MFW 10603 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

Prepared by Hartini Kasmin

Drainage is
the ability of water/ waste liquid
system flowing away from
somewhere upstream to
downstream/ down pipes/ into the
ground; or

the ability of soil to allow water to

flow away
Introduction
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 Introduction

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ESTIMATION OF FLOW
Weir Methods

- to measure small and large water flow with high accuracy

- especially useful for recording water flow over a period of time

- It was an obstruction placed across a stream that forces all the water to
flow through a notch in the weir
Two famous types of weirs which are
triangular weir and rectangular weir.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Weirs

Advantages:
• They allow for easy and accurate flow measurement
• They are easy to build and require only little maintenance;
small, floating debris will easily pass through the notch
• They are durable
Advantages and Disadvantages of Weirs

Disadvantages:
• They require considerable head-loss for proper operation
• Large pieces of floating debris can become caught in the notch
and change the water flow
• Changes in flow can occur, for example, if debris becomes
caught in the weir, silt builds up behind the weir, etc.
MUNICIPAL STORM DRAINAGE
• designed to collect, disperse and drain excess rain, stormwater
runoff, surface water runoff and ground water from paved
streets, parking lots, sidewalks, and roofs. Storm drains vary in
design from small residential dry wells to large municipal
systems
• to drain the storm water, untreated, into rivers or streams.
 MUNICIPAL STORM DRAINAGE - INLETS
Inlets are drainage structures utilized to collect surface water through
grate or curb openings and convey it to storm drains or direct outlet to
culverts. Four main types of stormwater drain (storm sewer) inlets;
grate inlets, curb/kerb opening inlets, combination inlets and slotted
inlets.
 MUNICIPAL STORM DRAINAGE - INLETS
• Grate inlets have gratings opening in the gutter or grids to prevent
large objects and debris from falling into the sewer system.
• Curb inlets have vertical openings in the curb covered by a top
slab.
• Combination inlets usually consist of both a curb-opening inlet and
a grate inlet placed in a side-by-side configuration, but the curb
opening may be located in part upstream of the grate.
• Slotted inlets have special type of gutter inlet consisting of a pipe
cut along the longitudinal axis with a grate of spacer bars to form
slot openings.
In addition, where significant ponding can occur, in locations such as
underpasses and in sag vertical curves in depressed sections, it is good
engineering practice to place flanking inlets on each side of the inlet at the low
point in the sag. Flanking inlets limit the spread of water onto the roadway if
the low point inlet becomes clogged or is exceeded in its capacity.
 MUNICIPAL STORM DRAINAGE – CATCH BASIN
• Some of the heavier sediment and
small objects may settle in a catch
basin, or sump, which lies
immediately below the outlet, where
water from the top of the catch basin
reservoir overflows into the sewer
proper.
• Most catch basins will contain
stagnant water during the drier parts
of the year, and can be used by
mosquitos for breeding
• Catch basins act as a first-line
pretreatment for other treatment
practices, such as retention basins,
by capturing large sediments and
street litter from urban runoff before it
enters the storm drainage pipes.
LAND DRAINAGE
• Land drains or watercourses include all rivers, streams, ditches,
cuts, culverts (piped sections), dykes, sluices and passages
through which water flows.
• Responsibility for watercourses rests with property and
landowners with watercourses crossing or abutting their
land. Where a watercourse is between property boundaries,
each owner is jointly responsible.
• The Authority (DID) is able to offer advice about problems
associated with land drainage, including ditches, streams, rivers
and other watercourses. It is the land owners responsibility
(upon whose land the watercourse is located) to carry out
maintenance work.
LAND DRAINAGE RESPONSIBILITIES
• Land Drainage is a complex area of responsibility, but in short a
landowner is responsible for the drainage of their land.
• By law a person owning lower-level land has to accept natural
land drainage water (that is, spring water, ground water or
surface water run-off) from adjacent land at a higher level.
• This doesn't apply where the owner of the adjacent land has
carried out "improvements" such that the run-off from the land
isn't "natural" - for example if the entire back garden has been
paved over. 'Natural' runoff does not include water from gutter
down-pipes.
LAND DRAINAGE
• In the hydrologic analysis for a drainage structures, there are
many variable factors that affect floods.
i) Drainage basin characteristics
ii) Stream channel characteristics
iii) Flood plain characteristics
iv) Meteorological characteristics

• to prevent the retention of water by the highway and provide for

removal of water from the roadway through a detailed analysis
considering all pertinent factors
• Initial/Minor Drainage System
• that part of the drainage system which caters for the maximum
rate of runoff from the frequent and initial storm events and
includes : street gutters, roadside drainage channels and ditches,
culverts, stormwater pipes, open channels, and any other feature
designed to handle runoff from the initial storm
• may have a design return period of 2 to 5 years depending on the
adjacent land use
Major Drainage System
• In addition to provide storm facilities for the initial storm runoff,
provision shall be made to obviate major property damage and
loss of life for the storm runoff expected to occur once each 100
years
Reserves
To give ready access to personnel, plant and materials
which may, from time to time, be required for drain and
berm maintenance
i) Areas less than 100 acres

ii) Areas greater than 100 acres

 ROADWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Roadway occupies a narrow strip of land but stretch lengthwise through
many watersheds of different characteristics. Two different types of
drainage problems are associated with roadways.

