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 EDITED BY
LAWRENCE K. WANG
NAZIH K. SHAMMAS
YUNG-TSE HUNG

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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 MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the
accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products
does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Advances in hazardous industrial waste treatment / edited by Lawrence K. Wang, Nazih K. Shammas,
Yung-Tse Hung.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4200-7230-3
ISBN-10: 1-4200-7230-7
1. Factory and trade waste. 2. Hazardous waste. 3. Hazardous waste site remediation. I. Wang,
Lawrence K. II. Shammas, Nazih K. III. Hung, Yung-Tse. IV. Title.

TD897.A38 2008
628.4’2--dc22 2008008265

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and the CRC Press Web site at
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 Contents

Preface ........................................................................................................................................ vii

About the Editors ...................................................................................................................... ix
Contributors .............................................................................................................................. xi

Chapter 1 Characteristics of Hazardous Industrial Waste .................................................... 1

Nazih K. Shammas

Chapter 2 Soil Remediation .................................................................................................. 35

Ioannis Paspaliaris, Nymphodora Papassiopi, Anthimos Xenidis,
and Yung-Tse Hung

Chapter 3 Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Metals ................................................ 87

Nazih K. Shammas

Chapter 4 Treatment of Wastes from Metal Finishing Industry ........................................... 139

Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang

Chapter 5 Leachate Treatment Using Bioremediation .......................................................... 175

Azni Idris, Katayon Saed, and Yung-Tse Hung

Chapter 6 Remediation of Sites Contaminated by Hazardous Wastes ................................. 193

Lawrence K. Wang, Nazih K. Shammas, Ping Wang, and Robert LaFleur

Chapter 7 Enzymatic Removal of Aqueous Pentachlorophenol ........................................... 273

Khim Hoong Chu, Eui Yong Kim, and Yung-Tse Hung

Chapter 8 Remediation of Sites Contaminated by Underground Storage

Tank Releases ....................................................................................................... 291
Lawrence K. Wang, Nazih K. Shammas, Ping Wang, and Nicholas L. Clesceri

Chapter 9 Biological Treatment Processes for Urea and Formaldehyde

Containing Wastewater ........................................................................................ 363
José Luis Campos Gómez, Anuska Mosquera Corral,
Ramón Méndez Pampín, and Yung-Tse Hung

Chapter 10 Hazardous Waste Deep-Well Injection ................................................................ 385

Nazih K. Shammas and Lawrence K. Wang

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 vi Contents

Chapter 11 Waste Management in the Pulp and Paper Industry ............................................ 461
Nazih K. Shammas

Chapter 12 Treatment of Nickel-Chromium Plating Waste .................................................... 517

Nazih K. Shammas, Lawrence K. Wang, Donald B. Aulenbach,
and William A. Selke

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 Preface

Environmental managers, engineers, and scientists who have had experience with industrial and
hazardous waste management problems have noted the need for a handbook series that is compre-
hensive in its scope, directly applicable to daily waste management problems of specific industries,
and widely acceptable by practicing environmental professionals and educators.
Many standard industrial waste treatment and hazardous waste management texts adequately
cover a few major industries, for conventional in-plant pollution control strategies, but no one book,
or series of books, focuses on new developments in innovative and alternative cleaner production
technologies, waste minimization methodologies, environmental processes, design criteria, effluent
standards, performance standards, pretreatment standards, managerial decision methodology, and
regional and global environmental conservation.
The entire Industrial and Hazardous Wastes Treatment book series emphasizes in-depth
presentation of environmental pollution sources, waste characteristics, control technologies, manage-
ment strategies, facility innovations, process alternatives, costs, case histories, effluent standards,
and future trends for each industrial or commercial operation, such as the metal plating and finish-
ing industry or the photographic processing industry, and in-depth presentation of methodologies,
technologies, alternatives, regional effects, and global effects of each important industrial pollution
control practice that may be applied to all industries, such as industrial ecology, pollution prevention,
in-plant hazardous waste management, site remediation, groundwater decontamination, and storm-
water management.
In a deliberate effort to complement other industrial waste treatment and hazardous waste
management texts published by Taylor & Francis and CRC Press, this book, Advances in Hazardous
Industrial Waste Treatment, covers many new industries and new waste management topics, such as
characteristics of industrial hazardous wastes, soil remediation, treatment of metal finishing industry
wastes, leachate treatment using bioremediation, remediation of sites contaminated by hazardous
wastes, enzymatic removal of aqueous pentachlorophenol, remediation of sites contaminated by
underground storage tank releases, biological treatment of wastes containing urea and formalde-
hyde, hazardous waste deep-well injection, waste management in the pulp and paper industry, and
treatment of nickel-chromium plating waste, are presented in detail. Special efforts were made to
invite experts to contribute chapters in their own areas of expertise. Since the field of industrial
hazardous waste treatment is very broad, no one can claim to be an expert in all industries, and so
collective contributions are better than a single author’s presentation for a handbook of this nature.
This book is to be used as a college textbook as well as a reference book for the environmental
professional. It features the major metal manufacturing, forming, coating and finishing industries
and hazardous pollutants that have significant effects on the environment. Professors, students, and
researchers in environmental, civil, chemical, sanitary, mechanical, and public health engineering
and science will find valuable educational materials here. The extensive bibliographies for each
metal-related industrial waste treatment or practice should be invaluable to environmental managers
or researchers who need to trace, follow, duplicate, or improve on a specific industrial hazardous
waste treatment practice.
A successful modern industrial hazardous waste treatment program for a particular industry
will include not only traditional water pollution control but also air pollution control, noise control,
soil conservation, site remediation, radiation protection, groundwater protection, hazardous waste

