape structure of the optic
array in binocular vision.
Fig B, illustrates the structure of the optic array refracted
through each eye on to the retina in monocular and
binocular vision.

- 11 -
I discovered that the (Dome shaped image) is a complete
separate permanent structure in the optic array for
binocular and monocular vision, This dome shaped
structure enlarges in the distance. So like our
understanding of linear perspective, objects are perceived
smaller in the distance.
In simultaneous sectional suppression and retinal
dominance combined with the cortex eye we know how
depth is measured and how motion and stereo vision is
created and monitored.
In the (Dome shaped image) depth and stereo perception
and motion of the eye and motion in the optic array is
created by very complex spherical geometric mathematical
equations at almost the speed of light. Some of these
spherical geometric equations I believe are probably even
outside the boundaries of modern spherical geometric
maths.
I also discovered that a straight horizontal and vertical
line is only observed straight in the very centre of the
fovea and the orientation of the roughly concentric circles
away from the fovea is the (The dome shaped Image).
I discovered that the two framework structures of vision in
(S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) and (The dome shaped
image) proves that it is not what we actually see but
consciously do not notice is the framework structure of
binocular and monocular vision. In this book (The Dome
Shaped Image) proves for the first time using natural
observation tests in three dimensional space that the
image projected on to retina is a curved dome shaped
image. It completely explains this remarkable science
research over 50 years. It also explains why a straight line
is only observed in the centre of the fovea.

- 12 -
Like (S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) which is the first ever
proven and complete new concept of binocular vision
perception the (Dome shaped image) is also the first ever
proven and complete new concept of monocular visual
perception. The (Dome shaped image) is integral in
binocular vision but the only structure in monocular
vision.
These two framework structures are actual abstract
extensions of the brain. The (Dome shaped image)
obviously evolved over millions of years for monocular
animals or binocular animals that lost vision in one eye as
it is the only permanent structure in the optic array for
monocular vision. The (Dome shaped image) is illustrated,
detailed, and proven in drawings and in a real life
observation proof study in chapter 5.

Simultaneous sectional suppression and


retinal dominance and the cortex eye

Introduction
This is a brief documentation but more important a real
life proof study of (S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye).
(S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) is the first ever proven and
complete new concept of binocular visual perception. I
published this book almost ten years ago. It is not two
overlapping visual fields, which has been always been
assumed by man for the last 600 years, but is a much
more complex intricate system based on simultaneous
sectional suppression and retinal dominance. This means
that sections of each eye become dominant while the
corresponding sections of each eye become suppressed.

- 13 -
These functions occur at almost the speed of light
combined with the function of the cortex eye. Every target
in three dimensional space is viewed in a monocular
dominant area of each eye separately. No target is viewed
by the two eyes simultaneously.
I believed that my book would be accepted as the bible of
binocular visual perception. My colleague Catherine
Ansbro who with her husband Eamonn are experienced in
the health risks of artificial stereopsis believe that many
people in the area of visual perception and visual
neuroscience did not fully understand the entire complex
structure of (S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye). On her
advice, I decided in this book to do a real life observation
proof study of all the main stages in the entire structure.
So that anybody with good natural vision while sitting at
their kitchen or patio table can prove for themselves each
stage of the entire framework structure. It is not just
important for people in visual perception and visual
neuroscience but in particular people in psychology and
psychiatry to fully understand this complex structure. The
reason being, the mental health of children and in
particular very young children.
The explosive rise in mental health problems in children
and young people in recent years is directly mirrored by
the rise availability and use of close up vision viewing
devices in particular for young children. When viewing
these devices practically their entire brain cell structure of
vision is blocked. So it is very important for all these
people in psychology and psychiatry to understand how
important it is to ensure this incredibly complex sensitive
brain cell structure of vision is allowed to mature without
brain cell damage, before it is too late. Apart from the
brain cell damage and mental illness all the stages of

- 14 -
maturing in children’s young lives are visually perceived.
Any interference with this natural maturing process will
create huge problems in their natural psychological
outlook of life in their maturing years.
I was very ill for the last three years. I was at deaths door
on many occasions, one of my insatiable reasons to
survive was to complete this book and another small easy
to read book on this subject (A must read for all young
parents). The book is called (The end of Mankind in less
than 50 years). Thank God I survived and both books are
now published.
Vision evolved in three-dimensional space as a result it is
very important and essential it matures in three
dimensional space particularly for young children. Three
dimensional space is also essential to observe the complex
structure of the binocular single visual image.
Monocular dominant inputs is not a new concept in
binocular visual perception history.
Euclid, some 2,000 years ago, noticed that one eye saw a
distinct part of an object that the other eye did not.
Galen, in the second century AD, described how part of a
more distant surface was viewed only with one eye.
Ibn (Alhacen) pioneered the scientific study of vision
psychology and visual perception in his book “The Book of
Optics” (1011-1021). His work had a major impact on
vision science. He was the first scientist to argue that
vision occurred in the brain. He also explained how
different people could interpret the same visual image in
different ways.
In the 15th century AD, Leonardo De Vinci described how
one eye sees part of an object placed behind a nearby

- 15 -
object. Da Vinci went further into technical specifics and
drew diagrams illustrating and depicting occlusion zones.
All these observations by Euclid, Galen and Leonardo De
Vinci were very significant in many ways, principally
because it was the first time in vision science that in three
dimensional space a natural way of observation had
uncovered a monocular aspect in the binocular single
image. This was over a period of 1500 years, before any
mention of retinal correspondence and fusion. Since then
natural observation in three dimensional space practically
ended coinciding with the arrival of the stereoscope.
These remarkable observations by these remarkable
people were correct but were largely ignored and were
never built upon starting back 2,000 years ago.
All we have had in the last 5-6 hundred years are theories
on overlapping visual fields, binocular correspondence,
and fusion. None of the theories are proven by natural
observation in three dimensional space and most of these
theories are even logically flawed and would most likely
result in double vision.
Since then in 1926, an English scientist named Bose
conducted a study on electrical responses of the retina,
the logical conclusion of which suggested that alterations
of images between the two eyes occurred.
Many others since then have made similar observations
and submissions on the binocular single image, but
Bose’s studies were special to me. Some of these scientific
results are similar to results I discovered in my
observation studies in (S.S.S.R.D and the cortex eye), the
significance of which I will explain later in this section.
He studied the multiple motor responses that were
produced in certain plants by light stimulation, and he

- 16 -
carried out the same experiments on the retina. The
experiments were carried out on the retina of a fish
(Wallago) and his results produced some similarities
between the electrical responses of the retina and those of
plants.
This phenomenon of retinal electrical responses could not
be exactly observed; one of the eyes had a delay when
compared with the other. The logical conclusion of this
delay had to be an alternating observation of the images;
one was becoming brighter while the other was fading. He
was aware that the sum of the two retinal stimulations
was approximately the same, which meant that the
maximum sensitivity of one eye coincided with the
minimum sensitivity of the other.
The significance of this discovery was never exploited. The
results of his studies were examined in the context of
binocular alteration. However, not just alteration was
occurring, there was also a precise and natural
synchronising of suppression and dominance of cells
occurring between the two retinas. (The stimulations were
approximately the same, but the maximum sensitivity of
one eye coincided with the minimum sensitivity of the
other eye).
We will clearly understand that this discovery by Bose is
true in the way the visual system functions, and a clear
understanding of it will become apparent when we
examine the entire framework structure of (S.S.S.R.D. and
the cortex eye), where occlusion zones and the function of
the cortex are major factors.
Our binocular vision is based on monocular imputes as
we will observe from the real life observation proof study
of (S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye).

- 17 -
(S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) details the entire
movement image structure, which consists of a series of
sectional images, divided by retinal sectional boundaries
and filtered by two eyes 6.5cm apart and transmitted
along the visual pathways to the visual cortex.
I discovered how the sectional images are assembled in a
precise formation in the visual cortex to create a single
stereo image. The final part of the jigsaw was to discover
how the mythical cyclopean (cortex) eye actually functions
and how important it is in the entire framework structure
of visual perception and the single image.
(SSSRD and the cortex eye) is first ever book that proves
details and explains a complete new concept of visual
perception. It is a very complex framework structure to
understand, so in this book I am providing a brief
documentation but more important a real life proof study
of each stage in the framework structure.
To understand the importance of the (Domed shaped
image) it is important to understand the framework
structure in a real life observation proof study of
(S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye).
The process of vision occurs at a phenomenal speed and
this speed accelerates with speed in motion.
(S.S.S.R.D and the cortex eye) answers all the questions of
the entire framework structure of the optic array in the
visual field and proves in this book all the functions in a
real life observation proof study.
• What is the fundamental structure of the
binocular single image?
• If retinal disparity is only reliable for a few
metres, then how is it possible for a driver to

- 18 -
overtake, at high speed, a car 30 metres ahead
with another oncoming car, approximately 100
metres away? Split-second judgement is required
in assessing the speed of both cars but millions
of drivers accomplish this feat every day without
a thought.
• How important is and what is the major function
of the mythical cyclopean eye?
• How is the stereo image created?
• How is depth and distance judgement
measured?
• How do we achieve stable visual direction?
• How can we determine whether it is the object,
and not the eye, that is moving in space?
• How are the two monocular zones of the left and
right eye, due to the occlusion of the nose,
incorporated into the single binocular image?
• How are occlusion zones incorporated into the
single image and how integral they are in the
cyclopean cortex eye and the structure of the
optic array?

The answers to all these questions remain unsatisfactory;


even the theoretical answers fall majorly short of
explaining our own visual experiences. The optic array
directly stimulates nerve cells in the retina. There are
millions of nerve cells in the retina, many of which their
exact use is unknown and these nerve cells form part of
the brain itself, though they are separated and linked by
the optic nerve. Through natural observation studies in
three dimensional space the structure of the optic in

- 19 -
(S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) answers all these afore
mentioned questions and proves, in this book, that the
optic array is an abstract extension of the brain, linked to
the brain via the retina.
(S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) details the first ever proven
and complete new concept of visual perception It not two
overlapping visual fields, which has been always been
assumed by man for the last 600 years, but is a much
more complex intricate system based on simultaneous
sectional suppression and retinal dominance. This means
that three dimensional space is essential for vision to
mature properly.
In this book anybody with good natural vision while
sitting at their kitchen or patio table can prove for
themselves through real life observation studies of all the
stages of the entire framework structure of (S.S.S.R.D.
and the cortex eye). It explains visual perception in each
fixation. It explains and illustrates the vision process as
never before and it contradicts virtually all the
conventional theoretical understanding of visual
perception. It demonstrates how the image received by
each retina is divided by natural retinal boundaries. These
boundaries create dominant and suppressed retinal
sectional areas in each retina. The coordination between
the two eyes results in retinal sectional areas of one eye
becoming dominant while the corresponding retinal
sectional areas in the other eye simultaneously become
suppressed.
The book (S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) explains how
these dominant areas are transmitted along the visual
pathways to the visual cortex where they are assembled
into a single image in the visual cortex.

- 20 -
It describes how these assembled dominant retinal
sectional areas create a stereo image and how the vantage
angle of each eye is retained in these sectional areas. It
also explains how the visual axes are retained and how
important their function is in the structure of this image.
I also discovered the (Domed shaped image) and how it
directly relates to the structure of the optic array in
providing depth, movement and optic flow.
(S.S.S.R.D, and the cortex eye) for the first time,
illustrates the function of the mythical cyclopean (cortex)
eye. It explains how this eye has little value in visual
direction (contrary to the view held by Herring) and
illustrates for the first time how and why the function of
this eye is the fundamental mathematical structure by
which depth and distance judgement is coded. The very
nature of its structure and function creates a whole new
understanding of optic flow. The book explains how,
where and why occlusions occur. It demonstrates how
these occluded targets are incorporated in the single
image and how they benefit from the same mathematical
structure as all other targets in the binocular field.
All the observation drawings can be recreated as working
models for proving all the observations in the book. All
observation tests were proven by natural observation in
three dimensional space. All tests were confirmed by the
same 5 observers and at least 20 random observers all
with good natural vision.
All observations detailed in this book are by right eyed
dominant people as the vast majority of people are right
eyed dominant people but exactly the same framework
was proven and observed by left eyed dominant people in
the exact opposite reverse form. A real life observation

- 21 -
proof study of each stage of the entire framework
structure is illustrated in this book.
The book explains how visual direction is judged, how the
stereo image is formed and how and why the dominant
eye plays such a major role. It explains how and why the
inverted image is also horizontally reversed. The evolution
of the eye over millions of years has reached an incredible
level of sophistication. So much so that one could not
even imagine such a complex system without first
observing each stage.
Every proven observation in this book (S.S.S.R.D and the
cortex eye) was special to me but perhaps the most special
was the discovery that the monocular areas in the visual
field resulting from the occlusion of the nose benefits from
the mathematical structure created by the cyclopean
(cortex) eye in exactly the same way as all the sectional
areas in the binocular field.
This phenomenon benefits humans who have a large
binocular field but has huge benefits for animals such as
birds that have a small binocular overlap but very large
monocular fields. The structure and its function explain
why all animals have amazing visual accuracy. This
results from continuous motion in the optic array created
by the cyclopean (cortex) eye in motion or by the slightest
movement of the eye when the head and body are static.
This visual accuracy increases with motion of the body,
which in turn creates proportional acceleration of the
mathematical process. The visual process in (S.S.S.R.D.
and the cortex eye) is proven by natural observation and
explains why all animals with large binocular fields,
animals with small binocular fields, slow moving animals
and fast moving animals have excellent visual accuracy to

- 22 -
suit them in their own environments.
For the first time it proves and describes a complete new
concept of how space and the world about us is perceived.
It details contrast stereo depth movement shapes and
colour which was always a key to their survival. As a
result the evolution of the eye reached an incredible high
level of sophistication. It is incredible to believe that our
vision has being using trigonometry in equations and
spherical geometric equations at almost the speed of light
for millions of years before man ever discovered the
mathematical formulas for these mathematical equations.

- 23 -
Chapter 2

A real life observation proof study of,


The retinal sectional boundaries,
The cortex eye, and the Mathematics of
depth perception.

Retinal sectional boundaries in


(S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye)

The first step in understanding (S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex


eye) is to identify the retinal-sectional boundaries. Along
these boundaries disparity exists because targets crossing
these boundaries are changing from the monocular view
of one eye to the monocular view of the other eye. The two
most important boundaries on the depth plane in the
binocular field: are VL (the visual axis of the left eye
nearer than the fixation point) and VR (the visual axis of
the right eye farther than the fixation point). The two
monocular boundaries, OBL and OBR, are on the left and
right side of the binocular field nearer to and farther than
farther than the fixation point.
During convergence the two eyes become a single
cyclopean eye consisting of two separate opposite
dominant monocular areas of each eye, but the cyclopean
eye is the key as to how these retinal separate monocular
areas all work together to create the disparity that enables
us to perceive depth perception in the optic array and

- 24 -
create the stereo image.
The four dominant monocular areas fit together like a
jigsaw. The monocular sections are of different shapes
and sizes but the suppressed sectional retinal areas of one
eye correspond with the dominant retinal sectional areas
of the other eye.
The separate monocular sectional areas continuously
change with every change in the focal point. The change
results from the changing of the structural framework
when the left and right visual axis rotate clockwise and
anti clockwise on the focal point F to become a single axis
in the cortex eye.
The sum of the two dominant opposite monocular retinal
sectional areas of each eye comprise of two separate
snapshots of each eye which are then transformed into
the single image before the cyclopean cortex eye occurs.
The continuous interchange of these monocular areas
combined with the cyclopean cortex eye when the focal
point changes is what creates disparity which enables us
to achieve direct depth and motion perception and stereo
vision from the optic array.

- 25 -
The retinal sectional boundaries and the dominant and
suppressed sections of each eye.

FIG, 2-1

FIG A FIG B

FIG A, illustrates the (grey) dominant areas of the left eye


and (white) the dominant areas of the right eye before the
cyclopean cortex eye occurs. The corresponding areas of
the left and right eye become suppressed.
FIG B, illustrates the dominant and suppressed areas of
each eye. The dominant (grey) and (white) sections of the
left and right eye and the suppressed sections (black) of
both eyes and the assembly of the dominant areas before
the cyclopean cortex eye occurs.
The four separate sectional opposite corresponding
sections that become suppressed in both eyes during
fixation seem to have the vision cells switched off

- 26 -
simultaneously in the same way as an electric switch
turns of a light bulb. Simultaneously the other four other
opposite dominant corresponding sections are
simultaneously switched on every time our eyes converge
and fixate. The two retinal sectional boundaries are VL the
visual axis of the left eye nearer than the focal point and
VR the visual axis of the right eye further than the focal
point. The other two boundaries VRI and VLI the visual
axis of the right and left eye nearer to and further than
the focal point respectively are not actual retinal sectional
boundaries but are very relevant and very important in
the function of the cortex eye.
The two defined boundaries in the binocular image are the
visual axes VL of the left eye nearer than the focal point
and VR the visual axis of the right eye further than the
focal point. All targets left and right of these two retinal
sectional boundaries are viewed by the monocular view of
the left and right eye simultaneously in opposite retinal
sectional areas.
The dominant retinal sections of the right eye are A and AI
and the dominant retinal sections of the left eye sections
B and B1 nearer to and further than the focal point F.
Every time the focal point changes targets in the four
retinal sectional areas change from the monocular view of
one eye to the monocular view of the other eye.

FIG 2-2 illustrates a target as it crosses these two visual


axis VL of the left eye nearer than the focal point F and VR
of the right eye further than the focal point F.
Targets observed crossing the visual axis of the left eye VL
nearer than the focal point and targets crossing the visual
axis of the right eye VR further than the focal point.

- 27 -
FIG 2-2

FIG A FIG B

FIG A, Target 1 on the right side of the visual axis VL of


the left eye nearer than the focal point changes from the
monocular view of the right eye to the monocular view of
the left eye when it crosses the visual axis VL from right to
left.
FIG B, Target 2 on the left side of the visual axis VR of the
right eye further than the focal point changes from the
monocular view of the right eye to the monocular view of
the left eye when it crosses the visual axis VR from left to
right.
The two most important retinal sectional boundaries are
VL of the left eye nearer than the focal point and VR of the
right eye further than the focal point. The other two

- 28 -
boundaries are VR1 of the right eye nearer than the focal
point and VL1 of the left eye further than the focal point.
These two boundaries VR1 and VL1 are not retinal
sectional boundaries but are very relevant and very
important in the function if the cortex eye detailed later in
(cortex eye).

