HEAT EXCHANGER

By:

Jannie Diane T. Dondoyano

December 2017
 Introduction

Heat exchangers are devices used to transfer heat between two or more fluid streams

at different temperatures. Heat exchangers find widespread use in power generation,

chemical processing, electronics cooling, air-conditioning, refrigeration, and automotive

applications.

Heat exchanger is process equipment designed for the effective transfer of heat energy

between two fluids. For the heat transfer to occur two fluids must be at different

temperatures and they must come thermal contact. Heat exchanger involves convection

in each fluid and conduction through the separating wall. Heat can flow only from hotter

to cooler fluids, as per the second law of thermodynamics.

Transfer of heat from one fluid to another is an important operation for most of the

chemical industries. The most common application of heat transfer is in designing of

heat transfer equipment for exchanging heat from one fluid to another fluid. Such

devices for efficient transfer of heat are generally called Heat Exchanger. Heat

exchangers are normally classified depending on the transfer process occurring in

them.
Design a heat exchanger with the ff. available data:

Feedstock oil flowing at the rate of 5.04kg/s (Cpm=2.09kJ/kg∙K) is cooled in a heat

exchanger from 366.5K to 344.3K by 2.02kg/s of H2O containing at 283.2K.

Type of Designation: Fixed tube sheet- Shell and Tube by Branan

Shell side: Tall oil

Tube side: Water

Given:

ρs (tall oil) = 898kg/m3

Uavg= 198.74 W/m2∙K from Chemical Engineer Handbook Perry for Tall oil

ṁ= 5.04kg/s

Th1 = 366.5K

Th2 = 344.3K

Tc1 = 283.2K

Cpm(oil) =2.09kJ/kg∙K

Cpm(water) =4.2kJ/kg∙K

q = m Cpm(oil)( Th1- Th2)

= (5.04kg/s)(2.09kJ/kg∙K)(366.5-344.3)K

q = 233.84kW
 𝑞
Tc2 = Tc1 + 𝑚𝐶𝑝

233.84𝑘𝑊
= 283.2K + 2.02𝑘𝑔 4.2𝑘𝐽
( )( )
𝑠 𝑘𝑔∙𝐾

Tc2 = 310.76K

Using Cocurrent flow:

(𝑇ℎ1 −𝑇𝑐1 )−(𝑇ℎ2 −𝑇𝑐2 )

LMTD= ∆Tlm= 𝑇 −𝑇
ln⁡( ℎ1 𝑐1 )
𝑇ℎ2 −𝑇𝑐2

(366.5𝐾−283.2𝐾)−(344.3𝐾−310.76𝐾)
= 366.5𝐾−283.2𝐾
ln⁡( )
344.3𝐾−310.76𝐾

∆Tlm = 54.7K

𝑇ℎ1 −𝑇ℎ2 (366.5𝐾−344.3𝐾)

R= = = 0.8
𝑇𝑐2 −𝑇𝑐1 (310.76𝐾−283.2𝐾)

𝑇𝑐2 −𝑇𝑐1 (310.76𝐾−283.2𝐾)

S= = = 0.33
𝑇ℎ1 −𝑇𝑐1 (366.5𝐾−283.2𝐾)

For getting FT without using chart for LMTD correction factors

√𝑅2 +1 1−𝑆
( ) ln( )
𝑅−1 1−𝑅𝑆
FT= 2
( )−1−𝑅+√𝑅2 +1
ln⁡( 𝑆
2
( )−1−𝑅−√𝑅2 +1
𝑆
 √0.82 +1
1−0.33
( ) ln( )
0.8−1 1−(0.8)(0.33)
=⁡
2 2
( )−1−0.8+√0.8 +1
ln⁡( 0.33
2
( )−1−0.8−√0.8+1
0.33

0.6015889302
=
0.6202996655

FT= 0.97

T0mean= FT(∆Tlm)

= (0.97)(54.7)

T0mean= 53.06K

Based on this Figure, I decided that my:

Inside shell diameter = Ds= 496mm

Tube outside diameter = Dt= 20mm

Tube wall thickness= Ltw= 2mm

Tube inside diameter = Dti

Dti= Dt-2(Ltw) = 20mm-2(2mm)

= Dti= 16mm

Tube wall material thermal conductivity = λtw= Carbon Steel = 38 W/m∙K

Tube layout pitch = Ltp= 27.7004252mm

𝐿𝑡𝑝
Conditon: = 1.25⁡𝑡𝑜⁡1.5
𝐷𝑡

𝐿𝑡𝑝 27.7004252𝑚𝑚
= =⁡ = 1.39⁡ (Ok)
𝐷𝑡 20𝑚𝑚

Tube layout characteristics angle = 𝜽𝒕𝒑 =⁡90º

Central baffle spacing = Lbc

Lbc, min= (0.2)(Ds)= (0.2)(496mm)= 99.2mm

Lbc,max = Ds= 496mm

Segmental baffle cut = Bc (%) = 36%

𝐿𝑏𝑐 496𝑚𝑚
Condition: = ⁡ 496𝑚𝑚 = 1
𝐷𝑠
Baffle cut height = 𝐿𝑏𝑐ℎ

𝐿𝑏𝑐ℎ
Bc = ( )(100)
𝐷𝑠

(𝐵𝑐 )(𝐷𝑠 ) (36)(496)

Lbch= =
100 100

Lbch= 178.56.mm
Tubesheet thickness =Lts= 49.6mm

Lts= 0.1Ds= 0.1(496mm) = 49.6mm

Lto,Lti,Lta= Tube length definitions

Lta = Lti = 2384.64mm

Lto= Lti + 2Lts

= (2384.64mm)-2(49.6mm)

Lto= 2483.84mm
Maximum permissible nozzle flow velocity= Ʋns,max (m/s)

4500
Ʋns,max = √ 𝜌𝑠

4500
= √ 898

Ʋns,max = 2.2385m/s

Inside shell nozzle diameter = Dns

ṁ
Dns = √ 𝜋
( )(𝜌𝑠 )Ʋns,max⁡
4

5.04
=√𝜋
( )(898)(2.2385)⁡
4

Dns = 5.65x10-2m
Lns= 0.25(Dns)

= 0.25(5.65x10-2)

Lns= 1.4125x10-2m

Diametral clearance between tube outside diameter (Dt) and baffle hole = Ltb

Ltb= 20.4mm

Inside shell to baffle clearance (diametral) = Lsb

Lsb= 1.6+0.004Ds

= 1.6+0.004(496mm)

Lsb= 3.584mm

Inside shell diameter to tube bundle bypass clearance (diametral) = Lbb = 16mm

Tube bundle-circumscribed circle = Dotl

Dotl= Ds-Lbb

Dotl= 496mm- 16mm

Dotl= 480mm

Diameter of the circle through the centers of the tube = Dctl

Dctl= Dotl - Dt = 480mm-20mm

Dctl= 460mm
Number of tube passes = Ntp = 1

To get the total number of tubes in shells:

2
0.78𝐷𝑐𝑡𝑙
Ntt1=
𝐶1 (𝐿𝑡𝑝 )2

Where:

C1= tube field layout constant = 1 because of 𝜽𝒕𝒑 =⁡90º

Ltp= Tube layout pitch

Dctl= Diameter of the circle through the centers of the tube