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ABSTRACT
The removal of heavy metals from industrial one of the most widespread heavy metals in the
wastewater is of great concern as heavy metals are environment [1]. Although some trace metals are
non-biodegradable,
biodegradable, toxic elements that cause serious considered as essential plant nutrients. Most heavy
health problems if disposed of in the surrounding metals aree of considerable health and environmental
environment. The present study, Karisalangkani concern because of their toxicity and bio
(Eclipta Alba)
ba) leaves were used for the adsorption of accumulative behavior [2-4]. 4]. Pb2+, Cu2+, Fe3+ and Cr3+
heavy metals like copper (Cu (II))) ions. The bio are especially common metals that tend to accumulate
sorbent was characterized using SEM and BET in organisms, causing numerous diseases and
analysis. The bio sorption experiments are conducted disorders [5]. Copper er is an essential trace element for
through batch system. The operating parameters human metabolism, however, it is toxic at
studied were initial metal
tal ion concentration, adsorbent concentrations above 2mg/L [6]. Ingestion of large
dosage, initial solution pH, contact time and effect of doses irritate the mucous membranes, damage the hair
temperature Adsorption equilibrium is achieved in and can cause necrotic changes in the liver and
30 min and the adsorption kinetics of Cu (II) is found kidneys [7]. Copper is present
esent in wastewaters coming
to follow a pseudo-second-order order kinetic model. from energy industries (such as PILCAM in
Equilibrium data for Cu (II) adsorption are fitted well Cameroon), the production of certain pesticides and in
by Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum the manufacture of contraceptives in medicine.
adsorption capacity for Cu (II) ions is estimated to be Removal of metal ions from wastewater in an
9.2 mg/g at 25 ⁰C. C. The experimental result shows effective manner has become an important issue.
that the materials have good potential to remove Efficient methods for the removal of metals have
heavy metals from effluent and good potential as resulted in the development of new separation
an alternate low cost adsorbent. Due to their techniques. Precipitation, ion-exchange, flocculation,
outstanding adsorption capacities, Eclipta Alba is adsorption, electro-chemical
chemical processes, electro-electro
excellent sorbents for the removal of copper (II) ions. dialysis, nano-filtration
filtration and reverse osmosis are
commonly applied for the treatment of wastewater
Keywords: Eclipta Alba, heavy metal, adsorption, [8]. However, these methods are either inefficient or
pseudo first order kinetic. expensive when heavy metals exist in low
concentrations [9]. Additionally, these methods may
1. INTRODUCTION also affect the generation of secondary wastes, which
Industrial wastewater treatment for the removal of are difficult
ifficult to treat. Adsorption is an alternative
pollutants such as heavy metal ions remains a technology in which increased amount of study has
worldwide challenge. Heavy metal ions discharged been focused because of cost effectiveness; local
with industrial effluents usually find their way into availability & technical feasibility for the removal of
receiving water bodies such as rivers, lakes and heavy metal ions form the wastewater [10]. In recent
streams increasing their pollution. Copper is one of years, bio sorption has been suggested as being
the heavy metals most toxic to living organisms and cheaper and more effective than chemical or physical
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
technologies. Low cost, high efficiency, minimization 2.3. Stock solution of metals
of chemical and biological sludge are the most A stock solution (1000 mg/l) of Cu (II) was prepared
important advantages of bio sorption technique. dissolving 3.802 g of copper nitrate trihydrate in DD
Moreover, bio sorbent regeneration and metal water. Working solution was prepared by diluting
recovery is also possible. The mechanism of binding stock solution with distilled water.
of metal ions by adsorbents may depend on the
chemical nature of metal ions (species size and ionic 2.4. Determination of Copper (II)
charge), the type of biomass, environmental The copper ion concentration in the liquid phase was
conditions (pH,, temperature, ionic strength) and determined spectrophotometrically
metrically by making a
existence of competing organic or inorganic metal complex with sodium diethyl dithio carbamate.