Eye dominance

As already stated all observations detailed in this book are


by right eyed dominant people as the vast majority of
people are right eyed dominant but exactly the same
framework was proven and observed by left eyed
dominant people in the exact opposite reverse form.
The test to prove which eye is the dominant eye is easily
proven by simply pointing your finger or pencil at a target
using both eyes. By closing the left eye if the finger or
pencil is still accurately observed by the right eye you are
right eyed dominant. By closing the right eye you will
observe the finger or pencil is viewed right of the target in
the view of the left eye. If you are left eyed dominant the
very opposite occurs by closing the right eye the target is
viewed accurately with the left eye.
We can prove this simply by alternating the opening and
closing of each eye separately while still focusing on the
focal point. The reason why this is so is because the
dominant retinal section of the dominant eye is the largest
retinal sectional area nearer than the focal point, as a
result the dominant eye controls visual direction
illustrated and detailed later in visual direction.

- 29 -
Real Life observation proof of the two retinal
sectional boundaries

The first stage in understanding the structure of


simultaneous sectional suppression and retinal
dominance is to identify the retinal sectional boundaries.
Any right eyed dominant person with good natural vision
can observe these retinal boundaries in a more real life
way while sitting at a kitchen or patio table in good
natural light. Attention is very important so the table
should be clear and have a neutral colour or covered table
cloth for example (white).
A pencil observed crossing the visual axis of the left eye
nearer than the focal point and a pencil observed crossing
the visual axis of the right eye further than the focal point.
FIG 2-3
FIG A FIG B

FIG A, When sitting at the table hold or place a target in


this case a candle the focal point F on the centre of the

- 30 -
table. Hold a pencil in one hand and on front of the two
eyes. Move the pencil slowly from right to left while
focusing on the candle the focal point F. As the pencil
crosses over the visual axis of the left eye VL it is observed
in double as it crosses the axis and then moves into the
monocular view of the left eye. When the pencil is moved
from the left to the right exactly the opposite observation
is observed. This time as the pencil crosses the visual axis
VL of the left eye it moves from the monocular view of the
left eye to the monocular view of the right eye.
We can prove this by simply alternating the opening and
closing of each eye separately while still focusing on the
focal point before and after the pencil crosses the visual
axis.
Fig B, When sitting at the table hold or place a target in
this case a candle the focal point F on the table near the
eyes. Exactly the same is observed in reverse. When
focusing on the candle the focal point F, move the pencil
from right to left across the visual axis VR of the right eye
further than the candle the focal point F. This time when
the pencil is moved from right to left, the opposite occurs
the pencil is first viewed in the monocular view of the left
eye, in double as it crosses the axis and changes from
monocular view of the left eye to the monocular view of
the right eye. When moved back across the axis changes
from the monocular view of the right eye to the monocular
view of the left eye.
We can prove this by simply alternating the opening and
closing of each eye separately while still focusing on the
focal point before and after the pencil crosses the axis.
The reason why the pencil is viewed in double as it
crosses the visual axis VL and VR results from the pencil
being viewed by each eye separately in the tiny overlap of

- 31 -
the two dominant retinal sections of the left and right eye
nearer to and further to the focal point when the cortex
eye occurs. But all targets left and right of the visual axis
VL of the left eye and VR of the right eye in the single
image are accurately viewed by the left and right eye in
the four opposite dominant retinal sectional areas.

This is no change in view when crossing the visual axis


VR1 of the right eye and VL1 of the left eye nearer to and
further than the focal point respectively.
The visual axis of the left eye VL nearer than the focal
point and the visual axis of the right VR further than the
focal point are actual retinal sectional boundaries. The
other two retinal sectional boundaries VR1 and VL1 are in
the opposite dominant retinal sectional areas of the left
and right eye nearer to and further than the focal point as
already stated are not actual retinal sectional boundaries
but are not only relevant but very important in the
function of the cortex eye detailed later in the (cortex eye).
FIG 2.4
Two candles placed on the table left and right nearer
than the focal point the centre candle
The left candle is viewed in the monocular view of the left
and the right candle is viewed in the monocular view of
the right eye.

- 32 -
FIG 2-4.

FIG A FIG B
FIG A, When sitting at the table place a centre candle on
the table. Place two nearer candles left and right of the
centre candle the focal point ensuring the left candle is
left of the visual axis of the left eye focused on the centre
candle
FIG B, When the centre candle is focused on the candle
on the left is viewed in the monocular view only of the left
eye but the candle on the right is viewed only in the
monocular view of the right eye. The reason being the
candle on the left is left of the visual axis of the left eye
and the candle on the right is right of the visual axis of
the left eye.
We can prove this by simply alternating the opening and
closing of each eye separately while still focusing on the
centre candle (the focal point). We will also observe that
the two candles have moved closer to each other. This
movement is illustrated and detailed next in the function
of the cortex eye.

- 33 -
Exactly the same observation in reverse order is achieved
when two candles are placed left and right of a centre
candle further than the focal point the centre candle.
Two candles placed left and right further than a centre
candle are viewed in the monocular view of the right and
left eye respectively
FIG 2-5

FIG A FIG B

FIB A, When focusing on the centre candle focal point F


place two candles left and right further than the centre
candle (the focal point) ensuring the left candle is left of
the visual axis of the right eye focused on the centre
candle.
FIG B, When the centre candle is focused on with the two
eyes the left candle is viewed in the monocular view only
of the right eye but the candle on the right is viewed only

- 34 -
in the monocular view of the left eye. The reason being the
candle on the left is left of the visual axis of the right eye
and the candle on the right is right of the visual axis of
the right eye further than the focal point.
All targets left of the visual axis of the left eye nearer than
the focal point and right of the visual axis of the right eye
further than the focal point are viewed in the monocular
view of the left eye and all targets right of the visual axis
of the left eye nearer than the focal point and left of the
visual axis of the right eye further than the focal point are
viewed in the monocular view of the right eye
We can prove this by simply alternating the opening and
closing of each eye separately while still focusing on the
centre candle the focal point. We will also observe that the
two candles have moved closer to each other. This
movement is illustrated and detailed next in the function
of the cortex eye.

THE CORTEX EYE

The term “cyclopean eye” has never been defined because


different authors have used the term in varying
approaches. The mythological ‘cyclops’ was a one-eyed
giant in Homer’s odyssey and the term is used to describe
a birth defect in which there is only one central eye. In
contemporary society, the cyclopean eye has largely been
ignored in many books on the pervasive subject of vision
science.
Over the centuries, scientists have wondered why it
appears that we see the world with only a single eye.
Many theoretical solutions were proposed over the

- 35 -
centuries, from many different countries and continents.
In “Herring’s Laws of visual direction” Herring’s Law states
that the directions derived from the images of the two eyes
are perceived as if the observer is viewing the scene from a
single vantage point between the two eyes, this point was
called the cyclopean eye.
It is difficult to believe that the so-called cyclopean eye
has existed for almost a millennium, yet to this day we are
no closer to defining this single perception until my book
(S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) was published.
This cyclopean eye or as I refer to it as the cortex eye, as it
occurs in the visual cortex is completely explained and
detailed in (S.S.S.R.D and the cortex eye) and proven by
natural observation proof tests in this book.
We only see with the capacity of one retina at any one
point in time. This one eye retina consists of all the
dominant retinal sectional areas of each eye before the
actual function of cortex eye occurs. The function of the
cortex eye is the clockwise and anti-clockwise rotation of
the two entire visual axis to become a single axis in this
one central cortex eye. It has no bearing on visual
direction as visual direction is controlled by the dominant
eye as we will observe and prove later in visual direction.
The (cortex eye) is a crucial element in the whole structure
of the binocular single vision. The two entire visual axes
VL and VL1 of the left eye and VR and VR 1 of the right
eye rotate anti-clockwise and clockwise respectively on the
fixated point to become a single axis.
All targets in all the dominant retinal sections of each eye
move with this rotation. This rotational movement creates
a mathematical equations for measuring depth, motion,
and optic flow across the entire binocular field nearer to

- 36 -
and further than the focal point F.
For clarity, we first examine the cortex eye in the
binocular visual field, i.e. excluding for the moment the
two monocular fields created by the occlusion of the nose.
That is not to suggest that these two monocular areas are
two separate areas with no link to the cortex eye, because
these two areas are instrumental in the cortex eye as the
same movement of targets occurs with the rotation of the
visual axis in the same way as all targets in the other
retinal-sections in the binocular field, thus their
importance deserves special attention.
(In S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) the (cortex eye) results
in the two visual axes rotating on the focal point to
become a single axis. This creates a mathematical formula
for measuring depth perception and motion across the
entire visual field and has little value in judging visual
direction has always been assumed. The dominant eye
controls visual direction as illustrated later.
In FIG 2-6 the two eyes are focused on the fixation point
‘F’. VL and VL1 (the visual axis of the left eye) are retinal-
section boundaries nearer and further than the fixation
point F.
VR and VR1 (the visual axis of the right eye) are retinal-
section boundaries nearer to and further than the fixation
point F. We will observe that VR1 and VL1 are not actual
retinal sectional boundaries but very important in
function of the cortex eye.

- 37 -
FIG 2-6
The visual axis of each eye nearer to and further than
the focal point move with the rotation of the visual axes
in cortex eye to become a single axis.

FIG A FIG B

Fig A, illustrates how the left eye snapshots the dominant


sections B and section B1 of the image, and the right eye
simultaneously snapshots the dominant sections A and
section A1 of the image just before the cortex eye occurs.
FIG B, illustrate how the two separate snapshot images of
each eye then rotate towards each other to become a
single axis when the cortex eye occurs, This rotation is
centred on the fixation point.
The two visual axes of the left eye, VL and VL1, rotate
anti-clockwise, and the two visual axes of the right eye,
VR and VR1, rotate clockwise.
The four separate, sectional snapshot images rotate
towards each other. The rotation ends when the two

- 38 -
separate axes form one central axis in the cortex eye.
The pivot of this rotation is the fixation point F. This
results in the two entire visual axes viewed as one
straight, central axis in the cortex eye.
The only overlap that occurs in the entire visual field is
the tiny area between the left and right visual axis nearer
to and than further than the focal point F. In these two
tiny areas the left and right eyes are dominant
simultaneously when the cortex occurs. All targets viewed
in the dominant area of each eye before the cortex eye
occurs are still separately viewed by each eye after the
function of the cortex eye in this tiny area. It is the only
area in the entire binocular visual field where targets are
viewed by each eye separately.
In FIG 2-7, four targets are positioned nearer to and
further than the focal point F. Targets 2 and 3 and 6 and
7 are positioned on the visual axis of the left and right eye
nearer to and further than the focal point respectively.
Targets 1 and 4 and 5 and 8 are positioned the same ‘D1’
distance outside the visual axis of each eye at the same
depth, nearer to and farther than the focal point F.
Target 1 and target 8 are positioned ‘D1’ distance left and
right of the visual axis of the left eye with the left eye, in
the dominant retinal sectional areas of the left eye section
B and section B1, respectively.
Target 4, and target 5 are positioned with the right eye
‘D1’ distance right and left the visual axis of the right eye
with the right eye, in the dominant retinal sectional areas
of the right eye in section A, and section A1, respectively.

- 39 -
FIG 2-7
All targets move with the rotation of the visual axes in
cortex eye but targets on the visual axis of each eye
nearer to and further than the focal point are viewed as
a single target.

FIG A FIG B
In FIG A, target 2 and target 3, and target 6 and target 7
(both pairs targets are located on the visual axes of each
eye nearer to and further than the focal point.
FIG B, When ‘F’ is focused on in the cortex eye these four
targets are viewed as two single targets in a straight line
with ‘F’, When ‘F’ is focused on in the cortex eye.
Two other two pairs of targets, target 1 and target 4, and
target 5 and target 8, are still viewed ‘D1’ distance right
and left of ‘F’, but they have each moved ½ ‘D’ distance (a
total of ‘D’ distance closer).

- 40 -
The level of ‘D’ distance movement for each target is
exactly ½ ‘D’ distance towards each other at each of their
depth locations. As the two sets of targets are located at
the same depth distance, nearer and farther than the
fixation point, the ½ ‘D’ distance movement for all the
targets is the same, resulting from the rotation of the
visual axes in the cortex eye.
All targets located at different depth distances, nearer and
farther than the fixation point move ½ D distance at their
depth location.
The targets in section A and section A1 are viewed by the
right eye only and the targets in section B and section B1
are viewed by the left eye only.
The cortex eye is a very important element in framework
structure in simultaneous sectional suppression and
retinal dominance as we will observe in the mathematics
in depth perception.

Real life observation proof of the


cortex eye

Anybody with good natural vision can observe the two


entire visual axes of the left and right eye come together to
become a single axis in a more real life way while sitting at
a kitchen or patio table in good natural light. Attention is
very important so the table should be clear and have a
neutral colour or neutral colour covered table cloth for
example (white).

- 41 -
FIG 2-8
Two targets on the visual axis of the left and right eye
nearer than the focal point

FIG A FIG B

FIG A, Sitting at the table this function of the cortex eye


can be observed by simply holding two pencils steady on
front of the eyes, one pencil aligned on the visual axis of
the left eye focused on the centre candle (the focal point),
and one pencil aligned on the visual axis of the right eye
focused on the centre candle the focal point.
FIG B, When the two eyes focus on the centre candle the
focal point the two pencils are observed as one single
pencil.
The two pencils are observed having moved ½ D distance
with each visual axis of each eye closer to each other at
their depth location and are viewed as a single pencil in
the centre of the two eyes on the straight central axis
when the function of the cortex eye occurs.

- 42 -
FIG 2-9 Two targets on the visual axis of the left and
right eye further than the focal point.

FIG A FIG B

FIG A, While sitting at the table the same real life


observation is achieved by placing two targets in this case
two candles further than the focal point.
Hold a pencil or in this case a candle steady so that the
left candle is aligned on the visual axis of the right eye
focused on the centre candle (the focal point), and the
right candle is aligned on the visual axis of the left eye
focused on the centre candle (the focal point).
FIG B, When the centre candle (the focal point) is focused
with the two eyes the two further candles are observed as
one single candle. As we have observed the two visual
axes of the left and right eye have rotated clockwise and
anti clockwise on the focal point having moved ½ D
distance closer to each to become one central axis viewed
from between the two eyes in the cortex eye.

- 43 -
FIG 2-10
Two targets placed on the left and right visual axis of the
left and right eye nearer to and further than the focal
point.

FIG A FIG B
While sitting at the table a real life observation of the
cortex eye of two targets nearer to and further than the
focal point is achieved by placing two targets in this case
two candles nearer to and further than the centre candle
the focal point.
FIG A, Place the 4 candles so that the left nearer and
right further candle are aligned on the visual axis of the
left eye focused on the centre candle the focal point with
the left eye. The nearer right and further left candle are
aligned on the visual axis of the right eye focused on the
centre candle (the focal point) with the right eye.
FIG B, When the centre candle (the focal point) is focused
with the two eyes the two nearer and further candles are
observed as two single candles in straight line with the

- 44 -
centre candle (the focal point). As we have observed the
two visual axis of the left and right eye have rotated
clockwise and anti clockwise on the focal point having
moved ½ D distance closer to each to become one central
axis viewed from between the two eyes in the cortex eye.

Fig 2-10 B

FIG 2-10 B illustrates how the distinguishing features are


retained in the cortex eye

This time the same four candles have the wicks on the
candles lying in opposite directions but in the cortex eye
the two single candles are observed as having two wicks
lying in opposite directions. In the cortex eye all targets on
the visual axis of each eye nearer to and further than the
focal point retain the distinguishing features when they
are viewed as a single target, even similar targets like

- 45 -
candles. These observations go unnoticed as they all
occur in our peripheral vision.

FIG 2-11
Two targets placed left and right on the visual axis of the
left and right eye nearer than the focal point

FIG A FIG B

FIG A, is a real life observation of the ½ D distance


movement of targets resulting from the two visual axis
becoming a single axis in the cortex eye is achieved by
placing two targets in this case two candles left and right
nearer to the centre candle the focal point outside on the
visual axis of each eye when focusing on the focal point
the centre candle with each eye separately.
FIG B, When the centre candle is focused on with the two
eyes the two candles nearer the focal point are observed

- 46 -
having moved closer together. This movement is the ½ D
distance movement of each visual axis closer to each other
at their depth location when the function of the cortex eye
occurs illustrated and detailed in the mathematics of
depth perception.
Targets in all the dominant sections of each eye move 1/2
D distance with the visual axis they are attached to at
their depth location. This is proven in the same way using
natural observation tests placing targets outside the
visual axis of each eye nearer to and further than the focal
point at different depth locations.
These movements of targets in these opposite retinal
sectional sections creates the mathematical structure for
measurement of depth and motion across the entire visual
field as all targets in all the dominant retinal sections
nearer to and further than the focal point move ½ D
distance at their depth location with the visual axis of
each eye there are attached to when the cortex eye occurs.
All of these movements are seen but not consciously
noticed as they occur at almost the speed of light every
time our eyes fixate. Also the reason why these
movements are completely consciously unnoticed is
because the most dramatic movement of targets occurs as
the distance increases nearer to and further than the focal
point in our peripheral vision.
Targets can actually be viewed out of place in the distance
in the overlap but this requires a very deliberate
observation. One example of this deliberate observation is
when travelling as a passenger in a car travelling on a
long straight road. By holding your finger or pencil steady
on front of the eyes aligned with the centre line on the
road, when focusing on the finger or pencil you will

- 47 -
observe the side lines of the road actually cross each other
in the distance. As already stated this type of observation
only occur in the distance away from the focal point in the
extremities of our peripheral vision and as a result is
never noticed. This type of observation in the past was
often referred to as seeing cross eyed vision.
The rotation of the visual axis in the cortex eye create the
framework structure of our binocular vision for
monitoring depth and motion and optic flow which is
detailed later.

Figure 2.12: The structure of the visual field in


S.S.S.R.D. before the function of the cortex eye occurs.

Figure A, illustrates the dominant and suppressed


retinal-sections of the left eye. Figure B, illustrates the
dominant and suppressed retinal-sections of the right eye.
Figure C, illustrates the union of all the dominant retinal-
sections of both eyes, and it shows the retinal-sectional

- 48 -
areas: of the left and right eye and the two monocular
boundaries. These boundaries divide the separate, retinal-
sections in the binocular field: section A and section A1
(the right eye), and section B and section B1 (the left eye).
The other two boundaries are the monocular boundaries
of the left and right eye.
These four sections comprise the parts of the visual field
that are simultaneously viewed by the two eyes and
hence, it is called the binocular field. The other two areas
are the monocular areas of either eye resulting from the
occlusion of the nose. These six retinal-sections define the
fundamental structure of the visual field in the single
image, before the function of the cortex eye.
Figure C, highlights how the retinal-sections in the
binocular field cannot be viewed in this way without
dominance and suppression of corresponding retinal-
sections in both eyes. In figure A, the view of the left eye is
dominant in section B and section B1, but the other two
suppressed areas correspond to section A and section A1
(in the right eye). Similarly, figure B displays that the view
of the right eye is dominant in section A and section A1,
but the other two suppressed areas correspond to section
B and section B1 (in the left eye). The two monocular
areas that remain have no corresponding suppressed
areas.