1. It is necessary to take away precipitation falling on the road surface

and to divert storm water approaching the road. The facility alongside
the road or the longitudinal system takes care of this.
2. A roadway crosses many natural water courses and channels in valley
areas. Water carried by these channels has to be conveyed across the
road smoothly. Cross drainage works comprising culverts and bridges
are provided for this purpose.
 ROADWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
• Roads are designed with a crown in the centre and cross slopes in
both directions away from the centre line.
• On rural roads, water falling on roads flows laterally off the road
surface into the countryside or into shoulder drain.

Rural road
 ROADWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
• On city streets and urban highways, water falling on or near
pavements and sidewalks is directly by the cross slopes to the gutters
formed between the edge of the road surface and the vertical curb

Housing

Sidewalks

City/Urban road
Sanitary sewer
Storm sewer
 ROADWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
The design flows for longitudinal drainage components such as gutters,
inlets, spillways, and underground drains are determined by the rational
method.
 ROADWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
For a direct application to the roadways, the rational formula is expressed
as follows:
C f C i L W r 2
1
q= and L 
43200 r
Where: q = peak flow per unit length of pavement, cfs/ft
Cf = frequency correction factor
C = runoff coefficient
i = rainfall intensity of the design frequency for the time of
transverse flow across the pavement, in/hr
L = length of overland flow normal to contours, ft
W = roadway width from the centre, ft
r = ratio of cross slope to longitudinal slope
 878 k 
 0.024 i 0.33  0.67  L0.67
ti   i 
CH 
(Izzard method), applicable if iL <3.8
0.5 0. 67
Where: ti = time of overland flow, hour
i = rainfall intensity, mm/hr
C = runoff coefficient
L = length of flow path, km
H = difference of elevation, m
k = 0.007 (smooth asphalt) and 0.012 (concrete pavement),
0.017 (tar and gravel pavement), 0.046 (closely clipped sod), and
0.060 (dense bluegrass turf).
 ROADWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Example:
A 30-ft wide road section has a longitudinal slope, SL of 0.013. It has across slope, ST
of ¼ in/ft. Determine the peak flow at the gutter inlet if the spacing of inlets, B is 50 ft.
The 10-year rainfall intensity in (in/hr) is given by i = 170 (ti + 23), when ti is in
minutes.

Solution:
W r 2  1 15 1.6  1
2
SL = 0.013 (longitudinal slope)
L 
0.25 = 0.021 (transversal slope) r 1.6
ST =
12 = 17.70 ft or 5.4  10-3 km

r= ST 0.021
 = 1.60 Assume that the time of overland flow, ti = 5 min
SL 0.013 Then, i = 170
= 6.07 in/hr or 154.18 mm/hr
5  23
W = 0.5  30
= 15 ft (half of wide road) H = ST  L = (0.021) x (17.7) = 0.37 ft or 0.112 m
While, i  L = (154.18)  (5.410-3) = 0.84 < 3.8
(Ok, Izzard method can be applied)
 ROADWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Solution (continued):

 8780 . 017    
0.67
 0.024 i 0.33  0.67  L0.67 0.024154.18
 878 k  0 . 33
  5.4 10 3

ti   i  
 
154.18 0 .67  

CH 0.5 0 .67

0.80.1120.5 

0.67


ti = 0.046 hr or 2.8 min << 5 min (the assumption is not correct)

Repeat to assume that the time of overland flow, ti = 2.7 min

Then, i = 170
2.7  23
= 6.615 in/hr or 168.0156 mm/hr

 8780.017   
0.67
0.024168.01560. 33
  5.4  10 3

 168.0156 0.67  
ti 
0.67
0.80.1120.5 
 
 ROADWAY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Solution (continued):
ti = 0.045 hr or 2.69 min  2.70 min (the assumption is correct)

To apply rational formula

Where: Cf = 1
C = 0.8
i = 6.615 in/hr
L = 17.70 ft
B = 150 ft

C f C i L 
10.86.61517.7 
Then, q = 
43200 43200
= 0.00217 cfs/ft

and, Q = 0.00217  150 = 0.3253 cfs

CASE STUDY: LOCATION OF PROJECT

LOCATION OF SQUARE
BOX CULVERT

Length = 12.2m

180 m
PENGIRAAN Q MINOR & Q MAJOR
Find To
DESIGN BOX CULVERT
SUMMARY DESIGN CALCULATION
DESIGN CHART FOR
Q MINOR
DESIGN CHART FOR Q MAJOR