vii

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 viii Preface

management, solid waste disposal, and combined industrial–municipal waste treatment and manage-
ment. In fact, it should be a total environmental control program. Another intention of this handbook
is to provide technical and economical information on the development of the most feasible total
environmental control program that can benefit both industry and local municipalities. Frequently,
the most economically feasible methodology is a combined industrial–municipal waste treatment.

Lawrence K. Wang, New York

Nazih K. Shammas, Massachusetts
Yung-Tse Hung, Ohio

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 About the Editors

Lawrence K. Wang has over 25 years of experience in facility design, plant construction, opera-
tion, and management. He has expertise in water supply, air pollution control, solid waste disposal,
water resources, waste treatment, hazardous waste management and site remediation. He is a retired
dean/director of both the Lenox Institute of Water Technology and Krofta Engineering Corporation,
Lenox, Massachusetts, and a retired VP of Zorex Corporation, Newtonville, New York. Dr. Wang is
the author of over 700 papers and 17 books, and is credited with 24 U.S. patents and 5 foreign
patents. He received his BSCE degree from National Cheng-Kung University, Taiwan, ROC, his MS
degrees from both the University of Missouri at Rolla and the University of Rhode Island at
Kingston, and his PhD degree from Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.

Nazih K. Shammas is an environmental expert, professor and consultant for over forty years.
He is an ex-dean and director of the Lenox Institute of Water Technology, and advisor to Krofta
Engineering Corporation, Lenox, Massachusetts. Dr. Shammas is the author of over 250 publica-
tions and eight books in the field of environmental engineering. He has experience in environmental
planning, curriculum development, teaching and scholarly research, and expertise in water quality
control, wastewater reclamation and reuse, physicochemical and biological treatment processes and
water and wastewater systems. He received his BE degree from the American University of Beirut,
Lebanon, his MS from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and his PhD from the
University of Michigan at Ann Arbor.

Yung-Tse Hung has been a professor of civil engineering at Cleveland State University since 1981.
He is a Fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers. He has taught at 16 universities in
eight countries. His primary research interests and publications have been involved with biological
wastewater treatment, industrial water pollution control, industrial waste treatment, and municipal
wastewater treatment. He is now credited with over 450 publications and presentations on water and
wastewater treatment. Dr. Hung received his BSCE and MSCE degrees from National Cheng-Kung
University, Taiwan, and his PhD degree from the University of Texas at Austin. He is the editor of
International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, International Journal of
Environmental Engineering, and International Journal of Environmental Engineering Science.

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 Contributors

Donald B. Aulenbach Eui Yong Kim

Lenox Institute of Water Technology Department of Chemical Engineering
Lenox, Massachusetts University of Seoul
and Seoul, Korea
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy, New York Robert LaFleur
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Khim Hoong Chu Troy, New York
Department of Chemical and
Process Engineering Ramón Méndez Pampin
University of Canterbury Department of Chemical Engineering
Christchurch, New Zealand School of Engineering
University of Santiago de Compostela
Nicholas L. Clesceri Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy, New York Nymphodora Papassiopi
School of Mining Engineering and Metallurgy
Anuska Mosquera Corral National Technical University of Athens
Department of Chemical Engineering Athens, Greece
School of Engineering
University of Santiago de Compostela Ioannis Paspaliaris
Santiago de Compostela, Spain School of Mining Engineering and Metallurgy
National Technical University of Athens
José Luis Campos Gómez Athens, Greece
Department of Chemical Engineering
School of Engineering Katayon Saed
University of Santiago de Compostela Building and Environmental Division
Santiago de Compostela, Spain School of Engineering
Ngee Ann Polytechnic
Yung-Tse Hung Singapore
Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering William A. Selke
Cleveland State University Lenox Institute of Water Technology and
Cleveland, Ohio Krofta Engineering Corporation
Lenox, Massachusetts
Azni Idris
Department of Chemical and Environmental Nazih K. Shammas
Engineering Lenox Institute of Water Technology and
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang Krofta Engineering Corporation
Selangor, Malaysia Lenox, Massachusetts

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 xii Contributors

Lawrence K. Wang Anthimos Xenidis

Lenox Institute of Water Technology and School of Mining Engineering and
Krofta Engineering Corporation Metallurgy
Lenox, Massachusetts National Technical University of Athens
and Athens, Greece
Zorex Corporation
Newtonville, New York

Ping Wang
Center of Environmental Sciences
University of Maryland
Annapolis, Maryland

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