- 49 -
FIG 2-13
The assembly and transit of the dominant retinal
sectional areas before and after the cortex eye occurs

FIG A FIG B

FIG A, Illustrates the dominant and suppressed sections


of each eye and the assembly of these dominant sections
before the cortex eye occurs.
FIG B, Illustrates the dominant and suppressed sections
of each eye and the assembly of these dominant sections
after the cortex eye occurs.
The only overlap that occurs in the entire visual field in
the tiny area between the left and right visual axis nearer
to and than further than the focal point F. In these two
tiny areas the left and right eyes are dominant
simultaneously when the cortex eye occurs.
The cortex eye is a very important element in framework
structure in simultaneous sectional suppression and
retinal dominance as we will observe in the mathematics
in dept perception.

- 50 -
THE MATHEMATHICS OF DEPTH PERCEPTION

FIG 2-14

FIG A FIG B
In FIG A, four targets are positioned the same distance
apart and at the same depth, nearer and farther than the
fixation point. Target 2 and target 3 are positioned on the
visual axis of the right eye nearer than the fixation point.
Target 7 and target 8 are positioned on the visual axes of
the right and left eye, farther than the fixation point.
Target 1 and target 8 are positioned ‘D1’ distance left,
right of ‘F’ with the left eye in section B, and section B1.
Target 4 and target 5 are positioned ‘D1’ distance right,
left of ‘F’ with the right eye, in section A, and A1.
In FIG B, When the cortex eye occurs targets on the visual
axis 2 and 3, and targets 6 and target 7 are viewed in a
straight line with ‘F’, when ‘F’ is focused on in the cortex.
The other two pairs of targets, targets 1 and target 4, and

- 51 -
target 5 and target 8 are still viewed ‘D1’ distance right
and left of ‘F’, but they all have moved ½ ‘D’ distance, a
total of ‘D’ distance closer. The ‘D’ distance movement of
each target is exactly ½ ‘D’ distance movement towards
each other at their depth locations.
As the two sets of targets are located at the same depth
distances nearer and farther than the fixation point, the ½
‘D’ distance movements for all the targets is exactly the
same and results from the rotation of the visual axes in
the cortex eye. This proves that all targets in each
opposite retinal-section in the binocular move the same ½
‘D’ distance with the rotation of the visual axis at there
depth location in cortex eye.
All targets move either in a clockwise rotation with the
right eye visual axis or in an anti-clockwise direction with
the left eye visual axis in the cortex eye.
The focal point is always the centre of the rotation. This
creates a measurement of depth nearer to and further
than the focal point F.
The formula for depth across the entire visual field is half
the ½ ‘D’ distance movement divided by the tan of the
converging angle of the visual axis of each eye at the focal
point F nearer to and further than the focal point.
These functions occur almost at the speed of light every
time the eyes fixate on an object. The function of the
cyclopean cortex eye is the last to occur and this is proved
by natural observation.

- 52 -
FIG 2-15 Monocular targets resulting from occlusion of
the nose also move ½ ‘D’ distance inwards nearer the
focal plane, and move ½ ‘D’ distance outwards farther
than the focal plane.

FIG A FIG B

FIG A, illustrates the two targets 7 and 9 in the


monocular section of the left eye and 8 and 10 the targets
in the monocular section of the right eye before the cortex
eye occurs.
FIG B, illustrate targets 7and 8 move outwards ½ D
distance further than the focal point and targets 9 and 10
move ½ D distance inwards when the cortex occurs
In the cortex eye, every target in the dominant retinal-
sections including the two monocular areas of the left and
right eye nearer to and further than the focal point moves
½ ‘D’ distance at its depth location with the rotation of the
dominant sections with the visual axis of the viewing eye.

- 53 -
The amazing coordination that exists between the two
eyes enables the visual system to operate in such a
versatile way.

Figure 2-16: Depth measurements of targets nearer to


and farther than the fixation point at their depth location.

FIG A FIG B

Fig A and Fig B, illustrate the convergent angle of each


eye is accurately registered during each fixation. The ½ ‘D’
distance rotation, combined with the convergent angle of
each eye, creates a mathematical process by which the
brain can compute depth in three-dimensional. This
diagram illustrates the structure of this mathematical
process in the binocular field, nearer to and farther than
the fixation point. In figure B, the convergent angle of

- 54 -
target 1 is angle A and the converging angle of target 2 is
angle B. Target 1 has a rotational movement of ½ ‘D’ and
this supplies a mathematical computation to the brain.

The perpendicular distance of target 1 to the fixation point


equals [½ ‘D’ ÷ tan ˂ b˚] and the distance between target
2 and the fixation point is equal to [½ ‘D’ ÷ tan ˂ a˚].
For targets farther than the fixation point, the
mathematical computation is inversed. That is the
distance measurements are from the focal plane not the
fixation point. Target 3 has a rotational movement of ½
‘D’, this supplies a mathematical computation to the brain
that the distance of target 3 from the focal plane equals
[½ ‘D’ ÷ tan ˂ a1˚] and the distance of target 4 from the
fixation point equals [½ ‘D’ ÷ tan ˂ b1˚]. As all opposite
angles are equal, [˂ b˚ = ˂ b1˚] and [ ˂ a˚ = ˂ a1˚]

Real life observation of the mathematical


structure.

Again any right eyed dominant person with good natural


vision can observe the distance movements of targets at
their depth location with the rotation of the retinal
boundaries in a more real life way while sitting at a
kitchen or patio table in good natural light. Attention is
very important so the table should be clear and have a
neutral colour or neutral colour covered table cloth for
example (white).

- 55 -
FIG 2-17 Two targets outside the visual axis of the left
and right eye nearer than the focal point.

FIG A FIG B

FIG A, By placing a small target (for example a candle) on


the centre of the table which is be the focal point. Place
two nearer candles at two different depth locations one
candle aligned outside on the visual axis of the left eye
focused on the centre candle the focal point and one
candle aligned outside on the visual axis of the right eye
focused on the centre candle focal point.
FIG B, When the two eyes focus on the centre candle the
focal point the function of the cortex eye occurs, each
candle is observed having moved closer to each other each
side of the centre candle separately by the left and right
eye.
With closer observation we will observe that the movement
of each candle closer to each other at their depth location

- 56 -
is viewed the exact distance left and right of the centre
candle with each eye separately having moved ½ D
distance inwards. We can prove this exact movement
simply by alternating the opening and closing of each eye
separately while still focusing on the centre candle the
focal point.

FIG 2-18 Two targets outside the visual axis of the left
and right eye further than the focal point at different
depth locations.

FIG A FIG B

FIG A, By placing a small target (for example a candle) on


the centre of the table which is the focal point F. By
simply placing two candles at two different depth locations
further than the focal point one, one candle aligned with
each eye separately outside on the visual axis of the left
eye focused on the focal point the centre candle and one
candle aligned outside on the visual axis of the right eye

- 57 -
focused on the focal point the centre candle.
FIG B, When the two eyes focus on the candle the focal
point the function of the cortex eye occurs, each candle is
observed having moved closer to each other each side of
the centre candle the focal point.
With closer observation we will observe that this
movement closer to each other is viewed at their depth
location the exact distance left and right of the centre
candle with each eye separately having moved ½ D
distance closer.
This exact movement is observed by alternating the
opening and closing of each eye separately while focusing
on the centre candle or focal point.
All targets across the entire visual field move ½ D
distance closer nearer to and further than the focal point
at their depth location every time the eye fixates. This also
includes targets in the two monocular areas occluded by
the nose.
(In S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) the cyclopean or (cortex
eye) results in the two visual axes rotating on the focal
point This creates a mathematical formula for measuring
depth perception and motion across the entire visual field
and has little or no value in judging visual direction has
always been assumed. The dominant eye controls visual
direction. The following illustrations later in visual
direction explain the reasons why this is so.

- 58 -
CHAPTER 3

A real life observation proof study of


Occlusion zones, Transparent occlusions,
Visual direction, and The stereo image.

Occlusion zones

Five hundred years ago, when Leonardo Da Vinci first


illustrated occlusion zones, the significance of his
discovery was never built upon and was soon stifled with
the advent of correspondence and fusion, and almost
buried with the introduction of Wheatstone’s invention,
the stereoscope. The era of natural observation was over
and with it the possibility of discovering the monocular
aspect of BSV. Da Vinci showed that when viewing an
object, parts of the background along the vertical edges of
the object were visible to one eye and not to the other. The
monocular aspect of his observations was not thought to
be very significant at that time. His observations were
most likely based on curiosity because this was an era
before the advent of theories on retinal correspondence
and fusion, or any other theory regarding the structure of
binocular single image. He was simply an individual that
was above any type of social conditioning and like all
geniuses, observed nature in isolation and in a complete
and objective manner.
In (S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) occlusion zones are
integral in every fixated image in three dimensional space.
Observation tests in (S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye)

- 59 -
explain how an occlusion zone in one eye is already a
suppressed corresponding area in the other eye which
now views it. More importantly this area moves with the
visual axes of the eye that views it in the (cortex eye) and
not with the visual axes of the eye where the occlusion
occurs.
This means that all targets in the retinal sectional area
where the occlusion occur moves in an opposite direction
to the now dominant area in the other eye but retain the
same mathematical formula for depth perception.
Occlusions occur every time our eyes fixate in three-
dimensional vision. Occlusion zones greatly enhance
depth perception and are integral in all images in three
dimensional space. Occlusion zones only occur in
binocular vision and one of the main reasons why all
predators have binocular vision.
FIG 3-1 Two targets in the dominant retinal section B of the
left eye one occluded and one not occluded

FIG A FIG B

- 60 -
FIG A, The focal point F is the fixation point. Target 1 is
located in section B the dominant section of the left eye
and is viewed ‘D’ distance left of ‘F’. Target 2 is also in
section B and would be viewed ‘D1’ distance left of ‘F’ in
the cortex eye, but it is located in an area in section B1
that is occluded to the left eye but is only viewed by the
right eye.
FIG B, When the cortex eye occurs the target 2 is not
viewed by the left eye, but by the right eye. Instead of
being viewed ‘D1’ distance left of ‘F’ in section B, it is now
viewed ‘C’ distance left of ‘F’ by the right eye in a sub
sectional dominant area of the right eye in the dominant
retinal-section B area of the left eye.
The left eye views target 1 in section B and the target
moves ½ ‘D’ distance with the visual axis of the left eye.
The right eye views target 2 and it is now viewed ‘C’
distance left of ‘F’ as it is attached and moves in the
opposite direction with the visual axis of the right eye.
In this case, the left and right eyes simultaneously view
the two targets in section B, due to the fact that target 2 is
occluded and viewed by the right eye. The two targets
move in opposite directions with the rotation of the axes.
When the occlusion is removed, target 1 and target 2 are
viewed in their normal locations after the function of the
cortex eye D and D1 distance left of ‘F’.

- 61 -
FIG 3-2 Two targets in the dominant retinal section A of the
right eye one occluded and one not occluded.

FIG A FIG B

In FIG A, ‘F’ is the fixation point. Target 1 is in section A


the dominant area of the right eye and is viewed ‘D’
distance right of ‘F’, while target 2 is also in section A and
would be viewed ‘D1’ distance right of ‘F’ in the cortex eye,
but it is located in an area in section A that is occluded to
the right eye.
FIG B, illustrates the occluded target 2 in the cortex eye.
Target 1 is still viewed in its original location right of ‘F’,
having moved ½ ‘D’ distance inwards, however, target 2
has moved ½ ‘D’ distance in the opposite direction with
the rotation of the visual axis of the left eye and is now
viewed ‘C’ distance right of ‘F’ being attached to the visual
axis of the left eye. The occluded target 2 moves, ½ ‘D’

- 62 -
distance in the opposite direction because it is now
attached and moves the visual axis of the left eye.
FIG 3-3 The following fig illustrates how occlusions can
occur in all the dominant retinal sections simultaneously.

FIG A FIG B

FIG A, The right eye views occluded target 1 in section B


and target 4 in section B1 (the two dominant retinal-
sections of the left eye). The left eye views occluded target
2 in section A, and target 3 in section A1 (the two
dominant retinal-sections of the right eye).
FIG B, illustrates occluded targets move in opposite
directions with the targets in the dominant sections where
they are occluded when the cortex eye occurs, because all
targets move with the axis of the viewing eye.

- 63 -
The basic structure of the binocular field is the four
retinal-sections, but due to occlusion in this instance, the
number of retinal-sectional areas has doubled.
All these new dominant sub-sectional areas are
corresponding sub-sectional areas that were suppressed
in the other eye, but have become dominant in order to
replace occluded areas in the corresponding dominant
areas
During convergence the two visual axes rotate on the focal
point and become a single cyclopean eye consisting of the
dominant sectional areas of both eyes including the two
monocular areas. They all work together to create the
fixated image almost at the speed of light that enables us
to perceive depth, motion, and stereo perception in every
fixated image.
All occluded targets in each dominant retinal section move
in an opposite direction with the visual axis of the eye that
views it. The continuous interchange of these dominant
monocular areas combined with the cyclopean cortex eye
when the focal point changes creates disparity which
enables us to achieve direct depth and motion perception
stereovision from the optic array.
Any target occluded in the dominant section of one eye
and viewed by the other eye is now viewed in a dominant
sub sectional area of that viewing eye.
Occlusion zones greatly enhance depth as they create
greater motion in the optic array and this is the reason
why all predators have large binocular fields of vision.

- 64 -
TRANSPARENT OCCULUSIONS

Figure 3-4: Two targets viewed simultaneously through


two transparent occlusions.

FIG A FIG B

In FIG A, ‘F’ is the fixation point. Target 1 and target 2 are


located in section B and section A, the dominant retinal
sectional areas of the left and right eye respectively. In the
cortex eye these targets would be viewed ‘D1’ distance left
and right of ‘F’ by the left and right eyes respectively.
However, the targets located in areas in these sections,
are occluded to the left and right eye. As a result, target 1
is viewed by the right eye and target 2 is viewed by the left
eye. Rather than being viewed ‘D1’ distance, left and right

- 65 -
of F the targets are now viewed ‘C’ and ‘C1’ distance left
and right of ‘F’ by the right and left eye, respectively
having moved ½ ‘D’ distance in the opposite directions
like all occluded targets.
FIG B, shows target 1 and target 2, both of which are
occluded in the cortex eye. The occlusions themselves are
still viewed ‘D’ distance left and right of ‘F’, having moved
½ ‘D’ distance, but target 1 and target 2 have moved ½ ‘D’
distance in opposite directions but are still occluded. As a
result they are viewed through two transparent
occlusions. If the occlusions were removed, they would be
viewed at D1’ distance left and right of ‘F’, respectively.
Even though the occlusions and targets are perceived to
have moved in opposite directions, target 1 and 2 are still
occluded when viewed in the cortex eye. Consequently,
target 1 and target 2 are viewed through the two
transparent occlusions.

Real life observation of an Occlusion zone

Any right eyed dominant person with good natural vision


can observe an occlusion zone in a real life observation by
sitting at a kitchen or patio table in good natural light.
Again attention is very important so the table should be
clear and have a neutral colour or neutral coloured
covered table cloth, for example (white).

- 66 -
FIG 3-5 Two targets one occluded and one not occluded
outside left of the visual axis of the left eye nearer than the
focal point.

FIG A FIG B

FIG A, When sitting at the table and focusing on the


centre candle the focal point on the centre of the table,
place two candles in this case for clarity a black and
white candle left of the visual axis VL of the left eye in
section B.
Hold a tiny card moved into a position so that the white
candle is occluded to the view of the left eye.
FIG B, When the centre candle the focal point is focused
on with the two eyes the occluded target is now viewed by
the right eye but the other black candle is still viewed by
the left eye. As a result the two targets move in opposite
directions one with the visual axis of the left eye inward
and the occluded white candle with the visual axis of the

- 67 -
right eye outwards. The movement is exactly I/2 D
distance in opposite directions at their depth location.
We can prove this exact movement of each candle simply
by alternating the opening and closing of each eye
separately while still focusing on the centre candle (the
focal point).
FIG 3-6 Two targets one occluded and one not occluded
outside right of the visual axis of the left eye nearer than
the focal point.

FIG A FIG B

FIG A, When focusing on the centre candle the focal point


on the centre of the table place two candles in this case
for clarity a black and white candle are placed right of the
visual axis VL of the left eye in section A. Hold a tiny card
moved into a position so that the white candle is occluded
to the view of right eye.
FIG B, When the centre candle (the focal point) is focused

- 68 -
on with the two eyes in the cortex eye, the occluded target
is now viewed by the left eye but the other black candle is
still viewed by the right eye. As a result the two targets
move in opposite directions the white occluded candle
moves with the visual axis of the left eye outwards and the
black candle with the visual axis of the right eye inwards.
The movement is exactly I/2 D distance in opposite
directions at their depth location By using the exact same
procedure we can observe occluded candles in all the
dominant retinal sections of the left and right eye nearer
to and further than the focal point F and all occluded
targets move 1/2 D distance in an opposite directions
with the visual axis of the eye that views it.
We can prove this exact movement of each candle simply
by alternating the opening and closing of each eye
separately while still focusing on the centre candle the
focal point.
This exact observation using the same procedure can be
observed in all the dominant retinal sectional areas of the
left and right eye nearer to and further than the focal
point.

- 69 -
Real life observation of transparent
occlusions

FIG 3-7 Two targets one occluded and one not occluded
outside left of the visual axis of the left eye nearer than the
focal point.

FIG A FIG B
FIG A, When sitting at the table and focusing on the
centre candle the focal point F on the centre of the table,
place two candles in this case for clarity a black and white
candle left of the visual axis VL of the left eye in section B.
Hold a larger card moved into a position so that the white
candle is occluded to the view left eye but not occluded to
the right eye.
FIG B, When the candle F is focused on with the two eyes
in the cortex eye the occluded target is still occluded and
is now viewed by the right eye through the transparent

- 70 -
occlusion but the other black candle is still viewed by the
left eye. As a result the two targets move in opposite
directions, one with the visual axis of the left eye inward
and the occluded white candle with the visual axis of the
right eye outwards but this time it is still occluded and
viewed through a transparent occlusion. The movement is
exactly I/2 D distance in opposite directions at their depth
location.
We can prove this exact movement of each candle simply
by alternating the opening and closing of each eye
separately while still focusing on the centre candle the
focal point.
This exact observation using the same procedure can be
observed in all the dominant retinal sectional areas of the
left and right eye nearer to and further than the focal
point.