chelators. Natural materials that are available in
large quantities or certain waste products from 10 ml of the Cu (II) solution was pipetted into a
agricultural operation may have the potential as beaker, and to this 5ml of 25% aqueous citric acid
inexpensive sorbents. solution was
as added. The pH was adjusted to 8.5 using
dilute ammonia. To this, 15 ml of 4 % EDTA was
The aim of the present study is to investigate the bio added and the solution cooled to room temperature.
sorption of copper (II) on Eclipta Alba leaves powder. This was then transferred to a separating funnel, and
The effect of time, initial concentration of the metal, 10 ml of 0.2% aqueous sodium diethyl
solution pH and adsorbent dosage on the bio sorption dithiocarbamate solution was added and shaken for 45
are also studied.. The experimental data were fitted to sec. A yellow brown colour developed in the solution.
Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin equations, to 20 ml of Chloroform was pipetted into the funnel and
determine which isotherm most closely correlates shaken for 30 seconds. The organic layer acquired a
with experimental data. The first-order
order Lage
Lagergren, yellow colour. This was shaken for 15 sec and the
pseudo-second-order and second-order
order equations were phases were allowed d to separate. The aqueous layer
adopted to test the experimental data. was removed. To the organic layer, 20ml of 5%
H2SO4 (V/V) was added, shaken for 15 sec, and the
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS organic phase was separated. The absorbance was
2.1. Chemicals measured at 435nmagainst a blank.
All the chemicals used were of analytical reagent
grade. Copper nitrate trihydrate (Cu (NO3)2.3H2O) 2.5. Characterization of bio sorbents
was used for preparation of stock solutions. The bio sorbent were characterized using a number of
Hydrochloric acid and Sodium hydroxide were used techniques including: Fourier transform infrared
to adjust the solution pH. Distilled water was used spectroscopy (FT-IR),
IR), scanning electron microscopy
throughout the experimental studies. (SEM) and Brunauer-Emmet
Emmet-Teller (BET) surface
area analysis.
2.2. Biosorbent collection and preparation
The Eclipta Alba leaves (EA) were collected from 2.6. Adsorption experiment
Botanical garden present in C. P. A. College, Batch adsorption experiments
xperiments of copper was carry out
Bodinayakanur. The EA were washed thoroughly to determined the adsorption capacity of Eclipta Alba
with distilled water and boiled to remove colour and at different metal concentrations ranging from 10 to
impurities. They were dried in a hot air oven at 105°C 80 mg/L and a fixed amount (100 mg/L) of Eclipta
and ground to a uniform size of 0.8 mm. So prepared Alba in order to calculate the adsorption constant
EA particles were used for further studies using differentt isotherms. 300 mL of different
concentration of Cu (II) solutions ranging from 100–
100
500 mg/L were used. The Eclipta Alba (100 mg/L)
was added to flasks and agitated at 25 °C and 1000
rpm for 180 min. The initial and final concentrations
of the solutions were
re measured were determined by
UV – Visible spectrophotometer at the maximum
adsorption wavelength and the adsorption capacities
of the adsorbent were calculated. After equilibrium
was attained, the metal uptake capacity for each
Fig.1. Eclipta Alba leaves
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
sample was calculated according to a mass balance on Surface properties of EA were examined through
the metal ion using equation (1): BET. The surface properties of EA was measured
shown in Fig. 3. These bio sorbents have noticeable
micro pore and mesopore area with a magnitude of
21.17m2/g. All pores of EA are mesopore (100%) and
------------- (1) total pore volume was 0.03cm3/g. In addition, the
mean micro pore and mesopore sizes of the EA’s
Where m is the mass of adsorbent (g), V is the volume powder were found to be 8.71 and 40.18 Å,
of the solution (L), C0 is the initial concentration of respectively, suggesting that this bio sorbent has
metal (mg L-1), Ce is the equilibrium metal fallen within the region of mesopore based on
concentration (mg L-1) and qe is the metal quantity IUPAC-classification. The high pore area, pore
adsorbed at equilibrium (mg/g). Experiments were volume and pore sizes indicated the numerous binding
carried out at different initial pH values. The initial sites on the EA surfaces.