THE DOMINANT EYE IN VISUAL DIRECTION

A Brief History

The laws of visual direction describe a method by which


the visual system estimates the visual directions of
binocular targets. Alhazen, Wells and Herring originally
formulated this method. Ono revised the Laws in 1991
and Howard and Rogers again revised them in 1995. This
method is known as “Herring’s Laws” (1942).
One of Herring’s laws, “The Law of Common Binocular
Direction”, states that the directions derived from the two
eyes’ images will be perceived as if the observer is viewing
the scene from a single vantage point between the two

- 71 -
eyes. This point is called the “Cyclopean Eye”. More
recently, Map and Ono (1999) have gone as far as to
assert that the cyclopean eye is both a logical and
functional necessity for judging the direction of objects.
In 2000, C.J. Casper and Raymond van Ee showed from
their experimental findings that the cyclopean concept
could also be explained by angular information without
the need for a cyclopean eye. They suggested that
binocular perception is incompatible with vision from a
single vantage point and the concept of the cyclopean eye
is sometimes inappropriate and always irrelevant” as far
as vision is concerned.
When we understand (SSSRD and the cortex eye) and how
the two eyes coordinate, we can clearly observe that the
comments made by all the previously mentioned people
are not well founded, mainly due to those individuals not
fully understanding the function of the cortex eye. It plays
a very important function in visual perception by creating
the mathematical structure that enables depth perception
to be judged. Previously illustrated, the vantage angle of
each eye is retained from a single vantage point in the
cortex eye. The purpose of the cortex eye is not for visual
direction and it is certainly not ‘irrelevant’ as far as vision
is concerned. As we have observed, the function of the
cortex eye works in complete coordination with all the
other functions in the visual process to create depth
motion and stereo vision, a notion pervasively illustrated
and explained throughout this book.
As we observed in the real life observation test on the
retinal visual axis VL of the left eye nearer than the focal
point, targets change from the view of the right eye to the
view of the left eye.

- 72 -
This also means the visual direction of targets do not
change from the view of the right eye until they cross the
visual axis VL of the left eye. This results in the dominant
retinal area of the right eye nearer than the focal point
being the largest dominant retinal sectional area nearer
than the focal point and the focal point is always the
target of visual direction and this the reason why the
dominant eye controls visual direction.
It is very important for all sports people and car drivers to
understand visual direction. For a right eyed dominant
person targets coming from right to left move from the
visual direction of the right eye to the visual direction of
the left eye when crossing the visual axis of the left eye.
This results in significant error in visual direction
judgment of the target. For a left eyed dominant person
the very opposite occurs. Clay pigeon shooting is a perfect
example.
To fully understand the importance of the dominant eye
and the confines of its retinal-section, we must also
understand how this retinal-section is incorporated in the
function of the cortex eye.
Figure 3-8 illustrates the retinal-section A of a right-eye
dominant person. It is the largest retinal-section nearer
than the fixation point. It incorporates VR1, the visual
axis of the dominant right eye, and it extends from the
parallel at ‘G’ to the visual axis of the left eye, VL, nearer
than the fixation point. It is the only retinal-section nearer
than the focal point, where targets can be aligned left and
right of the fixation point with consistent accurate visual
direction. The focal point is always the target of visual
direction.

- 73 -
FIG 3-8 All targets in section A are in the visual direction of
the right dominant eye.

FIG A FIG B
FIG A Illustrates section A It is the dominant retinal
section of the right eye nearer than the focal point. It is
the largest and the only retinal-sectional area nearer than
the fixation point where targets can be aligned with the
fixation point F on both sides of visual axis of the
dominant right eye. The reason why this is so is that the
visual axis of the dominant right eye is only retinal-
section boundary in the cortex eye nearer than the focal
point where targets are viewed in the same visual
direction on both sides, unlike the visual axis VL of the
weaker left eye, which is a retinal-sectional boundary.
FIG B When the function of the cortex eye occurs, the
areas that lie between these two visual axes overlap.
Consequently, this particular area of section A is

- 74 -
overlapping with an area in section B when the two axes
rotate to form a single axis. The overlap does not effect the
dominance of the eye as the dominant right eye is still
dominant in this overlap area, and the original vantage
angle direction of all targets in that entire retinal-section
area are accurately retained.
Visual direction is essential in order to allow us to
correctly align two targets in space; that is to drive, to
run, to walk, to aim at a target in space, or to point out a
target or object in space for identification. In order to
perform any of these tasks, we must have a true visual
direction from point A to point B. Point A is the location of
the observer and point B is the fixation point and the
target of direction. Targets farther than the fixation point
play little or no part in visual direction, simply because
the fixation point is always the target of our visual
direction.
For a right-eye dominant person, section A (the retinal-
section of the right eye) is the largest retinal-section
nearer than the fixation point. Section B (the retinal-
section of the weaker left eye) is the smallest retinal-
section nearer than the fixation point. For this reason, the
so-called ‘weaker eye’ cannot be the dominant eye.
However, it is always dominant in it’s own retinal-section,
in the same way the right and left eye are dominant in
sections A1 and B1, farther than the fixation point. It is
however, the dominance of the right eye in section A,
which controls visual direction for a right-eye dominant
person.
We also have to remember that each eye is dominant to a
lesser degree in as far as that the dominance is not
noticed but is important to understand for all sports
people, general activities, pedestrians and drivers

- 75 -
particularly on country roads.
FIG 3-9 Targets in the visual direction of the left and right
eye.

FIG A FIG B

In FIG A, target 1 and target 2 are viewed ‘D1’ distance


left, and right of ‘F’.
In FIG B, the targets are still viewed the same ‘D1’
distance left and right of the fixation point ‘F’. The left and
right eyes view the two targets in the same visual direction
relative to the fixation point ‘F’, before and after the
function of the cortex eye occurs even though the two
targets are viewed in different directions,
The focal point is always the target of visual direction for a
right-eye dominant person. As the retinal sectional area of
the right eye nearer than the focal point is the largest
dominant retinal section nearer than the focal point the

- 76 -
dominant right controls visual direction. The reason for
this is that we can only have one visual direction. The
visual direction of the weaker left eye is very limited
because its a small retinal-section which only extends to
the visual axis of the left eye, VL. Targets are accurately
aligned with the fixation point on either side to the visual
axis VR1 of the dominant eye and this cannot occur on
VL, because it is a retinal-section boundary, where targets
change visual direction.
FIG 3-10 The visual direction of targets in all the retinal
sectional areas

Figure 3-10: Targets in the visual direction of the left eye,


in section B/B1; targets in the visual direction of the right
eye, in section A/A1.
Target 1 and target 4 are aligned with the left eye D1, ‘D2’
distance left, and right of ‘F’, in sections B and B1. Target
2 and target 3 are aligned with the right eye D1, ‘D2’
distance right, and left of ‘F’, in sections A and A1, in

- 77 -
figure 6.4A. In the cortex, in figure 6.4B, the targets are
still viewed the same ‘D1’ and ‘D2’ distance left and right
of the fixation point ‘F’ with each eye. Target 1 and target
4 are aligned with the left eye D1 and ‘D2’ distance left,
and right of ‘F’, in sections B and B1 and are in the visual
direction of the left eye.
Target 2 and target 3 are aligned with the right eye D1,
‘D2’ distance right, and left of ‘F’, in sections A and A1,
and they are in the visual direction of the right eye. The
left or right eye controls visual direction in all the retinal-
section divisions, including the two monocular areas. In
(S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye), targets in every retinal-
section have the visual direction of the eye that they are
viewed with, but as already stated, targets farther than
the fixation point play a passive role in visual direction,
but important to understand in some sports. The
dominant eye judges absolute visual direction.

A real life observation of visual direction


error as documented in visual direction
error in clay pigeon shooting.

We have heard of our (blind side) going back over the


decades. This is absolutely true, everybody has a blind
side. This is now illustrated in visual direction error.
Visual direction errors occurs in all sports and everyday
life, albeit frequently unnoticed, but in the art of clay
pigeon shooting the problem of changing dominance has
been well documented by Pete Blakeley. Since 1998, Pete
Blakeley has been the shooting coach at one of the most
prestigious gun clubs in the world, the Dallas Gun Club

- 78 -
in Lewisville, Texas. His 2003 book, “Successful
Shotgunning”, is considered the most elaborate and
definitive guide to ‘shotgunning’ ever written. Blakeley’s
description of the main problem affecting shooters is that
when a right-eye dominant person takes aim at clays
coming from a particular direction, dominance switches
from the right eye to the left eye, resulting in a misaligned
shot. Blakeley’s solution to this problem was to close or
shut off the weaker eye, just before the shot is taken,
thereby ensuring that the aim of the gun was that of the
dominant eye.
The direction he made particular reference to was a left-
to-right direction of the clay, for a right-eye dominant
person. The same problem exists when the clay is coming
from a right-to-left direction for a left-eye dominant
person, and the reason for both is also exactly the same.
The barrel of the gun does change from the visual
direction aim of the left eye, to the visual direction aim of
the right eye, where there lies a large disparity, as
illustrated by targets passing over the retinal-section
boundary, VL.
Pete Blakeley, in documenting this problem, unknowingly
identifies this retinal boundary in a real life experience.

- 79 -
FIG 3-11

FIG A FIG B

FIG A illustrates what’s actually occurring is that when


the clay is coming from a right-to-left direction (for a right-
eye dominant person), the gun can be aimed behind the
target, and then lead the target (the target being the
fixation point) to make an accurate shot and still remain
in the retinal sectional visual direction view of the
dominant right eye (section A1).
In FIG B When the clay is coming from a left-to-right
direction (the shotgun again starts behind the clay target),
it is left of the visual axis VL, in section B1, and in the
monocular view of the left eye. The aim of the shotgun has
to catch up and lead the moving target at some time in
order to make an accurate shot. Thus, in effect, the
shotgun has to be aimed slightly ahead or right of the

- 80 -
moving clay target. The moment that the gun is viewed in
line or right of the target it crosses into the monocular
visual direction view of the dominant right eye, having
crossed the retinal-section boundary VL, into section A.
The gun instantly appears to be aiming behind the target
(fixation point), so confusion arises.
This usually results in a missed shot and the shot is
usually fired behind the clay target, as mentioned
previously. Therefore, the barrel of the gun changes from
the visual direction aim of the left eye to the visual
direction aim of the right eye, where there lies a large
disparity in the visual direction of each eye.
Pete Blakeley, in documenting this problem in clay target
shooting, unknowingly identifies a real-life experience
where visual direction changes crossing the retinal-
section boundary VL the visual axis of the left eye in the
cortex eye nearer than the fixation point. His solution to
solving this problem by closing the weaker eye is
absolutely correct as this eliminates the visual direction
error.
For exactly the same reason it is safer to drive on the left
side of road than on the right side of the road in particular
on country roads.

- 81 -
The Left hand side of the road is visually
safer to drive on.
FIG 3-12

FIG A FIG B
FIG A illustrates a right eyed dominant person driving on
the right hand side of the road. All the oncoming traffic on
the left hand side of the road are viewed in a different
visual direction.
FIG B illustrates a right eyed dominant person driving on
the left hand side of the road. All the oncoming traffic are
viewed in the same visual direction of the right eye. As a

- 82 -
result this makes it safer for a right eyed dominant person
to drive on the left hand side of the road as no visual
direction error can occur and the vast majority of people
are right eyed dominant.
It is difficult to judge from statistics on road safety as
there are large discrepancies in the death toll from
country to country across the world.
These discrepancies differ for many reasons for example,
urban and rural divide, road networks, populations, rules
and regulations, vehicle condition. One major reason is
motorways as motorways are vastly more safer to drive on
than country roads, some statistics say 10 times safer as
all traffic is travelling the one way and there is no
oncoming traffic.
If we compare comparative countries for example the
United Kingdom where they drive on the left and France
who drive on the right. In the United Kingdom the death
toll is 2.9 and 5.1 per 100,000 population and 100,000
vehicles respectively. In France the death toll is 5.1 and
7.6 per 100,000 population and vehicles respectively.
In the developed world if we combine three comparative
countries with large populations such as the United
Kingdom, Japan, and Australia, which all drive on the left.
The death toll is on average is 4.2 and 8.2 per 100,000
population and per 100,000 vehicles respectively.
Compared with the United States which drives on the
right the death toll is 10.6 and 12.9 per 100,000
population and per 100,000 vehicles respectively.
When compared with Europe as a whole where the vast
majority of the countries also drive on the right side the
death toll is 9.3 and 19 per 100,000 respectively. These
figures do suggest that the visual direction error is

- 83 -
significantly reflected in the death toll in these
comparative countries in the developed world. In fact tens
of thousands of lives could be saved every year if
countries worldwide drove on the left hand side of the
road. There is no doubt that visually it is safer to drive on
the left hand side of the road. The most vulnerable people
to visual direction error on these roads in particular
country roads are pedestrians and cyclists. These people
should be very careful as they are exposed to great
dangers as they are in the visual direction error area of
the drivers left eye. These fatalities of pedestrians and
cyclists are also reflected in statistics worldwide on these
roads.
By understanding (S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) we know
that visual perception accelerates with motion but our
reflexes do not. This is something that drivers do not
understand.
In real life practically everybody at some stage of their life
have had an experience where they had an accident even
a minor accident when in motion, they actually perceive
everything that occurs during the accident but are unable
to react quick enough to prevent it. So driving fast is very
dangerous and is reflected in traffic accident deaths and
injuries statistics.

Visual direction error in pool and snooker

As we observed the dominant right eye is always the true


visual direction and the focal point is always the target of
visual direction. Visual direction errors further than the
focal point rarely occur. In the game of pool or snooker

- 84 -
however a visual direction error problem occurs further
than the focal point with a particular shot even on a small
pool table.
This error occurs when the target ball the white ball is
aimed to hit an object ball (black) to a right hand pocket
on the pool or snooker table particularly a long shot. The
very same error problem exists for a left eyed dominant
player playing to a pocket on the left hand side of the
table. This shot is the most frequently missed shot in pool
or snooker.
World class players have been recorded as saying that this
error is an optical illusion.
FIG 3-13
The visual direction error on a pool or snooker table for a
right eye dominant person.

- 85 -
FIG 3-13 illustrates the white ball being aimed to strike
the black ball to the bottom right pocket. The aim of the
dominant right eye is always correct but in this case when
the white ball is focused on to strike the object ball
(black), the pocket is viewed in the visual direction of the
left eye in the dominant retinal sectional area of the left
eye. This results in the player shooting to the left edge of
the pocket and not the centre and usually a missed shot.
Exactly the same visual error occurs for a left eyed
dominant player with the same shot to the left bottom
pocket of the pool table.
This error can be observed by any right eyed dominant
person when aiming this shot by closing the left eye, the
right eye observes the pocket having moved slightly
outwards in the correct location. This is the reason why
unknowingly this is the most frequently missed shot in
pool and snooker.
All sports people in all sports, in particular football
players and goalkeepers, should be aware of change of
visual direction, as quick change in visual direction
results in visual direction error. For example a quick
change from right to left for a right eyed dominant player
and from left to right for a left eyed dominant player. For
this reason all these sports people unknowingly are
vulnerable to visual direction error. All the great
superstars in sport unknowingly derive their talent from a
natural instinctive ability to expose their opponents visual
direction error. Soccer and tennis are two of many sports
where this visual direction error is oblivious.
Fortunes are spent on training and coaching but no
attention is paid to coaching in visual direction error,
which is one of the most important coaching areas in

- 86 -
sports. The reason being that simply nobody is aware of
visual direction error.

THE STEREO IMAGE

Introduction

How does the projection of a three-dimensional world onto


a two-dimensional retina create a stereo image? The
majority of related theories share the view that there is a
correspondence between the left and right images. It is
generally accepted that the matching of the two retinal
images allows the visual system to reconstruct a three-
dimensional image from two flat two-dimensional images.
The three-dimensional image is thought to be derived
geometrically, by comparing the small difference between
the two retinal images that result from the slightly
different vantage points of the two eyes, as caused by their
6.5cm separation. Most analysts believe that the matching
and correspondence problems are insurmountable. These
theories would most likely result in double vision rather
than any type of stereo image.
How we perceive a stereo image has never been defined in
a logical or understandable way, not even in theory.
(S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) explains how a stereo
image is created, even before the function of the cortex eye
occurs. There are six retinal-sections, three in each eye
and all opposite to each other. All three retinal-section
images of one eye are viewed at a different vantage angle
to the corresponding three retinal-section images of the

- 87 -
other eye. The outcome of this angular differential is that
every sectional area in the single image is viewed at a
different vantage angle to the sectional area that joins it.
Thus, there are no matching or correspondence problems.
The three opposite, retinal-sections of each eye assembled
in the cortex eye, create one single eye, which in turn
creates a unique stereo single image in every fixation.
Perhaps another way of visualising how this occurs, would
be the comparison of looking at each eye comprising of
three separate cameras, with each camera simultaneously
taking a snapshot of a specific section of the scene. All
these sections are opposite to the other sectional
snapshots of the other eye, but all fit together like a
jigsaw, to create a single image and all the opposite
sectional snapshots are taken at two different vantage
angles. If we could imagine a scene photographed in this
way, we can appreciate the three-dimensional stereo
quality of this image. That is even ignoring the fact that
each image comprises of a mathematical computation,
which informs the brain of depth and distance
calculations for every object in that entire scene. All of
this occurs during each fixation. Observing the change in
vantage angle is another way of identifying the retinal-
sectional boundaries.
In chapter 2, we observed how a target changes from the
monocular view of one eye to the other when it crosses a
retinal-sectional boundary. In the stereo image, not only
does the target change from the monocular view of one eye
to the other eye, but the vantage angle that the target is
viewed at also changes. To illustrate this any narrow and
wide target, for example an ordinary office ruler may be
used because the side of the ruler is wide and the edge of
the ruler is narrow.

- 88 -
Fig, 3-14. The vantage angle view of the ruler changes as
it crosses retinal-section boundary VL and VR.

FIG A FIG B
In FIG A, ruler 1A is positioned with only the view of the
left eye with the focus on ‘F’. It is aligned left of VL the
visual axis of the left eye in section B, so that the edge of
the ruler is only visible to the left eye. When ‘F’ is then
binocularly focused on, and the ruler is moved from left to
right, over the retinal sectional boundary VL to position
1B in section A, the side of the ruler 1B is now visible as it
is viewed in section A at the vantage angle of the right eye.
In FIG B, ruler 2A is positioned with only the view of the
left eye with the focus on ‘F’. It is aligned right of VR the
visual axis of the right eye further than the focal point in
section B, so that the edge of the ruler is only visible to
the left eye. When ‘F’ is then binocularly focused on, and
the ruler is moved from right to left, over the retinal
sectional boundary VR to position 2B in section A1, the

- 89 -
side of the ruler is now visible because it is viewed in
section A1 at the vantage angle of the right eye. This
observation proves that when a target crosses either
retinal-section boundary VL or VR, the vantage angle that
the target is viewed at also changes. Not only does the
target change from the monocular view of the left eye to
the monocular view of the right eye, but the vantage
angle that the target is viewed at also changes, and they
are all viewed by each eye separately, in opposite
dominant retinal-sections of each eye.

Fig 3-15 (A) The vantage angles of the rulers are retained
after the rotation of the axes in the cortex eye , positioned in
the visual direction of the left eye with the focus on ‘F’ in
the opposite retinal sectional area of the left eye.

FIG A FIG B
In FIG A, rulers are held or positioned in every retinal-
section so that the edges of the rulers are visible only with

- 90 -
the monocular view of the left eye with the focus on ‘F’.
In FIG B, When F’ is binocularly focused upon in the
cortex eye, only the edges of the rulers are visible in
section B and section B1, but the sides of the rulers are
visible in section A and section A1. The reason for this is
that rulers in these sections (A and A1) are in the
dominant retinal-sections of the right eye. However, the
rulers in section A and section A1 are viewed at a different
vantage angle by the right eye. This proves that all targets,
surfaces, and textures are viewed from different vantage
angles in all the opposite retinal-sections of each eye.
The vantage angle view of the rulers are retained after the
rotation of the axes in the cortex eye.

FIG 3-15 (B) Visual vantage view of the right eye with the
focus on ‘F’ in each opposite retinal-section area of the right
eye.

FIG A FIG B

- 91 -
In FIG A, rulers are held or positioned in every retinal-
section so that the edges of the rulers are visible only with
the monocular view of the right eye.
In FIG B, When F is binocularly focused upon in the
cortex eye, only the edges of the rulers are viewed in
section A and section A1, but the sides of the rulers are
viewed in section B and section B1. The reason for this is
that rulers are viewed at the vantage angle of the right eye
in sections (A and A1) the dominant retinal-sections of the
right eye. The sides of the rulers are viewed with the
vantage angle view of the left eye in section B and section
B1, the dominant retinal-sections of the left eye.
In the binocular visual image, all of the retinal-sections
are constantly interchanging with motion or change in the
fixation point. Thus, targets are continuously viewed from
different vantage angles whenever the slightest eye
movement occurs, even when the head is in a static
position

Real Life observation of the Stereo Image

Any right eyed dominant person with good natural vision


can observe the stereo image in a real life observation
while sitting at a kitchen or patio table in good natural
light. Attention is very important so the table should be
clear and have a neutral colour or covered table cloth for
example (white).
FIG 3-16 Two books placed in the dominant retinal
sections of the left and right eye nearer than the focal point
aligned in the view only of the left eye

- 92 -
FIG A FIG B

FIG A, While focusing on the candle (the focal point) F on


the centre of the table place two books positioned one left
of the visual axis of the left and one positioned right of the
visual axis of the right eye nearer than the centre candle
(the focal point) so that the edge of each book is only
visible to the left eye only while focusing on the candle.
FIG B, When the centre candle F is focused on with the
two eyes we will not directly observe but notice that the
edge of the book on the left is still observed by the left eye
but the side of the book on the right is observed by the
right eye in the opposite dominant retinal sectional
sections of the right eye nearer than the focal point.
The books on the left and right are viewed at the vantage
of the left and right eye respectively. This same
observation of each book is observed by alternating the
opening and closing of each eye separately while focusing
on the centre candle (the focal point).

- 93 -
FIG 3-17 Four books in the dominant retinal sections of the
left and right eye nearer to and further than the focal point
aligned in the view only of the left eye.

FIG A FIG B
FIG A, While focusing on the candle (the focal point) F on
the centre of the table, place a book left and right of the
visual axis of the left and right eye nearer to and further
than the focal point so that the edge of each book is only
visible to the left eye only while focusing on the candle.
FIG B, When the candle F is focused on with the two eyes
we will not directly observe but notice that the edge of the
books are still observed left and right of the visual axis of
the left eye in the opposite dominant retinal sectional
sections of the left eye nearer to and further than the
focal point the candle but we will notice that the side of
the books are now observed by the right eye right and left
of the visual axis of the right eye in the opposite dominant
retinal sectional sections of the right eye nearer to and
further than the focal point the candle.

- 94 -
This same observation of each pair of books nearer to and
further than the focal point are observed by alternating
the opening and closing of each eye separately while
focusing on the centre candle or focal point.
FIG 3-18 Four books placed in the dominant retinal
sections of the left and right eye nearer to and further than
the focal point aligned in the view only of the right eye.

FIG A FIG B

FIG A, While sitting at the table and focusing on the


candle (the focal point) F on the centre of the table, place
a book left and right of the visual axis of the left and right
eye nearer to and further than the focal point so that the
edge of each book is only visible to the right eye only while
focusing on the candle.
FIG B, When the candle F is focused on with the two eyes
we will not directly observe but notice that the edge of the

- 95 -
books are only observed left and right of the visual axis of
the right eye in the opposite retinal dominant sectional
sections of the right eye nearer to and further than the
focal point (the candle) but we will notice that the side of
the books are only observed by the left eye in the opposite
dominant retinal sectional sections of the left eye nearer
to and further than the focal point (the candle).
In the opposite dominant sectional sections A and A1 of
the right eye all targets are viewed at the vantage angle by
the right eye. In the opposite dominant retinal sections B
and B1 of the left eye all targets are viewed at the vantage
angle by the left eye.
This same vantage angle observation of each pair of books
nearer to and further than the focal point are observed by
alternating the opening and closing of each eye separately
while focusing on the centre candle or focal point.
This proves that all targets, surfaces, and textures are
viewed from different vantage angles in all the opposite
dominant retinal sectional areas of each eye in any three
dimensional image.

- 96 -
FIG 3-19 THE STEREO IMAGE

When viewing every image in three dimensional space the


image is viewed at two opposite vantage angles by the left
and right eye nearer to and further than the focal point.
FIG 3-19 illustrates a persons face, the face is viewed at
two opposite vantage angles nearer to further than the
focal point. The grey areas are the vantage angle view of
the left eye and the white areas are the vantage angle view
of the right eye the tiny overlap is viewed by both eyes.

- 97 -
These are the vantage angles in the structure of the visual
stereo image for every object and scene viewed in three
dimensional space. For this reason a persons body and
face are sharper and slimmer in a real life three
dimensional image than any picture or film. As a result
the visual image is much sharper than any, photograph or
film. No artificial 3D image to this day ever reproduced the
same effect.
• The assembly of snapshots of each eye viewed at
different vantage angles is a stereo image.
• The function of the cortex eye results in the two
visual axes rotating ½ ‘D’ distance in clockwise and
anti-clockwise directions to become a straight
central axis. The pivot of their rotation is the
fixation point. The rotation is a very precise and
accurate movement.
• Each of the axes moves exactly the same distance,
which is ½ ‘D’ distance in opposite directions.
• All targets in the dominant retinal-section
snapshot areas of the right eye move ½ ‘D’ distance
relative to their depth locations, clockwise with the
visual axis of the right eye. All targets in the
dominant retinal-section snapshot areas of the left
eye move ½ ‘D’ distance relative to their depth
locations, anti-clockwise with the visual axis of the
left eye.
• The equal rotation of each axis to a single central
axis not only means that the convergent angle of
each eye is accurately measured, but the ½ ‘D’
distance movement of every target in each sectional
area of each eye is accurately recorded during
every fixation.

- 98 -
• The clockwise and anti-clockwise rotation in the
cortex eye during every fixation, results in
continuous motion in an already created stereo
image. This continuous motion is always occurring
with the slightest movement of the eye, even when
the head is in a static position. The movement of
the eye creates a new mathematically structured
movement in the stereo image.
• Occluded targets move in opposite ½ ‘D’ directions
to all other targets in the retinal-section that they
are occluded in. The opposite ½ ‘D’ movements
arise because they are attached to the opposite
visual axis, but they have the same structured,
mathematically computed movement in the visual
field.
• The convergent angle of each eye is equal, nearer
and farther than the fixation point in the cortex
eye, as opposite angles are equal. Consequently,
the same mathematical computation exists
inversely nearer and farther than the fixation point,
when the visual axes intersect and pass through it.

All of these proven observations create a logical


understanding as to how the stereo image is formed, how
the cortex eye functions, how occlusions occur, how
transparency occurs, how visual direction is judged, how
optic flow is created and, most important of all, how the
brain can mathematically compute depth. As a result of
my discovery of S.S.S.R.D. in coordination with the cortex
eye, a precise mathematical structure by which direct,
visual sensory perception is created, for understanding
instant depth, distance, textures and angular movement.

- 99 -
This sensory perception is judged by the fast changing
formations of textures, surfaces and objects, and their
perceived movements relative to each other utilising the
incredibly fast functional speed of the cortex eye. This
sensory perception is also greatly enhanced with the
constant change in the image resulting from the constant
movement of retinal-sections with every change in the
fixation point.

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CHAPTER 4

Optic flow, Motion processing, Why the


image is received vertically and horizontally
inverted, and the transit of the dominant
sectional images to the visual cortex.

Optic flow

Optic flow is another area of vision where vision scientists


have totally misconstrued the way optic flow is created.
The general scientific consensus which includes
suggestion that optic flow only produced information
when there was movement of the observer or movement in
the optic array. Such movement provided powerful
information about locations of objects in the world and
their own position relative to those objects. Gibson
believed that eye movements were not taken into account
when we perceive motion. The first questions we have to
ask about optic flow are:
• What actually creates optic flow in binocular
vision?
• What value is optic flow to visual control and
heading direction?
• Does optic flow accelerate with motion, and does
this acceleration speed up the mathematical
computations by which depth is perceived?
We are not consciously aware of this continuous motion,

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but we know that the brain has a perfect, mathematically
computed measurement of all this motion. This occurs as
illustrated in the entire visual field. The ½ ‘D’ distance
movement is consistent for all targets at their depth
location nearer to and further than the fixation point. For
example, the movement of the finger is greater when the
finger is closer to the eyes and further from the fixation
point. However, the opposite occurs farther than the
fixation point. The ½ ‘D’ distance movement becomes
greater the further the target is away from the fixation
point, and similarly, the same visual experience of motion
of an object or objects can be achieved in reverse.
Motion is very important in binocular vision and much
more important in monocular vision, but we are binocular
animals. If we had only one eye almost the same effect is
achieved by the (Dome shaped image) illustrated and
detailed in chapter 5.
By understanding the cortex eye and how it functions in
coordination with S.S.S.R.D, we can observe how the
stereo is created and how continuous motion is generated
in the stereo-image from a static position
Nearer than the focal plane, the optic flow contracts in the
binocular and monocular fields. The contraction is barely
noticeable, when the fixation point is at close range.
Nearer than the fixation point, the contraction can be no
greater than the disparity distance between the two eyes.
Farther than the focal plane, the D distance between the
two visual axes, after they intersect and pass through the
fixation point, can be very large and results in dramatic
optic flow in forward and backwards motion.
FIG 4-1, illustrates optic flow in forward and backwards
motion.

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Figure 4-1: Optic flow in motion.

FIG A FIG B
Optic flow generated by the cortex eye dramatically
increases with forward motion.
FIG A, illustrates a number of targets nearer and farther
than the fixation point and on the parallel vocal plane. For
the purpose of illustration, the targets are positioned in
parallel lines straight in front of the eyes.
Fig B, illustrates the optic flow of these targets as we
walk, cycle, or drive in a straight-ahead direction. The
optic flow farther than the fixation point in the cortex eye
expands in the binocular field towards the focal plane, but
targets in the two monocular areas contract towards the
focal plane.
As illustrated previously, in the cortex eye, the visual axes
intersect at the fixation point and, as they stretch into the
distance, the ‘D’ distance movement of all targets become
larger and visual image becomes smaller after the rotation

- 103 -
of the two axis to become a single axis in the centre of the
two eyes eye. This creates the ever changing optic flow.
As we can observe, the left and right sides of the above
diagram show optic flow in motion and optic flow
generated in distance. Objects and surfaces are much
smaller in the distance but become larger as we approach
them and naturally, they become smaller as we move
away from them.
Figure 4-2: The direction of the arrows radiating inwards
and outwards highlights the motion pattern as a pilot
approaches a runway and a train travelling away.

FIG A FIG B
FIG A, shows the optic flow of a pilot approaching a
runway.
FIG B, the person sitting looking out the back window of a
train experiences a contracting landscape in the distance
when in motion travelling away from the scene.
Size correlation and linear perspective naturally is created
in this type of optic flow in these two situations. This type

- 104 -
of optic flow is limited and virtually unnoticed in everyday
life, i.e. at short range; for example, walking, running,
riding a bike, or even driving a car, we barely notice the
optic flow generated by the cortex eye. But in the distance
it is very noticeable. Another major factor in optic flow and
linear perspective is the (The Dome shaped image) which
is integral in binocular vision but the only framework
structure in monocular vision. (The Dome shaped image)
Is illustrated and detailed in chapter 5.

Optic flow in motion

Optic flow generated by the cortex eye is occurring all the


time, even when we are static, and it greatly accelerates
when in motion, for example, when driving, running,
cycling or walking. However, it naturally occurs in a less
dramatic way than illustrated, so much so that we do not
even notice it. The reason being that while driving the
focal point of our visual direction is always in the distance
and never close up.
When we examine optic flow in the cortex eye in a very
dramatic way, such when driving away or approaching,
The benefit of cortex flow in the optic is created by the
acceleration of the mathematical process in perceiving
depth and distance judgement. On closer observation, it is
noted that the cortex flow is equivalent to the speed of
motion. This means the mathematical computations of
depth acceleration are comparable to our speed in motion.
In other words, visual accuracy is correlated with speed in
motion. This explains our visual accuracy in motion and
our visual confidence when, for example, driving a car at
100 kilometres per hour.

- 105 -
Gaelic hurlers or footballers can pick up a ball at speed as
easily as when they are in a static position. A bird can
catch a tiny fly or fly through a densely branched tree at
full flight, yet while static on the ground it is vulnerable to
preying cats or dogs. Our speed in focusing increases
proportionally with the speed in motion even if the eyes
are in a fixed distance position, which is what occurs
when driving in a car. This in turn increases the speed of
the mathematical processing, which in turn proportionally
increases our depth and distance judgement, but the
dominant eye always controls the accuracy of visual
direction.
Figure 4-2 illustrates the dramatically changing optic flow
of the cortex eye.
Another new debate arises from the correlation with
accuracy of vision and speed in motion: the reflexes of any
animal must match and react to their mathematical
perception of speed. In other words, it is dangerous to feel
visually comfortable driving a car at speed if our reflexes
are not sharp enough to be compatible with that speed
when the need arises. We must always be aware that our
perception accelerates with speed in motion but our
reflexes do not. It is also important for the reaction of the
vehicle to be completely in tune with our reflexes. There is
also another obviously natural compensation regarding
this correlation that occurs: with age.
As people become older, their reflexes slow but they also
instinctively tend to drive slower. Increases in the speed of
the mathematical processing which in turn proportionally
increases depth and distance judgement also explains the
reason why fast moving animals such as birds with small
binocular overlap and large monocular areas have
excellent vision when in motion.

- 106 -
Motion detection and motion processing

Another problematic question that has endured over


recent decades is how do we judge movement in the optic
array. How do we distinguish whether it is the eye that is
moving or the object? How and where is motion
information processed in the human brain?
The retinal image moves or jumps every time the eye
moves but the perceived movement of the object does not
change or jump about. The retinal position and movement
is obviously not a guide to the position and movement of
the object in space. This implies the retinal position is
unimportant (a notion adopted by Gibson in 1979) or that
eye movements are in some way taken into account, a
view held by most (and in particular by (Helmholtz).
Accurate visual direction with the dominant eye is not
sufficient alone to supply the information required to
perform the highly developed visual skills of animals and
humans. The spatial strategies used by the visual system
to create these highly developed visual skills are much
more sophisticated than any manmade camera. For
humans these skills range from making a cup of tea to
playing indoor and field sports, and to navigating a car in
fast traffic. All of these feats require control of all body
movements, including eyes, head, and limbs. Animals
require these same visual skills to live in the wild and
navigate through rough terrain, to hunt their prey, and to
escape their predators.
Having examined SSSRD, the cortex eye, the stereo image,
the mathematical structure, visual, cortex optic flow, and
continuous speedy motion created by the cortex eye, this
question is answered. Every movement of the eye or object

- 107 -
gives an instant accurate feedback to the brain of that
movement in all areas of the visual field. When the eyes
move, targets, surfaces, and textures move in a systematic
and mathematically structured way. As a result, our
vision which is an abstract extension of the brain
accurately computes every movement. Similarly, the focus
of the eye is continually changing, resulting in
continuous, structured motion in the entire visual field,
including the monocular fields.

FIG 4-3: Motion created even when static.

FIG A FIG B
To understand motion created by the cortex eye, we have
to be aware of the continuous motion in the optic array
created by S.S.S.R.D and the function of the cortex eye.
We do this by simply changing the focus of our eyes from
one point to another. We can experience this motion very
simply by pointing the index finger in the centre of two
more distant targets. The finger is ‘T’ and the two distant

- 108 -
targets are ‘F’ and ‘F1’. We must ensure that ‘T’ is right of
‘F’ with the monocular view of the right eye and left of ‘F’
with the modular view of the left eye.
FIG A, displays how when we focus binocularly on ‘F’, and
then quickly focus on ‘F1’, we will observe a dramatic
change in the location of ‘T’. Target ‘T’ is no longer viewed
in the centre of the two more distant targets. When we
change focus from ‘F’ to ‘F1’, we dramatically observe
target ‘T’ moving from one side to the other. This
movement results from the rotation of the visual axes in
the cortex eye, as evident in FIG B.
FIG B, Target ‘T’ moved ½ ‘D’ distance to the left when ‘F’
was the point of focus and it moved ½ ‘D’ distance to the
right when ‘F1’ was the point of focus. The movement for
every target in the cortex eye is ½ ‘D’ distance. The ½ ‘D’
distance movement is relative to the location of the
fixation point so the same target has a different depth
reading relative to the fixation point with every change in
the fixation point.
In this case, the target has changed from one retinal-
section to an opposite retinal-section area. It is right of
the visual axis VR1 (section A) when ‘F’ is focused on, and
left of the visual axis VL (section B) when ‘F1’ is focused
on. As a result, the target has moved ½ ‘D’ distance in
opposite directions. I use this example so that we can
consciously observe this motion is similar in almost all
targets, surfaces, and textures throughout the entire
visual field, with every movement of the eye when the
fixation point changes. The movement in this simple
illustration is not observed by using just the monocular
view of either eye, and it could not occur in the absence of
S.S.S.R.D. and function of the cortex eye, as explained in
this book.