pH of the solution was adjusted with either HCl or
NaOH. The percent removal of metals from the
solution was calculated by the following equation (2). 120
80
---------------- (2)
P/P0
Fig.3. BET surface area of EA
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Table-1 Table-2
Initial metal ion pH % Removal
% Removal
concentration (mg/L)
2 22
10 92
3 45
20 84
4 56
30 75
5 78
40 67
6 92
50 58
7 75
60 49
8 67
70 37
9 61
80 20
100
90
80
70
% Removal
60
50
40
30
20
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Table-3 3.7. The study of adsorption isotherm models
Contact time (min) % Removal Among various plots employed for analyzing the
0 20 nature of adsorb ate-adsorbent interaction, adsorption
30 37 isotherm is the most significant. The results of
60 49 adsorption studies of Cu (II) at different
90 58 concentrations ranging from 10 to 80 mg/L on a fixed
120 67 amount of adsorbent are expressed by three of the
150 75 most popular isotherm theories viz., Freundlich,
180 92 Langmuir and Temkin isotherms. These isotherm
equations are as follows:
Langmuir
= + -------------- (3)
Freundlich
=
+
-------------- (4)
Temkin
= / + /
-------------- (5)
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
50
capacity (qmax) by EA was 9.2 mg/g. KL is a constant
that increases when the size of adsorbent molecules 45
qe (mg/g)
30
linear and if RL>1, then the adsorption is unfavorable.
According to the results of the Langmuir isotherm for 25
1.9
= + .t ---------------- (7)
log Qe
1.8
1.7
Where qe and q t are the amounts of metals adsorbed
1.6
(mg g-1) at equilibrium and at time t (min)
1.5 respectively. K1 (min-1) is the rate constant of pseudo-
1.4 first order. The linear relation among the value of log
-1.4 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
log Ce
(qe-qt) versus t (Fig. 11) reveals the applicability of
Fig.8. Freundlich isotherm this model. K2 and the equilibrium adsorption amount
(qe) were measured from the slope and intercept of the
0.05 plot of qt versus t (Fig. 12). Where k2 (g/(mg min))is
the rate constant of pseudo-second order kinetic
0.04
Langmuir isotherm
model. h is known as initial sorption constant (Table -
6). The high values of R2 were recorded for the
0.03 Pseudo second order compared to pseudo-first order
model. This indicates that the adsorption kinetic was
Ce/qe
0.02
better represented by the pseudo-second order model
for all metal ions. Therefore, the overall rate of the
0.01
metal ions adsorption process appears to be controlled
by the chemical process via ion exchange and/or
0.00
complex process [19-21].
0 2 4 6 8
Ce
Fig.9. Langmuir isotherm
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
technique. A number of experiments were performed
1.0 in order to determine this potential; equilibrium
adsorption capacity, % removal of metal ions. The
0.8 maximum adsorption capacities observed for 10 mg/L
of Cu (II). A maximum of 92 % metal ion removal
was observed for copper. Various parameters like pH,
log (q e-q t)
0.6
initial ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, and
0.4
contact time were studied successfully. The maximum
removal of metal ions at 10 mg/L of Cu(II) with 100
mg/L of adsorbent dosage. The study indicates that
0.2
the Eclipta Alba is a good candidate as a low cost
adsorbent to be used for the removal of heavy metals
0.0 from wastewater.
-30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Time (min) The authors are thankful to Management of
Fig.11. Pseudo first order kinetics Cardamom Planters’ Association College-
Bodinayakanur for having given facilities to carry out
this research work.
10
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