- 109 -
Real Life observation proof of motion
detection and motion processing

Any right eyed dominant person with good natural vision


can observe motion detection and motion processing in a
real life observation while sitting at a kitchen or patio
table in good natural light. Attention is very important so
the table should be clear and have a neutral colour
covered table cloth for example (white).
FIG 4-4

FIB A FIG B
FIG A, A real life observation is achieved by placing two
targets in this case two candles further than a near centre
candle ensuring the left candle is left of the visual axis of
the right eye and the right candle is right of the visual axis
of the left eye focused on the centre candle.
FIG B, When the focus of the two eyes moves from the left
candle to the right candle, the centre candle is observed
dramatically moving from left to right.

- 110 -
This movement results from the centre candle moving
from the monocular view of the left eye to the monocular
view of the right eye when the focus changes.
We can prove this by simply alternating the opening and
closing of each eye separately while moving the focus
separately from the left to the right candle.
On closer observation we will observe the same dramatic
movement of the centre candle when changing focus from
the right to left candle with the two eyes.
This dramatic movement of the centre candle is the exact
½ D distance movement in opposite directions in the
cortex eye at its depth location when changing focus with
the two eyes from one candle to the other.

The reasons how and why the sectional


images are received not just vertically
inverted but also horizontally reversed.

Throughout this book, I have described the sectional


structure of each retina to mirror the sectional structure
of the visual field for illustrative purposes. In fact, the
structural designs of the retinal-sections are the complete
opposite. The final piece of the jigsaw is their intricate
design before their transit along the visual pathways. The
image projected onto the retina is inverted or upside
down.
When examining the projected sectional structure of the
image in S.S.S.R.D, the image also has to be projected in
a horizontally reversed form. Therefore, not only is it
projected upside down, but also the right side of the scene
is now projected onto the left side of the retina and the left

- 111 -
side of each scene is projected onto the right side of each
retina. In both eyes, the image is projected inversely
(horizontally and vertically) onto the retina, for precisely
the same reason. This inverted image received by the
retina is easier to understand by simply examining the
two monocular areas of each eye resulting from the
occlusion of the nose.
In S.S.S.R.D., the image has to be projected in an inverted
vertical and horizontal form. The general connotations we
derive from this are that the image received by the retina
is upside down (that fact is well established). However, it
is also reversed horizontally, i.e. targets viewed on the left
side of each retinal snapshot image are received on the
right side of the left retina, and targets on the right side of
each retinal snapshot image are received on the left side of
the retina in each eye.
FIG 4-5

FIG A FIG B
Figure 4-5: The dominant and suppressed retinal-section
structure of each eye, displayed in the way we perceive the
optic.

- 112 -
FIG A, illustrates the retinal-section structure of the left
eye’s image. The monocular area of the left eye is on the
extreme left of the left retina in the visual field, but no
part of the image in that sectional area can fall on the left
side or extreme outside of the left retina. In fact, the only
area on the retina the monocular-sectional image can fall
is an area on the extreme right or inside of the left retina.
In order for this to occur the image has to be received in a
horizontally reversed form.
FIG B, illustrates the retinal-section structure of the right
eye’s image. The monocular area of the right eye is on the
extreme right of the visual field, but no part of the image
in that sectional area can fall on the extreme outside of
the right retina. In fact, the only area on the retina the
monocular-sectional image can fall is an area on the
extreme left or inside of the right retina. In order for this
to occur the image has to be received in a horizontally
reversed form.
This is the only way that the pattern of light-reflected
image signals can reach each of the dominant retinal-
sections in both eyes. This is also the only way in which
the pattern of light-reflected image signals can reach all of
the corresponding, suppressed retinal-sections in both
eyes, as illustrated above in figure 4-5. The monocular
areas are viewed in the single image, with the left
monocular area on the extreme left of the visual field and
the right monocular area on the extreme right of the
visual field.
It is impossible for reflected light patterns from these two
areas to reach the extreme left and right sides of either
retina through the noodle point. The only possible way
that the reflected light patterns can reach these areas is
when the monocular areas are located on the extreme

- 113 -
inside right of the left retina and extreme inside left of the
right retina. In the visual image they are viewed on the
extreme outside left of the left eye and extreme outside of
the right retina.
Upon closer observation, this is also the case for each of
the other retinal-section divisions, including the dominant
and suppressed areas in each eye. When we close one eye,
it appears we see a complete visual field, but in binocular
vision we can only see this visual field in sections. The
light intensities from the optic array reach the retina via a
small aperture, the pupil. Consequently, the light from a
specific area of the optic array, from a particular angle,
always reaches a specific area or section of the retina. So
it is not surprising that vision is in fact based on
simultaneous sectional suppression and retinal
dominance.
All the retinal-sections are both vertically and horizontally
inverted, as a result of how the light from these areas of
the optic array are projected onto the retina. This is the
reverse of how we perceive this structure in our visual
field using natural observation. This is the only way in
which light in the optic can reach the corresponding
dominant and suppressed retinal-sections. This is crucial
for occlusion zones to occur.
Targets occluded in a dominant retinal-section must be
able to be projected onto the corresponding suppressed
retinal-section in the other eye. The structure of
(S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) means that all of the
corresponding dominant and suppressed retinal-sections
of the image are received through the noodle of each eye,
only when the corresponding areas in the retina are
inverted both vertically and horizontally.

- 114 -
Targets occluded in a dominant retinal-section must be
able to be projected onto the corresponding suppressed
retinal-section in the other eye. The structure of
(S.S.S.R.D and the cortex eye) means that all of the
corresponding dominant and suppressed retinal-sections
of the image are received through the noodle of each eye,
only when the corresponding areas in the retina are
inverted both vertically and horizontally. When we view
any object or scene in three dimensional space the entire
scene or object is projected in an inverted vertical and
horizontal form, onto each retina. We do not see the image
in this form as the visual process corrects the vertical and
horizontal inversion.
Figure 4-6 How an image is initially received on the retina.

FIG A FIG B
In FIG A, the house is viewed the same as we see it, when
focusing on a central part of the house.
FIG B, different areas of the house and gardens are
viewed in different retinal-section divisions, these areas
are received in an upside-down and horizontally reversed
form on each retina.

- 115 -
We know that signals from the left side of the left retina
are sent to the left LGN and signals from the right side of
the left retina are sent to the right LGN. In exactly the
same way signals from the left and right side of the right
retina are sent to the left and right LGN’s, respectively.
This results in the left LGN receiving signals from the left
side of each retina and the right LGN receiving signals
from the right sides of each retina .The point at which the
signals from the two visual pathways cross before
reaching the two LGN’s, is the optic chiasm.
We do not know where this correction occurs. It may
start at the LGN’s or the cross over at the optic chiasm, or
at the assembly of the retinal-section images in the visual
cortex.
The vertically and horizontally reversed image received by
the retina is only important from the point of view of
understanding how complex the entire structure and
process of the visual system is.

The Framework structure and transit of the


Dominant Retinal Sectional areas to the
visual cortex

Figure 4-7 illustrates the structural design of the retinal-


sections from the moment the image is projected in a
sectional form onto the retina, and follows the visual
pathways to the visual cortex. These snapshot images
including an occlusion zone are processed as they travel
along the visual pathways before they are eventually
assembled in the visual cortex, creating a clear, sharp
stereo single image.

- 116 -
The final diagrams shows the structure and the transit of
the retinal-sections. It illustrates the structure of the
snapshot images before and after the function of the
cortex eye. The dominant and suppressed sectional areas
of the two left halves of each retina are represented
It illustrates the entire framework structure of the optic
array including an occlusion zone. The grey areas are the
dominant retinal-sections of the left eye and the white
areas are the dominant retinal-sections of the right eye
and the black areas are the suppressed areas.
The monocular boundaries nearer to and farther than the
fixation point; ML and MR, resulting from the occlusion of
the nose create two opposite monocular retinal-sectional
areas.
The dominant and suppressed sectional areas of the two
right halves of each retina are represented.
Figure 4-7: Visual Pathways to the brain

FIG A FIG B

- 117 -
The left LGN receives the dominant sectional areas of the
right retina and the right LGN receives the dominant
retinal sections of the left retina.
FIG A, illustrates how these dominant, retinal-sections
merge to comprise a single image before the function of
the cortex eye. It illustrates the dominant and suppressed
sectional areas of the two right halves of each retina are
represented in left LGN. The two dominant and
suppressed sectional areas of the two left haves of left and
right retina are represented in the right LGN.
FIG B, illustrate the structure and transit of the dominant
sectional areas to the visual cortex after the function of
(cyclopean cortex eye) occurs including the occlusion
zone.
The final stage of this process is the actual function of the
cortex eye, where the visual axes are accurately
represented and subsequently rotated to form a single
central axis. It must be noted that the dominant sectional
areas never comprise of more than one entire retina. This
also includes sub-sectional areas that have become
dominant, for example, due to occlusion, in a
corresponding suppressed area. This corresponding area
automatically becomes a suppressed area in a dominant
section of the other eye.
It shows how the function of the cortex eye operates
without interfering with visual direction or creating a
correspondence problem. At the same time, it creates the
mathematical computations that allow the measurement
of depth perception.

- 118 -
Conclusion

Simultaneous sectional retinal dominance is the


automatic simultaneous activation of three separate
dominant sections of each retina that occurs at the same
instant the eyes converge and fixate. These six separate
complementary opposite retinal sectional areas have
defined boundaries. The six sectional areas three of each
retina fit together like a four-piece jigsaw radiating from
the focal point F comprising one entire single image.
The boundaries are defined by the visual axis of the left
eye V L and VLI nearer to and further than the focal point
F and the visual axis of the right eye VR1 and VR nearer
to and further than the focal point F. The other two retinal
boundaries are the monocular boundaries ML and MR.
In (S.S.S.R.D and the cortex eye) through natural
observation tests in three dimensional space, I discovered
the supression of any sectional retinal area in one eye is
mirrored with the dominance of a corresponding retinal
sectional area in the other eye and this occurs every time
the eyes fixate.
Fig 4-7 illustrates the entire framework structure of the
optic array including an occlusion zone. The grey areas
are the dominant retinal-sections of the left eye and the
white areas are the dominant retinal-sections of the right
eye and the black areas are the suppressed areas.
The monocular boundaries nearer to and farther than the
fixation point; ML and MR, resulting from the occlusion of
the nose create two opposite monocular retinal-sectional
areas.
Over millions of years of evolution, the location of these
retinal-section boundaries and areas formed as the most

- 119 -
efficient and best suited framework structure for the
visual system, so that all mammals could see the clearest
and most informed image at all times. So our eyes have
been using trigonometry in equations for measurement of
depth at almost the speed of light for millions of years
before man ever discovered formulas for these
mathematical equations.
The illustrations in this book depict the creation of the
retinal-sections and sub sectional areas; the
corresponding suppressed retinal-sections and their
boundaries. During each of the observation stages more
than twenty people of different age groups confirmed each
entire process. All test subjects had average/good
eyesight, and none of them required any type of visual aid
in either long or short distance viewing.
This book portrays all the visual stages of perception
using documented methods of natural observation and
occlusion. It illustrates the function of the cortex eye,
occlusion, the stereo image, the mathematical structure,
visual direction, and motion. I have proven how the input
of two eyes can create a stereo image and a mathematical
process by which our depth is measured. All of this is
achieved with coordination of the multiple processes that
occur right up until the final process that occurs with the
function of the cortex eye in the visual cortex.
These processes occur in a two-way system, from each
visual sensation of one fixation to the visual cortex and
back, in just a tiny fraction of a second. This is achieved
without any or correspondence problems, and without
compromising visual direction, or the quality of an
incredibly clear, stereo single image. Integral to these
processes is a mathematically structured progression of
unparalleled accuracy and intricacy that creates depth in

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the entire binocular and monocular fields of vision.
The importance of the coordination between the two eyes
cannot be overstated. In such a complex system, one
would imagine that the rotation of the visual axes in the
cortex eye would cause chaos, but instead it coordinates
with this already complex system and supplies it with the
ultimate quality of vision, which is depth perception.
Coordination between the eyes occurs at all stages of the
visual process, in each fixation. From the very moment
the eyes focus on a target, coordination begins between
the cells in the retina, the muscles of the two eyes, right
along the visual pathways and on to the visual cortex
itself. The following examples highlight the coordination
that enables the two eyes to act as a single eye:
• Light falling on one eye affects the diameter of
the pupils in both eyes, even if one eye is
closed.
• The accommodation of both eyes is always the
same when fixating on an object, near or far,
• When the two eyes fixate on a target, they
coordinate and converge on that target at
exactly the same moment.
• The two eyes coordinate in suppression and
dominance between all the retinal-sections, so
that every target in the visual scene is viewed,
but not viewed by both eyes simultaneously.
• The coordination and assembly of the retinal-
sections of both eyes, including the precise
location of the visual axis of each eye, in the
visual image before the function of the cortex
eye occurs.

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• The coordination that enables the rotation of
the visual axes to occur in the cortex eye,
resulting in all the retinal-sections following the
same rotation without affecting the original
vantage angle view of either eye.
When we examine the symmetry of the visual system, it is
also quite amazing to discover the following:
• Six extraocular muscles control the position of
each eye in its orbit.
• There are six dominant, retinal-sections; there
are also six suppressed retinal-sections.
• There are six retinal-sectional boundaries
• There are six layers in the visual cortex.

We do not appreciate the complex structure of our vision


as all these functions occur at almost the speed of light
and stretches to more than 30 areas of our brain.
Obviously I cannot detail all the areas and functions of
vision perception as detailed in my first book (S.S.S.R.D.
and the cortex eye) but I hope this brief documentation
and real life observation proof study of the all the areas in
the entire framework structure prove beyond doubt that
(S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) is the framework structure
of the single image. I also hope that people will
understand how complex and intricate the visual
framework structure is and all of these functions occurs
at almost the speed of light.
What consistently amazes me is that if one did not
observe this whole process using methods of natural
observation and occlusion, one could never comprehend

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the amazingly intricate, yet complex processes, constantly
occurring in such varied forms. All of which are forever
coordinating convolutedly to create the most undeniably
sophisticated, three-dimensional image. The visual system
has been part of our biological composition for millions of
years, yet it is outside the realms of possibility, even to
this day, that prevailing scientific technology could
artificially reproduce a similar mechanism.
I have written a book (The End of Mankind in less than 50
years) (A must read for all young parents) The book is
based on allowing this very complex intricate sensitive
brain cell structure of vision to mature in very young
children without binocular brain cell damage before their
binocular vision brain cells mature. This damage is
mirrored in the mental health problems of young children
by the rise, availability and use of two dimensional close
vision viewing devises where all of these complex
functions are blocked in virtually their entire visual field.
It is very important that people in psychology and
psychiatry, visual perception and neuroscience
understand the importance of allowing this incredibly
sensitive brain cell structure of vision to mature in
young children without damage. Any damage to brain
cells results in mental illness.

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AREAS OF VISION DETAILED AND ILLUSTRARED IN
MY FIRST BOOK (SSSRD AND THE CORTEXEYE)

Chapter 1 An introduction to and brief history of visual


perception
Chapter 2 The framework structure of the S.S.S.R.D
detailing the natural retinal sectional boundaries in each
eye and the correspondent dominant and suppressed
areas common to each eye, including the two monocular
areas resulting from the occlusion of the nose
Chapter 3 The Cyclopean (Cortex) eye
Chapter 4 Occlusion and how the eyes coordinate to see
the clearest most informed image
Chapter 5 The creation of the stereo image and the
mathematical structure of vision
Chapter 6 Visual direction, motion processing, optic
flow and an explanation for how the image is received in a
reversed vertical and horizontal form.

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CHAPTER 5

The Dome Shaped Image

Introduction
In the history of monocular visual perception nobody has
ever put forward a structure for monocular depth
perception. All we have to date are theories on monocular
cues such as linear perspective, relative size, motion
parallax, texture gradient, and so on but no actual
structure as to how these cues are achieved.
Like (S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) which is the first ever
proven and complete new concept of visual perception for
binocular vision the (Dome shaped image) is the first ever
proven and complete new concept of visual perception for
monocular vision.
The (Dome shaped image) is integral in binocular vision
but the only structure in monocular vision. These two
framework structures completes the entire framework
structure of the optic array for binocular and monocular
vision.
The (Dome shaped image) explains for the fist time science
research obtained by LeVay et al (1985) following Hubel
and Freeman (1977) which reveals two major trends. In
the parafoveal region stripes tend to run horizontally,
while further from the fovea stripes follow roughly
concentric circles.
The paper reporting these trends were revised in January
2000 also reported that these trends in the orientation of

- 125 -
the stripes call for explanation.
In this book the (The Dome Shaped Image) proves for the
first time by natural observation tests in three
dimensional space that the image projected on to retina is
a curved dome shaped image. It completely explains this
remarkable science research starting back almost 50
years ago. It explains why stripes away from the fovea
follow concentric circles. It also explains why a straight
horizontal line is only observed in the centre of the fovea.
FIG 5-1
The structure of the in the optic array in binocular
and monocular vision

FIG A FIG B
Fig A, illustrates the dome shape structure of the optic
array in binocular vision.
Fig B, illustrates the structure of the optic array refracted
through each eye on to the retina in monocular and

- 126 -
binocular vision.
I discovered that the (The dome shaped image) is a
complete separate permanent structure in the optic array
for binocular and monocular vision, this dome shaped
structure enlarges in the distance. So like linear
perspective, objects are perceived smaller in the distance.
In simultaneous sectional suppression and retinal
dominance we know how depth is measured and how
motion and stereo vision is created and monitored.
In the (Domed shaped image) depth and stereo perception
and motion of the eye and motion in the optic array is
created by very complex spherical geometric mathematical
equations at almost the speed of light. Some of these
spherical geometric equations I believe are probably even
outside the boundaries of modern spherical geometric
maths.
I also discovered that a straight horizontal, vertical, and
diagonal line is only observed straight in the very centre of
the fovea and the orientation of the roughly concentric
circles away from the fovea is the (The dome shaped
Image).
I discovered that the two framework structures of vision in
(S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) and (The dome shaped
image) proves that it is not what we actually see but
consciously do not notice is the framework structure of
binocular and monocular vision.
In this book (The Dome Shaped Image) proves for the first
time using natural observation tests in three dimensional
space that the image projected on to retina is a curved
dome shaped image. It completely explains this
remarkable science research over 50 years. It also
explains why a straight line is only observed in the centre

- 127 -
of the fovea.
Like (S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) which is the first ever
proven and complete new concept of binocular vision
perception the (Dome shaped image) is the first ever
proven and complete new concept of monocular vision
perception. The (Dome shaped image) is integral in
binocular vision but the only structure in monocular
vision. These two framework structures are actual
abstract extensions of the brain. It obviously evolved over
millions of years for monocular animals or binocular
animals that lost vision in one eye as it is the only
permanent structure in the optic array for monocular
vision.
My first book on visual perception (S.S.S.R.D. and the
cortex eye) illustrates the details and proves for the first
time the permanent structure of the optic array in
binocular vision. This structure is simultaneous sectional
suppression and retinal dominance combined with the
(cyclopean) or cortex eye.
The (dome shaped image) is also a permanent structure in
the optic array. It is integral in binocular vision but it is
the only structure in the optic array for monocular vision.
Many great artists over the years painted on dome shaped
surfaces to create a 3D effect with great success.
It is almost as effective as (S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye)
in judging depth, motion, and stereo vision and
accelerates with motion in exactly the same way. We
know this by the fact that a one eyed person is legally able
to drive a car which requires excellent visual perception.
Many people with binocular vision sometimes unknowing
have only monocular vision. For example a person with a
long sighted and a short sighted eye. The short sighted

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eye becomes completely suppressed when viewing objects
in the distance and the long sighted becomes completely
suppressed when viewing close up e.g. reading small
print. This is easily proven by a person with a long and a
short sighted eye. A signpost in the distance is clearly
read by the long sighted while it is just a blur to the
shorted eye as a result it is just the long sighted eye that
reads it. The very opposite is experienced by the short
sighted eye. Small print is clearly read by the short
sighted eye while it is just a blur to the long sighted eye.
This is simply proven by alternating the opening and
closing of each eye separately. So in other words the
shorted sighted eye is completely suppressed in the
distance and the long sighted eye is completely
suppressed close up.
The (Dome shaped image) is illustrated, detailed, and
proven in a real life observation proof study on the
vertical, horizontal, and diagonal axis.
Predator animals e.g. tigers, lions, etc, all have large wide
binocular visual fields of vision as motion is more easily
detected in the optic array when in stationary position.
Occlusion zones combined with the function of the
cyclopean cortex eye greatly enhance depth perception for
these animals particularly in a stationary position.
Occlusion zones and the function of cortex eye only occur
in binocular vision. It also the reason why all predators
have a large wide binocular fields of vision.
Animals of prey e.g. rabbits, hares, deer etc, have only
monocular vision. They have a much larger field of vision
so they can more easily spot a predator but are more
venerable in a stationary position, As a result all these
animals have fast head movement when in a stationary
position to create motion but when in motion trying to

- 129 -
escape a predator have excellent visual perception.
Predators on the other hand have excellent vision while in
a stationary position resulting from the function of the
cortex eye and occlusion zones and their perception also
accelerates with motion.
A bird for example which has only a tiny binocular overlap
has fast head movements when on the ground are quite
venerable to predators. When flying it can fly through a
densely branched tree or spot and catch a tiny fly in full
flight with ease as it benefits from a mostly monocular
field of vision but also a tiny binocular field of vision. A
one eyed person moves their head from side to side when
viewing an object out of their kitchen window or simply
picking up a cup of tea to create depth in motion. But a
one eyed person is legally able to drive a car which
requires excellent visual perception.
Many great artists over the years painted on dome shaped
surfaces to create a 3D effect with great success, but no
artificial 3D displays can ever display the 3D stereo
imagery created by the binocular or monocular visual
image.
I discovered the dome shaped image during my
observation tests in (S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye)
I knew then that is was a complete separate permanent
structure in the optic array integral in binocular vision
but the only structure for monocular vision. I deliberately
excluded it from my book (S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye)
as it solely detailed binocular vision. l also found
simultaneous sectional suppression and retinal
dominance combined with the cyclopean cortex eye
complex and intricate structural concept to comprehend
separately on its own.

- 130 -
For these two framework structures of vision (S.S.S.R.D.
and the cortex eye) and the (Dome shaped image) all
observation tests were proven by natural observation tests
in three dimensional space. All tests were confirmed by
the same 5 observers and at least 20 random observers all
with good natural vision. All drawings and illustrations
can be recreated and proven by natural observation tests
in three dimensional space on a tiny or large scale and in
this book also by a real life observation proof study.

Direct Perception

There is no dough that vision is direct perception which


occurs at almost the speed of light.
The commands required that enable the eyes to track a
fast moving object is estimated to be 6 milliseconds. If
these commands were computed in the brain it would a
minimal time of 135 milliseconds, so if the command
came from the brain the eyes would be always behind. So
the structure of the optic array is an abstract extension of
the brain
We know the eye can track fast moving targets so there
has to be a synchronization between the information in
the retinal image and the commands sent to eye muscles,
but if the information from retinal image is ambiguous
where is the information coming from. Where is the
command and control centre.
J.J Gibson maintained that it is the flow and disturbances
in the structure of entire optic array rather than bars,

- 131 -
blobs, or forms in an image which provide the information
for perception. In his direct theory of perception he
maintains that information is “picked up” rather than
processed. He suggests that it is the entire array of light
beams reaching the observer, after structuring by
surfaces and objects in the world, that provides direct
information about the layout of those surfaces and objects
and about movement within the world and by the
observer.
Gibson direct theory met much opposition and as a result
he reformulated his views on visual perception radically.
In his later works he changed the emphasis away from the
direct theory to the perception of surfaces in the
environment this emphasis remained throughout his
subsequent books.
I am personally disappointed that Gibson reformulated his
theory of direct perception. If only he knew then that there
was two permanent structures in the optic array
(S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) and the (dome shaped
image) he would not have done so.
I found Gibson’s direct theory and the emphases he put
on motion as the base element of vision very interesting in
particular the way they relate to the structure of the optic
array.
It is incredible to believe that our vision has being using
trigonometry and spherical geometry at almost the speed
of light for millions of years before man ever discovered
the mathematical formulas for these equations.
I discovered that the two framework structures of vision in
(S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) and (The dome shaped
image) proves that it is not what we actually see but
consciously do not notice is the framework structure of

- 132 -
binocular and monocular vision. These two framework
structures are actual abstract extensions of the brain.
Its curved dome shape results in every tiny part of the
image possessing its own unique curve formation. The
curve formation is one of the two main reasons apart from
disparity in S.S.S.R.D combined with the cortex eye as to
how we perceive depth, distance, and stereo vision in
particular motion in the optic array. Its curved dome
shape results in every tiny part of the image possessing its
own unique curve formation. The curve formation is one
of the two main reasons apart from disparity in S.S.S.R.D
combined with the cortex eye as to how we perceive depth,
distance, and stereo vision in particular motion in the
optic array.
Scientists over the years suggest that the movement of the
eyes does not change the structure of the optic array.
Vision scientists most notably Helmholtz suggest that the
brain compensates for eye movements that are caused by
commands that it sends to the muscles of the eyes, but
again how is this possible. For example the commands
required to enable our eyes to track fast moving objects is
estimated to be approx six milliseconds. If these
commands were computed in the brain it would take a
minimal time of 135 milliseconds. If commands came from
the brain our eyes would always be behind
The speed our eyes work with every movement of the eye
or movement in the optic array and all the complex
mathematical equations which are solved in milliseconds
means that our visual field is simply an abstract
extension of the brain.

- 133 -
FIG 5-2 The dome shaped structure

FIG A FIG B
FIG A, illustrates the structure of the (Dome shaped
image) in binocular vision.
FIG B, illustrates the structure of the (Dome shaped
image) in monocular vision.
FIG B illustrates the light that falls on each retina has a
curved dome shaped structure. This curved dome shaped
network is forever the constant structure of all light that
falls on the retina with the focal point always being the
centre of the network. Every tiny part of the optic array
projected through this curved network onto the retina in
monocular and binocular vision has a unique different
curve formation.
The duration of the eye in any one position is recorded to
be only milliseconds which means the speedy shifting
curved network remains constant but the curve
structure of the optic array is constantly and speedily
oscillating from one unique curve formation to another.

- 134 -
Vision is not learned, this very sophisticated sense evolved
over millions of years, with the desire of monocular
animals to see in the most informed image to suit their
environment and protect themselves from predators.
This was achieved by the basic animal desire to survive in
their own environment. So too is their sophisticated
camouflage which evolved and achieved without their
knowledge. All these incredible natural biological
engineering evolutionary fetes were taken for granted.
The proof of the (dome shaped image) is proven and
illustrated in the followings drawings and real life
observations on the vertical, horizontal, and diagonal axis.
In the last hundred and fifty years we have concentrated
on trying to understand binocular vision by using
stereoscopes. Stereoscopes cannot tell us anything about
vision. Our eyes work together in three dimensional space,
they cannot work separately in two dimensional space. It
is not what we directly see but what we consciously do not
notice that tells us how our binocular and monocular
vision is structured.
I discovered that a vertical, horizontal, and diagonal
straight line can only be viewed accurately straight in
centre of the fovea. Either side of the focal point on the
vertical, horizontal and diagonal axis the image has a
curved formation. It curves in opposite directions away
from the focal point on the vertical, horizontal, and
diagonal axis. This phenomenon is proven by natural
observation.
It requires much more subtle observations than the
observations in simultaneous sectional suppression and
dominance combined with the cortex eye and requires
complete attention. We first observe the vertical axis.

- 135 -
FIG 5-3 The vertical axis
We can first observe that the image projected on the retina
is a curved image, left and right of the focal point on the
vertical axis.
For the purpose of illustrating I use slightly curved lines.
There are no reference letters or numbers so as to not
distract attention for the purpose of subtle observation.

In FIG 5-3 The two lines are slightly curved vertical lines,
curved in opposite directions towards each other. The
three different focal points are the 3 dots. When we
quickly shift focus from one dot to the other we will
observe the lines straighten and curve much more than
they actually are. When we focus on the centre point we
will observe the lines straight. This observation proves
that the lines have to curve outwards to be perceived
straight. It also proves that the curve formation curves

- 136 -
away in opposite directions on opposite sides of the focal
point on the fovea on the vertical axis.
We can also observe the same observations by moving the
head from side to side with one eye or two eyes while
focusing on the two lines.

FIG 5-4 The horizontal axis

FIG 5-4 The two lines are slightly curved horizontal lines
curved in opposite directions towards each other. The
three different focal points are the 3 dots. When we
quickly shift focus from one dot to the other we will
observe the lines straighten and curve much more than
they actually are. When we focus on the centre point we
will observe the lines straight. This observation proves
that the lines have to curve outwards to be perceived
straight. It also proves that the curve formation curves
away in opposite directions on opposite sides of the focal

- 137 -
point on the fovea on the horizontal axis. We can also
observe the same observations by moving the head from
up and down with one eye or two eyes.
FIG 5-5 illustrates the vertical and horizontal axis.

In FIG 5-5, The two lines are slightly curved horizontal


and vertical lines curved in opposite directions towards
each other. The 5 different focal points are the 5 dots.
When we quickly shift focus from one dot to the other we
will observe the lines straighten and curve much more
than they actually are across the axis of the vertical and
horizontal. When we focus on the centre point we will
observe all the lines straight. This observation proves that
the lines have to curve outwards to be perceived straight
on both axis simultaneously. It also proves that the curve
formation curves away in opposite directions on opposite
sides of the focal point on the fovea on the vertical and
horizontal axis.

- 138 -
We can also observe the same observations by moving the
head from side to side or up and down with one eye or two
eyes.
Fig 5-6 The diagonal axis

In FIG 5-6, The two lines are slightly curved lines curved
in opposite directions towards each other. The three
different focal points are the 3 dots. When we quickly
shift focus from one dot to the other we will observe the
lines straighten and curve much more than they actually
are. When we focus on the centre point we will observe the
lines straight. This observation proves that the lines have
to curve outwards to be perceived straight. It also proves
that the curve formation curves away in opposite
directions on opposite sides of the focal point on the fovea
on the diagonal axis.
We can also observe the same observations by moving the
head in a diagonal way up and down with one eye or two

- 139 -
eyes. We can observe this in a more realistic way by doing
exactly the same when viewing the horizontal bar
anywhere at eye level.
This observation proves that this phenomenon is no
illusion because the two lines can be observed to curve
and straighten in opposite directions either side of the
focal point. It also proves that this curve formation
extends right out into peripheral vision on the vertical and
horizontal diagonal axis. The pattern of the curve
formation is a precise pattern, that is it curves away in
opposite directions either side of the focal point which in
turn proves the image is curved away in opposite
directions on the vertical and horizontal and diagonal axis
each side of the focal point on the fovea. This is the dome
shaped image.
5-7 The vertical and horizontal axis in the dome
shaped image.

- 140 -
In FIG 5-7 all the vertical and horixontal lines are slightly
curved lines curved in opposite directions towards each
other. When we quickly focus from one dot to another up
and down and over and back we observe an ever changing
dome shaped structure. When we focus on the centre dot
(the focal point) we perceive all the lines to be straight.
This proves that on all lines have to curve outwards on
the vertical and horizontal axis either side of the focal
point on the fovea to be perceived as straight. These lines
curved in opposite directions therefore the image focused
on the retina is a curved dome shaped image. These
experiments also prove that the focal point is the centre of
this curved network. An image curved on all axes
radiating from a central focal point is a dome shaped
image. So every image projected onto the retina is a dome
shaped image.

FIG 5-8

In FIG 5-8, there is illustrated the curve formation of


small and larger sections at different locations around the
focal point in binocular and monocular vision. The

- 141 -
sections large and small have all different curve
formations each of them an unique curve formation to the
other.
A curve dome shaped image which is constant and ever
present from the first day our eyes were able to focus is
unquestionably genetically inherited. It is obviously not a
new art that has to be learned by the visual system, it is
as natural and integral with our ability to see light the
first day of life when we open our eyes. It must contribute
a phenomenon amount of visual information to our brain.
Every tiny part of this network has a unique curve
formation and the dome shape of the entire structure
opens up the optic array as an area where a whole range
of mathematical computations can occur in particular
spherical geometry. To what extent the visual system uses
and senses this mathematical structure we will probably
never be know, but the dome shaped image has to be
immense value in the detection and monitoring of motion
in the optic array and by its nature creates a three
dimensional image and depth perception that is more
limited than in binocular vision but nonetheless very
effective as we do know from the fetes that one eyed
humans and monocular animals can accomplish.
A very significant aspect to these experiments is that the
dome shaped network is observed with each eye
individually in the same way it is observed with the two
eyes in the binocular single image. The centre focal point
at the intersection of the straight vertical and horizontal is
exactly the same in monocular and binocular vision. From
this central focal point on the vertical, horizontal, and
diagonal axis the image curves away in the same way on
each eye so the two curved networks correspond in the
binocular single image.

- 142 -
The most significant result of these experiments are that
they prove contrary to conventional opinion that the
image focused on the retina is not a flat two dimensional
image it is indeed a curved domed shaped three
dimensional image in monocular and binocular vision.

Visual alignment and visual direction.

This science research going back almost 50 years


obtained by LeVay et al (1985) following Hubel and
Freeman (1977) where in the parafoveal region stripes
tend to run horizontally, while further from the fovea
stripes follow roughly concentric circles .The paper
reporting these trends was revised in January 2000 also
reported that these trends in the orientation of the stripes
call for explanation.
Having proven in this book by natural observation that
the image projected on to retina is indeed a curved dome
shaped image completely explains the orientation of the
roughly concentric circles away from the fovea and also
explains why the focal point is always the centre of the
dome shaped image.
The focal point is always the target point in visual
direction in monocular and binocular vision. It is also the
target for accurate visual alignment as we will observe
from the following drawings.
We believe we see a straight line but we only view a
straight line when we view the line in the centre of the
fovea or focal point. We cannot align a straight line unless
the line is directly viewed from above or behind the line.
This is important to understand in everyday life and in
sports for example golf, in particular golf putting.

- 143 -
I have lodged a patent on correct alignment of a golf
putting club based on this science research. I tried and
tested this correct eye alignment position with
professional golfers. All reported dramatic improvement in
their putting accuracy and all documented that it reduced
their putting average by 4-5 putting shots in a round of
golf.
Outside the focal point we can observe the line curves out
of alignment in opposite directions. The line is curving in
and out of alignment on each side of the focal point on the
vertical, horizontal, and diagonal axis on each side of the
fovea.
The observations proved by these experiments concurs
and explains the science research regarding the trend
patterns of ocular dominance stripes. This in turn proves
the image is curved in opposite directions on the vertical,
horizontal, and diagonal axis each side of the focal point
as illustrated in the following drawings.

- 144 -
FIG 5-9 A straight vertical line.

FIG 5-9, illustrates why a straight vertical line is only


viewed in the centre of the fovea. When we quickly change
our focus from one dot to another we will observe the two
lines curve moving in and out of alignment in opposite
directions.
When we focus on the centre dot line the line is viewed
straight.
We can observe the exact miss alignment and alignment
by moving the head from side to side when viewing the
centre dot. The line is curving and moving in and out of
opposite alignment from one side of the focal point to the
other on the fovea.

- 145 -
FIG -5-10 The vertical bar of a kitchen window

In FIG 5-10, We can observe this in a more real life way


by doing exactly the same when viewing the vertical bar of
the kitchen window while focusing on the bar
Even on this tiny scale when we change focus quickly
from one side of the bar to the other or from dot to dot, we
will observe the bar slightly curve in opposite directions.
The same observation is achieved when focusing on the
vertical bar of our kitchen window by moving the head
from side to side with one eye or two eyes.
This observation proves that this phenomenon is no
illusion because the vertical bar can be observed to curve
in opposite directions either side of the focal point. It also
proves that this curve formation extends right out into
peripheral vision on the vertical axis.

- 146 -
FIG 5-11 A straight horizontal line.

FIG 5-11, illustrates why a straight horizontal line is only


viewed in the centre of the fovea. When we quickly change
our focus from one dot to the other we will observe the
two lines curve or going out of alignment from one side to
the other. When we focus on the centre dot line the line is
viewed straight.
We can observe this in a more realistic way by doing
exactly the same when viewing the horizontal bar of the
kitchen window at eye level.
When we change focus quickly from one side to the other
we will observe the bar slightly curve in opposite
directions.
The same observation is achieved when viewing the
horizontal bar of our kitchen window and moving the head
from up to down to down at eye level with one eye or two

- 147 -
eyes.
This observation proves that this phenomenon is no
illusion because the two lines can be observed to curve
and straighten in opposite directions either side of the
focal point on the fovea. It also proves that this curve
formation extends right out into peripheral vision on the
vertical and horizontal axis.
The pattern of the curve formation is a precise pattern as
it curves away in opposite directions either side of the
focal point
The pattern of the curve formation is a precise pattern
that is maintained in the distance as it curves away in
opposite directions either side of the focal point.
This proves the image is curved away in opposite
directions on the vertical and horizontal axis each side of
the focal point on the fovea.

- 148 -
FIG 5-12- A straight diagonal line

FIG 5-12, illustrates why a straight diagonal line is only


viewed in the centre of the fovea. When we change our
focus from one dot to another we will observe the two lines
curve going in and out of alignment in opposite directions.
When we focus on the centre dot the line is viewed
straight.
We can observe the exact miss alignment and alignment
by moving the head diagonally side to side when viewing
the centre dot.
The line is curving and moving in and out of opposite
alignment from one side of the focal point to the other on
the fovea on the diagonal axis.
The focal point is always the centre of the dome shaped
network which is with us from the day we are born and as
result is genetically inherited. The fact that it is always

- 149 -
centred around the focal point means that it is forever
constant.
The human eye is similar to all mammals who in turn
must inherit this same dome shape image. These
experiments prove that the dome shaped image has a
distinctive straight, horizontal, vertical and diagonal
divide which divides the structure into distinctive
sections, each section being an opposite curve formation
to its adjoining section. Its curved shaped structure
makes every tiny area in that structure unique to the eye
so every image projected on to the retina is a construction
of many different curve formations but altogether they
comprise a precise curved dome shaped structure.
In monocular and binocular vision, the curved network
provides the optic array with a network where waves of
different curve formations are oscillating over and back
across the retina acting similar to that of a radar network
with the focal point the centre of the radar network.

A Curve formation interchange and link with


spatial vision during eye movements
As the eye scans the visual field the curved network
remains constant but the curve formation of the visual
field is constantly changing from one curved formation to
another as the focal point changes.
This curve formation interchange is a very significant
element in our ability to judge speed and motion in
monocular and binocular vision.
Motion is the key that enables our visual system to
operate in its most effective way, and interchange of curve
formation is the result of motion. That is motion of the

- 150 -
eyes and body or motion in the optic array.
When the image moves how do we know whether the
movement is due to the movement of the object or the
movement of the eye? The retinal image sweeps from one
side of the retina to the other when the eye moves yet
perceived movement position of objects does not change.
When we consider a stationary eye viewing an object and
as the object moves across the line of sight, the image will
move across the retina, but we perceive that it is the
object that is moving not the eye.
When we move the eye and the object remains stationary,
the image again will move across the retina. This time we
will correctly perceive that it is the eye that is moving not
the object.
When the eye is tracking a moving object the image cast
by the object remains steady on the same part of the
retina as the focused eye and object move together.

The structure of the optic array is the reason why we


perceive movement. They are three completely different
perceptions of movement.

1. It is not possible for the retina to calculate the


movement as a result of the inconsistency of the
object movement across the retina.

2. The time factor involved in sending signals to the


brain and back excludes the possibility of eye
movements being a reason.

3. The only one reason for perception of movement is


the structure of the optic array (not as a theory) but
as illustrated and proven in this book.

- 151 -
Binocular vision in simultaneous sectional suppression
and retinal dominance in conjunction with the cortex eye
is certainly way the eye monitors motion of eye or motion
in the optic array. The curved shaped image is an
additional structure to monitor motion in the optic array
and is also an advantage in perceiving depth and
movement and does enable a one eyed human perceive
depth and accurately monitor and differentiate
movement of the eye and movement in the optic array.
I discovered the reason why a one eyed human can
monitor and differentiate these movements is the
changing curved formations in the dome shaped optic
array.
The speedy interchanging of the curved formations result
from movement of eye or movement in the optic array and
enables the eye to perform to such a high level of vision
accuracy and vision stability.
The Focal point is always the centre of the dome curved
shaped image, but when the focal point changes across
the optic array the curve formation of the optic array
changes.
The eye is constantly moving so the curve dome shape
formation of the optic array is also constantly changing.
Inversely when the eye is stationary and there is object
movement in the optic array, the objects are constantly
changing from one curve formation to another. When the
eye is tracking a fast moving object, the eye and the object
move in the curve formation, but the movement of the eye
and the object causes a constant curve formation change
in the optic array. The movement of the eye causes the
optic array to sweep from one side of the retina to the
other therefore across the dome curved shaped network

- 152 -
of which the focal point always remains the centre and
the information is gleaned from the waves of changing
curve formation in the optic array as it sweeps across the
retina.
Movement of the focal point and movement in the optic
array inversely change the dome curve formation
structure of the optic array and there is no ambiguity with
regards to the information provided by the retinal image
as movement of the eye and movement in the optic array
are directly inversely linked to each other. The ambiguity
is a complete misconception of what does and does not
sweep across the retina.
The optic array continuously sweeps across the retina but
the focal point does not. It is this reason the movement of
the eye and the movement in the optic array are inversely
linked, and it is the same reason as to how the
information is gleaned by the changing waves of curve
formations in the optic array as it moves across the retina
with the focal point being the relevant anchor.
Fig 5-13 illustrates how we accurately perceive the
movement of the object on the retina although the eye has
not moved. The retinal information from these three
different situations is ambiguous.
How do our eyes perceive what is moving and what is
still?

- 153 -
FIG 5-13 Movement in the optic array when the eye
is stationary

When there is movement in the optic array when the eye


is stationary, the object movement in the optic array is
perceived.
When an object is moving across the line of vision of a
stationary eye the object is perceived to be moving
through different curved formations.
In fig A, There is illustrated the object moving from right
to left across the stationary eye on the horizontal axis.
The object starts in one curve formation but the curve
formation changes as the object moves. When the object
crosses back across the eye from left to right, it moves
into an opposite curve formation. When the object crosses
the eye on the horizontal axes only the vertical curve
formation change.
In fig B, There is illustrated the object moving from down

- 154 -
to up across the stationary eye on the vertical axis. The
object starts in one curve formation but the curve
formation changes as the object moves. When the object
crosses across the eye it moves into an opposite curve
formation. When the object crosses the eye on the vertical
axes only the horizontal curve formation change.
In fig C, there is illustrated the object moving diagonally
across the stationary eye on the diagonal axis. The object
starts in one curve formation but the curve formation
changes as the object moves. When the object crosses
across the eye it moves into an opposite curve formation
from where it started. When the object crosses the eye on
the diagonal axes the vertical and horizontal curve
formation change.
Change in the focal point inversely linked to object
movement.

- 155 -
Movement of the eye

Fig 5-14 A, The focal point is always the centre of curved


dome shaped network.
Fig b and c when the focal point F changes from f1 to f2
and back on the horizontal axis F is still the centre of the
curve formation but vertical curve formation has changed.
The change in the focal point causes the curve formation
of the optic array to change in relation to the two other
focal points.
This curve formation change is inversely the same when
the object moved across the line of sight when the eye is
stationary on the horizontal axis.

- 156 -
Movement of the eye on the diagonal axis

In FIG 5-15, When the focal changes on the diagonal axis


the horizontal and vertical curved formation changes. In
Fig A The eye is still.
On the two diagonal axes F the focal point is still the
centre of the curve formation but vertical and horizontal
curve formation has changed.
When the focal point changes on two diagonal axis the
curve formation changes in different curve formations.
The slightest movement of the eye or focal point in any
direction causes the curved formations to move across the
optic array and change its curve formation structure. Only
movement of the focal point on the vertical and horizontal
axes does the horizontal and vertical curve formation
change respectively.

- 157 -
When the focal point changes on the vertical or horizontal
or in this case on the diagonal axis the curve formations
change, in fact the entire curved formation of the optic
array changes.
So the amount of change in the structure of the optic
array as the eye moves is phenomenal.
The rapid change of the focal point creates an equally
rapid change in the dome shaped curved structure of the
optic array so to does the movement of the head or
movement in the optic array.
The movement of the head results in disparate targets
nearer and further than the focal point changing from one
curve formation to an opposite curve formation. In the
same way movement in the optic array results in the
disparate targets moving into different curve formations.
This changing dome shaped image in monocular vision
must be of significant value to a one eyed human and
monocular animals. The monocular array has a
constantly changing curve formation across the entire
rotation of the eye. This means the monocular image has
a consistent changing structure that enables a one eyed
human to detect motion in the monocular vision of the
one eye. The changing dome shaped structure creates
stability in the visual field.
As the image sweeps across the retina in waves of
changing curve formations supplies the brain with
increased information that enables the eye to detect slow
and fast movement in the optic array simultaneously.
We do know that in monocular vision that we can detect
tiny movements of objects in peripheral vision. The speedy
changing formation of the dome shaped image works in a
similar way to a high speed camera.

- 158 -
The constantly changing dome shaped structure acts like
a network structure where the same image is constantly
being reconstructed by change of the focal point and
motion.
Our monocular and binocular perception of depth motion
are at their sharpest when we are in motion and when
there is motion in the optic array. A bird with little
binocular overlap can spot a tiny fly at a distance and
pick it up at full flight. Birds when flying hold their heads
still and have incredible depth perception, but when on
the ground they have rapid head movements.
A one eyed human and all monocular animals will always
move their heads from side to side in order to observe a
stationary object in the distance.
Motion is the base element of vision. This dome shaped
network supplies the optic array with a very precise well
structured network in monocular and binocular vision
that sweeps to and fro across the retina acting like a type
of radar system by which depth and motion in particular
is detected.
How is the dome shaped structure maintained when the
two eyes converge in binocular vision. We know that it is
maintained by observing the vertical, horizontal and
diagonal curved lines binocularly.
The opposite curved formations are observed exactly the
same binocularly as they are observed monocularly. The
lines are observed to curve and straighten in exactly the
same way.

- 159 -
FIG 5-16 The correspondence issue.

What about the correspondence issue? How do we know


the two dome shaped images correspond? The answer to
this question is simply the two dome shaped structures
fully correspond.
The two dome shaped monocular images are perceived to
be exactly the same combined corresponding dome
shaped image in the binocular single image and the
monocular image.
We know this because as proven in previous drawings in
this book that the focal point F is always the centre of the
image. When focusing on F a straight vertical, horizontal
and diagonal line are observed straight. This could not
happen if the two dome shaped structures did not fully
correspond.
Simultaneous sectional suppression and retinal
dominance combined with cortex eye occurs within this
structure. We have proven this by the fact that a straight,

- 160 -
vertical, horizontal and diagonal line are observed in the
binocular image in exactly the same as they are observed
in the monocular image. This could not occur if
(Simultaneous Sectional suppression and Retinal
Dominance) did not occur within the dome shaped
framework structure. As a result the dome shaped
structure is integral in the binocular single image.

FIG A FIG B
FIG 5-17. FIG A, The monocular dome shaped structure.
FIG B, The binocular structure inside the dome shaped
structure.

- 161 -
The dome shaped image is maintained in distance.
Fig 5-18.

FIG A FIG B

FIG A AND B, illustrates how the dome shaped enlarges


in distance on the vertical axis.
The perfect shaped eye has a perfect curve dome shaped
dome network through which the perfect dome shaped
image is projected on to the retina for optimum vision
near and far.
For this to occur the exact dome formation of the image
must be maintained in distance when the eye is viewing
objects close up or far away.
The lens obviously plays the lead role in achieving this,
hence a perfect shaped eye must also have a perfect lens
which in accommodation maintains the dome structure of
the image in the distance.

- 162 -
The horizontal axis
Fig 5-19.

FIG A FIG B

FIG A, illustrates how the dome shaped enlarges in


distance on the horizontal axis.
The slightly curved horizontal lines represent the dome
shaped horizontal optic array. They vary in length as the
dome shaped image enlarges in the distance representing
near and far.
Fig B, represent the horizontal dome shaped image as it
enlarges with distance.
The perfect shaped eye has a perfect curve dome shaped
dome network through which the perfect dome shaped
image is projected on to the retina for optimum vision
near and far. For this to occur the exact dome formation
of the image must be maintained in distance when the eye
is viewing objects close up or far away.

- 163 -
Depth perception

As the dome shaped image enlarges in the distance this


has to be the means by which the monocular eye
perceives depth. As targets are perceived smaller as they
move into the distance in the same way as they do in
linear perspective.
We can measure depth by using the same formula across
the entire visual field in (simultaneous sectional
suppression and retinal dominance) in binocular vision.
But creating a formula for measuring depth in the (dome
shaped image) in monocular vision is probably outside
modern spherical geometric mathematical calculations.

Why does the image fall short for a short sighted


eye and why does it fall behind the long sighted
eye?

The perfect shaped eye has a perfect curve dome shaped


dome network through which the perfect curved image is
projected on to the retina for optimum vision near and far.
The opposite is true for person who suffers from refractive
error.
Hermann von Helmholtz (1821--94) contributed what I
believe a very significant discovery in the history of vision,
that was the role the lens play in accommodation. His
theory states that the change in the shape of the lens
changes the focal length of the eye. He proposed that
refractive error was caused by a faulty lens or muscle
system or a congenitally malformed eyeball. His findings
to this day has never been questioned by orthodox

- 164 -
science, and the lens is solely responsibly for changing the
focal length of the eye. Today we know the shape of the
cornea is also a major factor.
Myopia (short-sighted) hyperopia (long-sighted) and
astigmatism), all of these conditions are classed as
refractive errors. They all result from malformation of the
eyeball in particular malformation of the shape of the
cornea. We know the image focused on the retina is a
curved dome shaped image and it is forever constant. For
the image to be a perfect dome shaped image it must be
projected through a perfect dome shaped cornea. Any
flaw in the cornea results in a flaw in the image.
In binocular and monocular vision the myopic eye will not
perceive the curved lines fully straighten or curve as the
lines move away from the eye and out of clear focal length
distance in exactly same way the myopic will lose depth
perception in (S.S.S.R.D. and the cortex eye) out of clear
focal length distance of that eye. So there is a colleration
between the quality of vision and the curve formation of
the image in monocular and binocular vision.
The image becomes larger and more blurred with distance
for the myopic eye in monocular and binocular vision.
This is proven by observing objects, half of which is
viewed through a corrective lens and half viewed with the
myopic eye slightly outside its clear focal length distance.
The corrective lens does more than refract the light. For
the myopic eye it reinstates the natural curve formation
and depth perception of the eye in monocular and
binocular vision. The curve formation and depth
perception of the myopic eye is corrected by the corrective
lens but as direct result the size of the image is reduced
but sharper and much more clear.

- 165 -
FIG 5-20.

FIG A FIG B

In FIG A, the section A of the square viewed with the


myopic eye outside its clear focal length and B is the
section viewed through the corrective lens. Section A is
perceived to be much wider than section B. The width of
square section B viewed though the corrective lens is
reduced and much more clear.
In FIG B, section D is the section of the square is viewed
with the myopic eye and C is the section viewed through
the corrective lens. Section C is perceived to be much
narrower than section D. The width of that section C of
square viewed through the corrective lens is reduced and
much more clear. In other words the image viewed
through the corrective lens is smaller and much more
clear.
With the myopic eye the curve formation of the image is
larger and blurred. With the perfect curve formation the

- 166 -
image is smaller and clearer. For the hypermetropic eye
the opposite is the case.
Astigmatism is a flaw in the shape of the cornea. The
cornea is not perfectly symmetrical as a result the curved
dome shaped image cannot be projected properly.
There is a direct correlation between the curved dome
formation and the size of the image. There is also a direct
correlation between the curved dome formation and the
shape of the cornea, which in turn means there is a direct
correlation between the curve formation and the condition
of being longsighted or short sighted or the condition of
astigmatism. These correlations comply with the fact that
the focal point of rays from a far object falls short of the
retina in the condition of myopia and the focal point of
rays from a near objects in theory falls behind the retina
in the condition of hypermetropia. The dome shaped
image is projected to small on the short sighted eye and to
large on the long sighted eye. The projecting of each dome
shaped image on each retina creates an opposite result.
The quality of the image depends on a perfect dome
shaped curved formation which in turn depends on a
perfectly shaped cornea and accommodated by a perfect
lens which accommodates the curved dome shaped image
by maintaining the dome shaped formation for near and
far.

- 167 -
Conclusion

The illustrations in this book depict the creation of the


retinal-sections and sub areas; the corresponding
suppressed retinal-sections and their boundaries. During
each of the observation stages more than twenty people of
different age groups confirmed each entire process. All
test subjects had average/good eyesight, and none of
them required any type of visual aid in either long or short
distance viewing.
This book portrays in real life observation studies all main
stages of perception using documented methods of
natural observation and occlusion. It illustrates the
function of the cortex eye, occlusion zones, the stereo
Image, the mathematical structure of vision, and motion.
I have proven how the input of two eyes can create a
stereo image and a mathematical process by which our
depth is measured.
All of this is achieved with coordination of the multiple
processes that occur right up until the final process that
occurs with the function of the cortex eye in the visual
cortex.
These processes occur in a two-way system, from each
visual sensation of one fixation to the visual cortex and
back, in just a tiny fraction of a single second. This is
achieved without any fusion or correspondence problems,
and without compromising visual direction, or the quality
of an incredibly clear, stereo single image.
Integral to these processes is a mathematically structured
progression of unparalleled accuracy and intricacy that
creates depth in the entire binocular and monocular fields
of vision.

- 168 -
in this book is a real life observation proof study of all the
stages in the entire frame work structure. So that
anybody with good natural vision while sitting at there
kitchen or patio table can prove for themselves every stage
in the entire framework structure.
The (Dome shaped image) is also a complete new and
proven concept of monocular visual perception. Instead of
lists of monocular cues we have a framework structure
proven in a real life observation proof study in this book.
The (Dome shaped image) is integral in binocular vision
but the only structure in monocular vision. These two
framework structures complete the entire framework
structure of the optic array for binocular and monocular
vision.
The (Dome shaped image) explains for the fist time
Science research obtained by Levy et al (1985) following
Hubel and Freeman (1977) reveals two major trends. In
the parafoveal region stripes tend to run horizontally,
while further from the fovea stripes follow roughly
concentric circles.
These two very complex framework structures of binocular
and monocular vision are blocked and all the binocular
and monocular brain cells paralysed when viewing close
up two dimensional vision viewing devices.
This is not just very important for people in visual
perception and visual neuroscience but in particular
people in psychology and psychiatry to understand this in
creditable brain cell structure, the reason being the
mental health of children in particular very young
children.
The explosion in rise in mental health problems in
children and young people is directly mirrored by the rise

- 169 -
availability and use of close up two dimensional vision
viewing devices for children. So it is very important for all
these people to understand how important it is to ensure
this incredibly sensitive brain cell structure of vision is
allowed to mature without brain cell damage, before it is
too late.
Our vision cells stretch to over 30 areas of our brain. For
this reason I hope that people in area of visual perception,
visual neuroscience and in particular psychology and
psychiatry will understand how importance it is that these
two very complex sensitive brain cell structures of vision
be allowed to mature in young children at least until their
binocular and monocular vision cells mature. This was
the prime reason for writing this book as our children are
the foundation and future of mankind.

- 170 -
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